101
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Abstract
Mathematical modelling approaches have become increasingly abundant in cancer research. The complexity of cancer is well suited to quantitative approaches as it provides challenges and opportunities for new developments. In turn, mathematical modelling contributes to cancer research by helping to elucidate mechanisms and by providing quantitative predictions that can be validated. The recent expansion of quantitative models addresses many questions regarding tumour initiation, progression and metastases as well as intra-tumour heterogeneity, treatment responses and resistance. Mathematical models can complement experimental and clinical studies, but also challenge current paradigms, redefine our understanding of mechanisms driving tumorigenesis and shape future research in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp M Altrock
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, 1 Brattle Square, Suite 6, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Lin L Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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102
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Abstract
Beginning in the 1980s, an alarming rise in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) led to screening of patients with reflux to detect Barrett's esophagus (BE) and surveillance of BE to detect early EA. This strategy, based on linear progression disease models, resulted in selective detection of BE that does not progress to EA over a lifetime (overdiagnosis) and missed BE that rapidly progresses to EA (underdiagnosis). Here we review the historical thought processes that resulted in this undesired outcome and the transformation in our understanding of genetic and evolutionary principles governing neoplastic progression that has come from application of modern genomic technologies to cancers and their precursors. This new synthesis provides improved strategies for prevention and early detection of EA by addressing the environmental and mutational processes that can determine "windows of opportunity" in time to detect rapidly progressing BE and distinguish it from slowly or nonprogressing BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Reid
- Division of Human Biology, FredHutch, Seattle WA,Division of Public Health Sciences, FredHutch, Seattle WA,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington,Department of Medicine, University of Washington,Corresponding author Brian J. Reid, M.D., Ph.D. 1100 Fairview Ave N., C1-157 P.O. Box 19024 Seattle, WA 98109-1024 206-667-4073 (phone) 206-667-6192 (FAX)
| | | | - Xiaohong Li
- Division of Human Biology, FredHutch, Seattle WA
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103
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is need for the application of biomarkers in a clinical setting in order to improve patient care. Current surveillance methods are costly for health care systems and invasive for patients, and subjective methodology leads to frequent misdiagnosis. This review summarises the most advanced recent and relevant literature in the field of biomarker development in the context of Barrett's esophagus and comments on their potential application. Studies included roughly correlate with Early Detection Research Network phases three and four. RECENT FINDINGS A number of individual candidate and panels of biomarkers have been investigated recently. These include: gene-specific mutations such as loss of heterozygosity, copy number alterations (in particular aneuploidy) methylation panels, altered gene expression, and glycosylation assayed by lectin binding, as well as genetic and clonal diversity measures. Immunostaining for p53 is the only candidate biomarker deemed "ready for prime time." This has been recommended for use clinically as an adjunct to histological diagnosis of dysplastic Barrett's esophagus in the 2014 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. CONCLUSIONS Progress is being made but in many cases further prospective validation studies are required before clinical application can take place. Limitations to furthering these studies include the large patient cohorts required for prospective validation studies, costs associated with studies, and reproducibility of methods across laboratories. Continued research in this area is strongly recommended as, in the long run, biomarker application has the potential to significantly improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Gregson
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK,
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104
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Ross-Innes CS, Becq J, Warren A, Cheetham RK, Northen H, O'Donovan M, Malhotra S, di Pietro M, Ivakhno S, He M, Weaver JMJ, Lynch AG, Kingsbury Z, Ross M, Humphray S, Bentley D, Fitzgerald RC. Whole-genome sequencing provides new insights into the clonal architecture of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1038-1046. [PMID: 26192915 PMCID: PMC4556068 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molecular genetic relationship between esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and its precursor lesion, Barrett's esophagus, is poorly understood. Using whole-genome sequencing on 23 paired Barrett's esophagus and EAC samples, together with one in-depth Barrett's esophagus case study sampled over time and space, we have provided the following new insights: (i) Barrett's esophagus is polyclonal and highly mutated even in the absence of dysplasia; (ii) when cancer develops, copy number increases and heterogeneity persists such that the spectrum of mutations often shows surprisingly little overlap between EAC and adjacent Barrett's esophagus; and (iii) despite differences in specific coding mutations, the mutational context suggests a common causative insult underlying these two conditions. From a clinical perspective, the histopathological assessment of dysplasia appears to be a poor reflection of the molecular disarray within the Barrett's epithelium, and a molecular Cytosponge technique overcomes sampling bias and has the capacity to reflect the entire clonal architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn S Ross-Innes
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Becq
- Illumina, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, UK
| | - Andrew Warren
- Illumina, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, UK
| | | | - Helen Northen
- Illumina, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, UK
| | - Maria O'Donovan
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shalini Malhotra
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Massimiliano di Pietro
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sergii Ivakhno
