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Abstract
Cardiac control is mediated via a series of reflex control networks involving somata in the (i) intrinsic cardiac ganglia (heart), (ii) intrathoracic extracardiac ganglia (stellate, middle cervical), (iii) superior cervical ganglia, (iv) spinal cord, (v) brainstem, and (vi) higher centers. Each of these processing centers contains afferent, efferent, and local circuit neurons, which interact locally and in an interdependent fashion with the other levels to coordinate regional cardiac electrical and mechanical indices on a beat-to-beat basis. This control system is optimized to respond to normal physiological stressors (standing, exercise, and temperature); however, it can be catastrophically disrupted by pathological events such as myocardial ischemia. In fact, it is now recognized that autonomic dysregulation is central to the evolution of heart failure and arrhythmias. Autonomic regulation therapy is an emerging modality in the management of acute and chronic cardiac pathologies. Neuromodulation-based approaches that target select nexus points of this hierarchy for cardiac control offer unique opportunities to positively affect therapeutic outcomes via improved efficacy of cardiovascular reflex control. As such, understanding the anatomical and physiological basis for such control is necessary to implement effectively novel neuromodulation therapies. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1635-1653, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ardell
- Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John Andrew Armour
- Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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102
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The Adaptor Protein CD2AP Is a Coordinator of Neurotrophin Signaling-Mediated Axon Arbor Plasticity. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4259-75. [PMID: 27076424 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2423-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Growth of intact axons of noninjured neurons, often termed collateral sprouting, contributes to both adaptive and pathological plasticity in the adult nervous system, but the intracellular factors controlling this growth are largely unknown. An automated functional assay of genes regulated in sensory neurons from the rat in vivo spared dermatome model of collateral sprouting identified the adaptor protein CD2-associated protein (CD2AP; human CMS) as a positive regulator of axon growth. In non-neuronal cells, CD2AP, like other adaptor proteins, functions to selectively control the spatial/temporal assembly of multiprotein complexes that transmit intracellular signals. Although CD2AP polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease, its role in axon growth is unknown. Assessments of neurite arbor structure in vitro revealed CD2AP overexpression, and siRNA-mediated knockdown, modulated (1) neurite length, (2) neurite complexity, and (3) growth cone filopodia number, in accordance with CD2AP expression levels. We show, for the first time, that CD2AP forms a novel multiprotein complex with the NGF receptor TrkA and the PI3K regulatory subunit p85, with the degree of TrkA:p85 association positively regulated by CD2AP levels. CD2AP also regulates NGF signaling through AKT, but not ERK, and regulates long-range signaling though TrkA(+)/RAB5(+) signaling endosomes. CD2AP mRNA and protein levels were increased in neurons during collateral sprouting but decreased following injury, suggesting that, although typically considered together, these two adult axonal growth processes are fundamentally different. These data position CD2AP as a major intracellular signaling molecule coordinating NGF signaling to regulate collateral sprouting and structural plasticity of intact adult axons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Growth of noninjured axons in the adult nervous system contributes to adaptive and maladaptive plasticity, and dysfunction of this process may contribute to neurologic pathologies. Functional screening of genes regulated during growth of noninjured axons revealed CD2AP as a positive regulator of axon outgrowth. A novel association of CD2AP with TrkA and p85 suggests a distinct intracellular signaling pathway regulating growth of noninjured axons. This may also represent a novel mechanism of generating specificity in multifunctional NGF signaling. Divergent regulation of CD2AP in different axon growth conditions suggests that separate mechanisms exist for different modes of axon growth. CD2AP is the first signaling molecule associated with adult sensory axonal collateral sprouting, and this association may offer new insights for NGF/TrkA-related Alzheimer's disease mechanisms.
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103
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Kalla M, Herring N, Paterson DJ. Cardiac sympatho-vagal balance and ventricular arrhythmia. Auton Neurosci 2016; 199:29-37. [PMID: 27590099 PMCID: PMC5334443 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of cardiovascular disease is cardiac autonomic dysregulation. The phenotype of impaired parasympathetic responsiveness and sympathetic hyperactivity in experimental animal models is also well documented in large scale human studies in the setting of heart failure and myocardial infarction, and is predictive of morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in emergency revascularisation strategies for myocardial infarction, device therapy for heart failure and secondary prevention pharmacotherapies, mortality from malignant ventricular arrhythmia remains high. Patients at highest risk or those with haemodynamically significant ventricular arrhythmia can be treated with catheter ablation and implantable cardioverter defibrillators, but the morbidity and reduction in quality of life due to the burden of ventricular arrhythmia and shock therapy persists. Therefore, future therapies must aim to target the underlying pathophysiology that contributes to the generation of ventricular arrhythmia. This review explores recent advances in mechanistic research in both limbs of the autonomic nervous system and potential avenues for translation into clinical therapy. In addition, we also discuss the relationship of these findings in the context of the reported efficacy of current neuromodulatory strategies in the management of ventricular arrhythmia. We review advances in mechanistic research in the cardiac autonomic nervous system. This is discussed in relation to neuromodulatory therapy for ventricular arrhythmia. Neuromodulation therapies can influence both neurotransmitters and co-transmitters. This may therefore improve on conventional medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Herring
- Corresponding author at: Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Dept. of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX13PT, UK.Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science CentreDept. of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOX13PTUK
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104
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Ng GA. Neuro-cardiac interaction in malignant ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Auton Neurosci 2016; 199:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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105
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Shivkumar K, Ajijola OA, Anand I, Armour JA, Chen PS, Esler M, De Ferrari GM, Fishbein MC, Goldberger JJ, Harper RM, Joyner MJ, Khalsa SS, Kumar R, Lane R, Mahajan A, Po S, Schwartz PJ, Somers VK, Valderrabano M, Vaseghi M, Zipes DP. Clinical neurocardiology defining the value of neuroscience-based cardiovascular therapeutics. J Physiol 2016; 594:3911-54. [PMID: 27114333 PMCID: PMC4945719 DOI: 10.1113/jp271870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system regulates all aspects of normal cardiac function, and is recognized to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular diseases. As such, the value of neuroscience-based cardiovascular therapeutics is increasingly evident. This White Paper reviews the current state of understanding of human cardiac neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, pathophysiology in specific disease conditions, autonomic testing, risk stratification, and neuromodulatory strategies to mitigate the progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyanam Shivkumar
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Inder Anand
- Department of Cardiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Andrew Armour
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peng-Sheng Chen
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Murray Esler
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael C Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Goldberger
- Division of Cardiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ronald M Harper
- Department of Neurobiology and the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Rajesh Kumar
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department of Anesthesia, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sunny Po
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- University of Tulsa Oxley College of Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Peter J Schwartz
- Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Instituto Auxologico Italiano, c/o Centro Diagnostico e di Ricerrca San Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Virend K Somers
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Miguel Valderrabano
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center and Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marmar Vaseghi
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas P Zipes
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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106
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Yang N, Cheng W, Hu H, Xue M, Li X, Wang Y, Xuan Y, Li X, Yin J, Shi Y, Yan S. Atorvastatin attenuates sympathetic hyperinnervation together with the augmentation of M2 macrophages in rats postmyocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 34:234-44. [PMID: 27149420 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Department of Cardiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Wenjuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Hesheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Mei Xue
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Yongli Xuan
- Department of Cardiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Cardiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Cardiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Yugen Shi
- Department of Cardiology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Ji'nan Shandong China
| | - Suhua Yan
- Department of Cardiology; Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; Ji'nan Shandong China
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107
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Ardell JL, Andresen MC, Armour JA, Billman GE, Chen PS, Foreman RD, Herring N, O'Leary DS, Sabbah HN, Schultz HD, Sunagawa K, Zucker IH. Translational neurocardiology: preclinical models and cardioneural integrative aspects. J Physiol 2016; 594:3877-909. [PMID: 27098459 DOI: 10.1113/jp271869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal elements distributed throughout the cardiac nervous system, from the level of the insular cortex to the intrinsic cardiac nervous system, are in constant communication with one another to ensure that cardiac output matches the dynamic process of regional blood flow demand. Neural elements in their various 'levels' become differentially recruited in the transduction of sensory inputs arising from the heart, major vessels, other visceral organs and somatic structures to optimize neuronal coordination of regional cardiac function. This White Paper will review the relevant aspects of the structural and functional organization for autonomic control of the heart in normal conditions, how these systems remodel/adapt during cardiac disease, and finally how such knowledge can be leveraged in the evolving realm of autonomic regulation therapy for cardiac therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ardell
- University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M C Andresen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J A Armour
- University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G E Billman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - P-S Chen
- The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R D Foreman
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - N Herring
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D S O'Leary
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - H N Sabbah
- Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - H D Schultz
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - K Sunagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - I H Zucker
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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108
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Habecker BA, Anderson ME, Birren SJ, Fukuda K, Herring N, Hoover DB, Kanazawa H, Paterson DJ, Ripplinger CM. Molecular and cellular neurocardiology: development, and cellular and molecular adaptations to heart disease. J Physiol 2016; 594:3853-75. [PMID: 27060296 DOI: 10.1113/jp271840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system and cardiovascular system develop in concert and are functionally interconnected in both health and disease. This white paper focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie neural-cardiac interactions during development, during normal physiological function in the mature system, and during pathological remodelling in cardiovascular disease. The content on each subject was contributed by experts, and we hope that this will provide a useful resource for newcomers to neurocardiology as well as aficionados.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Mark E Anderson
- Johns Hopkins Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Susan J Birren
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Neil Herring
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Donald B Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Hideaki Kanazawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - David J Paterson
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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109
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Gardner RT, Ripplinger CM, Myles RC, Habecker BA. Molecular Mechanisms of Sympathetic Remodeling and Arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9:e001359. [PMID: 26810594 DOI: 10.1161/circep.115.001359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Gardner
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.T.G., B.A.H.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (C.M.R.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.C.M.)
