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Harvey AP, Montezano AC, Hood KY, Lopes RA, Rios F, Ceravolo G, Graham D, Touyz RM. Vascular dysfunction and fibrosis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats: The aldosterone-mineralocorticoid receptor-Nox1 axis. Life Sci 2017; 179:110-119. [PMID: 28478264 PMCID: PMC5446265 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We questioned whether aldosterone and oxidative stress play a role in vascular damage in severe hypertension and investigated the role of Nox1 in this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied mesenteric arteries, aortas and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from WKY and SHRSP rats. Vascular effects of eplerenone or canrenoic acid (CA) (mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockers), ML171 (Nox1 inhibitor) and EHT1864 (Rac1/2 inhibitor) were assessed. Nox1-knockout mice were also studied. Vessels and VSMCs were probed for Noxs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-fibrotic/inflammatory signaling. KEY FINDINGS Blood pressure and plasma levels of aldosterone and galectin-3 were increased in SHRSP versus WKY. Acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation was decreased (61% vs 115%) and phenylephrine-induced contraction increased in SHRSP versus WKY (Emax 132.8% vs 96.9%, p<0.05). Eplerenone, ML171 and EHT1864 attenuated hypercontractility in SHRSP. Vascular expression of collagen, fibronectin, TGFβ, MCP-1, RANTES, MMP2, MMP9 and p66Shc was increased in SHRSP versus WKY. These changes were associated with increased ROS generation, 3-nitrotyrosine expression and Nox1 upregulation. Activation of vascular p66Shc and increased expression of Nox1 and collagen I were prevented by CA in SHRSP. Nox1 expression was increased in aldosterone-stimulated WKY VSMCs, an effect that was amplified in SHRSP VSMCs (5.2vs9.9 fold-increase). ML171 prevented aldosterone-induced VSMC Nox1-ROS production. Aldosterone increased vascular expression of fibronectin and PAI-1 in wild-type mice but not in Nox1-knockout mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that aldosterone, which is increased in SHRSP, induces vascular damage through MR-Nox1-p66Shc-mediated processes that modulate pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Y Hood
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rheure A Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graziela Ceravolo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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102
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A role for galectin-3 in the development of early molecular alterations in short-term aortic stenosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:935-949. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20170145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) is characterized by pressure overload and causes left ventricular (LV) fibrosis and inflammation, two mechanisms that eventually lead to cardiac dysfunction. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, promotes cardiac remodelling. In the present study, we investigated the role of Gal-3 in LV remodelling in patients with AS and the effects of Gal-3 blockade in rats subjected to short-term (6-week) supravalvular aortic banding (AS group). Myocardial biopsies were obtained from 25 patients with severe AS referred for aortic valve replacement and from necropsies of 11 cardiovascular disease-free control individuals. Gal-3 was up-regulated in myocardial biopsies from AS patients compared with controls. Gal-3 directly correlated with parameters assessing myocardial fibrosis and inflammation in AS patients. Normotensive AS animals presented decreased LV diastolic diameter compared with controls. At the histological level, AS rats exhibited a slight increase in LV cross-sectional area and LV wall thickness, and augmented cardiomyocyte width and cross-sectional area. AS animals presented enhanced cardiac Gal-3 expression, which paralleled higher myocardial fibrosis and inflammation. Cardiac Gal-3 was associated with fibrosis and inflammatory markers. Gal-3 pharmacological inhibition prevented the increase in cardiac Gal-3 and normalized histological and molecular alterations in AS rats. In short-term AS, the increase in myocardial Gal-3 expression was associated with cardiac fibrosis and inflammation, alterations that were prevented by Gal-3 blockade. These data suggest that Gal-3 inhibition could be a novel therapeutic approach in the prevention of AS-associated early pathological cardiac remodelling.