- Illumina, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, UK
| | - Miao He
- Illumina, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, UK
| | - Jamie M J Weaver
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andy G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoya Kingsbury
- Illumina, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, UK
| | - Mark Ross
- Illumina, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, UK
| | - Sean Humphray
- Illumina, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, UK
| | - David Bentley
- Illumina, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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105
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Stachler MD, Taylor-Weiner A, Peng S, McKenna A, Agoston AT, Odze RD, Davison JM, Nason KS, Loda M, Leshchiner I, Stewart C, Stojanov P, Seepo S, Lawrence MS, Ferrer-Torres D, Lin J, Chang AC, Gabriel SB, Lander ES, Beer DG, Getz G, Carter SL, Bass AJ. Paired exome analysis of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1047-55. [PMID: 26192918 PMCID: PMC4552571 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus is thought to progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) through a stepwise progression with loss of CDKN2A followed by TP53 inactivation and aneuploidy. Here we present whole-exome sequencing from 25 pairs of EAC and Barrett's esophagus and from 5 patients whose Barrett's esophagus and tumor were extensively sampled. Our analysis showed that oncogene amplification typically occurred as a late event and that TP53 mutations often occurred early in Barrett's esophagus progression, including in non-dysplastic epithelium. Reanalysis of additional EAC exome data showed that the majority (62.5%) of EACs emerged following genome doubling and that tumors with genomic doubling had different patterns of genomic alterations, with more frequent oncogenic amplification and less frequent inactivation of tumor suppressors, including CDKN2A. These data suggest that many EACs emerge not through the gradual accumulation of tumor-suppressor alterations but rather through a more direct path whereby a TP53-mutant cell undergoes genome doubling, followed by the acquisition of oncogenic amplifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Stachler
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Shouyong Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Agoston T Agoston
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert D Odze
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jon M Davison
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katie S Nason
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chip Stewart
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petar Stojanov
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Seepo
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Jules Lin
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew C Chang
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric S Lander
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David G Beer
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott L Carter
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Joint Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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106
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Devarakonda S, Govindan R. Clonal Evolution: Multiregion Sequencing of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Before and After Chemotherapy. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:796-8. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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107
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Murugaesu N, Wilson GA, Birkbak NJ, Watkins T, McGranahan N, Kumar S, Abbassi-Ghadi N, Salm M, Mitter R, Horswell S, Rowan A, Phillimore B, Biggs J, Begum S, Matthews N, Hochhauser D, Hanna GB, Swanton C. Tracking the genomic evolution of esophageal adenocarcinoma through neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:821-831. [PMID: 26003801 PMCID: PMC4529488 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Esophageal adenocarcinomas are associated with a dismal prognosis. Deciphering the evolutionary history of this disease may shed light on therapeutically tractable targets and reveal dynamic mutational processes during the disease course and following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We exome sequenced 40 tumor regions from 8 patients with operable esophageal adenocarcinomas, before and after platinum-containing NAC. This revealed the evolutionary genomic landscape of esophageal adenocarcinomas with the presence of heterogeneous driver mutations, parallel evolution, early genome-doubling events, and an association between high intratumor heterogeneity and poor response to NAC. Multiregion sequencing demonstrated a significant reduction in thymine to guanine mutations within a CpTpT context when comparing early and late mutational processes and the presence of a platinum signature with enrichment of cytosine to adenine mutations within a CpC context following NAC. Esophageal adenocarcinomas are characterized by early chromosomal instability leading to amplifications containing targetable oncogenes persisting through chemotherapy, providing a rationale for future therapeutic approaches. SIGNIFICANCE This work illustrates dynamic mutational processes occurring during esophageal adenocarcinoma evolution and following selective pressures of platinum exposure, emphasizing the iatrogenic impact of therapy on cancer evolution. Identification of amplifications encoding targetable oncogenes maintained through NAC suggests the presence of stable vulnerabilities, unimpeded by cytotoxics, suitable for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gareth A Wilson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Nicolai J Birkbak
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Thomas Watkins
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
- Centre for Mathematics & Physics in the Life Science & Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), UCL, London, UK
| | - Sacheen Kumar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Max Salm
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Richard Mitter
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Stuart Horswell
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Andrew Rowan
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Biggs
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Sharmin Begum
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Nik Matthews
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
| | | | - George B Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London, UK
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108