| | - Crystal M Ripplinger
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.T.G., B.A.H.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (C.M.R.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.C.M.)
| | - Rachel C Myles
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.T.G., B.A.H.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (C.M.R.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.C.M.)
| | - Beth A Habecker
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (R.T.G., B.A.H.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis (C.M.R.); and Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.C.M.).
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110
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Tu G, Zou L, Liu S, Wu B, Lv Q, Wang S, Xue Y, Zhang C, Yi Z, Zhang X, Li G, Liang S. Long noncoding NONRATT021972 siRNA normalized abnormal sympathetic activity mediated by the upregulation of P2X7 receptor in superior cervical ganglia after myocardial ischemia. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:521-35. [PMID: 27215605 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the upregulation of the P2X7 receptor in cervical sympathetic ganglia was involved in myocardial ischemic (MI) injury. The dysregulated expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participates in the onset and progression of many pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the NONRATT021972 lncRNA on the abnormal changes of cardiac function mediated by the up-regulation of the P2X7 receptor in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) after myocardial ischemia. When the MI rats were treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA, their increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), low-frequency (LF) power, and LF/HF ratio were reduced to normal levels. However, the decreased high-frequency (HF) power was increased. GAP43 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) are markers of nerve sprouting and sympathetic nerve fibers, respectively. We found that the TH/GAP43 value was significantly increased in the MI group. However, it was reduced after the MI rats were treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA. The serum norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) concentrations were decreased in the MI rats that were treated with NONRATT021972 siRNA. Meanwhile, the increased P2X7 mRNA and protein levels and the increased p-ERK1/2 expression in the SCG were also reduced. NONRATT021972 siRNA treatment inhibited the P2X7 agonist BzATP-activated currents in HEK293 cells transfected with pEGFP-P2X7. Our findings suggest that NONRATT021972 siRNA could decrease the upregulation of the P2X7 receptor and improve the abnormal changes in cardiac function after myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Tu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulan Lv
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xue
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Life Science of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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111
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Abstract
There has been a longstanding interest in understanding whether the presence of inhomogeneity in myocardial sympathetic innervation can predict patients at risk of sudden cardiac arrest from lethal ventricular arrhythmias. The advent of radiolabeled norepinephrine analogs has allowed this to be imaged in patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy using single, photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Several observational studies have demonstrated that globally elevated myocardial sympathetic tone (as reflected by reduced myocardial norepinephrine analog uptake) can predict composite cardiac end-points including total cardiovascular mortality. More recent studies have indicated that quantifying the extent of regional denervation can predict the risk of lethal ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. This review will summarize our current understanding of the prognostic significance of altered myocardial sympathetic innervation.
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112
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Chemokines and Heart Disease: A Network Connecting Cardiovascular Biology to Immune and Autonomic Nervous Systems. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5902947. [PMID: 27242392 PMCID: PMC4868905 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5902947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the chemokines discovered to date, nineteen are presently considered to be relevant in heart disease and are involved in all stages of cardiovascular response to injury. Chemokines are interesting as biomarkers to predict risk of cardiovascular events in apparently healthy people and as possible therapeutic targets. Moreover, they could have a role as mediators of crosstalk between immune and cardiovascular system, since they seem to act as a “working-network” in deep linkage with the autonomic nervous system. In this paper we will describe the single chemokines more involved in heart diseases; then we will present a comprehensive perspective of them as a complex network connecting the cardiovascular system to both the immune and the autonomic nervous systems. Finally, some recent evidences indicating chemokines as a possible new tool to predict cardiovascular risk will be described.
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113
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Verrier RL. Editorial commentary: Critical neurocircuitry mediating cardiovascular diseases and strategies for intervention. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 26:258-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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114
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Putting together the clues of the everlasting neuro-cardiac liaison. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1904-15. [PMID: 26778332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the late embryonic development, the sympathetic nervous system extensively innervates the heart and modulates its activity during the entire lifespan. The distribution of myocardial sympathetic processes is finely regulated by the secretion of limiting amounts of pro-survival neurotrophic factors by cardiac cells. Norepinephrine release by the neurons rapidly modulates myocardial electrophysiology, and increases the rate and force of cardiomyocyte contractions. Sympathetic processes establish direct interaction with cardiomyocytes, characterized by the presence of neurotransmitter vesicles and reduced cell-cell distance. Whether such contacts have a functional role in both neurotrophin- and catecholamine-dependent communication between the two cell types, is poorly understood. In this review we will address the effects of the sympathetic neuron activity on the myocardium and the hypothesis that the direct neuro-cardiac contact might have a key role both in norepinephrine and neurotrophin mediated signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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115
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Spinal cord stimulation suppresses atrial fibrillation by inhibiting autonomic remodeling. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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116
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Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Sprouting and Susceptibility to Ventricular Arrhythmias after Myocardial Infarction. Cardiol Res Pract 2015; 2015:698368. [PMID: 26793403 PMCID: PMC4697091 DOI: 10.1155/2015/698368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmogenesis is thought to be a common cause of sudden cardiac death following myocardial infarction (MI). Nerve remodeling as a result of MI is known to be an important genesis of life-threatening arrhythmias. It is hypothesized that neural modulation might serve as a therapeutic option of malignant arrhythmias. In fact, left stellectomy or β-blocker therapy is shown to be effective in the prevention of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), and sudden cardiac death (SCD) after MI both in patients and in animal models. Results from decades of research already evidenced a positive relationship between abnormal nerve density and ventricular arrhythmias after MI. In this review, we summarized the molecular mechanisms involved in cardiac sympathetic rejuvenation and mechanisms related to sympathetic hyperinnervation and arrhythmogenesis after MI and analyzed the potential therapeutic implications of nerve sprouting modification for ventricular arrhythmias and SCD control.
