101
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Huertas A, Guignabert C, Barberà JA, Bärtsch P, Bhattacharya J, Bhattacharya S, Bonsignore MR, Dewachter L, Dinh-Xuan AT, Dorfmüller P, Gladwin MT, Humbert M, Kotsimbos T, Vassilakopoulos T, Sanchez O, Savale L, Testa U, Wilkins MR. Pulmonary vascular endothelium: the orchestra conductor in respiratory diseases. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:13993003.00745-2017. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00745-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The European Respiratory Society (ERS) Research Seminar entitled “Pulmonary vascular endothelium: orchestra conductor in respiratory diseases - highlights from basic research to therapy” brought together international experts in dysfunctional pulmonary endothelium, from basic science to translational medicine, to discuss several important aspects in acute and chronic lung diseases. This review will briefly sum up the different topics of discussion from this meeting which was held in Paris, France on October 27–28, 2016. It is important to consider that this paper does not address all aspects of endothelial dysfunction but focuses on specific themes such as: 1) the complex role of the pulmonary endothelium in orchestrating the host response in both health and disease (acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high-altitude pulmonary oedema and pulmonary hypertension); and 2) the potential value of dysfunctional pulmonary endothelium as a target for innovative therapies.
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102
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Harrell CR, Simovic Markovic B, Fellabaum C, Arsenijevic A, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Molecular mechanisms underlying therapeutic potential of pericytes. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:21. [PMID: 29519245 PMCID: PMC5844098 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pericytes are multipotent cells present in every vascularized tissue in the body. Despite the fact that they are well-known for more than a century, pericytes are still representing cells with intriguing properties. This is mainly because of their heterogeneity in terms of definition, tissue distribution, origin, phenotype and multi-functional properties. The body of knowledge illustrates importance of pericytes in the regulation of homeostatic and healing processes in the body. MAIN BODY In this review, we summarized current knowledge regarding identification, isolation, ontogeny and functional characteristics of pericytes and described molecular mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between pericytes and endothelial or immune cells. We highlighted the role of pericytes in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, diabetes-related complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and erectile dysfunction), ischemic organ failure, pulmonary hypertension, Alzheimer disease, tumor growth and metastasis with the focus on their therapeutic potential in the regenerative medicine. The functions and capabilities of pericytes are impressive and, as yet, incompletely understood. Molecular mechanisms responsible for pericyte-mediated regulation of vascular stability, angiogenesis and blood flow are well described while their regenerative and immunomodulatory characteristics are still not completely revealed. Strong evidence for pericytes' participation in physiological, as well as in pathological conditions reveals a broad potential for their therapeutic use. Recently published results obtained in animal studies showed that transplantation of pericytes could positively influence the healing of bone, muscle and skin and could support revascularization. However, the differences in their phenotype and function as well as the lack of standardized procedure for their isolation and characterization limit their use in clinical trials. CONCLUSION Critical to further progress in clinical application of pericytes will be identification of tissue specific pericyte phenotype and function, validation and standardization of the procedure for their isolation that will enable establishment of precise clinical settings in which pericyte-based therapy will be efficiently applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Randall Harrell
- Regenerative Processing Plant, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N Palm Harbor, Palm Harbor, Florida USA
| | - Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
| | - Crissy Fellabaum
- Regenerative Processing Plant, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N Palm Harbor, Palm Harbor, Florida USA
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
| | - Valentin Djonov
- University of Bern, Institute of Anatomy, Baltzerstrasse 2, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
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103
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Kwapiszewska G, Crnkovic S, Stenmark KR. A Twist on Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling: Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:140-141. [PMID: 29388836 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0314ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Slaven Crnkovic
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research Graz, Austria and
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- 2 Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado
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104
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Abstract
Following its initial description over a century ago, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) continues to challenge researchers committed to understanding its pathobiology and finding a cure. The last two decades have seen major developments in our understanding of the genetics and molecular basis of PAH that drive cells within the pulmonary vascular wall to produce obstructive vascular lesions; presently, the field of PAH research has taken numerous approaches to dissect the complex amalgam of genetic, molecular and inflammatory pathways that interact to initiate and drive disease progression. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of PAH pathology and the role that genetic factors and environmental influences share in the development of vascular lesions and abnormal cell function. We also discuss how animal models can assist in elucidating gene function and the study of novel therapeutics, while at the same time addressing the limitations of the most commonly used rodent models. Novel experimental approaches based on application of next generation sequencing, bioinformatics and epigenetics research are also discussed as these are now being actively used to facilitate the discovery of novel gene mutations and mechanisms that regulate gene expression in PAH. Finally, we touch on recent discoveries concerning the role of inflammation and immunity in PAH pathobiology and how they are being targeted with immunomodulatory agents. We conclude that the field of PAH research is actively expanding and the major challenge in the coming years is to develop a unified theory that incorporates genetic and mechanistic data to address viable areas for disease modifying drugs that can target key processes that regulate the evolution of vascular pathology of PAH.
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105
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Wang S, Zeng H, Xie XJ, Tao YK, He X, Roman RJ, Aschner JL, Chen JX. Loss of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 in vascular endothelium increases pericyte coverage and promotes pulmonary arterial remodeling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58848-58861. [PMID: 27613846 PMCID: PMC5312280 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a leading cause of heart failure. Although pulmonary endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the progression of the PAH, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The HIF-α hydroxylase system is a key player in the regulation of vascular remodeling. Knockout of HIF-2α has been reported to cause pulmonary hypertension. The present study examined the role of endothelial cell specific prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD2) in the development of PAH and pulmonary vascular remodeling. The PHD2f/f mouse was crossbred with VE-Cadherin-Cre promoter mouse to generate an endothelial specific PHD2 knockout (Cdh5-Cre-PHD2ECKO) mouse. Pulmonary arterial pressure and the size of the right ventricle was significantly elevated in the PHD2ECKO mice relative to the PHD2f/f controls. Knockout of PHD2 in EC was associated with vascular remodeling, as evidenced by an increase in pulmonary arterial media to lumen ratio and number of muscularized arterioles. The pericyte coverage and vascular smooth muscle cells were also significantly increased in the PA. The increase in vascular pericytes was associated with elevated expression of fibroblast specific protein-1 (FSP-1). Moreover, perivascular interstitial fibrosis of pulmonary arteries was significantly increased in the PHD2ECKO mice. Mechanistically, knockout of PHD2 in EC increased the expression of Notch3 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) in the lung tissue. We conclude that the expression of PHD2 in endothelial cells plays a critical role in preventing pulmonary arterial remodeling in mice. Increased Notch3/TGF-β signaling and excessive pericyte coverage may be contributing to the development of PAH following deletion of endothelial PHD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xue-Jiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA.,School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong-Kang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xiaochen He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Judy L Aschner
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, School of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA.,School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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106
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Mous DS, Kool HM, Wijnen R, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ. Pulmonary vascular development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur Respir Rev 2018; 27:27/147/170104. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0104-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare congenital anomaly characterised by a diaphragmatic defect, persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH) and lung hypoplasia. The relative contribution of these three elements can vary considerably in individual patients. Most affected children suffer primarily from the associated PH, for which the therapeutic modalities are limited and frequently not evidence based. The vascular defects associated with PH, which is characterised by increased muscularisation of arterioles and capillaries, start to develop early in gestation. Pulmonary vascular development is integrated with the development of the airway epithelium. Although our knowledge is still incomplete, the processes involved in the growth and expansion of the vasculature are beginning to be unravelled. It is clear that early disturbances of this process lead to major pulmonary growth abnormalities, resulting in serious clinical challenges and in many cases death in the newborn. Here we provide an overview of the current molecular pathways involved in pulmonary vascular development. Moreover, we describe the abnormalities associated with CDH and the potential therapeutic approaches for this severe abnormality.
