101
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Baburamani AA, Ek CJ, Walker DW, Castillo-Melendez M. Vulnerability of the developing brain to hypoxic-ischemic damage: contribution of the cerebral vasculature to injury and repair? Front Physiol 2012; 3:424. [PMID: 23162470 PMCID: PMC3493883 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As clinicians attempt to understand the underlying reasons for the vulnerability of different regions of the developing brain to injury, it is apparent that little is known as to how hypoxia-ischemia may affect the cerebrovasculature in the developing infant. Most of the research investigating the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury following hypoxia-ischemia has focused on excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and an inflammatory response, with the response of the developing cerebrovasculature receiving less attention. This is surprising as the presentation of devastating and permanent injury such as germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage (GM-IVH) and perinatal stroke are of vascular origin, and the origin of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) may also arise from poor perfusion of the white matter. This highlights that cerebrovasculature injury following hypoxia could primarily be responsible for the injury seen in the brain of many infants diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Interestingly the highly dynamic nature of the cerebral blood vessels in the fetus, and the fluctuations of cerebral blood flow and metabolic demand that occur following hypoxia suggest that the response of blood vessels could explain both regional protection and vulnerability in the developing brain. However, research into how blood vessels respond following hypoxia-ischemia have mostly been conducted in adult models of ischemia or stroke, further highlighting the need to investigate how the developing cerebrovasculature responds and the possible contribution to perinatal brain injury following hypoxia. This review discusses the current concepts on the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury, the development of the fetal cerebrovasculature and the blood brain barrier (BBB), and key mediators involved with the response of cerebral blood vessels to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University Göteborg, Sweden
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102
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Zheng X, Xu C, Smith AO, Stratman AN, Zou Z, Kleaveland B, Yuan L, Didiku C, Sen A, Liu X, Skuli N, Zaslavsky A, Chen M, Cheng L, Davis GE, Kahn ML. Dynamic regulation of the cerebral cavernous malformation pathway controls vascular stability and growth. Dev Cell 2012; 23:342-55. [PMID: 22898778 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular growth must balance stabilizing signals required to maintain endothelial connections and network integrity with destabilizing signals that enable individual endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. The cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) signaling pathway utilizes the adaptor protein CCM2 to strengthen endothelial cell junctions and stabilize vessels. Here we identify a CCM2 paralog, CCM2L, that is expressed selectively in endothelial cells during periods of active cardiovascular growth. CCM2L competitively blocks CCM2-mediated stabilizing signals biochemically, in cultured endothelial cells, and in developing mice. Loss of CCM2L reduces endocardial growth factor expression and impairs tumor growth and wound healing. Our studies identify CCM2L as a molecular mechanism by which endothelial cells coordinately regulate vessel stability and growth during cardiovascular development, as well as postnatal vessel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjian Zheng
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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103
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Azzopardi EA, Ferguson EL, Thomas DW. The enhanced permeability retention effect: a new paradigm for drug targeting in infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:257-74. [PMID: 23054997 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative infection is a major global determinant of morbidity, mortality and cost of care. The advent of nanomedicine has enabled tailored engineering of macromolecular constructs, permitting increasingly selective targeting, alteration of volume of distribution and activity/toxicity. Macromolecules tend to passively and preferentially accumulate at sites of enhanced vascular permeability and are then retained. This enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, whilst recognized as a major breakthrough in anti-tumoral targeting, has not yet been fully exploited in infection. Shared pathophysiological pathways in both cancer and infection are evident and a number of novel nanomedicines have shown promise in selective, passive, size-mediated targeting to infection. This review describes the similarities and parallels in pathophysiological pathways at molecular, cellular and circulatory levels between inflammation/infection and cancer therapy, where use of this principle has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A Azzopardi
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, Wales, UK.
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104
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Six placenta permeability-related genes: molecular characterization and expression analysis in pigs. Animal 2012; 3:408-14. [PMID: 22444312 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108003467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutrient transportation ability of placenta depends on placental size, vascular density and permeability. Regulation of angiogenesis in the placenta is critical for successful gestation. Placenta vascularity exhibits disparity in different gestation stages and different pig breeds. To investigate the expression of genes related to permeability in the porcine placenta of different gestation stages and breeds, molecular cloning and gene expression analysis of six porcine genes, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), vascular endothelial cadherin (CDH5) and β-arrestin2 (Arrb2), were performed in this study. The results demonstrated that from gestation day 33 to day 90, Landrace exhibited significant increase (P < 0.05) in placental VEGF and Arrb2 mRNA expression. Moreover, expression levels of VEGF, VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2 and eNOS mRNA were higher (P < 0.01) in the placenta of Erhualian than those in Landrace on day 90 of gestation. In contrast, CDH5 placental mRNA expression level exhibited significant decrease (P < 0.05) from day 33 to day 90 gestation in Landrace. Erhualian placental CDH5 and Arrb2 expression levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those in Landrace conceptuses on day 90 of gestation. Our study offered new data on the expression of genes in VEGF signal transduction pathway in porcine placenta.