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Rajendran PS, Nakamura K, Ajijola OA, Vaseghi M, Armour JA, Ardell JL, Shivkumar K. Myocardial infarction induces structural and functional remodelling of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system. J Physiol 2015; 594:321-41. [PMID: 26572244 DOI: 10.1113/jp271165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Intrinsic cardiac (IC) neurons undergo differential morphological and phenotypic remodelling that reflects the site of myocardial infarction (MI). Afferent neural signals from the infarcted region to IC neurons are attenuated, while those from border and remote regions are preserved post-MI, giving rise to a 'neural sensory border zone'. Convergent IC local circuit (processing) neurons have enhanced transduction capacity following MI. Functional network connectivity within the intrinsic cardiac nervous system is reduced post-MI. MI reduces the response and alters the characteristics of IC neurons to ventricular pacing. ABSTRACT Autonomic dysregulation following myocardial infarction (MI) is an important pathogenic event. The intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICNS) is a neural network located on the heart that is critically involved in autonomic regulation. The aims of this study were to characterize structural and functional remodelling of the ICNS post-MI in a porcine model (control (n = 16) vs. healed anteroapical MI (n = 16)). In vivo microelectrode recordings of basal activity, as well as responses to afferent and efferent stimuli, were recorded from intrinsic cardiac neurons. From control 118 neurons and from MI animals 102 neurons were functionally classified as afferent, efferent, or convergent (receiving both afferent and efferent inputs). In control and MI, convergent neurons represented the largest subpopulation (47% and 48%, respectively) and had enhanced transduction capacity following MI. Efferent inputs to neurons were maintained post-MI. Afferent inputs were attenuated from the infarcted region (19% in control vs. 7% in MI; P = 0.03), creating a 'neural sensory border zone', or heterogeneity in afferent information. MI reduced transduction of changes in preload (54% in control vs. 41% in MI; P = 0.05). The overall functional network connectivity, or the ability of neurons to respond to independent pairs of stimuli, within the ICNS was reduced following MI. The neuronal response was differentially decreased to ventricular vs. atrial pacing post-MI (63% in control vs. 44% in MI to ventricular pacing; P < 0.01). MI induced morphological and phenotypic changes within the ICNS. The alteration of afferent neural signals, and remodelling of convergent neurons, represents a 'neural signature' of ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S Rajendran
- University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keijiro Nakamura
- University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marmar Vaseghi
- University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Andrew Armour
- University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ardell
- University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- University of California - Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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ZHOU XIAOYA, ZHOU LIPING, WANG SONGYUN, YU LILEI, WANG ZHUO, HUANG BING, CHEN MINGXIAN, WAN JUN, JIANG HONG. The Use of Noninvasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation to Inhibit Sympathetically Induced Sinus Node Acceleration: A Potential Therapeutic Approach for Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015; 27:217-23. [PMID: 26467778 DOI: 10.1111/jce.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- XIAOYA ZHOU
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - LIPING ZHOU
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - SONGYUN WANG
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - LILEI YU
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - ZHUO WANG
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - BING HUANG
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - MINGXIAN CHEN
- Department of Cardiology; the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South, University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - JUN WAN
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - HONG JIANG
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
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Yang LC, Zhang PP, Chen XM, Li CY, Sun J, Hou JW, Chen RH, Wang YP, Li YG. Semaphorin 3a transfection into the left stellate ganglion reduces susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction in rats. Europace 2015; 18:1886-1896. [PMID: 26541708 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euv276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Myocardial infarction (MI) induces neural remodelling of the left stellate ganglion (LSG), which may contribute to ischaemia-induced arrhythmias. The neural chemorepellent Semaphorin 3a (Sema3a) has been identified as a negative regulator of sympathetic innervation in the LSG and heart. We previously reported that overexpression of Sema3a in the border zone could reduce the arrhythmogenic effects of cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation post-MI. This study investigated whether Sema3a overexpression within the LSG confers an antiarrhythmic effect after MI through decreasing extra- and intra-cardiac neural remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MI, and randomly allocated to intra-LSG microinjection of either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), adenovirus encoding green fluorescent protein (AdGFP), or adenovirus encoding Sema3a (AdSema3a). Sham-operated rats served as controls. Two weeks after infarction, MI-induced nerve sprouting and sympathetic hyperinnervation in the LSG and myocardium were significantly attenuated by intra-LSG injection with AdSema3a, as assessed by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis of growth-associated protein 43 and tyrosine hydroxylase. This was also confirmed by sympathetic nerve function changes assessed by cardiac norepinephrine content. Additionally, intra-LSG injection with AdSema3a alleviated MI-induced accumulation of dephosphorylated connexin 43 in the infarct border zone. Furthermore, Sema3a overexpression in the LSG reduced the incidence of inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmia by programmed electrical stimulation post-MI, and arrhythmia scores were significantly lower in the AdSema3a group than in the PBS and AdGFP groups. CONCLUSION Semaphorin 3a overexpression in the LSG ameliorates the inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias after MI, mainly through attenuation of neural remodelling within the cardiac-neuraxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peng-Pai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chang-Yi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian-Wen Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ren-Hua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ganzhou People Hospital, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Yue-Peng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Gang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Park JH, Hong SY, Wi J, Lee DL, Joung B, Lee MH, Pak HN. Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Raises the Plasma Level of NGF-β Which Is Associated with Sympathetic Nerve Activity. Yonsei Med J 2015; 56:1530-7. [PMID: 26446633 PMCID: PMC4630039 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.6.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of nerve growth factor-β (NGF-β) is related to cardiac nerve sprouting and sympathetic hyper innervation. We investigated the changes of plasma levels of NGF-β and the relationship to follow-up heart rate variability (HRV) after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 147 patients with AF (117 men, 55.8±11.5 years, 106 paroxysmal AF) who underwent RFCA. The plasma levels of NGF-β were quantified using double sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method before (NGF-βpre) and 1 hour after RFCA (NGF-βpost-1 hr). HRV at pre-procedure (HRVpre), 3 months (HRVpost-3 mo), and 1 year post-procedure (HRVpost-1 yr) were analyzed and compared with plasma levels of NGF-β. RESULTS 1) The plasma levels of NGF-β significantly increased after RFCA (20.05±11.09 pg/mL vs. 29.60±19.43 pg/mL, p<0.001). The patients who did not show increased NGF-βpost-1 hr were older (p=0.023) and had greater left atrial volume index (p=0.028) than those with increased NGF-βpost-1 hr. 2) In patients with NGF-βpre>18 pg/mL, low frequency components (LF)/high-frequency components (HF) (p=0.003) and the number of atrial premature contractions (APCs, p=0.045) in HRVpost-3 mo were significantly higher than those with ≤18 pg/mL. 3) The LF/HF at HRVpost-3 mo was linearly associated with the NGF-βpre (B=4.240, 95% CI 1.114-7.336, p=0.008) and the NGF-βpost-1 hr (B=7.617, 95% CI 2.106-13.127, p=0.007). 4) Both NGF-βpre (OR=1.159, 95% CI 1.045-1.286, p=0.005) and NGF-βpost-1 hr (OR=1.098, 95% CI 1.030-1.170, p=0.004) were independent predictors for the increase of LF/HF at HRVpost-3 mo. CONCLUSION AF catheter ablation increases plasma level of NGF-β, and high plasma levels of NGF-βpre was associated with higher sympathetic nerve activity and higher frequency of APCs in HRVpost-3 mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Park
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Yu Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jin Wi
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da Lyung Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boyoung Joung
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Hyoung Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui-Nam Pak
- Department of Cardiology, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.
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Krul SPJ, Berger WR, Veldkamp MW, Driessen AHG, Wilde AAM, Deneke T, de Bakker JMT, Coronel R, de Groot JR. Treatment of Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias Through Autonomic Modulation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2015; 1:496-508. [PMID: 29759403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the contribution of autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation in the treatment of arrhythmias. Both the atria and ventricles are innervated by an extensive network of nerve fibers of parasympathetic and sympathetic origin. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system exert arrhythmogenic electrophysiological effects on atrial and pulmonary vein myocardium, while in the ventricle the sympathetic nervous system plays a more dominant role in arrhythmogenesis. Identification of ANS activity is possible with nuclear imaging. This technique may provide further insight in mechanisms and treatment targets. Additionally, the myocardial effects of the intrinsic ANS can be identified through stimulation of the ganglionic plexuses. These can be ablated for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. New (non-) invasive treatment options targeting the extrinsic cardiac ANS, such as low-level tragus stimulation and renal denervation, provide interesting future treatment possibilities both for atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. However, the first randomized trials have yet to be performed. Future clinical studies on modifying the ANS may not only improve the outcome of ablation therapy but may also advance our understanding of the manner in which the ANS interacts with the myocardium to modify arrhythmogenic triggers and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien P J Krul
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter R Berger
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke W Veldkamp
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine H G Driessen
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Deneke
- Heart Center Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt a.d. Saale, Germany
| | - Jacques M T de Bakker
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; L'Institut de RYthmologie et de modélisation Cardiaque (LIRYC), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joris R de Groot