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103
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Miró Ò, González de la Presa B, Herrero-Puente P, Fernández Bonifacio R, Möckel M, Mueller C, Casals G, Sandalinas S, Llorens P, Martín-Sánchez FJ, Jacob J, Bedini JL, Gil V. The GALA study: relationship between galectin-3 serum levels and short- and long-term outcomes of patients with acute heart failure. Biomarkers 2017; 22:731-739. [PMID: 28406038 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1319421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that early measurement of galectin-3 at the emergency department (ED) during an episode of acute heart failure (AHF) allows predicting short- and long-term outcomes. METHODS We performed an exploratory study including 115 patients consecutively diagnosed with AHF in a single ED. Clinical and analytical variables were recorded. The primary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality, and secondary endpoints were 30-day composite outcome (death, rehospitalization or ED reconsultation, whichever first) and 1-year mortality. RESULTS Seven patients (6.1%) died within 30 days and 43 (37.4%) within 1 year. The 30-day composite endpoint was observed in 21.1% of patients. Galectin-3 was correlated with NT-proBNP and the glomerular filtration rate but not with age and s-cTnI. Measured at time of ED arrival, galectin-3 showed good discriminatory capacity for 30-day mortality (AUC ROC: 0.732; 95% CI 0.512-0.953; p = 0.041) but not for 1-year mortality (0.521; 0.408-0.633; p = 0.722). Patients with galectin-3 concentrations >42 μg/L had an OR = 7.67(95%CI = 1.57-37.53; p = 0.012) for 30-day mortality. Conversely, NT-proBNP only showed predictive capacity for 1-year mortality (0.642; 0.537-0.748; p = 0.014). Patients with NT-proBNP concentrations >5400 ng/L had an OR = 4.34 (95%CI = 1.93-9.77; p < 0.001) for 1-year mortality. These increased short- (galectin-3) and long-term (NT-proBNP) risks remained significant after adjustment for age or renal function. s-cTnI failed in both short- and long term death prediction. No biomarker predicted the short-term composite endpoint. CONCLUSION These results suggest that galectin-3 could help to monitor the risk of short-term mortality in unselected patients with AHF attended in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Òscar Miró
- a Emergengy Department , Hospital Clínic; "Emergencies: processes and pathologies" Research Group, IDIBAPS , Barcelona , Spain.,b University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Pablo Herrero-Puente
- d Emergency Department , Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias , Oviedo , Spain
| | | | - Martin Möckel
- e Department of Cardiology, Division of Emergency Medicine , Charité-University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Mueller
- f Department of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel , University Hospital Basel, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Gregori Casals
- g Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department , Hospital Clínic de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Pere Llorens
- h Emergency Department, Home Hospitalization and Short Stay Unit , Hospital General de Alicante , Alicante , Spain
| | | | - Javier Jacob
- j Emergency Department , Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Víctor Gil
- a Emergengy Department , Hospital Clínic; "Emergencies: processes and pathologies" Research Group, IDIBAPS , Barcelona , Spain
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Abstract
Hypertension, the most common preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death, is a growing health burden. Serious cardiovascular complications result from target organ damage including cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, ischaemic heart disease and renal failure. While many systems contribute to blood pressure (BP) elevation, the vascular system is particularly important because vascular dysfunction is a cause and consequence of hypertension. Hypertension is characterised by a vascular phenotype of endothelial dysfunction, arterial remodelling, vascular inflammation and increased stiffness. Antihypertensive drugs that influence vascular changes associated with high BP have greater efficacy for reducing cardiovascular risk than drugs that reduce BP, but have little or no effect on the adverse vascular phenotype. Angiotensin converting enzyme ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) improve endothelial function and prevent vascular remodelling. Calcium channel blockers also improve endothelial function, although to a lesser extent than ACEIs and ARBs. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockers improve endothelial function and reduce arterial stiffness, and have recently become more established as antihypertensive drugs. Lifestyle factors are essential in preventing the adverse vascular changes associated with high BP and reducing associated cardiovascular risk. Clinicians and scientists should incorporate these factors into treatment decisions for patients with high BP, as well as in the development of new antihypertensive drugs that promote vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Cameron
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ninian N Lang
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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105