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105
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Salvucci O, Tosato G. Essential roles of EphB receptors and EphrinB ligands in endothelial cell function and angiogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 114:21-57. [PMID: 22588055 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386503-8.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their Ephrin ligands represent an important signaling system with widespread roles in cell physiology and disease. Receptors and ligands in this family are anchored to the cell surface; thus Eph/Ephrin interactions mainly occur at sites of cell-to-cell contact. EphB4 and EphrinB2 are the Eph/Ephrin molecules that play essential roles in vascular development and postnatal angiogenesis. Analysis of expression patterns and function has linked EphB4/EphrinB2 to endothelial cell growth, survival, migration, assembly, and angiogenesis. Signaling from these molecules is complex, with the potential for being bidirectional, emanating both from the Eph receptors (forward signaling) and from the Ephrin ligands (reverse signaling). In this review, we describe recent advances on the roles of EphB/EphrinB protein family in endothelial cell function and outline potential approaches to inhibit pathological angiogenesis based on this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Salvucci
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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106
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Vourtsis SA, Papalois AE, Agrogiannis GD, Spyriounis PK, Patsouris E, Ionac M. Improvement of a long random skin flap survival by application of vascular endothelial growth factor in various ways of local administration in a rat model. Indian J Plast Surg 2012; 45:102-8. [PMID: 22754163 PMCID: PMC3385372 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.96596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a heparin-binding glycoprotein which plays a significant role in angiogenesis and vascular permeability. The effect of various ways of local administration of VEGF on random skin flap survival was studied, using flaps with a relatively high length (L) to width (W) ratio (5:1). Materials and Methods: An 1.5 × 7.5 cm dorsal skin flap with the pedicle orientated, centered, and remaining attached between the lower angles of the scapulae was elevated in 45 Wistar rats in different phases, depending on the group. Rats were divided in five groups of nine. In group A, injections of saline were administered, in equally divided spaces, into flap's fascia and transposed to a created skin defect. In group B, injections of VEGF were applied subdermally, in equally divided spaces, within the limits of a predesigned flap, a week prior to flap dissection and transposition. In group C, injections of VEGF were applied into a recipient bed's fascia just before flap raising and transposition. In group D, injections of VEGF were applied subdermally, only in the distal third of the flap and then the flap was transposed to a recipient area. Finally, in group E, injections of VEGF were applied in the flap intrafascially and in equally divided spaces and then again, the flap was transposed to a recipient area. A week after final flap raising and positioning, rats were euthanatised and flaps were excised. Specimens were photographed, measured, put in formalin 10% and were sent for histological and image analysis. Results: Mean flap survival percentage was 35.4% in group A, and 33.7% in group B. In groups C and D, the mean survival area was 56.3% and 80.4%, respectively. In group E, the mean flap survival percentage was 28.3%. Histological analysis demonstrated increased angiogenesis in groups C and D. Conclusions: VEGF application improved skin flap survival when injected subdermally in the distal third of a random skin flap or into the fascia of a recipient area even though the length-to-width ratio was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon A Vourtsis
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 401 Military Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
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107
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Effects of AFP-172 on COX-2-induced angiogenic activities on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:1765-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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108
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The role of heterodimerization between VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 in the regulation of endothelial cell homeostasis. Nat Commun 2012; 3:972. [PMID: 22828632 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
VEGF-A activity is tightly regulated by ligand and receptor availability. Here we investigate the physiological function of heterodimers between VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1; Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR; Flk-1) (VEGFR(1-2)) in endothelial cells with a synthetic ligand that binds specifically to VEGFR(1-2). The dimeric ligand comprises one VEGFR-2-specific monomer (VEGF-E) and a VEGFR-1-specific monomer (PlGF-1). Here we show that VEGFR(1-2) activation mediates VEGFR phosphorylation, endothelial cell migration, sustained in vitro tube formation and vasorelaxation via the nitric oxide pathway. VEGFR(1-2) activation does not mediate proliferation or elicit endothelial tissue factor production, confirming that these functions are controlled by VEGFR-2 homodimers. We further demonstrate that activation of VEGFR(1-2) inhibits VEGF-A-induced prostacyclin release, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAP kinase and mobilization of intracellular calcium from primary endothelial cells. These findings indicate that VEGFR-1 subunits modulate VEGF activity predominantly by forming heterodimer receptors with VEGFR-2 subunits and such heterodimers regulate endothelial cell homeostasis.
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109
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Arden GB, Sivaprasad S. The pathogenesis of early retinal changes of diabetic retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol 2012; 124:15-26. [PMID: 22302291 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-011-9305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent successful trials of antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in diabetic retinopathy implicate this cytokine as a major cause of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular oedema (DME). The mechanisms which cause VEGF to be over-expressed to cause the vasculopathy are not entirely clear. This review explores the earliest changes to the retina in DR and the factors that predispose or prevent DR, including sleep apnoea, receptor degenerations laser treatment and VEGF polymorphism. The review also presents the evidence that retinal hypoxia, existing in the earliest stages, causes DR. This hypoxia is much increased by dark adaptation, indicating a new and possibly superior therapy.
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110
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Current Evidence on VEGF+405G/C Polymorphism and Malignancy Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis Involving 30 Studies. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 15:496-502. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association of VEGF+405G/C (where VEGF is vascular endothelial growth factor) polymorphism and malignancy susceptibility attracts considerable attention because VEGF is one of the most potent angiogenic factors and plays a critical role in the onset and development of malignancy. However, the published findings remain inconclusive. In order to derive a more precise assessment of the association, we performed a meta-analysis including 30 published case-control studies from PubMed, Embase, and Ovid databases. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the association. In the pooled analyses, no significant association was found between VEGF+405G/C polymorphism and malignancy susceptibility in different genetic models (G-allele vs. C-allele: OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.93–1.07; CC vs. GG: OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.88–1.15; GC+CC vs. GG: OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.91–1.10; CC vs. GC+GG: OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.90–1.13). When stratified by ethnicity, a weak association between this polymorphism and malignancy susceptibility was found in African under allelic frequency comparison (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43–0.98) and dominant genetic model comparison (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.09–3.50). In summary, although our meta-analysis indicated a weak association of VEGF+405G/C polymorphism with malignancy susceptibility in African, no persuasive evidence of association between the polymorphism and malignancy susceptibility was detected in the pooled analyses. Therefore, more studies with larger scale of participants, especially Africans, are required to further evaluate gene-environment interaction on this polymorphism and malignancy susceptibility.
