101
|
TAKEDA A, SASAKI N, MIYASAKA M. The molecular cues regulating immune cell trafficking. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:183-195. [PMID: 28413196 PMCID: PMC5489428 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte recirculation between the blood and the lymphoid/non-lymphoid tissues is an essential homeostatic mechanism that regulates humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo. This system promotes the encounter of naïve T and B cells with their specific cognate antigen presented by dendritic cells, and with the regulatory cells with which they need to interact to initiate, maintain, and terminate immune responses. The constitutive lymphocyte trafficking is mediated by particular types of blood vessels, including the high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, and the flat-walled venules in non-lymphoid tissues including the skin. The lymphocyte migration across HEVs involves tethering/rolling, arrest/firm adhesion/intraluminal crawling, and transendothelial migration. On the other hand, relatively little is known about how lymphocytes and other types of cells migrate across the venules of non-lymphoid tissues. Here we summarize recent findings about the molecular mechanisms that govern immune cell trafficking, including the roles of chemokines and lysophospholipids in regulating immune cell motility and endothelial permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira TAKEDA
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Naoko SASAKI
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masayuki MIYASAKA
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Xue-Mei L, Jie C, Xuan D, Xiao-Xing L, Chun-Lin H, Yu-Jie L. Changes in CD4 +CD25 + Tregs in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:918-925. [PMID: 28114815 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216689826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to observe the pathological characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic walls of ApoE-/- and C57BL/6J mice and the changes of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in atherosclerotic mice. Twenty ApoE-/- mice were split into high-fat diet (AH) and normal diet (AN) groups and 10 C57BL/6J male mice were designated as the control group (BN). The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; paraffin sections of the aorta were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, and morphometric parameters were measured using the Image Pro Plus 6.0 system. Verhoeff stain was used to observe the distribution of elastic fibers, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to verify the phenotype of the forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3+) CD25+ cells in the atherosclerotic tissue. The proportion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the spleen was calculated by flow cytometry. The thickness of the intima, the intima/media ratio, the plaque area, and the plaque/lumen ratio of mice in AN group were significantly larger than those of mice in BN group. The thickness of the intima, the plaque area, and the plaque/lumen ratio of the mice in AH group were significantly increased compared with those of the AN group mice. The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and the percentage of splenic CD4+CD25+ Tregs in AN group mice were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and the percentage of splenic CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the mice in AH group were significantly decreased compared with those in AN group. The proportions of Foxp3+ and CD25+ cells within the total lymphocyte population were significantly decreased in AH group mice compared with those in AN group mice. Atherosclerosis in an experimental mouse model was correlated with Treg depletion in the lymphoid tissues and plaques, indicating the important antiatherosclerotic role of CD4+CD25+ Tregs. Impact statement In this article, we conclude that Tregs decreased with atherosclerosis (AS) as determined in ApoE knockout mice fed a high fat diet. It is an important matter for understanding the AS pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue-Mei
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chen Jie
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dai Xuan
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Liao Xiao-Xing
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hu Chun-Lin
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li Yu-Jie
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Hunter MC, Teijeira A, Halin C. T Cell Trafficking through Lymphatic Vessels. Front Immunol 2016; 7:613. [PMID: 28066423 PMCID: PMC5174098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell migration within and between peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs is essential for proper functioning of adaptive immunity. While active T cell migration within a tissue is fairly slow, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels (LVs) serve as speedy highways that enable T cells to travel rapidly over long distances. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of T cell migration out of blood vessels have been intensively studied over the past 30 years. By contrast, less is known about T cell trafficking through the lymphatic vasculature. This migratory process occurs in one manner within lymph nodes (LNs), where recirculating T cells continuously exit into efferent lymphatics to return to the blood circulation. In another manner, T cell trafficking through lymphatics also occurs in peripheral tissues, where T cells exit the tissue by means of afferent lymphatics, to migrate to draining LNs and back into blood. In this review, we highlight how the anatomy of the lymphatic vasculature supports T cell trafficking and review current knowledge regarding the molecular and cellular requirements of T cell migration through LVs. Finally, we summarize and discuss recent insights regarding the presumed relevance of T cell trafficking through afferent lymphatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Hunter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Department, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Bae MJ, Lim S, Lee DS, Ko KR, Lee W, Kim S. Water soluble extracts from Actinidia arguta, PG102, attenuates house dust mite-induced murine atopic dermatitis by inhibiting the mTOR pathway with Treg generation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 193:96-106. [PMID: 27496579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Actinidia arguta is widespread in northeastern Asia, being found in Siberia, Korea, Japan, and northern China. These fruits have been documented to regulate the uncontrolled heat of body resulting in various allergic diseases in the Korean traditional medicine. PG102, a water-soluble extract from an edible fruit, A. arguta, has been previously shown to control various factors involved in allergic pathogenesis. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated whether PG102 prevents chronic allergic reactions via the generation of Tregs, which play a preventive role in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS In dust mite extract-induced chronic atopic dermatitis, orally administered PG102 inhibited symptoms of dermatitis, including ear swelling and erythema, and decreased lymphocyte infiltration into the inflamed region. Moreover, PG102 reduced inflammatory T cell responses and increased the expression levels of Foxp3 and other Treg-related genes. PG102 treatment enhanced the induction of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs from naive CD4+CD62L+ T cells, probably via the inhibition of mTOR activation and the phosphorylation of STAT5 rather than using the TGF-β signaling pathway. CONCLUSION PG102 may have potential as an orally active immunosuppressor for preventing chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Bae
- Institutes of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonung Lim
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyoung Ryang Ko
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonwoo Lee
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- Institutes of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; ViroMed Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Ikebuchi R, Teraguchi S, Vandenbon A, Honda T, Shand FHW, Nakanishi Y, Watanabe T, Tomura M. A rare subset of skin-tropic regulatory T cells expressing Il10/Gzmb inhibits the cutaneous immune response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35002. [PMID: 27756896 PMCID: PMC5069467 DOI: 10.1038/srep35002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) migrating from the skin to the draining lymph node (dLN) have a strong immunosuppressive effect on the cutaneous immune response. However, the subpopulations responsible for their inhibitory function remain unclear. We investigated single-cell gene expression heterogeneity in Tregs from the dLN of inflamed skin in a contact hypersensitivity model. The immunosuppressive genes Ctla4 and Tgfb1 were expressed in the majority of Tregs. Although Il10-expressing Tregs were rare, unexpectedly, the majority of Il10-expressing Tregs co-expressed Gzmb and displayed Th1-skewing. Single-cell profiling revealed that CD43+ CCR5+ Tregs represented the main subset within the Il10/Gzmb-expressing cell population in the dLN. Moreover, CD43+ CCR5+ CXCR3− Tregs expressed skin-tropic chemokine receptors, were preferentially retained in inflamed skin and downregulated the cutaneous immune response. The identification of a rare Treg subset co-expressing multiple immunosuppressive molecules and having tissue-remaining capacity offers a novel strategy for the control of skin inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Teraguchi
- Quantitative Immunology Research Unit, IFReC, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Alexis Vandenbon
- Immuno-Genomics Research Unit, IFReC, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Francis H W Shand
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nakanishi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8480, Japan
| | - Michio Tomura
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Okada T, Takahashi S, Ishida A, Ishigame H. In vivo multiphoton imaging of immune cell dynamics. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1793-1801. [PMID: 27659161 PMCID: PMC5138265 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiphoton imaging has been utilized to analyze in vivo immune cell dynamics over the last 15 years. Particularly, it has deepened the understanding of how immune responses are organized by immune cell migration and interactions. In this review, we first describe the following technical advances in recent imaging studies that contributed to the new findings on the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. Improved multicolor imaging of immune cell behavior has revealed that their interactions are spatiotemporally coordinated to achieve efficient and long-term immunity. The use of photoactivatable and photoconvertible fluorescent proteins has increased duration and volume of cell tracking, even enabling the analysis of inter-organ migration of immune cells. In addition, visualization of immune cell activation using biosensors for intracellular calcium concentration and signaling molecule activities has started to give further mechanistic insights. Then, we also introduce recent imaging analyses of interactions between immune cells and non-immune cells including endothelial, fibroblastic, epithelial, and nerve cells. It is argued that future imaging studies that apply updated technical advances to analyze interactions between immune cells and non-immune cells will be important for thorough physiological understanding of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Sonoko Takahashi