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107
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Marshall JD, Bazan I, Zhang Y, Fares WH, Lee PJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension: cause, effect, or both. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L782-L796. [PMID: 29345195 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00331.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension describes a heterogeneous disease defined by increased pulmonary artery pressures, and progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance due to pathologic remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature involving pulmonary endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. This process occurs under various conditions, and although these populations vary, the clinical manifestations are the same: progressive dyspnea, increases in right ventricular (RV) afterload and dysfunction, RV-pulmonary artery uncoupling, and right-sided heart failure with systemic circulatory collapse. The overall estimated 5-yr survival rate is 72% in highly functioning patients, and as low as 28% for those presenting with advanced symptoms. Metabolic theories have been suggested as underlying the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension with growing evidence of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction involving the major proteins of the electron transport chain, redox-related enzymes, regulators of the proton gradient and calcium homeostasis, regulators of apoptosis, and mitophagy. There remain more studies needed to characterize mitochondrial dysfunction leading to impaired vascular relaxation, increase proliferation, and failure of regulatory mechanisms. The effects on endothelial cells and resulting interactions with their microenvironment remain uncharted territory for future discovery. Additionally, on the basis of observations that the "plexigenic lesions" of pulmonary hypertension resemble the unregulated proliferation of tumor cells, similarities between cancer pathobiology and pulmonary hypertension have been drawn, suggesting interactions between mitochondria and angiogenesis. Recently, mitochondria targeting has become feasible, which may yield new therapeutic strategies. We present a state-of-the-art review of the role of mitochondria in both the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension and potential therapeutic targets in pulmonary vascular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Marshall
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Isabel Bazan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yi Zhang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wassim H Fares
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patty J Lee
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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108
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Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:3-58. [PMID: 29167330 PMCID: PMC5866357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Harjes
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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109
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Hemnes AR, Humbert M. Pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension: understanding the roads less travelled. Eur Respir Rev 2017; 26:26/146/170093. [DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0093-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is complex and incompletely understood. Although three pathogenic pathways have been relatively well characterised, it is widely accepted that dysfunction in a multitude of other cellular processes is likely to play a critical role in driving the development of PAH. Currently available therapies, which all target one of the three well-characterised pathways, provide significant benefits for patients; however, PAH remains a progressive and ultimately fatal disease. The development of drugs to target alternative pathogenic pathways is, therefore, an attractive proposition and one that may complement existing treatment regimens to improve outcomes for patients. Considerable research has been undertaken to identify the role of the less well-understood pathways and in this review we will highlight some of the key discoveries and the potential for utility as therapeutic targets.
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110
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Bonnet S, Provencher S, Guignabert C, Perros F, Boucherat O, Schermuly RT, Hassoun PM, Rabinovitch M, Nicolls MR, Humbert M. Translating Research into Improved Patient Care in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:583-595. [PMID: 27649290 PMCID: PMC5440916 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201607-1515pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bonnet
- 1 Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,2 Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- 1 Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,2 Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- 3 INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France.,4 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- 3 INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France.,4 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Boucherat
- 1 Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- 5 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Paul M Hassoun
- 6 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Mark R Nicolls
- 8 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,9 VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Marc Humbert
- 3 INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France.,4 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France.,10 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France
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111
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Kropski JA, Richmond BW, Gaskill CF, Foronjy RF, Majka SM. Deregulated angiogenesis in chronic lung diseases: a possible role for lung mesenchymal progenitor cells (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217739807. [PMID: 29040010 PMCID: PMC5731726 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217739807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease (CLD), including pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide. Both are debilitating pathologies that impede overall tissue function. A common co-morbidity in CLD is vasculopathy, characterized by deregulated angiogenesis, remodeling, and loss of microvessels. This substantially worsens prognosis and limits survival, with most current therapeutic strategies being largely palliative. The relevance of angiogenesis, both capillary and lymph, to the pathophysiology of CLD has not been resolved as conflicting evidence depicts angiogenesis as both reparative or pathologic. Therefore, we must begin to understand and model the underlying pathobiology of pulmonary vascular deregulation, alone and in response to injury induced disease, to define cell interactions necessary to maintain normal function and promote repair. Capillary and lymphangiogenesis are deregulated in both PF and COPD, although the mechanisms by which they co-regulate and underlie early pathogenesis of disease are unknown. The cell-specific mechanisms that regulate lung vascular homeostasis, repair, and remodeling represent a significant gap in knowledge, which presents an opportunity to develop targeted therapies. We have shown that that ABCG2pos multipotent adult mesenchymal stem or progenitor cells (MPC) influence the function of the capillary microvasculature as well as lymphangiogenesis. A balance of both is required for normal tissue homeostasis and repair. Our current models suggest that when lymph and capillary angiogenesis are out of balance, the non-equivalence appears to support the progression of disease and tissue remodeling. The angiogenic regulatory mechanisms underlying CLD likely impact other interstitial lung diseases, tuberous sclerosis, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kropski
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bradley W Richmond
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christa F Gaskill
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- 3 5718 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan M Majka
- 1 12328 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,2 74498 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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112
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Avouac J, Guignabert C, Hoffmann-Vold AM, Ruiz B, Dorfmuller P, Pezet S, Amar O, Tu L, Van Wassenhove J, Sadoine J, Launay D, Elhai M, Cauvet A, Subramaniam A, Resnick R, Hachulla E, Molberg Ø, Kahan A, Humbert M, Allanore Y. Role of Stromelysin 2 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 10) as a Novel Mediator of Vascular Remodeling Underlying Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:2209-2221. [DOI: 10.1002/art.40229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Avouac
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104; Institut Cochin, and Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Service de Rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- Inserm; UMR S 999, Plessis Robinson, France, and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
| | - Anna Maria Hoffmann-Vold
- Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Barbara Ruiz
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104; Institut Cochin; Paris France
| | - Peter Dorfmuller
- Inserm; UMR S 999, Plessis Robinson, France, and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
| | - Sonia Pezet
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104; Institut Cochin; Paris France
| | - Olivia Amar
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104; Institut Cochin; Paris France
| | - Ly Tu
- Inserm; UMR S 999, Plessis Robinson, France, and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
| | - Jérôme Van Wassenhove
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104; Institut Cochin; Paris France
| | - Jérémy Sadoine
- EA 2496 Pathologie; Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales; UFR Odontologie; Université Paris Descartes and PIDV; PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité; Montrouge France
| | - David Launay
- Médecine Interne, Hopital Huriez; Université de Lille; Lille France
| | - Muriel Elhai
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104; Institut Cochin, and Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Service de Rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
| | - Anne Cauvet
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104; Institut Cochin; Paris France
| | | | | | - Eric Hachulla
- Médecine Interne, Hopital Huriez; Université de Lille; Lille France
| | - Øyvind Molberg
- Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - André Kahan
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Service de Rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Inserm UMR S 999; Plessis Robinson, France, and Université Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay and AP-HP; Service de Pneumologie; Hôpital Bicêtre; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
| | - Yannick Allanore
- Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104; Institut Cochin, and Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Service de Rhumatologie A, Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
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113