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111
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Terpolilli NA, Moskowitz MA, Plesnila N. Nitric oxide: considerations for the treatment of ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1332-46. [PMID: 22333622 PMCID: PMC3390820 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some 40 years ago it was recognized by Furchgott and colleagues that the endothelium releases a vasodilator, endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Later on, several groups identified EDRF to be a gas, nitric oxide (NO). Since then, NO was identified as one of the most versatile and unique molecules in animal and human biology. Nitric oxide mediates a plethora of physiological functions, for example, maintenance of vascular tone and inflammation. Apart from these physiological functions, NO is also involved in the pathophysiology of various disorders, specifically those in which regulation of blood flow and inflammation has a key role. The aim of the current review is to summarize the role of NO in cerebral ischemia, the most common cause of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Terpolilli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of
Munich Medical School, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research,
University of Munich Medical School, Munich, Germany
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112
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Katusic ZS, Santhanam AV, He T. Vascular effects of prostacyclin: does activation of PPARδ play a role? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:559-64. [PMID: 22727878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is a potent vasodilator that exerts multiple vasoprotective effects in the cardiovascular system. The effects of PGI(2) are mediated by activation of the cell membrane G-protein-coupled PGI(2) receptor (IP receptor). More recently, however, it has been suggested that PGI(2) might also serve as an endogenous ligand and activator of nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorδ (PPARδ). Consistent with this concept, studies designed to define pharmacological properties of stable PGI(2) analogs revealed that beneficial effects of these compounds appear to be mediated, in part, by activation of PPARδ. This review discusses emerging evidence regarding the contribution of PPARδ activation to vasoprotective and regenerative functions of PGI(2) and stable analogs of PGI(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir S Katusic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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113
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Bai Q, Li X, Wang X, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhang Q, Yin L. VEGF is involved in the increase of dermal microvascular permeability induced by tryptase. ISRN DERMATOLOGY 2012; 2012:941465. [PMID: 22666607 PMCID: PMC3361195 DOI: 10.5402/2012/941465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Tryptases are predominantly mast cell-specific serine proteases with pleiotropic biological activities and play a critical role in skin allergic reactions, which are manifested with rapid edema and increases of vascular permeability. The exact mechanisms of mast cell tryptase promoting vascular permeability, however, are unclear and, therefore, we investigated the effect and mechanism of tryptase or human mast cells (HMC-1) supernatant on the permeability of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs). Both tryptase and HMC-1 supernatant increased permeability of HDMECs significantly, which was resisted by tryptase inhibitor APC366 and partially reversed by anti-VEGF antibody and SU5614 (catalytic inhibitor of VEGFR). Furthermore, addition of tryptase to HDMECs caused a significant increase of mRNA and protein levels of VEGF and its receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1) by Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. These results strongly suggest an important role of VEGF on the permeability enhancement induced by tryptase, which may lead to novel means of controlling allergic reaction in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
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114
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Zhang AH, Wang G, Zhang DL, Zhang QD, Liu S, Liao Y, Yin Y, Liu WH. Association between VEGF Receptors and Baseline Peritoneal Transport Status in New Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Ren Fail 2012; 34:582-9. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.669322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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115
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Osawa T, Ohga N, Hida Y, Kitayama K, Akiyama K, Onodera Y, Fujie M, Shinohara N, Shindoh M, Nonomura K, Hida K. Prostacyclin receptor in tumor endothelial cells promotes angiogenesis in an autocrine manner. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1038-44. [PMID: 22380928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules highly expressed in tumor endothelial cells (TEC) are important for specific targeting of these cells. Previously, using DNA microarray analysis, we found that the prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor) gene was upregulated in TEC compared with normal endothelial cells (NEC). Although prostacyclin is implicated in re-endothelialization and angiogenesis, its role remains largely unknown in TEC. Moreover, the effect of the IP receptor on TEC has not been reported. In the present study we investigated the function of the IP receptor in TEC. The TEC were isolated from two types of human tumor xenografts in nude mice, while NEC were isolated from normal counterparts. Prostacyclin secretion levels in TEC were significantly higher than those in NEC, as shown using ELISA. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the IP receptor was upregulated in TEC compared with NEC. Furthermore, migration and tube formation of TEC were suppressed by the IP receptor antagonist RO1138452. Immunohistostaining showed that the IP receptor was specifically expressed in blood vessels of renal cell carcinoma specimens, but not in glomerular vessels of normal renal tissue. These findings suggest that the IP receptor is a TEC-specific marker and might be a useful therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Osawa
- Department of Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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116
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Bir SC, Xiong Y, Kevil CG, Luo J. Emerging role of PKA/eNOS pathway in therapeutic angiogenesis for ischaemic tissue diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 95:7-18. [PMID: 22492672 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although an abundant amount of research has been devoted to the study of angiogenesis, its precise mechanisms are incompletely understood. Numerous clinical trials focused on therapeutic angiogenesis for the treatment of tissue ischaemia have not been as successful as those of preclinical studies. Thus, additional studies are needed to better understand critical molecular mechanisms regulating ischaemic neovascularization to identify novel therapeutic agents. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a central role in ischaemic neovascularization through the generation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and the activation of several other signalling responses. Accumulated evidence suggests that endothelial protein kinase A/endothelial NO synthase (PKA/eNOS) signalling may play an important role in ischaemic disorders by promoting neovascularization. This review highlights recent advances in the role of the PKA/eNOS and NO-cGMP-kinase cascade pathway in ischaemic neovascularization. We also discuss molecular relationships of PKA/eNOS with other angiogenic pathways and explore the possibility of activation of the NO/nitrite endocrine system as potential therapeutic targets for ischaemic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal C Bir
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, USA
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117
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Pink DBS, Schulte W, Parseghian MH, Zijlstra A, Lewis JD. Real-time visualization and quantitation of vascular permeability in vivo: implications for drug delivery. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33760. [PMID: 22479438 PMCID: PMC3315578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The leaky, heterogeneous vasculature of human tumors prevents the even distribution of systemic drugs within cancer tissues. However, techniques for studying vascular delivery systems in vivo often require complex mammalian models and time-consuming, surgical protocols. The developing chicken embryo is a well-established model for human cancer that is easily accessible for tumor imaging. To assess this model for the in vivo analysis of tumor permeability, human tumors were grown on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a thin vascular membrane which overlays the growing chick embryo. The real-time movement of small fluorescent dextrans through the tumor vasculature and surrounding tissues were used to measure vascular leak within tumor xenografts. Dextran extravasation within tumor sites was selectively enhanced an interleukin-2 (IL-2) peptide fragment or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF treatment increased vascular leak in the tumor core relative to surrounding normal tissue and increased doxorubicin uptake in human tumor xenografts. This new system easily visualizes vascular permeability changes in vivo and suggests that vascular permeability may be manipulated to improve chemotherapeutic targeting to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andries Zijlstra
- Innovascreen, Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - John D. Lewis