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Yin J, Hu H, Li X, Xue M, Cheng W, Wang Y, Xuan Y, Li X, Yang N, Shi Y, Yan S. Inhibition of Notch signaling pathway attenuates sympathetic hyperinnervation together with the augmentation of M2 macrophages in rats post-myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C41-53. [PMID: 26491050 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00163.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation-dominated sympathetic sprouting adjacent to the necrotic region following myocardial infarction (MI) has been implicated in the etiology of arrhythmias resulting in sudden cardiac death; however, the mechanisms responsible remain to be elucidated. Although being a key immune mediator, the role of Notch has yet to be explored. We investigated whether Notch regulates macrophage responses to inflammation and affects cardiac sympathetic reinnervation in rats undergoing MI. MI was induced by coronary artery ligation. A high level of Notch intracellular domain was observed in the macrophages that infiltrated the infarct area at 3 days post-MI. The administration of the Notch inhibitor N-N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)-S-phenylglycine-t-butyl ester (DAPT) (intravenously 30 min before MI and then daily until death) decreased the number of macrophages and significantly increased the M2 macrophage activation profile in the early stages and attenuated the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF). Eventually, NGF-induced sympathetic hyperinnervation was blunted, as assessed by the immunofluorescence of tyrosine hydroxylase. At 7 days post-MI, the arrhythmia score of programmed electric stimulation in the vehicle-treated infarcted rats was higher than that in rats treated with DAPT. Further deterioration in cardiac function and decreases in the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were also detected. In vitro studies revealed that LPS/IFN-γ upregulated the surface expression of NGF in M1 macrophages in a Notch-dependent manner. We concluded that Notch inhibition during the acute inflammatory response phase is associated with the downregulation of NGF, probably through a macrophage-dependent pathway, thus preventing the process of sympathetic hyperinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hesheng Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjuan Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongli Xuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yugen Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Suhua Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Xie X, Wang W, Li Z, Gao M, Wang Z, Hou Y. Long-Term Effects of Ganglionated Plexi Ablation on Electrophysiological Characteristics and Neuron Remodeling in Target Atrial Tissues in a Canine Model. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8:1276-83. [PMID: 26078277 DOI: 10.1161/circep.114.002554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term effects of ganglionated plexi ablation on electrophysiological characteristics and neuron remodeling in target atrial tissues remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Dogs in group 1 (control, n=8) were not subjected to ganglionated plexi ablation and observed for 1 month, and dogs in groups 2 to 4 (ablation groups, n=8 each) underwent ablation of the right-sided ganglionated plexi and observed for 1, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Atrial electrophysiological characteristics were examined before ablation, immediately and continuously after ablation. Target atrial tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis. Atrial effective refractory period was significantly prolonged immediately after ablation (P<0.001), and persisted for 1 month (P<0.05). Nerve densities decreased 1 month after ablation (P<0.001). These parameters reverted to preablation levels after 6 and 12 months. In the ablation groups, atrial fibrillation was induced in 5 of 8 dogs after 1 month and in all animals after 6 and 12 months. Atrial fibrillation was not observed in the control group and in the experimental groups immediately after ablation. Moreover, the expression of the growth-associated protein 43 was upregulated after ablation. CONCLUSIONS Ganglionated plexi ablation effectively prolonged atrial effective refractory period for a short period, but the long-term effects on atrial effective refractory period and the suppression of atrial fibrillation induction were not persistent. Targeted atrial neuron remodeling may be an important mechanism underlying the observed electrophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Wang
- From the School of Medicine (X.W., Y.Z., W.W., Z.L.), Departments of Cardiology (X.X., M.G., Z.W., Y.H.), and Intensive Care Unit (M.Z.), Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- From the School of Medicine (X.W., Y.Z., W.W., Z.L.), Departments of Cardiology (X.X., M.G., Z.W., Y.H.), and Intensive Care Unit (M.Z.), Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- From the School of Medicine (X.W., Y.Z., W.W., Z.L.), Departments of Cardiology (X.X., M.G., Z.W., Y.H.), and Intensive Care Unit (M.Z.), Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinxing Xie
- From the School of Medicine (X.W., Y.Z., W.W., Z.L.), Departments of Cardiology (X.X., M.G., Z.W., Y.H.), and Intensive Care Unit (M.Z.), Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weizong Wang
- From the School of Medicine (X.W., Y.Z., W.W., Z.L.), Departments of Cardiology (X.X., M.G., Z.W., Y.H.), and Intensive Care Unit (M.Z.), Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhan Li
- From the School of Medicine (X.W., Y.Z., W.W., Z.L.), Departments of Cardiology (X.X., M.G., Z.W., Y.H.), and Intensive Care Unit (M.Z.), Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Gao
- From the School of Medicine (X.W., Y.Z., W.W., Z.L.), Departments of Cardiology (X.X., M.G., Z.W., Y.H.), and Intensive Care Unit (M.Z.), Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongsu Wang
- From the School of Medicine (X.W., Y.Z., W.W., Z.L.), Departments of Cardiology (X.X., M.G., Z.W., Y.H.), and Intensive Care Unit (M.Z.), Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yinglong Hou
- From the School of Medicine (X.W., Y.Z., W.W., Z.L.), Departments of Cardiology (X.X., M.G., Z.W., Y.H.), and Intensive Care Unit (M.Z.), Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Fukuda K, Kanazawa H, Aizawa Y, Ardell JL, Shivkumar K. Cardiac innervation and sudden cardiac death. Circ Res 2015; 116:2005-19. [PMID: 26044253 PMCID: PMC4465108 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Afferent and efferent cardiac neurotransmission via the cardiac nerves intricately modulates nearly all physiological functions of the heart (chronotropy, dromotropy, lusitropy, and inotropy). Afferent information from the heart is transmitted to higher levels of the nervous system for processing (intrinsic cardiac nervous system, extracardiac-intrathoracic ganglia, spinal cord, brain stem, and higher centers), which ultimately results in efferent cardiomotor neural impulses (via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves). This system forms interacting feedback loops that provide physiological stability for maintaining normal rhythm and life-sustaining circulation. This system also ensures that there is fine-tuned regulation of sympathetic-parasympathetic balance in the heart under normal and stressed states in the short (beat to beat), intermediate (minutes to hours), and long term (days to years). This important neurovisceral/autonomic nervous system also plays a major role in the pathophysiology and progression of heart disease, including heart failure and arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death. Transdifferentiation of neurons in heart failure, functional denervation, cardiac and extracardiac neural remodeling has also been identified and characterized during the progression of disease. Recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular processes governing innervation and the functional control of the myocardium in health and disease provide a rational mechanistic basis for the development of neuraxial therapies for preventing sudden cardiac death and other arrhythmias. Advances in cellular, molecular, and bioengineering realms have underscored the emergence of this area as an important avenue of scientific inquiry and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Fukuda
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.F., H.K., Y.A.); and UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence (J.L.A., K.S.).
| | - Hideaki Kanazawa
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.F., H.K., Y.A.); and UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence (J.L.A., K.S.)
| | - Yoshiyasu Aizawa
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.F., H.K., Y.A.); and UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence (J.L.A., K.S.)
| | - Jeffrey L Ardell
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.F., H.K., Y.A.); and UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence (J.L.A., K.S.)
| | - Kalyanam Shivkumar
- From the Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (K.F., H.K., Y.A.); and UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence (J.L.A., K.S.).
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Ohara M, Tomoda F, Koike T, Liu H, Uno K, Nitta A, Inoue H. Pubertal administration of antiserum against nerve growth factor regresses renal vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:687-94. [PMID: 25904086 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the development of hypertensive renal vascular remodeling, antiserum against NGF (anti-NGF) or vehicle was injected at 3 weeks of age in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (n = 9 for each treatment in each strain). Flow-pressure (F-P) and pressure-glomerular filtration rate (P-GFR) relationships at vasodilated perfused kidneys were determined at 10 weeks of age. In the vehicle rats, blood pressure, renal noradrenaline content, the gradient of F-P (minimal vascular resistance at pre- and post-glomerular vasculature) and the X-intercept of P-GFR (preglomerular : postglomerular vascular resistance ratio) were greater in SHR than in WKY rats, although the gradient of P-GFR (glomerular filtration capacity) did not differ significantly between the strains. Blood pressure and renal noradrenaline content were lower in SHR receiving anti-NGF than in SHR receiving vehicle, although such difference was not observed in WKY rats. The gradient of F-P was less but the gradient of P-GFR was greater in SHR receiving anti-NGF compared with SHR receiving vehicle, although the similar differences did not occur in WKY rats. Blood pressure and renal noradrenaline content remained greater in SHR treated with anti-NGF compared with WKY rats treated with vehicle; however, the gradient of F-P did not differ significantly between them. Contrary, anti-NGF did not affect the X-intercept of P-GFR in either strain. In conclusion, NGF could contribute to the genesis of renal vascular remodeling, at least in part, through modification of renal sympathetic activity and blood pressure in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Ohara
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Tomoda
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Koike
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hexing Liu
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Uno
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsumi Nitta