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Swanton C, McGranahan N, Starrett GJ, Harris RS. APOBEC Enzymes: Mutagenic Fuel for Cancer Evolution and Heterogeneity. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:704-12. [PMID: 26091828 PMCID: PMC4497973 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Deep sequencing technologies are revealing the complexities of cancer evolution, casting light on mutational processes fueling tumor adaptation, immune escape, and treatment resistance. Understanding mechanisms driving cancer diversity is a critical step toward developing strategies to attenuate tumor evolution and adaptation. One emerging mechanism fueling tumor diversity and subclonal evolution is genomic DNA cytosine deamination catalyzed by APOBEC3B and at least one other APOBEC family member. Deregulation of APOBEC3 enzymes causes a general mutator phenotype that manifests as diverse and heterogeneous tumor subclones. Here, we summarize knowledge of the APOBEC DNA deaminase family in cancer, and their role as driving forces for intratumor heterogeneity and a therapeutic target to limit tumor adaptation. SIGNIFICANCE APOBEC mutational signatures may be enriched in tumor subclones, suggesting APOBEC cytosine deaminases fuel subclonal expansions and intratumor heterogeneity. APOBEC family members might represent a new class of drug target aimed at limiting tumor evolution, adaptation, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Swanton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom. UCL Cancer Institute, CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom. Centre for Mathematics & Physics in the Life Sciences & Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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109
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Li X, Paulson TG, Galipeau PC, Sanchez CA, Liu K, Kuhner MK, Maley CC, Self SG, Vaughan TL, Reid BJ, Blount PL. Assessment of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Risk Using Somatic Chromosome Alterations in Longitudinal Samples in Barrett's Esophagus. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:845-56. [PMID: 26130253 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancers detected at a late stage are often refractory to treatments and ultimately lethal. Early detection can significantly increase survival probability, but attempts to reduce mortality by early detection have frequently increased overdiagnosis of indolent conditions that do not progress over a lifetime. Study designs that incorporate biomarker trajectories in time and space are needed to distinguish patients who progress to an early cancer from those who follow an indolent course. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is characterized by evolution of punctuated and catastrophic somatic chromosomal alterations and high levels of overall mutations but few recurrently mutated genes aside from TP53. Endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus for early cancer detection provides an opportunity for assessment of alterations for cancer risk in patients who progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma compared with nonprogressors. We investigated 1,272 longitudinally collected esophageal biopsies in a 248 Barrett's patient case-cohort study with 20,425 person-months of follow-up, including 79 who progressed to early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer progression risk was assessed for total chromosomal alterations, diversity, and chromosomal region-specific alterations measured with single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays in biopsies obtained over esophageal space and time. A model using 29 chromosomal features was developed for cancer risk prediction (area under receiver operator curve, 0.94). The model prediction performance was robust in two independent esophageal adenocarcinoma sets and outperformed TP53 mutation, flow cytometric DNA content, and histopathologic diagnosis of dysplasia. This study offers a strategy to reduce overdiagnosis in Barrett's esophagus and improve early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma and potentially other cancers characterized by punctuated and catastrophic chromosomal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas G Paulson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Patricia C Galipeau
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Carissa A Sanchez
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary K Kuhner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Center for Evolution and Cancer, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Steven G Self
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas L Vaughan
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brian J Reid
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Patricia L Blount
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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110
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Evaluation of Mutational Testing of Preneoplastic Barrett's Mucosa by Next-Generation Sequencing of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Endoscopic Samples for Detection of Concurrent Dysplasia and Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's Esophagus. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17:412-9. [PMID: 26068095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett's intestinal metaplasia (BIM) may harbor genomic mutations before the histologic appearance of dysplasia and cancer and requires frequent surveillance. We explored next-generation sequencing to detect mutations with the analytical sensitivity required to predict concurrent high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in patients with Barrett's esophagus by testing nonneoplastic BIM. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) routine biopsy or endoscopic mucosal resection samples from 32 patients were tested: nonprogressors to HGD or EAC (BIM-NP) with BIM, who never had a diagnosis of dysplasia or EAC (N = 13); progressors to HGD or EAC (BIM-P) with BIM and a worse diagnosis of HGD or EAC (N = 15); and four BIM-negative samples. No mutations were detected in the BIM-NP (0 of 13) or BIM-negative samples, whereas the BIM-P samples had mutations in 6 (75%) of 8 cases in TP53, APC, and CDKN2A (P = 0.0005), detected in samples with as low as 20% BIM. We found that next-generation sequencing from routine FFPE nonneoplastic Barrett's esophagus samples can detect multiple mutations in minute areas of BIM with high analytical sensitivity. Next-generation sequencing panels for detection of TP53 and possibly combined mutations in other genes, such as APC and CDKN2A, may be useful in the clinical setting to improve dysplasia and cancer surveillance in patients with Barrett's esophagus.