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Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Guan X, Chen M, Li Y, Zhang L. Galectin-3 contributes to vascular fibrosis in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension rat model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 31. [PMID: 27870162 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays a critical role in vascular inflammation and fibrosis. The role of TGF-β1 in mediating pulmonary vascular fibrosis is well documented; thus, we suspected that Gal-3 could be an important factor in TGF-β1-induced fibrosis in pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts (PAFs). We treated rats with monocrotaline (MCT) and cultured PAFs with TGF-β1 to stimulate fibrosis. We found that MCT injection induced vessel thickening and extracellular matrix deposition in vivo. TGF-β1 stimulated the production of collagen and fibronectin (Fn) protein in vitro. TGF-β1 promoted the expression of Gal-3 and its translocation, while silencing Gal-3 reduced Col-1a deposition. Blockage of STAT3 decreased the expression of Gal-3 induced by TGF-β1. Gal-3 increased Col-1a accumulation and downregulated matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) expression in PAFs, but it did not affect Fn expression. These findings demonstrate that Gal-3 is required for TGF-β1-stimulated vascular fibrosis via a STAT3 signaling cascade and that MMP-9 is also involved in TGF-β1/Gal-3-induced vascular fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei Province, 063000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Guan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Minggang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
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106
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Martinez-Martinez E, Ibarrola J, Calvier L, Fernandez-Celis A, Leroy C, Cachofeiro V, Rossignol P, Lopez-Andres N. Galectin-3 Blockade Reduces Renal Fibrosis in Two Normotensive Experimental Models of Renal Damage. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166272. [PMID: 27829066 PMCID: PMC5102450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, is increased in kidney injury and its pharmacological blockade reduces renal damage in acute kidney injury, hyperaldosteronism or hypertensive nephropathy. We herein investigated the effects of pharmacological Gal-3 inhibition by modified citrus pectin (MCP) in early renal damage associated with obesity and aortic stenosis (AS). Results Gal-3 was upregulated in kidneys from high fat diet (HFD) rats and in animals with partial occlusion of ascending aorta (AS). Urinary and plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and urinary albumin were enhanced in HFD and AS rats. In kidney from obese rats, fibrotic markers (collagen, TFG-β), epithelial-mesenchymal transition molecules (α-smooth muscle actin, E-cadherin), inflammatory mediator (osteopontin) and kidney injury marker (kidney injury molecule-1) were modified. In kidney from AS rats, fibrotic markers (collagen, CTGF), epithelial-mesenchymal transition molecules (fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, β-catenin, E-cadherin) and kidney injury markers (NGAL, kidney injury molecule-1) were altered. Histologic observations of obese and AS rat kidneys revealed tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The pharmacological inhibition of Gal-3 with MCP normalized renal Gal-3 levels as well as functional, histological and molecular alterations in obese and AS rats. Conclusions In experimental models of mild kidney damage, the increase in renal Gal-3 expression paralleled with renal fibrosis, inflammation and damage, while these alterations were prevented by Gal-3 blockade. These data suggest that Gal-3 could be a new player in renal molecular, histological and functional alterations at early stages of kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Martinez-Martinez
- Cardiovascular Translational Research. Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jaime Ibarrola
- Cardiovascular Translational Research. Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laurent Calvier
- INSERM, Centre d’Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116 Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) INI-CRCT, Nancy, France
| | - Amaya Fernandez-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research. Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celine Leroy
- INSERM, Centre d’Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116 Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) INI-CRCT, Nancy, France
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- INSERM, Centre d’Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116 Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) INI-CRCT, Nancy, France
| | - Natalia Lopez-Andres
- Cardiovascular Translational Research. Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- INSERM, Centre d’Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116 Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) INI-CRCT, Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
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107
