101
|
Zheng Z, Liu S, Wang C, Han X. A Functional Polymorphism rs145204276 in the Promoter of Long Noncoding RNA GAS5 Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3535-3541. [PMID: 30197169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in the regulation of pathological process of ischemic stroke (IS) via affecting cell apoptosis, inflammation, cell death, and angiogenesis. LncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) was observed to be up-regulated in IS, acting as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-137 to mediate the Notch1 signaling pathway. In this study, we aimed to whether an insertion/deletion polymorphism (rs145204276) in the promoter of GAS5 was related to the risk of IS. The rs145204276 was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 509 patients with IS and 668 healthy controls with frequencies matched to cases regarding age, gender, living area, and ethnicity. The GAS5 expression levels were determined using qPCR and relative luciferase activity was measured using the Dual Luciferase assay system. The presence of del/del genotype and del allele was associated with an increased risk of IS [del/del versus ins/ins: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37-3.11; recessive model: adjusted OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.41-3.04; del versus ins: adjusted OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.08-1.57]. Results from logistic regression analysis identified risk factors for IS, including hypertension, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and rs145204276 del/del genotype. Furthermore, patients carrying rs145204276 del/del genotype had significantly higher levels of GAS5 and cells transfected with rs145204276 del allele exhibited a larger increase in luciferase activity. These findings indicate that rs145204276 del allele exhibited a significant association with an increased IS susceptibility by elevating the transcriptional activity and subsequently enhancing the expression of lncRNA GAS5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshi Zheng
- No. 1 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Songyan Liu
- No. 1 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xuemei Han
- No. 1 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Differential long noncoding RNA expressions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for detection of acute ischemic stroke. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1597-1614. [PMID: 29997237 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been highlighted to be involved in the pathological process of ischemic stroke (IS). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression profile of lncRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of acute IS patients and to explore their utility as biomarkers of IS. Distinctive expression patterns of PBMC lncRNAs were identified by an lncRNA microarray and individual quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in four independent sets for 206 IS, 179 healthy controls (HCs), and 55 patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA). A biomarker panel (lncRNA-based combination index) was established using logistic regression. LncRNA microarray analysis showed 70 up-regulated and 128 down-regulated lncRNAs in IS patients. Individual qRT-PCR validation demonstrated that three lncRNAs (linc-DHFRL1-4, SNHG15, and linc-FAM98A-3) were significantly up-regulated in IS patients compared with HCs and TIA patients. Longitudinal analysis of lncRNA expression up to 90 days after IS showed that linc-FAM98A-3 normalized to control levels by day 7, while SNHG15 remained increased, indicating the ability of lncRNAs to monitor IS dynamics. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the lncRNA-based combination index outperformed serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurone-specific enolase (NSE) in distinguishing IS patients from TIA patients and HCs with areas under ROC curve of more than 0.84. Furthermore, the combination index increased significantly after treatment and was correlated with neurological deficit severity of IS. The panel of these altered lncRNAs was associated with acute IS and could serve as a novel diagnostic method.
Collapse
|
103
|
Yang J, Gu L, Guo X, Huang J, Chen Z, Huang G, Kang Y, Zhang X, Long J, Su L. LncRNA ANRIL Expression and ANRIL Gene Polymorphisms Contribute to the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in the Chinese Han Population. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1253-1269. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
104
|
He W, Wei D, Cai D, Chen S, Li S, Chen W. Altered Long Non-Coding RNA Transcriptomic Profiles in Ischemic Stroke. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:719-732. [PMID: 29284304 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study described the important regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in ischemic stroke. However, the functional significance of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) in ischemic stroke was largely unknown. This study aimed to identify lncRNA profiling and elucidate the regulatory mechanisms in the pathophysiology of stroke. RNA sequencing was performed on the blood of three ischemic stroke patients and three normal controls. Differential expression analysis was used to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs). After further correlation and co-expression analysis, the corresponding co-expression networks and miRN-lncRNA-mRNA interaction network were then constructed. The expression of DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs was verified in Gene Expression Omnibus. RNA sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis produced a total of 61 DElncRNAs (14 upregulated and 47 downregulated) and 673 DEmRNAs (432 