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de Mendonça L, Felix NS, Blanco NG, Da Silva JS, Ferreira TP, Abreu SC, Cruz FF, Rocha N, Silva PM, Martins V, Capelozzi VL, Zapata-Sudo G, Rocco PRM, Silva PL. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy reduces lung inflammation and vascular remodeling and improves hemodynamics in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:220. [PMID: 28974252 PMCID: PMC5627397 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental research has reported beneficial effects of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, these studies either were based on prophylactic protocols or assessed basic remodeling features without evaluating possible mechanisms. We analyzed the effects of MSC therapy on lung vascular remodeling and hemodynamics and its possible mechanisms of action in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Methods Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. In the PAH group, animals received MCT 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally, while a control group received saline (SAL) instead. On day 14, both groups were further randomized to receive 105 adipose-derived MSCs or SAL intravenously (n = 7/group). On day 28, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and the gene expression of mediators associated with apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, Smad-1 levels, cell proliferation, and endothelial–mesenchymal transition were determined. In addition, lung histology (smooth muscle cell proliferation and plexiform-like injuries), CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages, and plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were evaluated. Results In the PAH group, adipose-derived MSCs, compared to SAL, reduced mean RVSP (29 ± 1 vs 39 ± 2 mmHg, p < 0.001), lung tissue collagen fiber content, smooth muscle cell proliferation, CD68+ macrophages, interleukin-6 expression, and the antiapoptotic mediators Bcl-2 and survivin. Conversely, expression of the proapoptotic mediator procaspase-3 and plasma VEGF increased, with no changes in PDGF. In the pulmonary artery, MSCs dampened the endothelial–mesenchymal transition. Conclusion In MCT-induced PAH, MSC therapy reduced lung vascular remodeling, thus improving hemodynamics. These beneficial effects were associated with increased levels of proapoptotic markers, mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition, reduced cell proliferation markers, and inflammation due to a shift away from the M1 phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0669-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Mendonça
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathane S Felix
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natália G Blanco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S Da Silva
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana P Ferreira
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Soraia C Abreu
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nazareth Rocha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Histomorphometry and Lung Genomics, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera L Capelozzi
- Laboratory of Histomorphometry and Lung Genomics, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gizele Zapata-Sudo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Borges I, Sena I, Azevedo P, Andreotti J, Almeida V, Paiva A, Santos G, Guerra D, Prazeres P, Mesquita LL, Silva LSDB, Leonel C, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Lung as a Niche for Hematopoietic Progenitors. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:567-574. [PMID: 28669077 PMCID: PMC6093188 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are released from megakaryocytes. The bone marrow has been proposed to be the major site where this process occurs. Lefrançais et al. (2017) using state-of-the-art techniques including two-photon microscopy, in vivo lineage-tracing technologies, and sophisticated lung transplants reveal that the lung is also a primary site for platelet biogenesis. Strikingly, lung megakaryocytes can completely reconstitute platelet counts in the blood in mice with thrombocytopenia. This study also shows that hematopoietic progenitors, with capacity to repopulate the bone marrow after irradiation, are present in the lungs. This work brings a novel unexpected role for the lung as a niche for hematopoiesis. The emerging knowledge from this research may be important for the treatment of several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Borges
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora Sena
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrick Azevedo
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Julia Andreotti
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Viviani Almeida
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paiva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabryella Santos
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerra
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Prazeres
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Caroline Leonel
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Avouac J, Konstantinova I, Guignabert C, Pezet S, Sadoine J, Guilbert T, Cauvet A, Tu L, Luccarini JM, Junien JL, Broqua P, Allanore Y. Pan-PPAR agonist IVA337 is effective in experimental lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:1931-1940. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate the antifibrotic effects of the pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist IVA337 in preclinical mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis and related pulmonary hypertension (PH).MethodsIVA337 has been evaluated in the mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and in Fra-2 transgenic mice, this latter being characterised by non-specific interstitial pneumonia and severe vascular remodelling of pulmonary arteries leading to PH. Mice received two doses of IVA337 (30 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) or vehicle administered by daily oral gavage up to 4 weeks.ResultsIVA337 demonstrated at a dose of 100 mg/kg a marked protection from the development of lung fibrosis in both mouse models compared with mice receiving 30 mg/kg of IVA337 or vehicle. Histological score was markedly reduced by 61% in the bleomycin model and by 50% in Fra-2 transgenic mice, and total lung hydroxyproline concentrations decreased by 28% and 48%, respectively, as compared with vehicle-treated mice. IVA337 at 100 mg/kg also significantly decreased levels of fibrogenic markers in lesional lungs of both mouse models. In addition, IVA337 substantially alleviated PH in Fra-2 transgenic mice by improving haemodynamic measurements and vascular remodelling. In primary human lung fibroblasts, IVA337 inhibited in a dose-dependent manner fibroblast to myofibroblasts transition induced by TGF-β and fibroblast proliferation mediated by PDGF.ConclusionWe demonstrate that treatment with 100 mg/kg IVA337 prevents lung fibrosis in two complementary animal models and substantially attenuates PH in the Fra-2 mouse model. These findings confirm that the pan-PPAR agonist IVA337 is an appealing therapeutic candidate for these cardiopulmonary involvements.
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Bischoff FC, Werner A, John D, Boeckel JN, Melissari MT, Grote P, Glaser SF, Demolli S, Uchida S, Michalik KM, Meder B, Katus HA, Haas J, Chen W, Pullamsetti SS, Seeger W, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S, Zehendner CM. Identification and Functional Characterization of Hypoxia-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Regulating lncRNA (HypERlnc) in Pericytes. Circ Res 2017; 121:368-375. [PMID: 28611075 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pericytes are essential for vessel maturation and endothelial barrier function. Long noncoding RNAs regulate many cellular functions, but their role in pericyte biology remains unexplored. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigate the effect of hypoxia-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress regulating long noncoding RNAs (HypERlnc, also known as ENSG00000262454) on pericyte function in vitro and its regulation in human heart failure and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS RNA sequencing in human primary pericytes identified hypoxia-regulated long noncoding RNAs, including HypERlnc. Silencing of HypERlnc decreased cell viability and proliferation and resulted in pericyte dedifferentiation, which went along with increased endothelial permeability in cocultures consisting of human primary pericyte and human coronary microvascular endothelial cells. Consistently, Cas9-based transcriptional activation of HypERlnc was associated with increased expression of pericyte marker genes. Moreover, HypERlnc knockdown reduced endothelial-pericyte recruitment in Matrigel assays (P<0.05). Mechanistically, transcription factor reporter arrays demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum stress-related transcription factors were prominently activated by HypERlnc knockdown, which was confirmed via immunoblotting for the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers IRE1α (P<0.001), ATF6 (P<0.01), and soluble BiP (P<0.001). Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and gene ontology pathway analyses of RNA sequencing experiments after HypERlnc knockdown indicate a role in cardiovascular disease states. Indeed, HypERlnc expression was significantly reduced in human cardiac tissue from patients with heart failure (P<0.05; n=19) compared with controls. In addition, HypERlnc expression significantly correlated with pericyte markers in human lungs derived from patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and from donor lungs (n=14). CONCLUSIONS Here, we show that HypERlnc regulates human pericyte function and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. In addition, RNA sequencing analyses in conjunction with reduced expression of HypERlnc in heart failure and correlation with pericyte markers in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension indicate a role of HypERlnc in human cardiopulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian C Bischoff
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Astrid Werner
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - David John
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Jes-Niels Boeckel
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Maria-Theodora Melissari
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Phillip Grote
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Simone F Glaser
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Shemsi Demolli
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Katharina M Michalik
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Benjamin Meder
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Hugo A Katus
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Jan Haas
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Wei Chen
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Soni S Pullamsetti
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Werner Seeger
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Andreas M Zeiher
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.).
| | - Christoph M Zehendner
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine (F.C.B., A.W., D.J., M.-T.M., P.G., S.F.G., S.D., S.U., K.M.M., S.D., C.M.Z.); ZIM III, Department of Cardiology (F.C.B., A.W., S.F.G., A.M.Z., C.M.Z.), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Germany (J.-N.B., B.M., H.A.K., J.H.); DZHK (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung), Berlin, Germany (F.C.B., D.J., J.-N.B., S.D., S.U., B.M., H.A.K., J.H., W.C., A.M.Z., S.D., C.M.Z.); Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, KY (S.U.); Laboratory for Novel Sequencing Technology, Functional and Medical Genomics, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Germany (W.C.); Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China (W.C.); Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the DZL, Justus Liebig University, Germany (S.S.P., W.S.)
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The Importance of Pericytes in Healing: Wounds and other Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061129. [PMID: 28538706 PMCID: PMC5485953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of current research investigates the beneficial properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a treatment for wounds and other forms of injury. In this review, we bring attention to and discuss the role of the pericyte, a cell type which shares much of the differentiation potential and regenerative properties of the MSC as well as specific roles in the regulation of angiogenesis, inflammation and fibrosis. Pericytes have been identified as dysfunctional or depleted in many disease states, and observing the outcomes of pericyte perturbation in models of disease and wound healing informs our understanding of overall pericyte function and identifies these cells as an important target in the development of therapies to encourage healing.