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Liao SY, Liu Y, Zuo M, Zhang Y, Yue W, Au KW, Lai WH, Wu Y, Shuto C, Chen P, Siu CW, Schwartz PJ, Tse HF. Remodelling of cardiac sympathetic re-innervation with thoracic spinal cord stimulation improves left ventricular function in a porcine model of heart failure. Europace 2015; 17:1875-83. [PMID: 25767085 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euu409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Thoracic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to improve left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in heart failure (HF). Nevertheless, the optimal duration (intermittent vs. continuous) of stimulation and the mechanisms of action remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed chronic thoracic SCS at the level of T1-T3 (50 Hz, pulse width 0.2 ms) in 30 adult pigs with HF induced by myocardial infarction and rapid ventricular pacing for 4 weeks. All the animals were treated with daily oral metoprolol succinate (25 mg) plus ramipril (2.5 mg), and randomized to a control group (n = 10), intermittent SCS (4 h ×3, n = 10) or continuous SCS (24 h, n = 10) for 10 weeks. Serial measurements of LVEF and +dP/dt and serum levels of norepinephrine and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured. After sacrifice, immunohistological studies of myocardial sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve sprouting and innervation were performed. Echocardiogram revealed a significant increase in LVEF and +dP/dt at 10 weeks in both the intermittent and continuous SCS group compared with controls (P < 0.05). In both SCS groups, there was diffuse sympathetic nerve sprouting over the infarct, peri-infarct, and normal regions compared with only the peri-infarct and infarct regions in the control group. In addition, sympathetic innervation at the peri-infarct and infarct regions was increased following SCS, but decreased in the control group. Myocardium norepinephrine spillover and serum BNP at 10 weeks was significantly decreased only in the continuous SCS group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In a porcine model of HF, SCS induces significant remodelling of cardiac sympathetic innervation over the peri-infarct and infarct regions and is associated with improved LV function and reduced myocardial norepinephrine spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yan Liao
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingliang Zuo
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wensheng Yue
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Wing Au
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hon Lai
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangsong Wu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chika Shuto
- Center for Innovation and Strategic Collaboration, St Jude Medical, Inc, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Center for Innovation and Strategic Collaboration, St Jude Medical, Inc, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Chung-Wah Siu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter J Schwartz
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, Milan, Italy
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Shenzhen Institutes of Research and Innovation, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Gardner RT, Wang L, Lang BT, Cregg JM, Dunbar CL, Woodward WR, Silver J, Ripplinger CM, Habecker BA. Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase σ after myocardial infarction restores cardiac sympathetic innervation and prevents arrhythmias. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6235. [PMID: 25639594 PMCID: PMC4315356 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people suffer a myocardial infarction (MI) every year, and those who survive have increased risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Recent clinical studies have identified sympathetic denervation as a predictor of increased arrhythmia susceptibility. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans present in the cardiac scar after MI prevent sympathetic reinnervation by binding the neuronal protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor σ (PTPσ). Here we show that the absence of PTPσ, or pharmacologic modulation of PTPσ by the novel intracellular sigma peptide (ISP) beginning 3 days after injury, restores sympathetic innervation to the scar and markedly reduces arrhythmia susceptibility. Using optical mapping we observe increased dispersion of action potential duration, supersensitivity to β-adrenergic receptor stimulation and Ca(2+) mishandling following MI. Sympathetic reinnervation prevents these changes and renders hearts remarkably resistant to induced arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. T. Gardner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - L. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - B. T. Lang
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - J. M. Cregg
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - C. L. Dunbar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - W. R. Woodward
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - J. Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - C. M. Ripplinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - B. A. Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Remodeling of stellate ganglion neurons after spatially targeted myocardial infarction: Neuropeptide and morphologic changes. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:1027-35. [PMID: 25640636 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) induces remodeling in stellate ganglion neurons (SGNs). OBJECTIVE We investigated whether infarct site has any impact on the laterality of morphologic changes or neuropeptide expression in stellate ganglia. METHODS Yorkshire pigs underwent left circumflex coronary artery (LCX; n = 6) or right coronary artery (RCA; n = 6) occlusion to create left- and right-sided MI, respectively (control: n = 10). At 5 ± 1 weeks after MI, left and right stellate ganglia (LSG and RSG, respectively) were collected to determine neuronal size, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity. RESULTS Compared with control, LCX and RCA MIs increased mean neuronal size in the LSG (451 ± 25 vs 650 ± 34 vs 577 ± 55 μm(2), respectively; P = .0012) and RSG (433 ± 22 vs 646 ± 42 vs 530 ± 41 μm(2), respectively; P = .002). TH immunoreactivity was present in the majority of SGNs. Both LCX and RCA MIs were associated with significant decreases in the percentage of TH-negative SGNs, from 2.58% ± 0.2% in controls to 1.26% ± 0.3% and 0.7% ± 0.3% in animals with LCX and RCA MI, respectively, for LSG (P = .001) and from 3.02% ± 0.4% in controls to 1.36% ± 0.3% and 0.68% ± 0.2% in LCX and RCA MI, respectively, for RSG (P = .002). Both TH-negative and TH-positive neurons increased in size after LCX and RCA MI. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was also increased significantly by LCX and RCA MI in both ganglia. CONCLUSION Left- and right-sided MIs equally induced morphologic and neurochemical changes in LSG and RSG neurons, independent of infarct site. These data indicate that afferent signals transduced after MI result in bilateral changes and provide a rationale for bilateral interventions targeting the sympathetic chain for arrhythmia modulation.
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129
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Bub G, Burton RAB. Macro-micro imaging of cardiac-neural circuits in co-cultures from normal and diseased hearts. J Physiol 2014; 593:3047-53. [PMID: 25398529 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.285460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the modulation of normal cardiac rhythm, but is also implicated in modulating the heart's susceptibility to re-entrant ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. The mechanisms by which the autonomic nervous system is pro-arrhythmic or anti-arrhythmic is multifaceted and varies for different types of arrhythmia and their cardiac substrates. Despite decades of research in this area, fundamental questions related to how neuron density and spatial organization modulate cardiac wave dynamics remain unanswered. These questions may be ill-posed in intact tissues where the activity of individual cells is often experimentally inaccessible. Development of simplified biological models that would allow us to better understand the influence of neural activation on cardiac activity can be beneficial. This Symposium Review summarizes the development of in vitro cardiomyocyte cell culture models of re-entrant activity, as well as challenges associated with extending these models to include the effects of neural activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Bub
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Rebecca-Ann B Burton
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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Li Z, Wang M, Zhang Y, Zheng S, Wang X, Hou Y. The effect of the left stellate ganglion on sympathetic neural remodeling of the left atrium in rats following myocardial infarction. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2014; 38:107-14. [PMID: 25224585 DOI: 10.1111/pace.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural remodeling of the atrium plays an important role in the initiation of atrial fibrillation after myocardial infarction (MI); however, the effects of the left stellate ganglion (LSG) on the neural remodeling of the atrium remain incompletely understood. Thus, this study investigated the mechanism by which the LSG mediates sympathetic neural remodeling of the left atrium (LA) in rats after MI. METHODS Sixty rats were randomly divided into a Sham group and an MI group. The expression levels of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP43) and nerve growth factor (NGF) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the distribution and density of GAP43- and NGF-positive nerves. The expression levels of the proteins were quantified by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the Sham group, GAP43 mRNA expression in the LSG was increased in the MI group (P < 0.01), but not significantly increased in the LA. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that in both the LSG and the LA, the mean densities of GAP43- and NGF-positive nerves in the MI group were increased (P < 0.01). In both the LSG and the LA, the protein levels of GAP43 and NGF in the MI group were increased relative to the Sham group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The increased levels of NGF and GAP43 proteins can induce sympathetic nerve hyperinnervation in the LSG and the LA after MI. The increased GAP43 proteins in the LA, which may have been transported from the LSG, accelerated LA sympathetic neural remodeling in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Taishan Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Huang B, Yu L, Scherlag BJ, Wang S, He B, Yang K, Liao K, Lu Z, He W, Zhang L, Po SS, Jiang H. Left renal nerves stimulation facilitates ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmia by increasing nerve activity of left stellate ganglion. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014; 25:1249-56. [PMID: 25066536 DOI: 10.1111/jce.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal sympathetic nerve (RSN) activity plays a key role in systemic sympathetic hyperactivity. Previous studies have shown that cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity, especially the left stellate ganglion (LSG), contributes to the pathogenesis of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-eight dogs received 3 hours of continuous left-sided electrical stimulation of RSN (LRS; Group-1, n = 9), sham RSN stimulation (Group-2, n = 9), or LSG ablation plus 3 hours of LRS (Group-3, n = 10) were included. AMI was induced by ligating the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. LRS was performed using electrical stimulation on the adventitia of left renal artery at the voltage increasing the systolic blood pressure (BP) by 10%. BP, heart rate variability (HRV), serum norepinephrine (NE) level, and LSG function were measured at baseline and the end of each hour of LRS. C-fos and nerve growth factor (NGF) protein expressed in the LSG were examined in Group-1 and Group-2. Compared with baseline, 3 hours of LRS induced a significant increase in BP, sympathetic indices of HRV, serum NE level, and LSG function. The incidence of VAs in Group-1 was significantly higher than other groups. The expression of c-fos and NGF protein in the LSG was significantly higher in Group-1 than Group-2. CONCLUSION Three hours of LRS induces both systemic and cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity and increases the incidence of ischemia-induced VAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Emanueli C, Meloni M, Hasan W, Habecker BA. The biology of neurotrophins: cardiovascular function. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014; 220:309-28. [PMID: 24668478 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45106-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of neurotrophins in the development of the heart, blood vessels, and neural circuits that control cardiovascular function, as well as the role of neurotrophins in the mature cardiovascular system. The cardiovascular system includes the heart and vasculature whose functions are tightly controlled by the nervous system. Neurons, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and pericytes are all targets for neurotrophin action during development. Neurotrophin expression continues throughout life, and several common pathologies that impact cardiovascular function involve changes in the expression or activity of neurotrophins. These include atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, and heart failure. In many of these conditions, altered expression of neurotrophins and/or neurotrophin receptors has direct effects on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in addition to effects on nerves that modulate vascular resistance and cardiac function. This chapter summarizes the effects of neurotrophins in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Emanueli