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111
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Abstract
Surveillance of Barrett's esophagus for preventing death from esophageal adenocarcinoma is attractive and widely practiced. However, empirical evidence supporting its effectiveness is weak. Longer intervals between surveillance examinations are being recommended, supported by computer simulation analyses. If surveillance is performed, an adequate number of biopsies should be performed or the effect of surveillance would be squandered.
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112
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Kaz AM, Grady WM, Stachler MD, Bass AJ. Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015; 44:473-89. [PMID: 26021206 PMCID: PMC4449457 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) develops from Barrett's esophagus (BE), wherein normal squamous epithelia is replaced by specialized intestinal metaplasia in response to chronic gastroesophageal acid reflux. BE can progress to low- and high-grade dysplasia, intramucosal, and invasive carcinoma. Both BE and EAC are characterized by loss of heterozygosity, aneuploidy, specific genetic mutations, and clonal diversity. Given the limitations of histopathology, genomic and epigenomic analyses may improve the precision of risk stratification. Assays to detect molecular alterations associated with neoplastic progression could be used to improve the pathologic assessment of BE/EAC and to select high-risk patients for more intensive surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Kaz
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, R&D Department, Seattle, WA,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - William M. Grady
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew D. Stachler
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adam J. Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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113
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Bansal A, Fitzgerald RC. Biomarkers in Barrett's Esophagus: Role in Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Prediction of Response to Therapy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015; 44:373-90. [PMID: 26021200 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased dramatically in the past 3 decades, making its precursor lesion Barrett's esophagus (BE) an important clinical problem. Effective interventions are available, but overall outcomes remain unchanged. Most of the BE population remains undiagnosed; most EACs are diagnosed late, and most BE patients will never progress to cancer. These epidemiologic factors make upper endoscopy an inefficient and ineffective strategy for BE diagnosis and risk stratification. In the current review, biomarkers for diagnosis, risk stratification, and predictors of response to therapy in BE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Bansal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the University of Kansas Medical Center, 4801 East Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64128-2295, USA.
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
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114
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Abstract
The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma has risen rapidly over the past four decades. Unfortunately, treatments have not kept pace; unless their cancer is identified at a very early stage, most patients will not survive a year after diagnosis. The beginnings of this widespread problem were first recognized over 25 years ago, yet rates have continued to rise against a backdrop of much improved understanding and management of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. We estimate that only ∼7% of the 10,000 cases of oesophageal adenocarcinoma diagnosed annually in the USA are identified through current approaches to cancer control, and trace pathways by which the remaining 93% are 'lost'. On the basis of emerging data on aetiology and predictive factors, together with new diagnostic tools, we suggest a five-tier strategy for prevention and control that begins with a wide population base and triages individuals into progressively higher risk strata, each with risk-appropriate prevention, screening and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Vaughan
- Program in Cancer Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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115
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Du Y, Liu P, Zang W, Wang Y, Chen X, Li M, Zhao G. BTG3 upregulation induces cell apoptosis and suppresses invasion in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 404:31-8. [PMID: 25701359 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
B cell translocation gene 3 (BTG3) is a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and regulating cell cycle progression in several tumors. However, its role in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remains unknown. Here, we detected the expression of BTG3 in EAC tissues and subsequent progression. BTG3 expression was significant decreased in EAC tissues and cell lines detected by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Relationships of BTG3 with EAC clinicopathology were analyzed statistically. The decrease expression of BTG3 is associated with lymph node metastases. In vitro assay demonstrated that overexpression of BTG3 significantly suppressed colony formation and proliferation of EAC cells. The suppressed migration and invasion abilities found in BTG3-overexpressing EAC cells. Our findings suggested that BTG3 is suppressor in the progression of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Du
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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116
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The use of molecular markers in predicting dysplasia and guiding treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:113-24. [PMID: 25743460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to stratify patients based on the risk of progression to oesophageal adenocarcinoma would provide benefit to patients as well as deliver a more cost effective surveillance programme. Current practice is to survey all patients with Barrett's oesophagus (BO) and use histological diagnoses to guide further management. However, reliance on histology alone has its drawbacks. We are currently unable to reliably stratify the risk of progression of patients with non-dysplastic BO based on any particular histological feature. There is also considerable variability in histological interpretation. An obvious recourse has been to rely on identifying molecular features possibly as an adjunct to histology, to better diagnose and stratify patients. To this end, p53 immunohistochemistry can be used as a useful adjunct to risk stratify and clarify histological grades, particularly low-grade dysplasia. Other markers of progression, although not yet in a clinically applicable format, are promising. Measurements of promoter methylation and also genomic instability such as loss of heterozygosity and copy number alterations show promise especially as high throughput genetic technologies reach maturity. The enduring hope is that these molecular biomarkers will make the transition to clinical applicability either in the direct endoscopic setting or even using non-endoscopic methods.