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Sádaba JR, Martínez-Martínez E, Arrieta V, Álvarez V, Fernández-Celis A, Ibarrola J, Melero A, Rossignol P, Cachofeiro V, López-Andrés N. Role for Galectin-3 in Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004360. [PMID: 27815266 PMCID: PMC5210369 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Aortic stenosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, and calcification plays an important role in the progression of the disease. Galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) is a proinflammatory molecule involved in vascular osteogenesis in atherosclerosis. Therefore, we hypothesized that Gal‐3 could mediate valve calcification in AS. Methods and Results Blood samples and aortic valves (AVs) from 77 patients undergoing AV replacement were analyzed. As controls, noncalcified human AVs were obtained at autopsy (n=11). Gal‐3 was spontaneously expressed in valvular interstitial cells (VICs) from AVs and increased in AS as compared to control AVs. Positive correlations were found between circulating and valvular Gal‐3 levels. Valvular Gal‐3 colocalized with the VICs markers, alpha‐smooth muscle actin and vimentin, and with the osteogenic markers, osteopontin, bone morphogenetic protein 2, runt‐related transcription factor 2, and SRY (sex‐determining region Y)‐box 9. Gal‐3 also colocalized with the inflammatory markers cd68, cd80 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In vitro, in VICs isolated from AVs, Gal‐3 induced expression of inflammatory, fibrotic, and osteogenic markers through the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 pathway. Gal‐3 expression was blocked in VICs undergoing osteoblastic differentiation using its pharmacological inhibitor, modified citrus pectin, or the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 knockout system. Gal‐3 blockade and knockdown decreased the expression of inflammatory, fibrotic, and osteogenic markers in differentiated VICs. Conclusions Gal‐3, which is overexpressed in AVs from AS patients, appears to play a central role in calcification in AS. Gal‐3 could be a new therapeutic approach to delay the progression of AV calcification in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rafael Sádaba
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ernesto Martínez-Martínez
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Arrieta
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Virginia Álvarez
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jaime Ibarrola
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Melero
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHRU de Nancy, Université de Lorraine French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) INI-CRCT, Nancy, France
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed (Miguel Servet Foundation), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain .,INSERM, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques-Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHRU de Nancy, Université de Lorraine French-Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) INI-CRCT, Nancy, France
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108
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Saccon F, Gatto M, Ghirardello A, Iaccarino L, Punzi L, Doria A. Role of galectin-3 in autoimmune and non-autoimmune nephropathies. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:34-47. [PMID: 27666815 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are evolutionary conserved β-galactoside binding proteins with a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of approximately 130 amino acids. In mammals, 15 members of the galectin family have been identified and classified into three subtypes according to CRD organization: prototype, tandem repeat-type and chimera-type galectins. Galectin-3 (gal-3) is the only chimera type galectin in vertebrates containing one CRD linked to an unusual long N-terminal domain which displays non-lectin dependent activities. Although recent studies revealed unique, pleiotropic and context-dependent functions of gal-3 in both extracellular and intracellular space, gal-3 specific pathways and its ligands have not been clearly defined yet. In the kidney gal-3 is involved in later stages of nephrogenesis as well as in renal cell cancer. However, gal-3 has recently been associated with lupus glomerulonephritis, with Familial Mediterranean Fever-induced proteinuria and renal amyloidosis. Gal-3 has been studied in experimental acute kidney damage and in the subsequent regeneration phase as well as in several models of chronic kidney disease, including nephropathies induced by aging, ischemia, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, unilateral ureteral obstruction and chronic allograft injury. Because of the pivotal role of gal-3 in the modulation of immune system, wound repair, fibrosis and tumorigenesis, it is not surprising that gal-3 can be an intriguing prognostic biomarker as well as a promising therapeutic target in a great variety of diseases, including chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure and cardio-renal syndrome. This review summarizes the functions of gal-3 in kidney pathophysiology focusing on the reported role of gal-3 in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Saccon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Mariele Gatto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Ghirardello
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Iaccarino
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Punzi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Italy.