- Regenerative Medicine Section, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,
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Chen T, Cai MX, Li YY, He ZX, Shi XC, Song W, Wang YH, Xi Y, Kang YM, Tian ZJ. Aerobic exercise inhibits sympathetic nerve sprouting and restores β-adrenergic receptor balance in rats with myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97810. [PMID: 24842290 PMCID: PMC4026473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac sympathetic nerve sprouting and the dysregulation of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) play a critical role in the deterioration of cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). Growing evidence indicates that exercise provides protection against MI. The aims of this study were to investigate whether aerobic exercise following MI could inhibit sympathetic nerve sprouting and restore the balance of β3-AR/β1-AR. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated control group (SC), MI group (MI), and MI with aerobic exercise group (ME). The rats in ME group were assigned to 8 weeks of exercise protocol (16 m/min, 50 min/d, 5 d/wk). The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), the sympathetic nerve marker-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the nerve sprouting marker-growth associated protein 43 (GAP43), and β1- and β2-AR expression in the peri-infarct area of the left ventricle (LV) were measured by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, while β3-AR expression was determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), phospho-NOS2 (p-NOS2), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) were measured by Western blot. Results MI increased LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and decreased LV systolic pressure (LVSP). Compared with the MI group, aerobic exercise significantly decreased LVEDP and increased LVSP. The protein expression of TH, GAP43 and NGF was significantly increased after MI, which was normalized by exercise. Compared with the SC group, the ratios of β2-AR/β1-AR and β3-AR/β1-AR were elevated in the MI group, and the protein expression of β3-AR and NOS1 increased after MI. Compared with the MI group, the ratios of β2-AR/β1-AR and β3-AR/β1-AR were normalized in the ME group, while the protein expression of β3-AR and NOS1 significantly increased, and NOS2 was activated by exercise. Conclusions Aerobic exercise inhibits cardiac sympathetic nerve sprouting, restores β3-AR/β1-AR balance and increases β3-AR expression through the activation of NOS2 and NOS1 after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Department of Sports and Exercise, Tibet University for Nationalities, Xian yang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Xin Cai
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - You-You Li
- Department of Physiology and Department of Cardiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiong He
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Chao Shi
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - You-Hua Wang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yue Xi
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Jun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the modulation of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis. Decades of research has contributed to a better understanding of the anatomy and physiology of cardiac autonomic nervous system and provided evidence supporting the relationship of autonomic tone to clinically significant arrhythmias. The mechanisms by which autonomic activation is arrhythmogenic or antiarrhythmic are complex and different for specific arrhythmias. In atrial fibrillation, simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activations are the most common trigger. In contrast, in ventricular fibrillation in the setting of cardiac ischemia, sympathetic activation is proarrhythmic, whereas parasympathetic activation is antiarrhythmic. In inherited arrhythmia syndromes, sympathetic stimulation precipitates ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death except in Brugada and J-wave syndromes where it can prevent them. The identification of specific autonomic triggers in different arrhythmias has brought the idea of modulating autonomic activities for both preventing and treating these arrhythmias. This has been achieved by either neural ablation or stimulation. Neural modulation as a treatment for arrhythmias has been well established in certain diseases, such as long QT syndrome. However, in most other arrhythmia diseases, it is still an emerging modality and under investigation. Recent preliminary trials have yielded encouraging results. Further larger-scale clinical studies are necessary before widespread application can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Shen
- From Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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135
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Chen PS, Chen LS, Fishbein MC, Lin SF, Nattel S. Role of the autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation: pathophysiology and therapy. Circ Res 2014; 114:1500-15. [PMID: 24763467 PMCID: PMC4043633 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.303772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Autonomic nervous system activation can induce significant and heterogeneous changes of atrial electrophysiology and induce atrial tachyarrhythmias, including atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation (AF). The importance of the autonomic nervous system in atrial arrhythmogenesis is also supported by circadian variation in the incidence of symptomatic AF in humans. Methods that reduce autonomic innervation or outflow have been shown to reduce the incidence of spontaneous or induced atrial arrhythmias, suggesting that neuromodulation may be helpful in controlling AF. In this review, we focus on the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and the pathophysiology of AF and the potential benefit and limitations of neuromodulation in the management of this arrhythmia. We conclude that autonomic nerve activity plays an important role in the initiation and maintenance of AF, and modulating autonomic nerve function may contribute to AF control. Potential therapeutic applications include ganglionated plexus ablation, renal sympathetic denervation, cervical vagal nerve stimulation, baroreflex stimulation, cutaneous stimulation, novel drug approaches, and biological therapies. Although the role of the autonomic nervous system has long been recognized, new science and new technologies promise exciting prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Sheng Chen
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lan S. Chen
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Michael C. Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shien-Fong Lin
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Deartment of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal
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Hu H, Xuan Y, Wang Y, Xue M, Suo F, Li X, Cheng W, Li X, Yin J, Liu J, Yan S. Targeted NGF siRNA delivery attenuates sympathetic nerve sprouting and deteriorates cardiac dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95106. [PMID: 24755692 PMCID: PMC3995702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in nerve sprouting, hyper-innervation, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, and preservation of cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). Positively modulating NGF expression may represent a novel pharmacological strategy to improve post-infarction prognosis. In this study, lentivirus encoding NGF short interfering RNA (siRNA) was prepared, and MI was modeled in the rat using left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Rats were randomly grouped to receive intramyocardial injection of lentiviral solution containing NGF-siRNA (n = 19, MI-SiNGF group), lentiviral solution containing empty vector (n = 18, MI-GFP group) or 0.9% NaCl solution (n = 18, MI-control group), or to receive thoracotomy and pericardiotomy (n = 17, sham-operated group). At 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk after transduction, rats in the MI-control group had higher levels of NGF mRNA and protein than those in the sham-operated group, rats in the MI-GFP group showed similar levels as the MI-control group, and rats in the MI-SiNGF group had lower levels compared to the MI-GFP group, indicating that MI model was successfully established and NGF siRNA effectively inhibited the expression of NGF. At 8 wk, echocardiographic and hemodynamic studies revealed a more severe cardiac dysfunction in the MI-siRNA group compared to the MI-GFP group. Moreover, rats in the MI-siRNA group had lower mRNA and protein expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and growth-associated protein 43-positive nerve fibers (GAP-43) at both the infarcted border and within the non-infarcted left ventricles (LV). NGF silencing also reduced the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and decreased the arteriolar and capillary densities at the infarcted border compared to the MI-GFP group. Histological analysis indicated a large infarcted size in the MI-SiNGF group. These findings suggested that endogenous NGF silencing attenuated sympathetic nerve sprouting and angiogenesis, enlarged the infarct size, aggravated cardiac dysfunction, and potentially contributed to an unfavorable prognosis after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesheng Hu
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongli Xuan
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Suo
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjuan Cheng
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinran Li
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Suhua Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Pellegrino MJ, McCully BH, Habecker BA. Leptin stimulates sympathetic axon outgrowth. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:1-5. [PMID: 24561183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurohormone leptin regulates energy homeostasis. Circulating levels of leptin secreted by adipose tissue act on hypothalamic neurons in the brain leading to decreased appetite and increased energy expenditure. Although leptin signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) is fundamental to its ability to regulate the body's metabolic balance, leptin also has a variety of effects in many peripheral tissues including the heart, the liver, and the sympathetic nervous system. Leptin stimulation of the hypothalamus can stimulate glucose uptake via the sympathetic nervous system in heart, muscle, and brown adipose tissue. Leptin receptors (Ob-Rb) are also expressed by peripheral sympathetic neurons, but their functional role is not clear. In this study, we found that leptin stimulates axonal growth of both adult and neonatal sympathetic neurons in vitro. Leptin stimulates acute activation of the transcription factor STAT3 via phosphorylation of tyrosine 705. STAT3 phosphorylation is required for leptin-stimulated sympathetic axon outgrowth. Thus, circulating levels of leptin may enhance sympathetic nerve innervation of peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pellegrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Belinda H McCully