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117
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McGranahan N, Swanton C. Biological and therapeutic impact of intratumor heterogeneity in cancer evolution. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:15-26. [PMID: 25584892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Precision medicine requires an understanding of cancer genes and mutational processes, as well as an appreciation of the extent to which these are found heterogeneously in cancer cells during tumor evolution. Here, we explore the processes shaping the cancer genome, placing these within the context of tumor evolution and their impact on intratumor heterogeneity and drug development. We review evidence for constraints and contingencies to tumor evolution and highlight the clinical implications of diversity within tumors. We outline the limitations of genome-driven targeted therapies and explore future strategies, including immune and adaptive approaches, to address this therapeutic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Centre for Mathematics & Physics in the Life Science & Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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118
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Nones K, Waddell N, Wayte N, Patch AM, Bailey P, Newell F, Holmes O, Fink JL, Quinn MCJ, Tang YH, Lampe G, Quek K, Loffler KA, Manning S, Idrisoglu S, Miller D, Xu Q, Waddell N, Wilson PJ, Bruxner TJC, Christ AN, Harliwong I, Nourse C, Nourbakhsh E, Anderson M, Kazakoff S, Leonard C, Wood S, Simpson PT, Reid LE, Krause L, Hussey DJ, Watson DI, Lord RV, Nancarrow D, Phillips WA, Gotley D, Smithers BM, Whiteman DC, Hayward NK, Campbell PJ, Pearson JV, Grimmond SM, Barbour AP. Genomic catastrophes frequently arise in esophageal adenocarcinoma and drive tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5224. [PMID: 25351503 PMCID: PMC4596003 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) incidence is rapidly increasing in Western countries. A better understanding of EAC underpins efforts to improve early detection and treatment outcomes. While large EAC exome sequencing efforts to date have found recurrent loss-of-function mutations, oncogenic driving events have been underrepresented. Here we use a combination of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and single-nucleotide polymorphism-array profiling to show that genomic catastrophes are frequent in EAC, with almost a third (32%, n=40/123) undergoing chromothriptic events. WGS of 22 EAC cases show that catastrophes may lead to oncogene amplification through chromothripsis-derived double-minute chromosome formation (MYC and MDM2) or breakage-fusion-bridge (KRAS, MDM2 and RFC3). Telomere shortening is more prominent in EACs bearing localized complex rearrangements. Mutational signature analysis also confirms that extreme genomic instability in EAC can be driven by somatic BRCA2 mutations. These findings suggest that genomic catastrophes have a significant role in the malignant transformation of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Nones
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nicci Wayte
- Surgical Oncology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Bailey
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Felicity Newell
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Oliver Holmes
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - J Lynn Fink
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael C J Quinn
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yue Hang Tang
- Surgical Oncology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Guy Lampe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kelly Quek
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly A Loffler
- Surgical Oncology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Suzanne Manning
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Senel Idrisoglu
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David Miller
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Qinying Xu
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nick Waddell
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter J Wilson
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy J C Bruxner
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angelika N Christ
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ivon Harliwong
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig Nourse
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ehsan Nourbakhsh
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew Anderson
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen Kazakoff
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Conrad Leonard
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Scott Wood
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Peter T Simpson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.,The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Lynne E Reid
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.,The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Lutz Krause
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Damian J Hussey
- Flinders University Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - David I Watson
- Flinders University Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Reginald V Lord
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Notre Dame and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2011, Australia
| | - Derek Nancarrow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - David Gotley
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - B Mark Smithers
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - David C Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John V Pearson
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sean M Grimmond