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González GE, Rhaleb NE, D'Ambrosio MA, Nakagawa P, Liao TD, Peterson EL, Leung P, Dai X, Janic B, Liu YH, Yang XP, Carretero OA. Cardiac-deleterious role of galectin-3 in chronic angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1287-H1296. [PMID: 27496875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00096.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the β-galactoside lectin family, has an important role in immune regulation. In hypertensive rats and heart failure patients, Gal-3 is considered a marker for an unfavorable prognosis. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of Gal-3 action in hypertension-induced target organ damage are unknown. We hypothesized that, in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension, genetic deletion of Gal-3 prevents left ventricular (LV) adverse remodeling and LV dysfunction by reducing the innate immune responses and myocardial fibrosis. To induce hypertension, male C57BL/6J and Gal-3 knockout (KO) mice were infused with ANG II (3 μg·min-1·kg-1 sc) for 8 wk. We assessed: 1) systolic blood pressure by plethysmography, 2) LV function and remodeling by echocardiography, 3) myocardial fibrosis by histology, 4) cardiac CD68+ macrophage infiltration by histology, 5) ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression by Western blotting, 6) plasma cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 7) regulatory T (Treg) cells by flow cytometry as detected by their combined expression of CD4, CD25, and FOXP3. Systolic blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy increased similarly in both mouse strains when infused with ANG II. However, hypertensive C57BL/6J mice suffered impaired ejection and shortening fractions. In these mice, the extent of myocardial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration was greater in histological sections, and cardiac ICAM-1, as well as plasma IL-6, expression was higher as assessed by Western blotting. However, all these parameters were blunted in Gal-3 KO mice. Hypertensive Gal-3 KO mice also had a higher number of splenic Treg lymphocytes. In conclusion, in ANG II-induced hypertension, genetic deletion of Gal-3 prevented LV dysfunction without affecting blood pressure or LV hypertrophy. This study indicates that the ANG II effects are, in part, mediated or triggered by Gal-3 together with the related intercellular signaling (ICAM-1 and IL-6), leading to cardiac inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán E González
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.,Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Institute, Department of Pathology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - N-E Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Martin A D'Ambrosio
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tang-Dong Liao
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Edward L Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo Leung
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xiangguo Dai
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Branislava Janic
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yun-He Liu
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Oscar A Carretero
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan;
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Frunza O, Russo I, Shinde AV, Su Y, Frangogiannis NG. Authors' Reply. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2234-2235. [PMID: 27461365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This correspondence is a reply to Galectin-3, Cardiac Function, and Fibrosis by Wouter C. Meijers et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Frunza
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ilaria Russo
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Arti V Shinde
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ya Su
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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111
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Meijers WC, López-Andrés N, de Boer RA. Galectin-3, Cardiac Function, and Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2232-2234. [PMID: 27461364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This Correspondence relates to the article by Frunza et al (Myocardial Galectin-3 Expression Is Associated with Remodeling of the Pressure-Overloaded Heart and May Delay the Hypertrophic Response without Affecting Survival, Dysfunction, and Cardiac Fibrosis. Am J Pathol 2016, 186:1114-1127).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Meijers
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Sanataria de Navarra Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
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112
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Chang YY, Wu YW, Lee JK, Lin YM, Lin YT, Kao HL, Hung CS, Lin HJ, Lin YH. Effects of 12 weeks of atorvastatin therapy on myocardial fibrosis and circulating fibrosis biomarkers in statin-naïve patients with hypertension with atherosclerosis. J Investig Med 2016; 64:1194-9. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 12 weeks of atorvastatin treatment on myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertension with atherosclerosis. 15 statin-naïve participants (11 males; mean age 67±10 years) with atherosclerosis were given atorvastatin (40 mg/day) for 12 weeks and underwent echocardiography including ultrasonic tissue characterization by cyclic variation of integrated backscatter (CVIBS). Serum galectin-3 and fibrosis markers including aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP), matrix metalloproteinase-2, metalloproteinase-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were also analyzed. After 12 weeks of atorvastatin (40 mg/day) treatment, serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly (204±31 to 140±24 mg/dL and 133±26 to 69±17 ng/mL, respectively, both p<0.001). In myocardial fibrosis analysis, CVIBS increased significantly (6.6±1.9 to 8.5±2.7 dB, p=0.024). In addition, the circulating fibrosis markers serum PIIINP and TIMP-1 decreased significantly (9.5±2.7 to 6.4±1.4 ng/mL, p=0.012 and 299±65 to 250±45 ng/mL, p=0.024, respectively). 12 weeks of medium dose atorvastatin treatment resulted in a significant reduction in myocardial fibrosis as evaluated by morphofunctional parameters and plasma markers of tissue fibrosis.Trial registration numberNTC00172419; results.