- Trauma Research Institute of Oregon, Division of Trauma, Critical Care & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Beth A Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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138
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Freeman K, Tao W, Sun H, Soonpaa MH, Rubart M. In situ three-dimensional reconstruction of mouse heart sympathetic innervation by two-photon excitation fluorescence imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 221:48-61. [PMID: 24056230 PMCID: PMC3858460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic nerve wiring in the mammalian heart has remained largely unexplored. Resolving the wiring diagram of the cardiac sympathetic network would help establish the structural underpinnings of neurocardiac coupling. NEW METHOD We used two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy, combined with a computer-assisted 3-D tracking algorithm, to map the local sympathetic circuits in living hearts from adult transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in peripheral adrenergic neurons. RESULTS Quantitative co-localization analyses confirmed that the intramyocardial EGFP distribution recapitulated the anatomy of the sympathetic arbor. In the left ventricular subepicardium of the uninjured heart, the sympathetic network was composed of multiple subarbors, exhibiting variable branching and looping topology. Axonal branches did not overlap with each other within their respective parental subarbor nor with neurites of annexed subarbors. The sympathetic network in the border zone of a 2-week-old myocardial infarction was characterized by substantive rewiring, which included spatially heterogeneous loss and gain of sympathetic fibers and formation of multiple, predominately nested, axon loops of widely variable circumference and geometry. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS In contrast to mechanical tissue sectioning methods that may involve deformation of tissue and uncertainty in registration across sections, our approach preserves continuity of structure, which allows tracing of neurites over distances, and thus enables derivation of the three-dimensional and topological morphology of cardiac sympathetic nerves. CONCLUSIONS Our assay should be of general utility to unravel the mechanisms governing sympathetic axon spacing during development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Freeman
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Wen Tao
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Hongli Sun
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mark H. Soonpaa
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Michael Rubart
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Chen RH, Li YG, Jiao KL, Zhang PP, Sun Y, Zhang LP, Fong XF, Li W, Yu Y. Overexpression of Sema3a in myocardial infarction border zone decreases vulnerability of ventricular tachycardia post-myocardial infarction in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 17:608-16. [PMID: 23711091 PMCID: PMC3822813 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the chemorepellent Sema3a is inversely related to sympathetic innervation. We investigated whether overexpression of Sema3a in the myocardial infarction (MI) border zone could attenuate sympathetic hyper-innervation and decrease the vulnerability to malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) in rats. Survived MI rats were randomized to phosphate buffered saline (PBS, n = 12); mock lentivirus (MLV, n = 13) and lentivirus-mediated overexpression of Sema3a (SLV, n = 13) groups. Sham-operated rats served as control group (CON, n = 20). Cardiac function and electrophysiological study (PES) were performed at 1 week later. Blood and tissue samples were collected for histological analysis, epinephrine (EPI), growth-associated factor 43 (GAP43) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) measurements. QTc intervals were significantly shorter in SLV group than in PBS and MLV groups (168.6 ± 7.8 vs. 178.1 ± 9.5 and 180.9 ± 8.2 ms, all P < 0.01). Inducibility of VT by PES was significantly lower in the SLV group [30.8% (4/13)] than in PBS [66.7% (8/12)] and MLV [61.5% (8/13)] groups (P < 0.05). mRNA and protein expressions of Sema3a were significantly higher and the protein expression of GAP43 and TH was significantly lower at 7 days after transduction in SLV group compared with PBS, MLV and CON groups. Myocardial EPI in the border zone was also significantly lower in SLV group than in PBS and MLV group (8.73 ± 1.30 vs. 11.94 ± 1.71 and 12.24 ± 1.54 μg/g protein, P < 0.001). Overexpression of Sema3a in MI border zone could reduce the inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias by reducing sympathetic hyper-reinnervation after infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Hua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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140
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Mutoh J, Ohsawa M, Hisa H. Involvement of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activation on the Progression of Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury in the Mouse. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 125:415-21. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13234fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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141
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Drobysheva A, Ahmad M, White R, Wang HW, Leenen FHH. Cardiac sympathetic innervation and PGP9.5 expression by cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction: effects of central MR blockade. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1817-29. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00445.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Central mechanisms involving mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation contribute to an increase in sympathetic tone after myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that this central mechanism also contributes to cardiac sympathetic axonal sprouting and that central MR blockade reduces cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation post-MI. Post-MI, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and norepinephrine transporter protein content in the noninfarcted base of the heart remained unaltered. In contrast, protein gene product (PGP)9.5 protein was increased twofold in the base of the heart and sixfold in the peri-infarct area at 1 wk post-MI and was associated with increased ubiquitin expression. These changes persisted to a lesser extent at 4 wk post-MI and were no longer present at 12 wk. Cardiac myocytes rather than sympathetic axons were the main source of this elevated PGP9.5 expression. At 7–10 days post-MI, in the peri-infarct area, sympathetic hyperinnervation was observed with a fourfold increase in growth-associated protein 43, a twofold increase in TH, and a 50% increase in PGP9.5-positive fibers compared with the epicardial side of the left ventricle in sham rats. Central infusion of the MR blocker eplerenone markedly attenuated these increases in nerve densities but did not affect overall cardiac PGP9.5 and ubiquitin protein overexpression. We conclude that central MR activation contributes to sympathetic hyperinnervation, possibly by decreasing cardiac sympathetic activity post-MI, or by affecting other mechanisms, such as the expression of nerve growth factor. Marked PGP9.5 expression occurs in cardiomyocytes early post-MI, which may contribute to the increase in ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Drobysheva
- Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monir Ahmad
- Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roselyn White
- Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frans H. H. Leenen
- Hypertension Unit, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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142
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Berookhim BM, Nelson CJ, Kunzel B, Mulhall JP, Narus JB. Prospective analysis of penile length changes after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2013; 113:E131-6. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boback M. Berookhim
- Male Sexual and Reproductive Medicine Program; Urology Service; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York NY USA
| | - Christian J. Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York NY USA
| | - Brian Kunzel
- Male Sexual and Reproductive Medicine Program; Urology Service; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York NY USA
| | - John P. Mulhall
- Male Sexual and Reproductive Medicine Program; Urology Service; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York NY USA
| | - Joseph B. Narus
- Male Sexual and Reproductive Medicine Program; Urology Service; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York NY USA
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143
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144
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Cardiac fibroblasts regulate sympathetic nerve sprouting and neurocardiac synapse stability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79068. [PMID: 24244423 PMCID: PMC3828385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a key role in cardiac homeostasis and its deregulations always associate with bad clinical outcomes. To date, little is known about molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac sympathetic innervation. The aim of the study was to determine the role of fibroblasts in heart sympathetic innervation. RT-qPCR and western-blots analysis performed in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts isolated from healthy adult rat hearts revealed that Pro-Nerve growth factor (NGF) and pro-differentiating mature NGF were the most abundant neurotrophins expressed in cardiac fibroblasts while barely detectable in cardiomyocytes. When cultured with cardiac fibroblasts or fibroblast-conditioned medium, PC12 cells differentiated into/sympathetic-like neurons expressing axonal marker Tau-1 at neurites in contact with cardiomyocytes. This was prevented by anti-NGF blocking antibodies suggesting a paracrine action of NGF secreted by fibroblasts. When co-cultured with cardiomyocytes to mimic neurocardiac synapse, differentiated PC12 cells exhibited enhanced norepinephrine secretion as quantified by HPLC compared to PC12 cultured alone while co-culture with fibroblasts had no effect. However, when supplemented to PC12-cardiomyocytes co-culture, fibroblasts allowed long-term survival of the neurocardiac synapse. Activated fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) isolated from myocardial infarction rat hearts exhibited significantly higher mature NGF expression than normal fibroblasts and also promoted PC12 cells differentiation. Within the ischemic area lacking cardiomyocytes and neurocardiac synapses, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was increased and associated with local anarchical and immature sympathetic hyperinnervation but tissue norepinephrine content was similar to that of normal cardiac tissue, suggesting depressed sympathetic function. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that fibroblasts are essential for the setting of cardiac sympathetic innervation and neurocardiac synapse stability. They also suggest that neurocardiac synapse functionality relies on a triptych with tight interaction between sympathetic nerve endings, cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. Deregulations of this triptych may be involved in pathophysiology of cardiac diseases.