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishida
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Dasoveanu DC, Shipman WD, Chia JJ, Chyou S, Lu TT. Regulation of Lymph Node Vascular-Stromal Compartment by Dendritic Cells. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:764-777. [PMID: 27638128 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During normal and pathologic immune responses, lymph nodes can swell considerably. The lymph node vascular-stromal compartment supports and regulates the developing immune responses and undergoes dynamic expansion and remodeling. Recent studies have shown that dendritic cells (DCs), best known for their antigen presentation roles, can directly regulate the vascular-stromal compartment, pointing to a new perspective on DCs as facilitators of lymphoid tissue function. Here, we review the phases of lymph node vascular-stromal growth and remodeling during immune responses, discuss the roles of DCs, and discuss how this understanding can potentially be used for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragos C Dasoveanu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William D Shipman
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer J Chia
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan Chyou
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Nemet I, Ropelewski P, Imanishi Y. Applications of phototransformable fluorescent proteins for tracking the dynamics of cellular components. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1787-806. [PMID: 26345171 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, fluorescent proteins have revolutionized the field of cell biology. Phototransformable fluorescent proteins are capable of changing their excitation and emission spectra after being exposed to specific wavelength(s) of light. The majority of phototransformable fluorescent proteins have originated from marine organisms. Genetic engineering of these proteins has made available many choices for different colors, modes of conversion, and other biophysical properties. Their phototransformative property has allowed the highlighting and tracking of subpopulations of cells, organelles, and proteins in living systems. Furthermore, phototransformable fluorescent proteins have offered new methods for superresolution fluorescence microscopy and optogenetics manipulation of proteins. One of the major advantages of phototransformable fluorescent proteins is their applicability for visualizing newly synthesized proteins that are en route to their final destinations. In this paper, we will discuss the biological applications of phototransformable fluorescent proteins with special emphasis on the application of tracking membrane proteins in vertebrate photoreceptor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Nemet
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
110
|
Development of in vivo imaging. Allergol Int 2016; 65:223-4. [PMID: 27392609 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
111
|
Honda T, Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Novel insights into cutaneous immune systems revealed by in vivo imaging. Allergol Int 2016; 65:228-34. [PMID: 27021658 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging is a novel experimental approach for biological research. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM), a type of fluorescence microscopy, is a new tool for in vivo imaging analysis. MPM allows observation of both tissue structures and cell behaviors or cell-cell interactions in living animals in real time. Skin is an ideal tissue for MPM analysis as it is directly accessible to the microscope. In the skin, immune cells cooperate to maintain skin homeostasis or to exert immune responses against foreign antigens. In vivo imaging by MPM analysis provides precise information on cell dynamics in the skin, and has significantly expanded our knowledge of the cutaneous immune system. In this review, we will discuss recent insights related to the mechanisms of allergic skin inflammation that have been revealed by MPM analysis.
Collapse
|
112
|
Treg engage lymphotoxin beta receptor for afferent lymphatic transendothelial migration. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12021. [PMID: 27323847 PMCID: PMC4919545 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to suppress unwanted immunity or inflammation. After islet allo-transplant Tregs must migrate from blood to allograft, then via afferent lymphatics to draining LN to protect allografts. Here we show that Tregs but not non-Treg T cells use lymphotoxin (LT) during migration from allograft to draining LN, and that LT deficiency or blockade prevents normal migration and allograft protection. Treg LTαβ rapidly modulates cytoskeletal and membrane structure of lymphatic endothelial cells; dependent on VCAM-1 and non-canonical NFκB signalling via LTβR. These results demonstrate a form of T-cell migration used only by Treg in tissues that serves an important role in their suppressive function and is a unique therapeutic focus for modulating suppression.