upregulated and 241 downregulated). LOC105372881 and LOC101929707 were the most highly increased and decreased lncRNAs in ischemic stroke. LncRNA-mRNA co-expression networks were constructed according to 3,008 positively co-expressed and 607 negatively co-expressed lncRNA-mRNA pairs. The DElncRNAs may play roles in the pathways of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, adherens junction, lysosome, and hematopoietic cell lineage by regulating their co-expressed mRNAs. Combined with previous data, a miRNA-lncRNA-mRNA interaction network for ischemic stroke was constructed. Based on GSE22255, the expression of six DElncRNAs (CEBPA-AS1, LINC00884, HCG27, MATN1-AS1, HCG26, and LINC01184) and 11 DEmRNAs (TREML4, AHSP, PI3, TESC, ANXA3, OAS1, OAS2, IFI6, ISG15, IFI44L, and LY6E) was similar to the current sequencing data. This study is the first to identify blood lncRNAs in human ischemic stroke using RNA sequencing. The findings may be the foundation for understanding the potential role of lncRNAs in ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen He
- 1 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Duncan Wei
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - De Cai
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Siqia Chen
- 1 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Shunxian Li
- 1 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- 1 Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Kaur H, Sarmah D, Saraf J, Vats K, Kalia K, Borah A, Yavagal DR, Dave KR, Ghosh Z, Bhattacharya P. Noncoding RNAs in ischemic stroke: time to translate. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1421:19-36. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Jackson Saraf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Kanchan Vats
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory; Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics; Assam University; Silchar Assam India
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Department of Bioinformatics; Bose Institute; Kolkata India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar Gujarat India
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Ren W, Yang X. Pathophysiology of Long Non-coding RNAs in Ischemic Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:96. [PMID: 29651234 PMCID: PMC5884949 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a neurological disease with high disability and fatality rates, and ischemic stroke accounts for 75% of all stroke cases. The underlying pathophysiologic processes of ischemic stroke include oxidative stress, toxicity of excitatory amino acids, excess calcium ions, increased apoptosis and inflammation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may participate in the regulation of the pathophysiologic processes of ischemic stroke as indicated by altered expression of lncRNAs in blood samples of acute ischemic stroke patients, animal models of focal cerebral ischemia and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) cell models. Because of the potentially important role, lncRNAs might be useful as biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ischemic stroke. This article reviews the functions of lncRNAs in different pathophysiology events of ischemic stroke with a focus on specific lncRNAs that may underlie ischemic stroke pathophysiology and that could therefore serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Ren
- Center Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
O'Connell GC, Treadway MB, Tennant CS, Lucke-Wold N, Chantler PD, Barr TL. Shifts in Leukocyte Counts Drive the Differential Expression of Transcriptional Stroke Biomarkers in Whole Blood. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:26-35. [PMID: 29550910 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our group recently identified a panel of ten genes whose RNA expression levels in whole blood have utility for detection of stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which these genes become differentially expressed during stroke pathology. First, we assessed the transcriptional distribution of the ten genes across the peripheral immune system by measuring their expression levels on isolated neutrophils, monocytes, B-lymphocytes, CD-4+ T-lymphocytes, CD-8+ T-lymphocytes, and NK-cells generated from the blood of healthy donors (n = 3). Then, we examined the relationship between the whole-blood expression levels of the ten genes and white blood cell counts in a cohort of acute ischemic stroke patients (n = 36) and acute stroke mimics (n = 15) recruited at emergency department admission. All ten genes displayed strong patterns of lineage-specific expression in our analysis of isolated leukocytes, and their whole-blood expression levels were correlated with white blood cell differential across the total patient population, suggesting that many of them are likely differentially expressed in whole blood during stroke as an artifact of stroke-induced shifts in leukocyte counts. Specifically, factor analysis inferred that over 50% of the collective variance in their whole-blood expression levels across the patient population was driven by underlying variance in white blood cell counts alone. However, the cumulative expression levels of the ten genes displayed a superior ability to discriminate between stroke patients and stroke mimics relative to white blood cell differential, suggesting that additional less prominent factors influence their expression levels which add to their diagnostic utility. These findings not only provide insight regarding this particular panel of ten genes, but also into the results of prior stroke transcriptomics studies performed in whole blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant C O'Connell
- School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4904, USA.