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Zhu TT, Zhang WF, Luo P, Qian ZX, Li F, Zhang Z, Hu CP. LOX-1 promotes right ventricular hypertrophy in hypoxia-exposed rats. Life Sci 2017; 174:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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120
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Wang S, Zeng H, Chen ST, Zhou L, Xie XJ, He X, Tao YK, Tuo QH, Deng C, Liao DF, Chen JX. Ablation of endothelial prolyl hydroxylase domain protein-2 promotes renal vascular remodelling and fibrosis in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1967-1978. [PMID: 28266128 PMCID: PMC5571552 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-α) hydroxylase system has a critical role in vascular remodelling. Using an endothelial-specific prolyl hydroxylase domain protein-2 (PHD2) knockout (PHD2EC KO) mouse model, this study investigates the regulatory role of endothelial HIF-α hydroxylase system in the development of renal fibrosis. Knockout of PHD2 in EC up-regulated the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, resulting in a significant decline of renal function as evidenced by elevated levels of serum creatinine. Deletion of PHD2 increased the expression of Notch3 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) in EC, thus further causing glomerular arteriolar remodelling with an increased pericyte and pericyte coverage. This was accompanied by a significant elevation of renal resistive index (RI). Moreover, knockout of PHD2 in EC up-regulated the expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1) and increased interstitial fibrosis in the kidney. These alterations were strongly associated with up-regulation of Notch3 and TGF-β1. We concluded that the expression of PHD2 in endothelial cells plays a critical role in renal fibrosis and vascular remodelling in adult mice. Furthermore, these changes were strongly associated with up-regulation of Notch3/TGF-β1 signalling and excessive pericyte coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Heng Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sean T Chen
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xue-Jiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaochen He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yong-Kang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Qin-Hui Tuo
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changqin Deng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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121
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El Agha E, Seeger W, Bellusci S. Therapeutic and pathological roles of fibroblast growth factors in pulmonary diseases. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:235-244. [PMID: 27783451 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a large family of polypeptides that are involved in many biological processes, ranging from prenatal cell-fate specification and organogenesis to hormonal and metabolic regulation in postnatal life. During embryonic development, these growth factors are important mediators of the crosstalk among ectoderm-, mesoderm-, and endoderm-derived cells, and they instruct the spatial and temporal growth of organs and tissues such as the brain, bone, lung, gut, and others. The involvement of FGFs in postnatal lung homeostasis is a growing field, and there is emerging literature about their roles in lung pathophysiology. In this review, the involvement of FGF signaling in a wide array of lung diseases will be summarized. Developmental Dynamics 246:235-244, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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122
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Yuan K, Orcholski ME, Huang NF, de Jesus Perez VA. In Vivo Study of Human Endothelial-Pericyte Interaction Using the Matrix Gel Plug Assay in Mouse. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060266 DOI: 10.3791/54617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. New vessel growth requires coordinated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and alignment to form tubular structures followed by recruitment of pericytes to provide mural support and facilitate vessel maturation. Current in vitro cell culture approaches cannot fully reproduce the complex biological environment where endothelial cells and pericytes interact to produce functional vessels. We present a novel application of the in vivo matrix gel plug assay to study endothelial-pericyte interactions and formation of functional blood vessels using severe combined immune deficiency mutation (SCID) mice. Briefly, matrix gel is mixed with a solution containing endothelial cells with or without pericytes followed by injection into the back of anesthetized SCID mice. After 14 days, the matrix gel plugs are removed, fixed and sectioned for histological analysis. The length, number, size and extent of pericyte coverage of mature vessels (defined by the presence of red blood cells in the lumen) can be quantified and compared between experimental groups using commercial statistical platforms. Beyond its use as an angiogenesis assay, this matrix gel plug assay can be used to conduct genetic studies and as a platform for drug discovery. In conclusion, this protocol will allow researchers to complement available in vitro assays for the study of endothelial-pericyte interactions and their relevance to either systemic or pulmonary angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Mark E Orcholski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Vinicio A de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University;
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123
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Aiello RJ, Bourassa PA, Zhang Q, Dubins J, Goldberg DR, De Lombaert S, Humbert M, Guignabert C, Cavasin MA, McKinsey TA, Paralkar V. Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 Inhibition Impacts Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Two Rat Models of Pulmonary Hypertension. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:267-279. [PMID: 27927914 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease defined by a chronic elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure with extensive pulmonary vascular remodeling and perivascular inflammation characterized by an accumulation of macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Although the exact etiology of the disease is unknown, clinical as well as preclinical data strongly implicate a role for serotonin (5-HT) in the process. Here, we investigated the chronic effects of pharmacological inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in peripheral 5-HT biosynthesis, in two preclinical models of pulmonary hypertension (PH), the monocrotaline (MCT) rat and the semaxanib (SUGEN, Medinoah, Suzhou, China)-hypoxia rat. In both PH models, ethyl (S)-8-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(5-chloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-3-carboxylate and ethyl (S)-8-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(3',4'-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-3-carboxylate, novel orally active TPH1 inhibitors with nanomolar in vitro potency, decreased serum, gut, and lung 5-HT levels in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary vessel wall thickness and occlusion in male rats. In the MCT rat model, decreases in lung 5-HT significantly correlated with reductions in histamine levels and mast cell number (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.88). In contrast, neither ambrisentan nor tadalafil, which are vasodilators approved for the treatment of PAH, reduced mast cell number or 5-HT levels, nor were they as effective in treating the vascular remodeling as were the TPH1 inhibitors. When administered in combination with ambrisentan, the TPH1 inhibitors showed an additive effect on pulmonary vascular remodeling and pressures. These data demonstrate that in addition to reducing vascular remodeling, TPH1 inhibition has the added benefit of reducing the perivascular mast cell accumulation associated with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Aiello
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Patricia-Ann Bourassa
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Qing Zhang
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Jeffrey Dubins
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Daniel R Goldberg
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Stéphane De Lombaert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Marc Humbert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Maria A Cavasin
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Vishwas Paralkar
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
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Mazurek R, Dave JM, Chandran RR, Misra A, Sheikh AQ, Greif DM. Vascular Cells in Blood Vessel Wall Development and Disease. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 78:323-350. [PMID: 28212800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vessel wall is composed of distinct cellular layers, yet communication among individual cells within and between layers results in a dynamic and versatile structure. The morphogenesis of the normal vascular wall involves a highly regulated process of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The use of modern developmental biological and genetic approaches has markedly enriched our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these developmental events. Additionally, the application of similar approaches to study diverse vascular diseases has resulted in paradigm-shifting insights into pathogenesis. Further investigations into the biology of vascular cells in development and disease promise to have major ramifications on therapeutic strategies to combat pathologies of the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mazurek
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - J M Dave
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - R R Chandran
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - A Misra
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - A Q Sheikh
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - D M Greif
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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125
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Rathinasabapathy A, Bruce E, Espejo A, Horowitz A, Sudhan DR, Nair A, Guzzo D, Francis J, Raizada MK, Shenoy V, Katovich MJ. Therapeutic potential of adipose stem cell-derived conditioned medium against pulmonary hypertension and lung fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2859-79. [PMID: 27448286 PMCID: PMC5275771 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary hypertension (PH) and pulmonary fibrosis (PF) are life threatening cardiopulmonary diseases. Existing pharmacological interventions have failed to improve clinical outcomes or reduce disease-associated mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that stem cells offer an effective treatment approach against various pathological conditions. It has been proposed that their beneficial actions may be mediated via secretion of paracrine factors. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of conditioned media (CM) from adipose stem cells (ASCs) against experimental models of PH and PF. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Monocrotaline (MCT) or bleomycin (Bleo) was injected into male Sprague-Dawley rats to induce PH or PF respectively. A subset of MCT and Bleo animals were treated with ASCs or CM. Echocardiographic and haemodynamic measurements were performed at the end of the study. Lung and heart tissues were harvested for RNA, protein and histological measurements. KEY RESULTS CM treatment attenuated MCT-induced PH by improving pulmonary blood flow and inhibiting cardiac remodelling. Further, histological studies revealed that right ventricular fibrosis, pulmonary vessel wall thickness and pericyte distribution were significantly decreased by CM administration. Likewise, CM therapy arrested the progression of PF in the Bleo model by reducing collagen deposition. Elevated expression of markers associated with tissue remodelling and inflammation were significantly reduced in both PF and PH lungs. Similar results were obtained with ASCs administration. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study indicates that CM treatment is as effective as ASCs in treating PH and PF. These beneficial effects of CM may provide an innovative approach to treat cardiopulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandharajan Rathinasabapathy
- Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erin Bruce
- Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Espejo
- Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alana Horowitz
- Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dhivya R Sudhan
- Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anand Nair
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dominic Guzzo
- Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Francis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vinayak Shenoy
- Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA, USA.