Collapse
|
113
|
Jain R, Tikoo S, Weninger W. Recent advances in microscopic techniques for visualizing leukocytes in vivo. F1000Res 2016; 5:F1000 Faculty Rev-915. [PMID: 27239292 PMCID: PMC4874443 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8127.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are inherently motile and interactive cells. Recent advances in intravital microscopy approaches have enabled a new vista of their behavior within intact tissues in real time. This brief review summarizes the developments enabling the tracking of immune responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shweta Tikoo
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Tamaka K, Seike M, Hagiwara T, Sato A, Ohtsu H. Histamine suppresses regulatory T cells mediated by TGF-β in murine chronic allergic contact dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:280-4. [PMID: 25651189 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress effector T cells and ameliorate contact hypersensitivity (CH); however, the role of Tregs in chronic allergic contact dermatitis (CACD) has not been assessed. Repeated elicitation of CH has been used to produce CACD models in mice. We previously showed that the presence of histamine facilitates the creation of eczematous lesions in this model using histidine decarboxylase (HDC) (-/-) mice. Therefore, the effects of histamine on Tregs in the CACD model were investigated in this study. CACD was developed by repeated epicutaneous application of 2, 4, 6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) on HDC (+/+) and HDC (-/-) murine skin to assess the effects of histamine in CACD. Histamine aggravated CACD in the murine model and suppressed the number of Tregs in the skin. Histamine also suppressed the level of TGF-β1 in this model. Recombinant TGF-β1 or anti-TGF-β1 antibody was injected into the dorsal dermis of HDC (+/+) mice daily just before TNCB challenge to determine the effects of histamine-regulated TGF-β on the Treg population in CACD. Recombinant TGF-β1 injection promoted the infiltration of Tregs in the skin and the production of IL-10; however, anti-TGF-β1 antibody injection suppressed the number of Tregs in the skin and the production of IL-10. Histamine suppresses the number of Tregs in CACD, and this effect is mediated by TGF-β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Tamaka
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Sagami Women's Junior College, Bunkyo, Minamiku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Dioszeghy V, Mondoulet L, Puteaux E, Dhelft V, Ligouis M, Plaquet C, Dupont C, Benhamou PH. Differences in phenotype, homing properties and suppressive activities of regulatory T cells induced by epicutaneous, oral or sublingual immunotherapy in mice sensitized to peanut. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:770-782. [PMID: 27063469 PMCID: PMC5596241 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy has been proposed as an attractive strategy to actively treat food allergy using the following three different immunotherapy routes: oral (OIT), sublingual (SLIT) and epicutaneous (EPIT) immunotherapy. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to have a pivotal role in the mechanisms of immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to compare the phenotype and function of Tregs induced in peanut-sensitized BALB/c mice using these three routes of treatment. We show that although EPIT, OIT and SLIT were all able to effectively desensitize peanut-sensitized mice, they induced different subsets of Tregs. Foxp3+ Tregs were induced by the three treatment routes but with greater numbers induced by EPIT. EPIT and OIT also increased the level of LAP+ Tregs, whereas SLIT induced IL-10+ cells. The suppressive activity of EPIT-induced Tregs did not depend on IL-10 but required CTLA-4, whereas OIT acted through both mechanisms and SLIT was strictly dependent on IL-10. Moreover, the three routes influenced the homing properties of induced Tregs differently, with a larger repertoire of chemokine receptors expressed by EPIT-induced Tregs compared with OIT- and SLIT- induced cells, resulting in different protective consequences against allergen exposure. Furthermore, whereas OIT- or SLIT-induced Tregs lost their suppressive activities after treatment was discontinued, the suppressive activities of EPIT-induced Tregs were still effective 8 weeks after the end of treatment, suggesting the induction of a more long-lasting tolerance. In summary, EPIT, OIT and SLIT mediated desensitization through the induction of different subsets of Tregs, leading to important differences in the subsequent protection against allergen exposure and the possible induction of tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emilie Puteaux
- Research Department, DBV Technologies, Paris, 92220, France
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Dupont
- Pédiatrie-Gastroentérologie, Université Paris Descartes &APHP-Hôpital Necker, Paris, 75743, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
Xiong Y, Ahmad S, Iwami D, Brinkman CC, Bromberg JS. T-bet Regulates Natural Regulatory T Cell Afferent Lymphatic Migration and Suppressive Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2526-40. [PMID: 26880765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
T-bet is essential for natural regulatory T cells (nTreg) to regulate Th1 inflammation, but whether T-bet controls other Treg functions after entering the inflammatory site is unknown. In an islet allograft model, T-bet(-/-) nTreg, but not induced Treg, failed to prolong graft survival as effectively as wild-type Treg. T-bet(-/-) nTreg had no functional deficiency in vitro but failed to home from the graft to draining lymph nodes (dLN) as efficiently as wild type. T-bet regulated expression of adhesion- and migration-related molecules, influencing nTreg distribution in tissues, so that T-bet(-/-) nTreg remained in the grafts rather than migrating to lymphatics and dLN. In contrast, both wild-type and T-bet(-/-) CD4(+) conventional T cells and induced Treg migrated normally toward afferent lymphatics. T-bet(-/-) nTreg displayed instability in the graft, failing to suppress Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells and prevent their infiltration into the graft and dLN. Thus, T-bet regulates nTreg migration into afferent lymphatics and dLN and consequently their suppressive stability in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Xiong