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113
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lother
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, (A.L., L.H.), Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, (A.L.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (L.H.), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- From the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, (A.L., L.H.), Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, (A.L.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (L.H.), University of Freiburg, Germany
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114
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Liao CW, Lin YT, Wu XM, Chang YY, Hung CS, Wu VC, Wu KD, Lin YH. The relation among aldosterone, galectin-3, and myocardial fibrosis: a prospective clinical pilot follow-up study. J Investig Med 2016; 64:1109-13. [PMID: 27190071 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2015-000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary aldosteronism has been associated with myocardial fibrosis, and is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. We previously showed that aldosterone can induce the secretion of galectin-3. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between myocardial fibrosis and plasma galectin-3 level in patients with primary aldosteronism. We prospectively analyzed 11 patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) who received adrenalectomy from December 2006 to October 2008, and 17 patients with essential hypertension as controls. Levels of plasma galectin-3 were determined in both groups, and both groups underwent echocardiography with cyclic variations of integrated backscatter (CVIBS) to characterize tissue initially and 1 year after surgery in the APA group. Diastolic blood pressure, concentration of plasma aldosterone and aldosterone-renin ratio were significantly higher, and serum potassium level and plasma renin activity significantly lower in the APA group compared to the controls. In addition, left ventricular mass index was significantly higher and CVIBS significantly lower in the APA group (7.3±2.0 vs 9.2±1.7 dB, p=0.015). Furthermore, the concentration of plasma galectin-3 was significantly higher in the APA group (2.1±0.9 vs 1.1±0.6 ng/mL, p=0.005) compared to the controls. CVIBS was correlated to plasma galectin-3 level. In the APA group, CVIBS increased significantly (7.3±2.0 to 9.2±2.4 dB, p=0.032) and plasma galectin-3 decreased (2.1±0.9 to 1.2±0.6, p=0.049) 1 year postadrenalectomy. The patients with APA had increased myocardial fibrosis, and this was associated with a higher plasma galectin-3 level. Both increased myocardial fibrosis and plasma galectin-3 level recovered at least partially after adrenalectomy. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER 200611031R; Results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Wei Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Xue-Ming Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yao Chang
- Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Medical Center, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwan-Dun Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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115
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Emdin M, Mirizzi G, Pastormerlo LE, Poletti R, Giannelli E, Prontera C, Passino C, Vergaro G. The search for efficient diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of heart failure. Future Cardiol 2016; 12:327-37. [PMID: 27092725 DOI: 10.2217/fca.16.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several biomarkers have been tested for screening, diagnosis and prognosis purposes, as well as to guide treatment in heart failure, but only the assay of circulating B-type natriuretic peptides has widely recognized applications for clinical decision-making. Natriuretic peptides are sensitive in detecting the clinically overt or subclinical myocardial damage, but their plasma levels are increased following every generic insult to the cardiovascular system. Novel biomarkers are required to identify specific pathways of disease progression, such as diverse neurohormonal axes activation, inflammation and fibrogenesis, and to act as a tool for therapeutic tailoring. In this view, Gal-3 and ST-2 assays seem very promising, given their involvement in mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and their prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Emdin
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Health Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Mirizzi
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi E Pastormerlo
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Health Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Poletti
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Giannelli
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Concetta Prontera
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Health Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Health Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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116
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Horn MA, Trafford AW. Aging and the cardiac collagen matrix: Novel mediators of fibrotic remodelling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:175-85. [PMID: 26578393 PMCID: PMC4945757 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and there is a pressing need for new therapeutic strategies to treat such conditions. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease increases dramatically with age, yet the majority of experimental research is executed using young animals. The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), consisting predominantly of fibrillar collagen, preserves myocardial integrity, provides a means of force transmission and supports myocyte geometry. Disruptions to the finely balanced control of collagen synthesis, post-synthetic deposition, post-translational modification and degradation may have detrimental effects on myocardial functionality. It is now well established that the aged heart is characterized by fibrotic remodelling, but the mechanisms responsible for this are incompletely understood. Furthermore, studies using aged animal models suggest that interstitial remodelling with disease may be age-dependent. Thus with the identification of new therapeutic strategies targeting fibrotic remodelling, it may be necessary to consider age-dependent mechanisms. In this review, we discuss remodelling of the cardiac collagen matrix as a function of age, whilst highlighting potential novel mediators of age-dependent fibrotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux A Horn
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 3.06 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew W Trafford
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 3.06 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