| | - Madison B Treadway
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Connie S Tennant
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Noelle Lucke-Wold
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul D Chantler
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Bao MH, Szeto V, Yang BB, Zhu SZ, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Long non-coding RNAs in ischemic stroke. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:281. [PMID: 29449542 PMCID: PMC5833768 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Uncovering the cellular and molecular pathophysiological processes in stroke have been a top priority. Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs play critical roles in different kinds of diseases. In recent years, a bulk of aberrantly expressed lncRNAs have been screened out in ischemic stroke patients or ischemia insulted animals using new technologies such as RNA-seq, deep sequencing, and microarrays. Nine specific lncRNAs, antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL), metastasis-associate lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), N1LR, maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3), H19, CaMK2D-associated transcript 1 (C2dat1), Fos downstream transcript (FosDT), small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14), and taurine-upregulated gene 1 (TUG1), were found increased in cerebral ischemic animals and/or oxygen-glucose deprived (OGD) cells. These lncRNAs were suggested to promote cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cell death. Our Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis predicted that MEG3, H19, and MALAT1 might also be related to functions such as neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation through mechanisms of gene regulation (DNA transcription, RNA folding, methylation, and gene imprinting). This knowledge may provide a better understanding of the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in ischemic stroke. Further elucidating the functions and mechanisms of these lncRNAs in biological systems under normal and pathological conditions may lead to opportunities for identifying biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Bao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, China
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vivian Szeto
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Burton B Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shu-Zhen Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Bhattarai S, Pontarelli F, Prendergast E, Dharap A. Discovery of novel stroke-responsive lncRNAs in the mouse cortex using genome-wide RNA-seq. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:204-212. [PMID: 28855129 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play major roles in regulating gene expression in mammals, but are poorly understood in ischemic stroke. Using a mouse model of transient focal ischemia, we applied RNA-seq to evaluate for the first time the unbiased, genome-wide expression of lncRNAs as a function of reperfusion time in the cerebral cortex. Focal ischemia was induced in adult male C57BL/6 mice followed by reperfusion for 6, 12 or 24h. Total RNA from ipsilateral cortices was used for Illumina sequencing and reads were mapped to the mouse reference genome (GRCm38). Annotated and novel transcript isoforms were identified and differential expression between the groups was estimated. We observed that the baseline expression of lncRNAs in the healthy cortex was low, but many were highly altered after stroke. Very few of these altered lncRNAs were previously annotated. A total of 259 lncRNA isoforms at 6h, 378 isoforms at 12h, and 217 isoforms at 24h of reperfusion were differentially expressed versus sham controls. Of these, 213, 322 and 171 isoforms at 6, 12 and 24h of reperfusion, respectively, were novel lncRNAs. Reperfusion time-point-specific analyses revealed that the lncRNAs reached peak expression levels at 6h of reperfusion. Positional analysis of ischemia-responsive lncRNAs with respect to ischemia-responsive protein-coding genes identified potential gene-regulatory relationships. Overall, this work shows that transient focal ischemia induces widespread changes in the expression of lncRNAs in the mouse cortex with distinct reperfusion time-point-dependent expression characteristics that may underlie progression of the ischemic pathophysiology. The detection of hundreds of novel ischemia-responsive lncRNAs marks the discovery of new disease-related genomic regions in the adult cortex and may help identify novel opportunities for therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bhattarai
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, United States
| | - Fabrizio Pontarelli
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, United States
| | - Emily Prendergast
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex County College, Edison, NJ 08837, United States
| | - Ashutosh Dharap
- Laboratory for Stroke Research and Noncoding RNA Biology, Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, 65 James St, Edison, NJ 08820, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Mehta SL, Pandi G, Vemuganti R. Circular RNA Expression Profiles Alter Significantly in Mouse Brain After Transient Focal Ischemia. Stroke 2017; 48:2541-2548. [PMID: 28701578 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of noncoding RNAs formed from many protein-coding genes by backsplicing. Although their physiological functions are not yet completely defined, they are thought to control transcription, translation, and microRNA levels. We investigated whether stroke changes the circRNAs expression profile in the mouse brain. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, and circRNA expression profile was evaluated in the penumbral cortex at 6, 12, and 24 hours of reperfusion using circRNA microarrays and real-time PCR. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify microRNA binding sites, transcription factor binding, and gene ontology of circRNAs altered after ischemia. RESULTS One thousand three-hundred twenty circRNAs were expressed at detectable levels mostly from exonic (1064) regions of the genes in the cerebral cortex of sham animals. Of those, 283 were altered (>2-fold) at least at one of the reperfusion time points, whereas 16 were altered at all 3 time points of reperfusion after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion compared with sham. Postischemic changes in circRNAs identified by microarray analysis were confirmed by real-time PCR. Bioinformatics showed that these 16 circRNAs contain binding sites for many microRNAs. Promoter analysis showed that the circRNAs altered after stroke might be controlled by a set of transcription factors. The major biological and molecular functions controlled by circRNAs altered after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion are biological regulation, metabolic process, cell communication, and binding to proteins, ions, and nucleic acids. CONCLUSIONS This is a first study that shows that stroke alters the expression of circRNAs with possible functional implication to poststroke pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh L Mehta
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison (S.L.M., G.P., R.V.); William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, WI (R.V.); and School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu, India (G.P.)
| | - Gopal Pandi
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison (S.L.M., G.P., R.V.); William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, WI (R.V.); and School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu, India (G.P.)
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison (S.L.M., G.P., R.V.); William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, WI (R.V.); and School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Tamil Nadu, India (G.P.).
| |
Collapse
|