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126
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Tu L, Ghigna MR, Phan C, Bordenave J, Le Hiress M, Thuillet R, Ricard N, Huertas A, Humbert M, Guignabert C. [Towards new targets for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension : Importance of cell-cell communications]. Biol Aujourdhui 2016; 210:65-78. [PMID: 27687598 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disorder in which mechanical obstruction of the pulmonary vascular bed is largely responsible for the rise in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), resulting in a progressive functional decline despite current available therapeutic options. There are multiple mechanisms predisposing to and/or promoting the aberrant pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH, and these involve not only altered crosstalk between cells within the vascular wall but also sustained inflammation and dysimmunity, cell accumulation in the vascular wall and excessive activation of some growth factor-stimulated signaling pathways, in addition to the interaction of systemic hormones, local growth factors, cytokines, and transcription factors. Heterozygous germline mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type-2 (BMPR2) gene, a gene encoding a receptor for the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily, can predispose to the disease. Although the spectrum of therapeutic options for PAH has expanded in the last 20 years, available therapies remain essentially palliative. Over the past decade, however, a better understanding of key regulators of this irreversible remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature has been obtained. New and more effective approaches are likely to emerge. The present article profiles the innovative research into novel pathways and therapeutic targets that may lead to the development of targeted agents in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Tu
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Maria-Rosa Ghigna
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France - Service de Pathologie, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Carole Phan
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jennifer Bordenave
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Morane Le Hiress
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Raphaël Thuillet
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nicolas Ricard
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alice Huertas
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France - AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France - AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMRS 999, LabEx LERMIT, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France - Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Chang YT, Chan CK, Eriksson I, Johnson PY, Cao X, Westöö C, Norvik C, Andersson-Sjöland A, Westergren-Thorsson G, Johansson S, Hedin U, Kjellén L, Wight TN, Tran-Lundmark K. Versican accumulates in vascular lesions in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2016; 6:347-59. [PMID: 27683612 DOI: 10.1086/686994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a lethal condition for which there is no effective curative pharmacotherapy. PAH is characterized by vasoconstriction, wall thickening of pulmonary arteries, and increased vascular resistance. Versican is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in the vascular extracellular matrix that accumulates following vascular injury and promotes smooth-muscle cell proliferation in systemic arteries. Here, we investigated whether versican may play a similar role in PAH. Paraffin-embedded lung sections from patients who underwent lung transplantation to treat PAH were used for immunohistochemistry. The etiologies of PAH in the subjects involved in this study were idiopathic PAH, scleroderma, and congenital heart disease (atrial septal defect) with left-to-right shunt. Independent of the underlying etiology, increased versican immunostaining was observed in areas of medial thickening, in neointima, and in plexiform lesions. Western blot of lung tissue lysates confirmed accumulation of versican in patients with PAH. Double staining for versican and CD45 showed only occasional colocalization in neointima of high-grade lesions and plexiform lesions. In vitro, metabolic labeling with [(35)S]sulfate showed that human pulmonary artery smooth-muscle cells (hPASMCs) produce mainly chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. In addition, hypoxia, but not cyclic stretch, was demonstrated to increase both versican messenger RNA expression and protein synthesis by hPASMCs. Versican accumulates in vascular lesions of PAH, and the amount of versican correlates more with lesion severity than with underlying etiology or inflammation. Hypoxia is a possible regulator of versican accumulation, which may promote proliferation of pulmonary smooth-muscle cells and vascular remodeling in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina K Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Inger Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pamela Y Johnson
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xiaofang Cao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Westöö
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Norvik
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Staffan Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Guignabert C, Phan C, Seferian A, Huertas A, Tu L, Thuillet R, Sattler C, Le Hiress M, Tamura Y, Jutant EM, Chaumais MC, Bouchet S, Manéglier B, Molimard M, Rousselot P, Sitbon O, Simonneau G, Montani D, Humbert M. Dasatinib induces lung vascular toxicity and predisposes to pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3207-18. [PMID: 27482885 DOI: 10.1172/jci86249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease that can be induced by dasatinib, a dual Src and BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Today, key questions remain regarding the mechanisms involved in the long-term development of dasatinib-induced PAH. Here, we demonstrated that chronic dasatinib therapy causes pulmonary endothelial damage in humans and rodents. We found that dasatinib treatment attenuated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction responses and increased susceptibility to experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) in rats, but these effects were absent in rats treated with imatinib, another BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, dasatinib treatment induced pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, while imatinib did not. Dasatinib treatment mediated endothelial cell dysfunction via increased production of ROS that was independent of Src family kinases. Consistent with these findings, we observed elevations in markers of endothelial dysfunction and vascular damage in the serum of CML patients who were treated with dasatinib, compared with CML patients treated with imatinib. Taken together, our findings indicate that dasatinib causes pulmonary vascular damage, induction of ER stress, and mitochondrial ROS production, which leads to increased susceptibility to PH development.
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129
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Yuan K, Shao NY, Hennigs JK, Discipulo M, Orcholski ME, Shamskhou E, Richter A, Hu X, Wu JC, de Jesus Perez VA. Increased Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 Expression in Lung Pericytes Is Associated with Reduced Endothelial-Pericyte Interactions and Small Vessel Loss in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2500-14. [PMID: 27456128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reduced endothelial-pericyte interactions are linked to progressive small vessel loss in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease remain poorly understood. To identify relevant gene candidates associated with aberrant pericyte behavior, we performed a transcriptome analysis of patient-derived donor control and PAH lung pericytes followed by functional genomics analysis. Compared with donor control cells, PAH pericytes had significant enrichment of genes involved in various metabolic processes, the top hit being PDK4, a gene coding for an enzyme that suppresses mitochondrial activity in favor of glycolysis. Given reports that link reduced mitochondrial activity with increased PAH cell proliferation, we hypothesized that increased PDK4 is associated with PAH pericyte hyperproliferation and reduced endothelial-pericyte interactions. We found that PDK4 gene and protein expression was significantly elevated in PAH pericytes and correlated with reduced mitochondrial metabolism, higher rates of glycolysis, and hyperproliferation. Importantly, reducing PDK4 levels restored mitochondrial metabolism, reduced cell proliferation, and improved endothelial-pericyte interactions. To our knowledge, this is the first study that documents significant differences in gene expression between human donor control and PAH lung pericytes and the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant endothelial-pericyte interactions in PAH. Comprehensive characterization of these candidate genes could provide novel therapeutic targets to improve endothelial-pericyte interactions and prevent small vessel loss in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ning-Yi Shao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jan K Hennigs
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Marielle Discipulo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Mark E Orcholski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Elya Shamskhou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Alice Richter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Xinqian Hu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Vinicio A de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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130
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Aman J, Weijers EM, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Malik AB, van Hinsbergh VWM. Using cultured endothelial cells to study endothelial barrier dysfunction: Challenges and opportunities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L453-66. [PMID: 27343194 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00393.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the understanding of endothelial barrier regulation and the identification of approaches that have the potential to improve endothelial barrier function, no drug- or stem cell-based therapy is presently available to reverse the widespread vascular leak that is observed in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. The translational gap suggests a need to develop experimental approaches and tools that better mimic the complex environment of the microcirculation in which the vascular leak develops. Recent studies have identified several elements of this microenvironment. Among these are composition and stiffness of the extracellular matrix, fluid shear stress, interaction of endothelial cells (ECs) with pericytes, oxygen tension, and the combination of toxic and mechanic injurious stimuli. Development of novel cell culture techniques that integrate these elements would allow in-depth analysis of EC biology that closely approaches the (patho)physiological conditions in situ. In parallel, techniques to isolate organ-specific ECs, to define EC heterogeneity in its full complexity, and to culture patient-derived ECs from inducible pluripotent stem cells or endothelial progenitor cells are likely to advance the understanding of ARDS and lead to development of therapeutics. This review 1) summarizes the advantages and pitfalls of EC cultures to study vascular leak in ARDS, 2) provides an overview of elements of the microvascular environment that can directly affect endothelial barrier function, and 3) discusses alternative methods to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application with the intent of improving the translational value of present EC culture approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjan Aman