- Innovascreen, Inc., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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118
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Robich MP, Chu LM, Oyamada S, Sodha NR, Sellke FW. Myocardial therapeutic angiogenesis: a review of the state of development and future obstacles. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 9:1469-79. [PMID: 22059795 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A significant percentage of patients have coronary artery disease that is too advanced or diffuse for percutaneous or surgical intervention. Therapeutic angiogenesis is a treatment modality to induce vessel formation that is being developed for patients with advanced coronary disease not amenable to currently available interventions. A number of approaches to induce coronary collateralization are being developed. These include gene, protein, cellular and miRNA modalities, each of which have advantages and disadvantages. At this time, no modality has emerged as the single clear choice, and combination therapies may provide synergistic benefits. However, there have been a number of recent studies advancing our knowledge as to how we can refine procollateralizing treatments. In this article, we will examine some recent successes and future obstacles in the effort to bring therapeutic angiogenesis to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Robich
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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119
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Leng X, Zhang Q, Zhai X, Chen Z. Local Transplant of Human Umbilical Cord Matrix Stem Cells Improves Skin Flap Survival in a Mouse Model. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 227:191-7. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.227.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Leng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University
| | - Qiu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University
| | - Xiaodong Zhai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University
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120
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Vasorelaxation Effect and Mechanism of Action of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-165 in Isolated Perfused Human Skin Flaps. J Surg Res 2012; 172:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kornfeld S, Goupille C, Vibet S, Chevalier S, Pinet A, Lebeau J, Tranquart F, Bougnoux P, Martel E, Maurin A, Richard S, Champeroux P, Mahéo K. Reducing endothelial NOS activation and interstitial fluid pressure with n-3 PUFA offset tumor chemoresistance. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:260-7. [PMID: 22114075 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine how n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) counteracted tumor chemoresistance by restoring a functional vascularization. Rats with chemically induced mammary tumors were divided into two nutritional groups: a control group and a group fed with an n-3 PUFA-enriched diet. Both groups were treated with docetaxel. Functional vascular parameters (ultrasounds, interstitial fluid pressure) were determined for both nutritional groups before (W(0)) and during docetaxel treatment [every 2 h up to 1 week (W(+1)) for interstitial fluid pressure, at W(+1) for Evans blue extravasation and at W(+2) and W(+6) for ultrasounds]. In vitro n-3 PUFA-induced changes in endothelial cell migration, permeability and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase were evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Whereas docetaxel stabilized tumor growth in the rat control group, it induced a 50% tumor regression in the n-3 PUFA group. Ultrasounds parameters were consistently lower in the n-3 PUFA group at all time points measured, down to ∼50% at W(+6). A single dose of docetaxel in the n-3 PUFA group markedly reduced interstitial fluid pressure from 2 h after injection up to W(+1) when Evans blue extravasation was increased by 3-fold. A decreased activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in tumors of the n-3 PUFA group, and in human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultured with n-3 PUFA, points toward a PUFA-induced disruption of nitric oxide signaling pathway. This normalization of tumor vasculature functions under n-3 PUFA diet indicates that such a supplementation, by improving drug delivery in mammary tumors, could be a complementary clinical strategy to decrease anticancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kornfeld
- INSERM U921 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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Kobsar A, Siauw C, Gambaryan S, Hebling S, Speer C, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Eigenthaler M. Neisseria meningitidis induces platelet inhibition and increases vascular endothelial permeability via nitric oxide regulated pathways. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:1127-38. [PMID: 22072136 DOI: 10.1160/th11-07-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite antibiotic therapy, infections with Neisseria meningitidis still demonstrate a high rate of morbidity and mortality even in developed countries. The fulminant septicaemic course, named Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, with massive haemorrhage into the adrenal glands and widespread petechial bleeding suggest pathophysiological inhibition of platelet function. Our data show that N. meningitidis produces the important physiological platelet inhibitor and cardiovascular signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO), also known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). N. meningitidis -derived NO inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation through the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) followed by an increase in platelet cyclic nucleotide levels and subsequent activation of platelet cGMP- and cAMP- dependent protein kinases (PKG and PKA). Furthermore, direct measurement of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) passage through a vascular endothelial cell monolayer revealed that N. meningitidis significantly increased endothelial monolayer permeability. Immunfluorescence analysis demonstrated NO dependent disturbances in the structure of endothelial adherens junctions after co-incubation with N. meningitidis . In contrast to platelet inhibition, the NO effects on HBMEC were not mediated by cyclic nucleotides. Our study provides evidence that NO plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of septicaemic meningococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kobsar
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry /Central Laboratory, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
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Park MJ, Park SH, Lee SK, Moon SE, Moon HS, Joo BS. Expression of SDF-1α and leptin, and their effect on expression of angiogenic factors in mouse ovaries. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2011; 38:135-41. [PMID: 22384432 PMCID: PMC3283068 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2011.38.3.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian angiogenesis plays an important role in folliculogenesis. However, little is known about the expression of angiogenic factors during follicular development according to female age. Stromal cell derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) plays a role in granulosa cell survival and embryo quality as an angiogenic chemokine. Leptin is also involved in folliculogenesis and angiogenesis. This study examined expression of SDF-1α and leptin, and their effects on the expression of angiogenic factors in the ovary during follicular development according to female age. METHODS Ovaries were collected from C57BL mice of two age groups (6-9 weeks and 24-26 weeks) at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after 5 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) injection. The expression of ovarian SDF-1α and leptin mRNA was evaluated by RT-PCR. In the organ culture experiment, the ovaries were cultured in transwell permeable supports with Waymouth's medium treated with various doses of SDF-1α (50-200 ng/mL) or leptin (0.01-1 µg/mL) for 7 days. Then, mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and visfatin were examined in the cultured ovaries. RESULTS Expression of SDF-1α and leptin in the ovary was significantly lower in the aged mouse group compared to the young mouse group (p<0.05). Expression of these two factors increased with follicular development after PMSG administration. SDF-1α treatment stimulated visfatin expression in a dose-dependent manner, while leptin treatment significantly increased eNOS expression. CONCLUSION These results suggest that decrease of ovarian SDF-1α and leptin expression may be associated with aging-related reduction of ovarian function. SDF-1α and leptin may play a role in follicular development by regulating the expression of angiogenic factors in mouse ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Park
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Good Moonhwa Hospital, Busan, Korea
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124
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Abstract
VEGFs (vascular endothelial growth factors) control vascular development during embryogenesis and the function of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the adult. There are five related mammalian ligands, which act through three receptor tyrosine kinases. Signalling is modulated through neuropilins, which act as VEGF co-receptors. Heparan sulfate and integrins are also important modulators of VEGF signalling. Therapeutic agents that interfere with VEGF signalling have been developed with the aim of decreasing angiogenesis in diseases that involve tissue growth and inflammation, such as cancer. The present review will outline the current understanding and consequent biology of VEGF receptor signalling.