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andrew P Barbour
- Surgical Oncology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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119
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Buas MF, Levine DM, Makar KW, Utsugi H, Onstad L, Li X, Galipeau PC, Shaheen NJ, Hardie LJ, Romero Y, Bernstein L, Gammon MD, Casson AG, Bird NC, Risch HA, Ye W, Liu G, Corley DA, Blount PL, Fitzgerald RC, Whiteman DC, Wu AH, Reid BJ, Vaughan TL. Integrative post-genome-wide association analysis of CDKN2A and TP53 SNPs and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2740-7. [PMID: 25280564 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) in Western countries has increased markedly in recent decades. Although several risk factors have been identified for EA and its precursor, Barrett's esophagus (BE), including reflux, Caucasian race, male gender, obesity, and smoking, less is known about the role of inherited genetic variation. Frequent somatic mutations in the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A and TP53 were recently reported in EA tumors, while somatic alterations at 9p (CDKN2A) and 17p (TP53) have been implicated as predictors of progression from BE to EA. Motivated by these findings, we used data from a genome-wide association study of 2515 EA cases and 3207 controls to analyze 37 germline single nucleotide polymorphisms at the CDKN2A and TP53 loci. Three CDKN2A polymorphisms were nominally associated (P < 0.05) with reduced risk of EA: rs2518720 C>T [intronic, odds ratio 0.90, P = 0.0121, q = 0.3059], rs3088440 G>A (3'UTR, odds ratio 0.84, P = 0.0186, q = 0.3059), and rs4074785 C>T (intronic, odds ratio 0.85, P = 0.0248, q = 0.3059). None of the TP53 single nucleotide polymorphisms reached nominal significance. Two of the CDKN2A variants identified were also associated with reduced risk of progression from BE to EA, when assessed in a prospective cohort of 408 BE patients: rs2518720 (hazard ratio 0.57, P = 0.0095, q = 0.0285) and rs3088440 (hazard ratio 0.34, P = 0.0368, q = 0.0552). In vitro functional studies of rs3088440, a single nucleotide polymorphism located in the seed sequence of a predicted miR-663b binding site, suggested a mechanism whereby the G>A substitution may attenuate miR-663b-mediated repression of the CDKN2A transcript. This study provides the first evidence that germline variation at the CDKN2A locus may influence EA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Buas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA,
| | - David M Levine
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karen W Makar
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heidi Utsugi
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn Onstad
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Patricia C Galipeau
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas J Shaheen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura J Hardie
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yvonne Romero
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI 55905, USA, The Romero Registry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI 55905, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Department of Populations Sciences, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alan G Casson
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Nigel C Bird
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX UK
| | - Harvey A Risch
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Pharmacogenomic Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Douglas A Corley
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94612 USA, San Francisco Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Patricia L Blount
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre and University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ UK
| | - David C Whiteman
- Cancer Control, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane Queensland 4006, Australia and
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brian J Reid
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas L Vaughan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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120
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Wright NA. Boveri at 100: cancer evolution, from preneoplasia to malignancy. J Pathol 2014; 234:146-51. [PMID: 25043632 DOI: 10.1002/path.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
In the 100 years since the publication of Boveri's manuscript, 'Concerning the origin of human tumours', we have seen many advances in our understanding of how tumours originate, develop and progress. However, reading this article now, it is possible to find conclusions, or more often predictions, of what we now consider basic tenets of tumour biology. These include predicting the stochastic nature of the malignant change and that all tumours are necessarily of clonal origin, perhaps the basis of the modern concepts of field cancerization, of tumour heterogeneity and the clonal evolution of tumours. Modern researchers rarely refer to this paper, yet as a source of ideas it must rank amongst the landmarks in tumour biology of the last 100 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Wright
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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121
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Vaughan
- Member, Cancer Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center, Professor, Department of Epidemiology, University of
Washington, 1100 Fairview Ave. North (M4-B874), PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA
98109, tel: 206-667-5134, fax: 206-667-4787
http://research.tvaughan.org
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