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ester M Weijers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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131
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Chapman MA, Meza R, Lieber RL. Skeletal muscle fibroblasts in health and disease. Differentiation 2016; 92:108-115. [PMID: 27282924 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the primary producer of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in skeletal muscle, fibroblasts play an important role providing structural support to muscle. Skeletal muscle ECM is vital for force transduction from muscle cells to tendons and bones to create movement. It is these ECM connections that allow the movement created in muscle to be transmitted to our skeleton. This review discusses how fibroblasts participate in maintaining this healthy ECM within skeletal muscle. Additionally, from a basic science perspective, we discuss current methods to identify and study skeletal muscle fibroblasts, as this is critical to bettering our understanding of these important cells. Finally, skeletal muscle fibrosis is discussed, which is a devastating clinical condition characterized by an overproduction of ECM within skeletal muscle. We discuss the role that fibroblasts and other cells play in muscle fibrosis as well as the implications of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Chapman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Rachel Meza
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Richard L Lieber
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0863, United States; Department of Veteran's Affairs, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0863, United States; Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, 345 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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Zhang L, Ma C, Zhang C, Ma M, Zhang F, Zhang L, Chen Y, Cao F, Li S, Zhu D. Reactive oxygen species effect PASMCs apoptosis via regulation of dynamin-related protein 1 in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:71-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Le Hiress M, Tu L, Ricard N, Phan C, Thuillet R, Fadel E, Dorfmüller P, Montani D, de Man F, Humbert M, Huertas A, Guignabert C. Proinflammatory Signature of the Dysfunctional Endothelium in Pulmonary Hypertension. Role of the Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor/CD74 Complex. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016. [PMID: 26203495 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201402-0322oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are considered two primary instigators of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). CD74 is a receptor for the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). This ligand/receptor complex initiates survival pathways and cell proliferation, and it triggers the synthesis and secretion of major proinflammatory factors and cell adhesion molecules. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that the MIF/CD74 signaling pathway is overexpressed in idiopathic PAH (iPAH) and contributes to a proinflammatory endothelial cell (EC) phenotype. METHODS Primary early passage cultures of human ECs isolated from lung tissues obtained from patients with iPAH and controls were examined for their ability to secrete proinflammatory mediators and bind inflammatory cells with or without modulation of the functional activities of the MIF/CD74 complex. In addition, we tested the efficacies of curative treatments with either the MIF antagonist ISO-1 or anti-CD74 neutralizing antibodies on the aberrant proinflammatory EC phenotype in vitro and in vivo and on the progression of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In human lung tissues, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin expressions are markedly up-regulated in the endothelium of distal iPAH pulmonary arteries. Circulating MIF levels are increased in the serum of patients with PAH compared with control subjects, and T-cell lymphocytes represent a source of this overabundance. In addition, CD74 is highly expressed in the endothelium of muscularized pulmonary arterioles and in cultured pulmonary ECs from iPAH, contributing to an exaggerated recruitment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to pulmonary iPAH ECs. Finally, we found that curative treatments with the MIF antagonist ISO-1 or anti-CD74 neutralizing antibodies partially reversed development of pulmonary hypertension in rats and substantially reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS We report here that CD74 and MIF are markedly increased and activated in patients with iPAH, contributing to the abnormal proinflammatory phenotype of pulmonary ECs in iPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morane Le Hiress
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ly Tu
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nicolas Ricard
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Carole Phan
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Raphaël Thuillet
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Elie Fadel
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Dorfmüller
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - David Montani
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,3 AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and
| | - Frances de Man
- 4 Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center/Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Humbert
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,3 AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and
| | - Alice Huertas
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,3 AP-HP, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; and
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- 1 INSERM UMR_S 999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,2 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Reconciling paradigms of abnormal pulmonary blood flow and quasi-malignant cellular alterations in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 83:17-25. [PMID: 26804008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) structural and functional abnormalities of the small lung vessels interact and lead to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. A current pathobiological concept characterizes PAH as a 'quasi-malignant' disease focusing on cancer-like alterations in endothelial cells (EC) and the importance of their acquired apoptosis-resistant, hyper-proliferative phenotype in the process of vascular remodeling. While changes in pulmonary blood flow (PBF) have been long-since recognized and linked to the development of PAH, little is known about a possible relationship between an altered PBF and the quasi-malignant cell phenotype in the pulmonary vascular wall. This review summarizes recognized and hypothetical effects of an abnormal PBF on the pulmonary vascular bed and links these to quasi-malignant changes found in the pulmonary endothelium. Here we describe that abnormal PBF does not only trigger a pulmonary vascular cell growth program, but may also maintain the cancer-like phenotype of the endothelium. Consequently, normalization of PBF and EC response to abnormal PBF may represent a treatment strategy in patients with established PAH.
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Dierick F, Héry T, Hoareau-Coudert B, Mougenot N, Monceau V, Claude C, Crisan M, Besson V, Dorfmüller P, Marodon G, Fadel E, Humbert M, Yaniz-Galende E, Hulot JS, Marazzi G, Sassoon D, Soubrier F, Nadaud S. Resident PW1+ Progenitor Cells Participate in Vascular Remodeling During Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circ Res 2016; 118:822-33. [PMID: 26838788 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by vascular remodeling and neomuscularization. PW1(+) progenitor cells can differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of pulmonary PW1(+) progenitor cells in vascular remodeling characteristic of pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated their contribution during chronic hypoxia-induced vascular remodeling in Pw1(nLacZ+/-) mouse expressing β-galactosidase in PW1(+) cells and in differentiated cells derived from PW1(+) cells. PW1(+) progenitor cells are present in the perivascular zone in rodent and human control lungs. Using progenitor markers, 3 distinct myogenic PW1(+) cell populations were isolated from the mouse lung of which 2 were significantly increased after 4 days of chronic hypoxia. The number of proliferating pulmonary PW1(+) cells and the proportion of β-gal(+) vascular SMC were increased, indicating a recruitment of PW1(+) cells and their differentiation into vascular SMC during early chronic hypoxia-induced neomuscularization. CXCR4 inhibition using AMD3100 prevented PW1(+) cells differentiation into SMC but did not inhibit their proliferation. Bone marrow transplantation experiments showed that the newly formed β-gal(+) SMC were not derived from circulating bone marrow-derived PW1(+) progenitor cells, confirming a resident origin of the recruited PW1(+) cells. The number of pulmonary PW1(+) cells was also increased in rats after monocrotaline injection. In lung from pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, PW1-expressing cells were observed in large numbers in remodeled vascular structures. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the existence of a novel population of resident SMC progenitor cells expressing PW1 and participating in pulmonary hypertension-associated vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Dierick
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Tiphaine Héry
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Bénédicte Hoareau-Coudert
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Virginie Monceau
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Caroline Claude
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Mihaela Crisan
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Vanessa Besson
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Peter Dorfmüller
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Gilles Marodon
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Elie Fadel
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Marc Humbert
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Elisa Yaniz-Galende
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Giovanna Marazzi
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - David Sassoon
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Florent Soubrier
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.)
| | - Sophie Nadaud
- From the INSERM, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, UMR_S 1166-ICAN (F.D., T.H., V.M., C.C., V.B., E.Y.-G., J.-S.H., G.M., D.S., F.S., S.N.), UMS-030 CyPS, Paris, France (B.H.-C.), PECMV UMS28 (N.M.), INSERM, CNRS, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), U1135, ERL 8255 (G.M.), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France; Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (M.C.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, INSERM UMR-S 999, Labex LERMIT, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D., E.F., M.H.); Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France (P.D.); Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (E.F.); Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France (M.H.); and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France (M.H.).