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125
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PPARs and Female Reproduction: Evidence from Genetically Manipulated Mice. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:723243. [PMID: 18401459 PMCID: PMC2288756 DOI: 10.1155/2008/723243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors controlling many important physiological processes, including lipid and glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, inflammation, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. In the past decade, intensive study of PPARs has shed novel insight into prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Recently, a large body of research revealed that PPARs are also functionally expressed in reproductive organs and various parts of placenta during pregnancy, which strongly suggests that PPARs might play a critical role in reproduction and development, in addition to their central actions in energy homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent findings elucidating the role of PPARs in female reproduction, with particular focus on evidence from gene knockout and transgenic animal model study.
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Abstract
The formation of the vascular network is an intricate and complex process that is an obligate requirement during vertebrate development. The cardiovascular system is the first organ to develop and reach a functional state, which underscores the crucial role of the vasculature in the developing embryo. The development of the vasculature into highly branched conduits needs to occur in numerous sites and in precise patterns to supply oxygen and nutrients to the rapidly expanding tissue of the embryo. This process is mediated by the coordinated response of vascular endothelial and mural cells to the heterogeneous angiogenic cues provided by tissues and organs, whereas aberrant regulation and coordination of angiogenic signals during development result in lethality, impaired organ development, or disease states. This article reviews the essential signaling pathways required for establishment of the vertebrate vasculature with a major focus on a key regulatory factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We also discuss current knowledge of physiological angiogenic processes as well as their disruptions in pathological processes, particularly tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia S Chung
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Nassar ZD, Aisha AF, Ahamed MB, Ismail Z, Abu-Salah KM, Alrokayan SA, Abdul Majid AMS. Antiangiogenic properties of Koetjapic acid, a natural triterpene isolated from Sandoricum koetjaoe Merr. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:12. [PMID: 21524294 PMCID: PMC3111336 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, has become an important target in cancer therapy. Angiogenesis plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. Koetjapic acid (KA) is a seco-A-ring oleanene triterpene isolated from S. koetjape. The solvent extract of this plant species was shown previously to have strong antiangiogenic activity; however the active ingredient(s) that conferred the biological activity and the mode of action was not established. Given the high concentration of KA in S. koetjape, an attempt has been made in this study to investigate the antiangiogenic properties of KA. Results Treatment with 10-50 μg/ml KA resulted in dose dependent inhibition of new blood vessels growth in ex vivo rat aortic ring assay. KA was found to be non-cytotoxic against HUVECs with IC50 40.97 ± 0.37 μg/ml. KA inhibited major angiogenesis process steps, endothelial cell migration and differentiation as well as VEGF expression. Conclusions The non-cytotoxic compound, KA, may be a potent antiangiogenic agent; its activity may be attributed to inhibition of endothelial cells migration and differentiation as well VEGF suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyad D Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Pulau Penang, Malaysia.
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Fang J, Nakamura H, Maeda H. The EPR effect: Unique features of tumor blood vessels for drug delivery, factors involved, and limitations and augmentation of the effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:136-51. [PMID: 20441782 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2544] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a unique phenomenon of solid tumors related to their anatomical and pathophysiological differences from normal tissues. For example, angiogenesis leads to high vascular density in solid tumors, large gaps exist between endothelial cells in tumor blood vessels, and tumor tissues show selective extravasation and retention of macromolecular drugs. This EPR effect served as a basis for development of macromolecular anticancer therapy. We demonstrated methods to enhance this effect artificially in clinical settings. Of great importance was increasing systolic blood pressure via slow angiotensin II infusion. Another strategy involved utilization of NO-releasing agents such as topical nitroglycerin, which releases nitrite. Nitrite is converted to NO more selectively in the tumor tissues, which leads to a significantly increased EPR effect and enhanced antitumor drug effects as well. This review discusses molecular mechanisms of factors related to the EPR effect, the unique anatomy of tumor vessels, limitations and techniques to avoid such limitations, augmenting tumor drug delivery, and experimental and clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Oncology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
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129
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VEGF non-angiogenic functions in adult organ homeostasis: therapeutic implications. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:635-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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130
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Carneiro AM, Barthelmes D, Falcão MS, Mendonça LS, Fonseca SL, Gonçalves RM, Faria-Correia F, Falcão-Reis FM. Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration treated with intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab. Ophthalmologica 2011; 225:211-21. [PMID: 21336001 DOI: 10.1159/000323943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To compare retrospectively the incidence of arterial thromboembolic events (ATEs) in patients treated with bevacizumab or ranibizumab for exudative age-related macular degeneration. METHODS Charts of 378 patients treated with at least 1 intravitreal injection of ranibizumab or bevacizumab were reviewed to calculate the incidence of ATEs. Only patients under monotherapy were analyzed. RESULTS ATEs occurred in 15 patients: 12 (12/97) with bevacizumab (12.4%) and 3 (3/219) with ranibizumab (1.4%) - odds ratio 10.16; 95% confidence interval 2.80-36.93; p < 0.0001. ATEs in the bevacizumab and ranibizumab cohorts included stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, peripheral thromboembolic disease, transient ischemic attack, sudden death and lethal stroke. CONCLUSION In this series, bevacizumab raised the risk of ATEs when compared to ranibizumab. In an elderly population with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, the new ATEs may not be attributed exclusively to the intravitreal bevacizumab administration. These findings raise an issue that must be confirmed in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Carneiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital São João, University of Porto, Portugal. angelacarneiro @ netcabo.pt
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131
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IkappaB-alpha expression following transient focal cerebral ischemia is modulated by nitric oxide. Brain Res 2011; 1372:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Effect of mesenchymal stem cells on skin graft to flap prefabrication: an experimental study. Ann Plast Surg 2010; 65:237-44. [PMID: 20585233 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e3181c1ff14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenetic potential has been reported for bone marrow-derived stem cells (BSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). The superficial femoral artery, vein, and fascia were used as a vascular crane for prefabrication model of skin graft to flap. BSCs or ASCs were injected before the adaptation of the graft to the vascular crane depending on the group. The prefabricated grafts were then transferred to inguinal region in every 7 days to observe the viability. In experiment part I (n = 18), the critical time for the prefabrication was found to be 1 week. In experiment part II (n = 12), the control and experiment assays were performed on the same animal to support the data of the experiment part I. The viability of flaps was evaluated. The vascular density was higher in BSC, and ASC groups. The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor immunohistochemical staining was quantified. Furthermore, mesenchymal stem cells could be helpful in any prefabrication procedure in which neovascularization is indispensable.