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145
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Lorentz CU, Parrish DC, Alston EN, Pellegrino MJ, Woodward WR, Hempstead BL, Habecker BA. Sympathetic denervation of peri-infarct myocardium requires the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Exp Neurol 2013; 249:111-9. [PMID: 24013014 PMCID: PMC3826885 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of cardiac sympathetic heterogeneity after myocardial infarction contributes to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Regions of sympathetic hyperinnervation and denervation appear in the viable myocardium beyond the infarcted area. While elevated nerve growth factor (NGF) is implicated in sympathetic hyperinnervation, the mechanisms underlying denervation are unknown. Recent studies show that selective activation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) in sympathetic neurons causes axon degeneration. We used mice that lack p75(NTR) to test the hypothesis that activation of p75(NTR) causes peri-infarct sympathetic denervation after cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. Wild type hearts exhibited sympathetic denervation adjacent to the infarct 24h and 3 days after ischemia-reperfusion, but no peri-infarct sympathetic denervation occurred in p75(NTR)-/- mice. Sympathetic hyperinnervation was found in the distal peri-infarct myocardium in both genotypes 3 days after MI, and hyperinnervation was increased in the p75(NTR)-/- mice. By 7 days after ischemia-reperfusion, cardiac sympathetic innervation density returned back to sham-operated levels in both genotypes, indicating that axonal pruning did not require p75(NTR). Prior studies revealed that proNGF is elevated in the damaged left ventricle after ischemia-reperfusion, as is mRNA encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ProNGF and BDNF preferentially bind p75(NTR) rather than TrkA on sympathetic neurons. Immunohistochemistry using Bdnf-HA mice confirmed the presence of BDNF or proBDNF in the infarct after ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, at least two p75(NTR) ligands are elevated in the left ventricle after ischemia-reperfusion where they may stimulate p75(NTR)-dependent denervation of peri-infarct myocardium. In contrast, NGF-induced sympathetic hyperinnervation in the distal peri-infarct ventricle is attenuated by p75(NTR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina U. Lorentz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Diana C. Parrish
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Eric N. Alston
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Michael J. Pellegrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - William R. Woodward
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Barbara L. Hempstead
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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146
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McCully BH, Hasan W, Streiff CT, Houle JC, Woodward WR, Giraud GD, Brooks VL, Habecker BA. Sympathetic cardiac hyperinnervation and atrial autonomic imbalance in diet-induced obesity promote cardiac arrhythmias. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1530-7. [PMID: 24014675 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00196.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, but the mechanisms are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that obesity-induced cardiac sympathetic outgrowth and hyperinnervation promotes the development of arrhythmic events. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-275 g), fed a high-fat diet (33% kcal/fat), diverged into obesity-resistant (OR) and obesity-prone (OP) groups and were compared with rats fed normal chow (13% kcal/fat; CON). In vitro experiments showed that both OR and OP rats exhibited hyperinnervation of the heart and high sympathetic outgrowth compared with CON rats, even though OR rats are not obese. Despite the hyperinnervation and outgrowth, we showed that, in vivo, OR rats were less susceptible to arrhythmic events after an intravenous epinephrine challenge compared with OP rats. On examining total and stimulus-evoked neurotransmitter levels in an ex vivo system, we demonstrate that atrial acetylcholine content and release were attenuated in OP compared with OR and CON groups. OP rats also expressed elevated atrial norepinephrine content, while norepinephrine release was suppressed. These findings suggest that the consumption of a high-fat diet, even in the absence of overt obesity, stimulates sympathetic outgrowth and hyperinnervation of the heart. However, normalized cardiac parasympathetic nervous system control may protect the heart from arrhythmic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda H McCully
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
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147
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Chabot A, Meus MA, Hertig V, Duquette N, Calderone A. The neurogenic response of cardiac resident nestin(+) cells was associated with GAP43 upregulation and abrogated in a setting of type I diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:114. [PMID: 23938193 PMCID: PMC3751664 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac nestin(+) cells exhibit properties of a neural progenitor/stem cell population characterized by the de novo synthesis of neurofilament-M in response to ischemic injury and 6-hydroxydopamine administration. The induction of growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) was identified as an early event of neurogenesis. The present study tested the hypothesis that the de novo synthesis of neurofilament-M by nestin(+) cells was preceded by the transient upregulation of GAP43 during the acute phase of reparative fibrosis in the infarcted male rat heart. Secondly, a seminal feature of diabetes is impaired wound healing secondary to an inadequate neurogenic response. In this regard, an additional series of experiments tested the hypothesis that the neurogenic response of cardiac nestin(+) cells was attenuated in a setting of type I diabetes. Methods The neurogenic response of cardiac nestin(+) cells was examined during the early phase of reparative fibrosis following permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the adult male rat heart. The experimental model of type I diabetes was created following a single injection of streptozotocin in adult male rats. The impact of a type I diabetic environment on the neurogenic response of cardiac nestin(+) cells was examined during myocardial infarction and following the administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Results During the early phase of scar formation/healing, the density of GAP43/nestin(+) fibres innervating the peri-infarct/infarct region was significantly increased, whereas neurofilament-M/nestin(+) fibres were absent. With ongoing scar formation/healing, a temporal decrease of GAP43/nestin(+) fibre density and a concomitant increase in the density of innervating neurofilament-M/nestin(+) fibres were observed. The neurogenic response of cardiac nestin(+) cells during scar formation/healing was inhibited following the superimposition of type I diabetes. The de novo synthesis of neurofilament-M by nestin(+) cells after 6-hydroxydopamine administration was likewise attenuated in the heart of type I diabetic rats whereas the density of GAP43/nestin(+) fibres remained elevated. Conclusion The transient upregulation of GAP43 apparently represents a transition event during the acquisition of a neuronal-like phenotype and a type I diabetic environment attenuated the neurogenic response of cardiac nestin(+) cells to ischemia and 6-hydroxydopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreanne Chabot
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, 5000 Belanger Street East, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada.
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148
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Ajijola OA, Yagishita D, Patel KJ, Vaseghi M, Zhou W, Yamakawa K, So E, Lux RL, Mahajan A, Shivkumar K. Focal myocardial infarction induces global remodeling of cardiac sympathetic innervation: neural remodeling in a spatial context. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1031-40. [PMID: 23893167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00434.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) induces neural and electrical remodeling at scar border zones. The impact of focal MI on global functional neural remodeling is not well understood. Sympathetic stimulation was performed in swine with anteroapical infarcts (MI; n = 9) and control swine (n = 9). A 56-electrode sock was placed over both ventricles to record electrograms at baseline and during left, right, and bilateral stellate ganglion stimulation. Activation recovery intervals (ARIs) were measured from electrograms. Global and regional ARI shortening, dispersion of repolarization, and activation propagation were assessed before and during sympathetic stimulation. At baseline, mean ARI was shorter in MI hearts than control hearts (365 ± 8 vs. 436 ± 9 ms, P < 0.0001), dispersion of repolarization was greater in MI versus control hearts (734 ± 123 vs. 362 ± 32 ms(2), P = 0.02), and the infarcted region in MI hearts showed longer ARIs than noninfarcted regions (406 ± 14 vs. 365 ± 8 ms, P = 0.027). In control animals, percent ARI shortening was greater on anterior than posterior walls during right stellate ganglion stimulation (P = 0.0001), whereas left stellate ganglion stimulation showed the reverse (P = 0.0003). In infarcted animals, this pattern was completely lost. In 50% of the animals studied, sympathetic stimulation, compared with baseline, significantly altered the direction of activation propagation emanating from the intramyocardial scar during pacing. In conclusion, focal distal anterior MI alters regional and global pattern of sympathetic innervation, resulting in shorter ARIs in infarcted hearts, greater repolarization dispersion, and altered activation propagation. These conditions may underlie the mechanisms by which arrhythmias are initiated when sympathetic tone is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olujimi A Ajijola
- University of California-Los Angeles (UCLACardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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149
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Axon guidance of sympathetic neurons to cardiomyocytes by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). PLoS One 2013; 8:e65202. [PMID: 23843937 PMCID: PMC3701054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular signaling of cardiac autonomic innervation is an unresolved issue. Here, we show that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes cardiac sympathetic innervation in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, ventricular myocytes (VMs) and sympathetic neurons (SNs) isolated from neonatal rat ventricles and superior cervical ganglia were cultured at a close distance. Then, morphological and functional coupling between SNs and VMs was assessed in response to GDNF (10 ng/ml) or nerve growth factor (50 ng/ml). As a result, fractions of neurofilament-M-positive axons and synapsin-I-positive area over the surface of VMs were markedly increased with GDNF by 9-fold and 25-fold, respectively, compared to control without neurotrophic factors. Pre- and post-synaptic stimulation of β1-adrenergic receptors (BAR) with nicotine and noradrenaline, respectively, resulted in an increase of the spontaneous beating rate of VMs co-cultured with SNs in the presence of GDNF. GDNF overexpressing VMs by adenovirus vector (AdGDNF-VMs) attracted more axons from SNs compared with mock-transfected VMs. In vivo, axon outgrowth toward the denervated myocardium in adult rat hearts after cryoinjury was also enhanced significantly by adenovirus-mediated GDNF overexpression. GDNF acts as a potent chemoattractant for sympathetic innervation of ventricular myocytes, and is a promising molecular target for regulation of cardiac function in diseased hearts.
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150
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Pellegrino MJ, Habecker BA. STAT3 integrates cytokine and neurotrophin signals to promote sympathetic axon regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:272-82. [PMID: 23831387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT3 has been implicated in axon regeneration. Here we investigate a role for STAT3 in sympathetic nerve sprouting after myocardial infarction (MI) - a common injury in humans. We show that NGF stimulates serine phosphorylation (S727) of STAT3 in sympathetic neurons via ERK1/2, in contrast to cytokine phosphorylation of Y705. Maximal sympathetic axon regeneration in vitro requires phosphorylation of both S727 and Y705. Furthermore, cytokine signaling is necessary for NGF-induced sympathetic nerve sprouting in the heart after MI. Transfection studies in neurons lacking STAT3 suggest two independent pools of STAT3, phosphorylated on either S727 or Y705, that regulate sympathetic regeneration via both transcriptional and non-transcriptional means. Additional data identify STAT3-microtubule interactions that may complement the well-characterized role of STAT3 stimulating regeneration associated genes. These data show that STAT3 is critical for sympathetic axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo, and identify a novel non-transcriptional mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pellegrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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