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136
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Hashitani H, Lang RJ. Spontaneous activity in the microvasculature of visceral organs: role of pericytes and voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. J Physiol 2016; 594:555-65. [PMID: 26607499 DOI: 10.1113/jp271438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The microvasculature plays a primary role in the interchange of substances between tissues and the circulation. In visceral organs that undergo considerable distension upon filling, the microvasculature appears to display intrinsic contractile properties to maintain their flow. Submucosal venules in the bladder or gastrointestinal tract generate rhythmic spontaneous phasic constrictions and associated Ca(2+) transients. These events are initiated within either venular pericytes or smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arising from spontaneous Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the opening of Ca(2+) -activated chloride channels (CaCCs) that trigger Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (VDCCs). L-type VDCCs also play a critical role in maintaining synchrony within the contractile mural cells. In the stomach myenteric layer, spontaneous Ca(2+) transients originating in capillary pericytes appear to spread to their neighbouring arteriolar SMCs. Capillary Ca(2+) transients primarily rely on SR Ca(2+) release, but also require Ca(2+) influx through T-type VDCCs for their synchrony. The opening of T-type VDCCs also contribute to the propagation of Ca(2+) transients into SMCs. In visceral microvasculature, pericytes act as either spontaneously active contractile machinery of the venules or as pacemaker cells generating synchronous Ca(2+) transients that drive spontaneous contractions in upstream arterioles. Thus pericytes play different roles in different vascular beds in a manner that may well depend on the selective expression of T-type and L-type Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Hashitani
- Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Richard J Lang
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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137
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Heise RL, Link PA, Farkas L. From Here to There, Progenitor Cells and Stem Cells Are Everywhere in Lung Vascular Remodeling. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:80. [PMID: 27583245 PMCID: PMC4988064 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of stem cell biology, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine has expanded almost exponentially, in the last decade. Clinical trials are evaluating the potential therapeutic use of stem cells in many adult and pediatric lung diseases with vascular component, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Extensive research activity is exploring the lung resident and circulating progenitor cells and their contribution to vascular complications of chronic lung diseases, and researchers hope to use resident or circulating stem/progenitor cells to treat chronic lung diseases and their vascular complications. It is becoming more and more clear that progress in mechanobiology will help to understand the various influences of physical forces and extracellular matrix composition on the phenotype and features of the progenitor cells and stem cells. The current review provides an overview of current concepts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Heise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Patrick A Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
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138
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Karimi Galougahi K, Ashley EA, Ali ZA. Redox regulation of vascular remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:349-63. [PMID: 26483132 PMCID: PMC11108558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is a dynamic process of structural and functional changes in response to biochemical and biomechanical signals in a complex in vivo milieu. While inherently adaptive, dysregulation leads to maladaptive remodeling. Reactive oxygen species participate in homeostatic cell signaling in tightly regulated- and compartmentalized cellular circuits. It is well established that perturbations in oxidation-reduction (redox) homeostasis can lead to a state of oxidative-, and more recently, reductive stress. We provide an overview of the redox signaling in the vasculature and review the role of oxidative- and reductive stress in maladaptive vascular remodeling. Particular emphasis has been placed on essential processes that determine phenotype modulation, migration and fate of the main cell types in the vessel wall. Recent advances in systems biology and the translational opportunities they may provide to specifically target the redox pathways driving pathological vascular remodeling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Karimi Galougahi
- Division of Cardiology, Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Sydney Medical School Foundation, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ziad A Ali
- Division of Cardiology, Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA
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139
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Cao S, Wei X, Li H, Miao J, Zhao G, Wu D, Liu B, Zhang Y, Gu H, Wang L, Fan Y, An D, Yuan Z. Comparative Study on the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Between Fetal and Postnatal Rat Spinal Cord Niche. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:1115-30. [PMID: 26651539 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x689910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we established a prenatal surgical approach and transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the fetal rat spinal column to treat neural tube defects (NTDs). We found that the transplanted MSCs survived and differentiated into neural lineage cells. Various cytokines and extracellular signaling systems in the spinal cord niche play an important role in cell differentiation. In this study, we observed the differentiation of transplanted MSCs in different spinal cord niches and further observed the expression of neurotrophic factors and growth factors in the spinal cord at different developmental stages to explore the mechanism of MSC differentiation in different spinal cord niches. The results showed that transplanted MSCs expressed markers of neural precursor cells (nestin), neurogliocytes (GFAP), and neurons (β-tubulin). The percentages of GFP(+)/nestin(+) double-positive cells in transplanted MSCs in E16, P1, and P21 rats were 18.31%, 12.18%, and 5.06%, respectively. The percentages of GFP(+)/GFAP(+) double-positive cells in E16, P1, and P21 rats were 32.01%, 15.35%, and 12.56%, respectively. The percentages of GFP(+)/β-tubulin(+) double-positive cells in E16, P1, and P21 were 11.76%, 7.62%, and 4.88%, respectively. The differentiation rates of MSCs in embryonic spinal cords were significantly higher than in postnatal spinal cords (p < 0.05). We found that the transplanted MSCs expressed synapsin-1 at different developmental stages. After MSC transplantation, we observed that neurotrophic factor-3 (NT-3), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), FGF-8, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) significantly increased in the MSC transplantation group compared with the blank injection group. Furthermore, FGF-2 and VEGF expression were positively correlated with the number of surviving MSCs. In addition, we found that the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-3, FGF-8, TGF-β, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) decreased with age, and the expression of FGF-2, FGF-10, FGF-20, TGF-α, and PDGF increased with age. Our data suggest that the embryonic spinal cord niche is more conducive to MSC differentiation after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songying Cao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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El Agha E, Kosanovic D, Schermuly RT, Bellusci S. Role of fibroblast growth factors in organ regeneration and repair. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 53:76-84. [PMID: 26459973 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In its broad sense, regeneration refers to the renewal of lost cells, tissues or organs as part of the normal life cycle (skin, hair, endometrium etc.) or as part of an adaptive mechanism that organisms have developed throughout evolution. For example, worms, starfish and amphibians have developed remarkable regenerative capabilities allowing them to voluntarily shed body parts, in a process called autotomy, only to replace the lost parts afterwards. The bizarre myth of the fireproof homicidal salamander that can survive fire and poison apple trees has persisted until the 20th century. Salamanders possess one of the most robust regenerative machineries in vertebrates and attempting to draw lessons from limb regeneration in these animals and extrapolate the knowledge to mammals is a never-ending endeavor. Fibroblast growth factors are potent morphogens and mitogens that are highly conserved among the animal kingdom. These growth factors play key roles in organogenesis during embryonic development as well as homeostatic balance during postnatal life. In this review, we provide a summary about the current knowledge regarding the involvement of fibroblast growth factor signaling in organ regeneration and repair. We also shed light on the use of these growth factors in previous and current clinical trials in a wide array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
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Bichsel CA, Hall SR, Schmid RA, Guenat OT, Geiser T. Primary Human Lung Pericytes Support and Stabilize In Vitro Perfusable Microvessels. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2166-76. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colette A. Bichsel
- Lung Regeneration Technologies, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sean R.R. Hall
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A. Schmid
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier T. Guenat
- Lung Regeneration Technologies, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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A Critical Role of the mTOR/eIF2α Pathway in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130806. [PMID: 26120832 PMCID: PMC4487252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced proliferation of pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a key pathological component of vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). Mammalian targeting of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling has been shown to play a role in protein translation and participate in the progression of pulmonary hypertension. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) is a key factor in regulation of cell growth and cell cycle, but its role in mTOR signaling and PASMCs proliferation remains unknown. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) rat model was established by hypoxia. Rapamycin was used to treat rats as an mTOR inhibitor. Proliferation of primarily cultured rat PASMCs was induced by hypoxia, rapamycin and siRNA of mTOR and eIF2α were used in loss-of-function studies. The expression and activation of eIF2α, mTOR and c-myc were analyzed. Results showed that mTOR/eIF2α signaling was significantly activated in pulmonary arteries from hypoxia exposed rats and PASMCs cultured under hypoxia condition. Treatment with mTOR inhibitor for 21 days attenuated vascular remodeling, suppressed mTOR and eIF2α activation, inhibited c-myc expression in HPH rats. In hypoxia-induced PASMCs, rapamycin and knockdown of mTOR and eIF2α by siRNA significantly abolished proliferation and increased c-myc expression. These results suggest a critical role of the mTOR/eIF2αpathway in hypoxic vascular remodeling and PASMCs proliferation of HPH.