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133
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Miles KA. Molecular imaging with dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Clin Radiol 2010; 65:549-56. [PMID: 20541654 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) is a quantitative technique that employs rapid sequences of CT images after bolus administration of intravenous contrast material to measure a range of physiological processes related to the microvasculature of tissues. By combining knowledge of the molecular processes underlying changes in vascular physiology with an understanding of the relationship between vascular physiology and CT contrast enhancement, DCE-CT can be redefined as a molecular imaging technique. Some DCE-CT derived parameters reflect tissue hypoxia and can, therefore, provide information about the cellular microenvironment. DCE-CT can also depict physiological processes, such as vasodilatation, that represent the physiological consequences of molecular responses to tissue hypoxia. To date the main applications have been in stroke and oncology. Unlike some other molecular imaging approaches, DCE-CT benefits from wide availability and ease of application along with the use of contrast materials and software packages that have achieved full regulatory approval. Hence, DCE-CT represents a molecular imaging technique that is applicable in clinical practice today.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Miles
- Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK.
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134
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Ha CS, Joo BS, Kim SC, Joo JK, Kim HG, Lee KS. Estrogen administration during superovulation increases oocyte quality and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and nitric oxide synthase in the ovary. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010; 36:789-95. [PMID: 20666947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated whether estrogen administration during superovulation enhances oocyte quality using a mice model. We also investigated whether this estrogen treatment regulates the expressions of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), in the ovary. METHOD Female mice were co-injected with various doses of estrogen (1 microM, 10 microM and 100 microM) and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin during superovulation, followed by human chorionic gonadotrophin injection 48 hours later. Then they were mated with individual males. After 18 hours, zygotes were flushed and cultured to blastocyst. The expression of VEGF and eNOS in the ovary was examined using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The control group was superovulated without estrogen. RESULTS Both numbers of ovulated zygotes and the rate of embryo development to blastocyst were significantly increased in the 1-microM estrogen dose compared to the control group. VEGF and eNOS expressions were stimulated by estrogen treatment. In particular, VEGF expression was significantly increased at 1-microM estrogen concentration, whereas, eNOS expression was significantly increased in all estrogen concentrations compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that estrogen co-injection during superovulation increased the ovarian response, embryo developmental competence and expressions of VEGF and eNOS in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Sik Ha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Good Moonhwa Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Koika V, Zhou Z, Vasileiadis I, Roussos C, Finetti F, Monti M, Morbidelli L, Papapetropoulos A. PKG-I inhibition attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated angiogenesis. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 53:215-22. [PMID: 20813203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production, which mediates many of its angiogenic actions. However, the angiogenic pathways that operate downstream of NO following VEGF treatment are not well characterized. Herein, we used DT-2 and DT-3, two highly selective cGMP-dependent protein kinase I peptide inhibitors to determine the contribution of PKG-I in VEGF-stimulated angiogenesis. Incubation of chicken chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) with PKG-I peptide inhibitors decreased vascular length in a dose-dependent manner, with DT-3 being more effective than DT-2. Moreover, inhibition of PKG-I with DT-3 abolished the angiogenic response elicited by VEGF in the rabbit eye cornea. PKG-I inhibition also blocked VEGF-stimulated vascular leakage. In vitro, treatment of cells with VEGF stimulated phosphorylation of the PKG substrate VASP through VEGFR2 activation; the VEGF-stimulated VASP phosphorylation was reduced by DT-2. Pre-treatment of cells with DT-2 or DT-3 inhibited VEGF-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (ERK1/2 and p38), growth, migration and sprouting of endothelial cells. The above observations taken together identify PKG-I as a downstream effector of VEGFR2 in EC and provide a rational basis for the use of PKG-I inhibitors in disease states characterized by excessive neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Koika
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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136
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Thibeault S, Rautureau Y, Oubaha M, Faubert D, Wilkes BC, Delisle C, Gratton JP. S-Nitrosylation of β-Catenin by eNOS-Derived NO Promotes VEGF-Induced Endothelial Cell Permeability. Mol Cell 2010; 39:468-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Eatman D, Layas MF, Bayorh MA. Eplerenone suppresses salt-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2010; 33:167-73. [PMID: 20571278 PMCID: PMC2914374 DOI: 10.1159/000316700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM It is well accepted that high dietary salt intake accelerates both hypertension and target organ damage. We have previously shown that eplerenone attenuates sustained elevated systolic blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. In the present study, we investigated the role of eplerenone on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression because we suspected that eplerenone treatment may trigger a unique mechanism that relies on the downregulation of VEGF. METHODS Dahl SS rats were fed a high salt (8% NaCl) diet for 3 weeks and then switched to normal salt (0.3% NaCl) diet with or without treatment with eplerenone (100 mg/kg/day), enalapril (30 mg/kg/day) and their combination for an additional 3 weeks. RESULTS In addition to reducing blood pressure, eplerenone inhibited glomeruli sclerosis and suppressed the expression of VEGF and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA as well as protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we suggest that in part, VEGF stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase plays a significant role in the eplerenone-induced reversal of the renal and vascular damage caused by high dietary salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed A. Bayorh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga., USA
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138
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Sugahara KN, Teesalu T, Karmali PP, Kotamraju VR, Agemy L, Greenwald DR, Ruoslahti E. Coadministration of a tumor-penetrating peptide enhances the efficacy of cancer drugs. Science 2010; 328:1031-5. [PMID: 20378772 PMCID: PMC2881692 DOI: 10.1126/science.1183057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 787] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poor penetration of anticancer drugs into tumors can be an important factor limiting their efficacy. We studied mouse tumor models to show that a previously characterized tumor-penetrating peptide, iRGD, increased vascular and tissue permeability in a tumor-specific and neuropilin-1-dependent manner, allowing coadministered drugs to penetrate into extravascular tumor tissue. Importantly, this effect did not require the drugs to be chemically conjugated to the peptide. Systemic injection with iRGD improved the therapeutic index of drugs of various compositions, including a small molecule (doxorubicin), nanoparticles (nab-paclitaxel and doxorubicin liposomes), and a monoclonal antibody (trastuzumab). Thus, coadministration of iRGD may be a valuable way to enhance the efficacy of anticancer drugs while reducing their side effects, a primary goal of cancer therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki N. Sugahara