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117
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Frunza O, Russo I, Saxena A, Shinde AV, Humeres C, Hanif W, Rai V, Su Y, Frangogiannis NG. Myocardial Galectin-3 Expression Is Associated with Remodeling of the Pressure-Overloaded Heart and May Delay the Hypertrophic Response without Affecting Survival, Dysfunction, and Cardiac Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1114-27. [PMID: 26948424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The β-galactoside-binding animal lectin galectin-3 is predominantly expressed by activated macrophages and is a promising biomarker for patients with heart failure. Galectin-3 regulates inflammatory and fibrotic responses; however, its role in cardiac remodeling remains unclear. We hypothesized that galectin-3 may be up-regulated in the pressure-overloaded myocardium and regulate hypertrophy and fibrosis. In normal mouse myocardium, galectin-3 was constitutively expressed in macrophages and was localized in atrial but not ventricular cardiomyocytes. In a mouse model of transverse aortic constriction, galectin-3 expression was markedly up-regulated in the pressure-overloaded myocardium. Early up-regulation of galectin-3 was localized in subpopulations of macrophages and myofibroblasts; however, after 7 to 28 days of transverse aortic constriction, a subset of cardiomyocytes in fibrotic areas contained large amounts of galectin-3. In vitro, cytokine stimulation suppressed galectin-3 synthesis by macrophages and cardiac fibroblasts. Correlation studies revealed that cardiomyocyte- but not macrophage-specific galectin-3 localization was associated with adverse remodeling and dysfunction. Galectin-3 knockout mice exhibited accelerated cardiac hypertrophy after 7 days of pressure overload, whereas female galectin-3 knockouts had delayed dilation after 28 days of transverse aortic constriction. However, galectin-3 loss did not affect survival, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, cardiac fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the pressure-overloaded heart. Despite its potential role as a prognostic biomarker, galectin-3 is not a critical modulator of cardiac fibrosis but may delay the hypertrophic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Frunza
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Amit Saxena
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Arti V Shinde
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Claudio Humeres
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Waqas Hanif
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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118
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Harvey A, Montezano AC, Lopes RA, Rios F, Touyz RM. Vascular Fibrosis in Aging and Hypertension: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:659-68. [PMID: 27118293 PMCID: PMC4906153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the primary risk factor underlying hypertension and incident cardiovascular disease. With aging, the vasculature undergoes structural and functional changes characterized by endothelial dysfunction, wall thickening, reduced distensibility, and arterial stiffening. Vascular stiffness results from fibrosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, processes that are associated with aging and are amplified by hypertension. Some recently characterized molecular mechanisms underlying these processes include increased expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases, activation of transforming growth factor-β1/SMAD signalling, upregulation of galectin-3, and activation of proinflammatory and profibrotic signalling pathways. These events can be induced by vasoactive agents, such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and aldosterone, which are increased in the vasculature during aging and hypertension. Complex interplay between the “aging process” and prohypertensive factors results in accelerated vascular remodelling and fibrosis and increased arterial stiffness, which is typically observed in hypertension. Because the vascular phenotype in a young hypertensive individual resembles that of an elderly otherwise healthy individual, the notion of “early” or “premature” vascular aging is now often used to describe hypertension-associated vascular disease. We review the vascular phenotype in aging and hypertension, focusing on arterial stiffness and vascular remodelling. We also highlight the clinical implications of these processes and discuss some novel molecular mechanisms of fibrosis and ECM reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rheure Alves Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
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119
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Xu Y, Li C, Sun J, Li J, Gu X, Xu W. Antitumor effects of galectin-3 inhibition in human renal carcinoma cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1365-73. [PMID: 26846978 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216630839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are thought to be prognosticators for survival in renal cell cancer. However, the biological activity of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in renal carcinoma cells is still debated. In this study, immunohistochemical staining confirmed a high expression of Gal-3 in tumor tissue from renal cell carcinoma. Critically, Gal-3 expression was related to tumor cell differentiation. Consistent with Gal-3 expression in renal cell cancer, strong expression of Gal-3 was also observed in several renal tumor cell lines but not in normal renal cells. A Gal-3 high-expression cell line Caki-1 was chosen to study the biological activity of Gal-3. Using short hairpin RNA method, Gal-3 expression in Caki-1 cells was knocked down. We evidenced that Gal-3 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, induced Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and arrested cell cycle at G1 phase. Mechanically, Cyclin D1 expression decreased, but p27 increased after Gal-3 knockdown. Taken together, these results suggest that Gal-3 is related to the development of renal cell cancer and could serve as a target to therapy renal cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xu
- Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Changfu Li
- Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jiahang Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Jingshu Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Cancer Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Wanhai Xu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
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120
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Rienks M, Papageorgiou AP. Novel regulators of cardiac inflammation: Matricellular proteins expand their repertoire. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 91:172-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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