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Abstract
Chronic rejection of transplanted organs remains the main obstacle in the long-term success of organ transplantation. Thus, there is a persistent quest for development of antichronic rejection therapies and identification of novel molecular and cellular targets. One of the potential targets is the pericytes, the mural cells of microvessels, which regulate microvascular permeability, development, and maturation by controlling endothelial cell functions and regulating tissue fibrosis and inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss the potential of targeting pericytes in the development of microvasular dysfunction and the molecular pathways involved in regulation of pericyte activities for antichronic rejection intervention.
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Chang YT, Tseng CN, Tannenberg P, Eriksson L, Yuan K, de Jesus Perez VA, Lundberg J, Lengquist M, Botusan IR, Catrina SB, Tran PK, Hedin U, Tran-Lundmark K. Perlecan heparan sulfate deficiency impairs pulmonary vascular development and attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:20-31. [PMID: 25952902 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Excessive vascular cell proliferation is an important component of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Perlecan is the major heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan in the vascular extracellular matrix. It binds growth factors, including FGF2, and either restricts or promotes cell proliferation. In this study, we have explored the effects of perlecan HS deficiency on pulmonary vascular development and in hypoxia-induced PH. METHODS AND RESULTS In normoxia, Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) mice, deficient in perlecan HS, had reduced pericytes and muscularization of intra-acinar vessels. Pulmonary angiography revealed a peripheral perfusion defect. Despite these abnormalities, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and myocardial mass remained normal. After 4 weeks of hypoxia, increases in the proportion of muscularized vessels, RVSP, and right ventricular hypertrophy were significantly less in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) compared with wild type. The early phase of hypoxia induced a significantly lower increase in fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) protein level and receptor phosphorylation, and reduced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3). At 4 weeks, FGF2 mRNA and protein were also significantly reduced in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) lungs. Ligand and carbohydrate engagement assay showed that perlecan HS is required for HS-FGF2-FGFR1 ternary complex formation. In vitro, proliferation assays showed that PASMC proliferation is reduced by selective FGFR1 inhibition. PASMC adhesion to fibronectin was higher in Hspg2(Δ3/Δ3) compared with wild type. CONCLUSIONS Perlecan HS chains are important for normal vascular arborization and recruitment of pericytes to pulmonary vessels. Perlecan HS deficiency also attenuates hypoxia-induced PH, where the underlying mechanisms involve impaired FGF2/FGFR1 interaction, inhibition of PASMC growth, and altered cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chi-Nan Tseng
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Tannenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Eriksson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vinicio A de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Johan Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mariette Lengquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Phan-Kiet Tran
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease without effective treatment. Despite decades of research and the development of novel treatments, PAH remains a fatal disease, suggesting an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenesis of PAH. Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) are dysregulated in patients with PAH and in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, normalization of a few miRNAs is reported to inhibit experimental pulmonary hypertension. We have reviewed the current knowledge about miRNA biogenesis, miRNA expression pattern, and their roles in regulation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. We have also identified emerging trends in our understanding of the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PAH and propose future studies that might lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofei Zhou
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago; and
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146
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Huertas A, Tu L, Thuillet R, Le Hiress M, Phan C, Ricard N, Nadaud S, Fadel E, Humbert M, Guignabert C. Leptin signalling system as a target for pulmonary arterial hypertension therapy. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1066-80. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00193014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs) and perivascular inflammation lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) progression, but they are not specifically targeted by the current therapies. Since leptin (Ob) and its main receptor ObR-b contribute to systemic vascular cell proliferation and inflammation, we questioned whether targeting Ob/ObR-b axis would be an effective antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory strategy against PAH.In idiopathic PAH (iPAH), using human lung tissues and primary cell cultures (early passages ≤5), we demonstrate that pulmonary endothelial cells (P-ECs) over produce Ob and that PA-SMCs overexpress ObR-b. Furthermore, we obtain evidence that Ob enhances proliferation of human PA-SMCs in vitro and increases right ventricular systolic pressure in Ob-treated mice in the chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) model. Using human cells, we also show that Ob leads to monocyte activation and increases cell adhesion molecule expression levels in P-ECs. We also find that Ob/ObR-b axis contributes to PH susceptibility by using ObR-deficient rats, which display less severe hypoxia-induced PH (pulmonary haemodynamics, arterial muscularisation, PA-SMC proliferation and perivascular inflammation). Importantly, we demonstrate the efficacy of two curative strategies using a soluble Ob neutraliser and dichloroacetate in hypoxia-induced PH.We demonstrate here that Ob/ObR-b axis may represent anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory targets in PAH.
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147
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Otsuki S, Sawada H, Yodoya N, Shinohara T, Kato T, Ohashi H, Zhang E, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Shimpo H, Maruyama K, Komada Y, Mitani Y. Potential contribution of phenotypically modulated smooth muscle cells and related inflammation in the development of experimental obstructive pulmonary vasculopathy in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118655. [PMID: 25714834 PMCID: PMC4340876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that phenotypically modulated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and related inflammation are associated with the progression of experimental occlusive pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). Occlusive PVD was induced by combined exposure to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sugen 5416 and hypobaric hypoxia for 3 weeks in rats, which were then returned to ambient air. Hemodynamic, morphometric, and immunohistochemical studies, as well as gene expression analyses, were performed at 3, 5, 8, and 13 weeks after the initial treatment (n = 78). Experimental animals developed pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy, and exhibited a progressive increase in indices of PVD, including cellular intimal thickening and intimal fibrosis. Cellular intimal lesions comprised α smooth muscle actin (α SMA)+, SM1+, SM2+/-, vimentin+ immature SMCs that were covered by endothelial monolayers, while fibrous intimal lesions typically included α SMA+, SM1+, SM2+, vimentin+/- mature SMCs. Plexiform lesions comprised α SMA+, vimentin+, SM1-, SM2- myofibroblasts covered by endothelial monolayers. Immature SMC-rich intimal and plexiform lesions were proliferative and were infiltrated by macrophages, while fibrous intimal lesions were characterized by lower proliferative abilities and were infiltrated by few macrophages. Compared with controls, the number of perivascular macrophages was already higher at 3 weeks and progressively increased during the experimental period; gene expression of pulmonary hypertension-related inflammatory molecules, including IL6, MCP1, MMP9, cathepsin-S, and RANTES, was persistently or progressively up-regulated in lungs of experimental animals. We concluded that phenotypically modulated SMCs and related inflammation are potentially associated with the progression of experimental obstructive PVD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/genetics
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/metabolism
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/pathology
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Gene Expression
- Hemodynamics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Rats
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Otsuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawada
- Department of Pediatrics, and Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Noriko Yodoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Shinohara
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taichi Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Erquan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hideto Shimpo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komada
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Mitani
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- * E-mail:
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148
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Guignabert C, Tu L, Girerd B, Ricard N, Huertas A, Montani D, Humbert M. New Molecular Targets of Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Chest 2015; 147:529-537. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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149
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Ramirez GA, Rovere-Querini P, Sabbadini MG, Manfredi AA. Parietal and intravascular innate mechanisms of vascular inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:16. [PMID: 25889488 PMCID: PMC4308901 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained inflammation of the vessel walls occurs in a large number of systemic diseases (ranging from atherosclerosis to systemic vasculitides, thrombotic microangiopathies and connective tissue diseases), which are ultimately characterized by ischemia and end-organ failure. Cellular and humoral innate immunity contribute to a common pathogenic background and comprise several potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we discuss some recent advances in the effector and regulatory action of neutrophils and in the outcome of their interaction with circulating platelets. In parallel, we discuss novel insights into the role of humoral innate immunity in vascular inflammation. All these topics are discussed in light of potential clinical and therapeutic implications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ramirez
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Sabbadini
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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150
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Baskir R, Majka S. Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling by Resident Lung Stem and Progenitor Cells. LUNG STEM CELLS IN THE EPITHELIUM AND VASCULATURE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16232-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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