- Vascular Mapping Laboratory, Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at UCSB, Biology II Bldg., University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Vascular Mapping Laboratory, Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at UCSB, Biology II Bldg., University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610
| | - Priya Prakash Karmali
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Venkata Ramana Kotamraju
- Vascular Mapping Laboratory, Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at UCSB, Biology II Bldg., University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610
| | - Lilach Agemy
- Vascular Mapping Laboratory, Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at UCSB, Biology II Bldg., University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610
| | - Daniel R. Greenwald
- Santa Barbara Hematology Oncology Medical Group, Cancer Center of Santa Barbara, 540 West Pueblo St., Santa Barbara, CA 93105, U.S.A
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Vascular Mapping Laboratory, Center for Nanomedicine, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at UCSB, Biology II Bldg., University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037
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139
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Sassa Y, Hata Y. Antiangiogenic drugs in the management of ocular diseases: Focus on antivascular endothelial growth factor. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4:275-83. [PMID: 20463795 PMCID: PMC2861934 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s6448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) complications are the leading cause of severe vision loss among the aging population in the many western countries. The introduction of molecular inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), such as pegaptanib, ranibizumab, and bevacizumab, as treatments for wet AMD has provided new hope for affected patients. Now we have these treatment options, which have the possibility to improve or maintain visual acuity for patients suffering from AMD. The treatment needs to be optimized and this is in progress. Based on emerging evidence, adopting a variable VEGF inhibitor-dosing strategy guided by visual acuity assessment and optical coherence tomography are now being tried to reduce the frequency of injections. VEGF inhibitors in combination with photodynamic therapy are another way to optimize treatment. Physicians are waiting for new guidelines for the management of AMD and the results of current and upcoming trials systematically addressing these issues will be expected to provide it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Sassa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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140
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are key regulators of permeability. The principal evidence behind how they increase vascular permeability in vivo and in vitro and the consequences of that increase are addressed here. Detailed analysis of the published literature has shown that in vivo and in vitro VEGF-mediated permeability differs in its time course, but has common involvement of many specific signalling pathways, in particular VEGF receptor-2 activation, calcium influx through transient receptor potential channels, activation of phospholipase C gamma and downstream activation of nitric oxide synthase. Pathways downstream of endothelial nitric oxide synthase appear to involve the guanylyl cyclase-mediated activation of the Rho–Rac pathway and subsequent involvement of junctional signalling proteins such as vascular endothelial cadherin and the tight junctional proteins zona occludens and occludin linked to the actin cytoskeleton. The signalling appears to be co-ordinated through spatial organization of the cascade into a signalplex, and arguments for why this may be important are considered. Many proteins have been identified to be involved in the regulation of vascular permeability by VEGF, but still the mechanisms through which these are thought to interact to control permeability are dependent on the experimental system, and a synthesis of existing data reveals that in intact vessels the co-ordination of the pathways is still not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Bates
- Microvascular Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol, UK.
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141
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Uriu-Adams JY, Scherr RE, Lanoue L, Keen CL. Influence of copper on early development: prenatal and postnatal considerations. Biofactors 2010; 36:136-52. [PMID: 20232410 DOI: 10.1002/biof.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential nutrient whose requirement is increased during pregnancy and lactation. These represent times of critical growth and development, and the fetus and neonate are particularly vulnerable to deficiencies of this nutrient. Genetic mutations that predispose the offspring to inadequate stores of Cu can be life threatening as is observed in children with Menkes disease. During the last decade, severe Cu deficiency, once thought to be a rare condition, has been reported in the literature at an increasing frequency. Secondary Cu deficiencies can be induced by a variety of ways such as excessive zinc or iron intake, certain drugs, and bariatric surgery. Premature and low birth weight infants can be born with low Cu stores. A number of mechanisms can contribute to the teratogenicity of Cu including decreased activity of select cuproenzymes, increased oxidative stress, decreased nitric oxide availability, altered iron metabolism, abnormal extracellular matrix protein crosslinking, decreased angiogenesis and altered cell signaling among others. The brain, heart, and vessels as well as tissues such as lung, skin and hair, and systems including the skeletal, immune, and blood systems, are negatively affected by suboptimal Cu during development. Additionally, persistent structural, biochemical, and functional adverse effects in the offspring are noted even when Cu supplementation is initiated after birth, supporting the concept that adequate Cu nutriture during pregnancy and lactation is critical for normal development. Although Cu-containing IUDs are an effective method for increasing intrauterine Cu concentrations and for reducing the risk of pregnancy, high amounts of dietary Cu are not thought to represent a direct developmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y Uriu-Adams
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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142
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Murohara T. Cord blood-derived early outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells. Microvasc Res 2010; 79:174-7. [PMID: 20085776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of circulating endothelial repopulating cells in the adult human peripheral blood has been proposed since long time ago. In the late 1990s, the putative endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were first identified and reported by Asahara and co-workers. Since then, a number of studies have demonstrated that these cells are derived from bone marrow and induce microvascular vasculogenesis and re-endothelialization of injured vessels. Meantime, human umbilical cord blood also gained much attention for the reason of possible additional source to obtain EPCs since cord blood has been shown to contain more number of active hematopoietic stem cells as compared to adult peripheral blood. This review summarizes the aspect of human cord blood-derived EPCs with special focuses into their identity and future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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143
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Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (PE) remains the leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality in the developed world and parts of the developing world. Morbidity and mortality from PE is increased in the developing world compared to the developed world, as availability and access to antenatal care and pathology services are limited.
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144
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Kawabe JI, Ushikubi F, Hasebe N. Prostacyclin in Vascular Diseases - Recent Insights and Future Perspectives -. Circ J 2010; 74:836-43. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kawabe
- Departments of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Innovation, Asahikawa Medical College
| | | | - Naoyuki Hasebe
- Departments of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Innovation, Asahikawa Medical College
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Neurology Division, Asahikawa Medical College
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145
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Silverstein DC, Montealegre C, Shofer FS, Otto CM. The association between vascular endothelial growth factor levels and clinically evident peripheral edema in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2009; 19:459-66. [PMID: 19821887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, severity of illness, and edema formation in critically ill dogs. DESIGN Prospective, observational, descriptive, clinical study. SETTING University Teaching Hospital. ANIMALS Twenty-eight dogs. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Physical examination and multifrequency bioimpedance (MFBIA) measurements were performed daily on 28 critically ill dogs with evidence of severe inflammatory disease and compared with the corresponding plasma VEGF levels. The change in VEGF values and the relationship between MFBIA measurements and clinical evidence of edema were also examined. Eighteen dogs had a positive VEGF level, 12 dogs had clinical evidence of edema, and 7 dogs had both a positive VEGF level and clinical evidence of edema. There was no statistically significant correlation between VEGF levels and the presence of edema on physical examination (P=0.2). VEGF values were also evaluated with respect to WBC count, survival prediction index, presence of known sepsis, change in extracellular water, and outcome. No statistical relationship could be identified between VEGF levels in the blood of dogs with inflammatory disease and their survival prediction index (P=0.1), the WBC count (P=0.2), or presence of sepsis (P=0.2). Dogs with a VEGF level >70 pg/mL (n=3) were less likely to survive (P=0.04). Because of high variability within and between animals, conclusions regarding changes in MFBIA could not be made, suggesting that this technology requires further refinement and investigation in critically ill dogs. CONCLUSIONS A relationship between VEGF and clinically evident increased vascular permeability was not found in this study. Dogs with markedly elevated VEGF levels may be more likely to die, but further studies are needed to determine the diagnostic and prognostic value of VEGF in critically ill dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C Silverstein
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania Matthew J Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA.
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146
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Morbidelli L, Pyriochou A, Filippi S, Vasileiadis I, Roussos C, Zhou Z, Loutrari H, Waltenberger J, Stössel A, Giannis A, Ziche M, Papapetropoulos A. The soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor NS-2028 reduces vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis and permeability. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 298:R824-32. [PMID: 20032260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00222.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is known to promote vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated permeability and angiogenesis. However, effector molecules that operate downstream of NO in this pathway remain poorly characterized. Herein, we determined the effect of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibition on VEGF responses in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of endothelial cells (EC) with VEGF stimulated eNOS phosphorylation and cGMP accumulation; pretreatment with the sGC inhibitor 4H-8-bromo-1,2,4-oxadiazolo(3,4-d)benz(b)(1,4)oxazin-1-one (NS-2028) blunted cGMP levels without affecting VEGF-receptor phosphorylation. Incubation of cells with NS-2028 blocked the mitogenic effects of VEGF. In addition, cells in which sGC was inhibited exhibited no migration and sprouting in response to VEGF. To study the mechanisms through which NS-2028 inhibits EC migration, we determined the effects of alterations in cGMP levels on p38 MAPK. Initially, we observed that inhibition of sGC attenuated VEGF-stimulated activation of p38. In contrast, the addition of 8-Br-cGMP to EC stimulated p38 phosphorylation. The addition of cGMP elevating agents (BAY 41-2272, DETA NO and YC-1) enhanced EC migration. To test whether sGC also mediated the angiogenic effects of VEGF in vivo, we used the rabbit cornea assay. Animals receiving NS-2028 orally displayed a reduced angiogenic response to VEGF. As increased vascular permeability occurs prior to new blood vessel formation, we determined the effect of NS-2028 in vascular leakage. Using a modified Miles assay, we observed that NS-2028 attenuated VEGF-induced permeability. Overall, we provide evidence that sGC mediates the angiogenic and permeability-promoting activities of VEGF, indicating the significance of sGC as a downstream effector of VEGF-triggered responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Morbidelli
- Department of Molecular Biology, Section of Pharmacology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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147
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Tedeschi A, Asero R, Marzano AV, Lorini M, Fanoni D, Berti E, Cugno M. Plasma levels and skin-eosinophil-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with chronic urticaria. Allergy 2009; 64:1616-22. [PMID: 19485983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chronic urticaria (CU) is often regarded as autoimmune in nature, only less than 50% of sera from CU patients contain histamine-releasing autoantibodies. This suggests that other factors may contribute to its pathogenesis. We evaluated the possible involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the major mediators of vascular permeability, in CU. METHODS Eighty consecutive adult patients with CU and 53 healthy subjects were studied. VEGF and prothrombin fragment F(1+2) were measured by enzyme immunoassays. Autologous plasma skin test (APST) was performed in CU patients and, in six of them, skin biopsy specimens were taken from wheals to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). RESULTS Plasma VEGF concentrations were higher in CU patients (8.00 +/- 0.90 pmol/l) than in controls (0.54 +/- 0.08 pmol/l) (P = 0.0001) and tended to parallel both the severity of CU and to correlate with F(1+2) levels. APST was positive in 85.1% of patients. VEGF concentration was significantly higher in APST-positive than in APST-negative patients (P = 0.0003). Immunohistochemically, all specimens from patients with CU showed a strong expression of VEGF (P = 0.002) that colocalized with ECP, a classic eosinophil marker. CONCLUSIONS VEGF plasma levels are elevated in CU and parallel the disease severity. This supports a possible role of this molecule in CU pathophysiology. Eosinophils are the main cellular source of VEGF in CU lesional skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tedeschi
- Unità Operativa di Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy
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148
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Kalayci R, Kaya M, Uzun H, Bilgic B, Ahishali B, Arican N, Elmas İ, Küçük M. Influence of Hypercholesterolemia and Hypertension on the Integrity of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Rats. Int J Neurosci 2009; 119:1881-904. [DOI: 10.1080/14647270802336650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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149
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Kim WY, Lee HY. Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: mechanism and therapeutic intervention in brain tumors. FEBS J 2009; 276:4653-64. [PMID: 19664069 PMCID: PMC2847309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Formation of new blood vessels is required for the growth and metastasis of all solid tumors. New blood vessels are established in tumors mainly through angiogenesis. Brain tumors in particular are highly angiogenic. Therefore, interventions designed to prevent angiogenesis may be effective at controlling brain tumors. Indeed, many recent findings from preclinical and clinical studies of antiangiogenic therapy for brain tumors have shown that it is a promising approach to managing this deadly disease, especially when combined with other cytotoxic treatments. In this minireview, we summarize the basic characteristics of brain tumor angiogenesis and the role of known angiogenic factors in regulating this angiogenesis, which may be targets of antiangiogenic therapy. We also discuss the current status of antiangiogenic therapy for brain tumors, the suggested mechanisms of this therapy and the limitations of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Kim
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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150
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Nomura S, Kanazawa H, Hirata K, Iwao H, Yoshikawa J. Relationship Between Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiopoietin-2 in Asthmatics Before and After Inhaled Beclomethasone Therapy. J Asthma 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jas-51346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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