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sarwat Ahmad
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and
| | - Daiki Iwami
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - C Colin Brinkman
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Li J, Olshansky M, Carbone FR, Ma JZ. Transcriptional Analysis of T Cells Resident in Human Skin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148351. [PMID: 26824609 PMCID: PMC4732610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin contains various populations of memory T cells in permanent residence and in transit. Arguably, the best characterized of the skin subsets are the CD8(+) permanently resident memory T cells (TRM) expressing the integrin subunit, CD103. In order to investigate the remaining skin T cells, we isolated skin-tropic (CLA(+)) helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and CD8(+) CD103(-) T cells from skin and blood for RNA microarray analysis to compare the transcriptional profiles of these groups. We found that despite their common tropism, the T cells isolated from skin were transcriptionally distinct from blood-derived CLA(+) T cells. A shared pool of genes contributed to the skin/blood discrepancy, with substantial overlap in differentially expressed genes between each T cell subset. Gene set enrichment analysis further showed that the differential gene profiles of each human skin T cell subset were significantly enriched for previously identified TRM core signature genes. Our results support the hypothesis that human skin may contain additional TRM or TRM-like populations.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Integrin alpha Chains/genetics
- Integrin alpha Chains/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Organ Specificity
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (St Vincent’s Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (JL); (JZM)
| | - Moshe Olshansky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francis R. Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joel Z. Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (JL); (JZM)
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Imaging of the cross-presenting dendritic cell subsets in the skin-draining lymph node. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1044-9. [PMID: 26755602 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513607113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells specialized for activating T cells to elicit effector T-cell functions. Cross-presenting DCs are a DC subset capable of presenting antigens to CD8(+) T cells and play critical roles in cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immune responses to microorganisms and cancer. Although their importance is known, the spatiotemporal dynamics of cross-presenting DCs in vivo are incompletely understood. Here, we study the T-cell zone in skin-draining lymph nodes (SDLNs) and find it is compartmentalized into regions for CD8(+) T-cell activation by cross-presenting DCs that express the chemokine (C motif) receptor 1 gene, Xcr1 and for CD4(+) T-cell activation by CD11b(+) DCs. Xcr1-expressing DCs in the SDLNs are composed of two different populations: migratory (CD103(hi)) DCs, which immigrate from the skin, and resident (CD8α(hi)) DCs, which develop in the nodes. To characterize the dynamic interactions of these distinct DC populations with CD8(+) T cells during their activation in vivo, we developed a photoconvertible reporter mouse strain, which permits us to distinctively visualize the migratory and resident subsets of Xcr1-expressing DCs. After leaving the skin, migratory DCs infiltrated to the deep T-cell zone of the SDLNs over 3 d, which corresponded to their half-life in the SDLNs. Intravital two-photon imaging showed that after soluble antigen immunization, the newly arriving migratory DCs more efficiently form sustained conjugates with antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells than other Xcr1-expressing DCs in the SDLNs. These results offer in vivo evidence for differential contributions of migratory and resident cross-presenting DCs to CD8(+) T-cell activation.
Collapse
|
119
|
Besonderheiten von Haptenen und Allergenen bei Spättypreaktionen. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
120
|
HONDA T, KABASHIMA K. Novel concept of iSALT (inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue) in the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:20-28. [PMID: 26755397 PMCID: PMC4880547 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases, which is classified as a delayed-type hypersensitivity immune response. The development of ACD is divided into two phases: sensitization and elicitation. In the sensitization phase, antigen-specific effector T cells are induced in the draining lymph nodes by antigen-captured cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs) that migrate from the skin. In the elicitation phase, the effector T cells are activated in the skin by antigen-captured cutaneous DCs and produce various chemical mediators, which create antigen-specific inflammation. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in the immunological mechanisms of ACD, focusing on the mechanisms in the elicitation phase. The observations of elicitation of CHS lead to the emerging novel concept of iSALT (inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya HONDA
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji KABASHIMA
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Lund AW, Medler TR, Leachman SA, Coussens LM. Lymphatic Vessels, Inflammation, and Immunity in Skin Cancer. Cancer Discov 2015; 6:22-35. [PMID: 26552413 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skin is a highly ordered immune organ that coordinates rapid responses to external insult while maintaining self-tolerance. In healthy tissue, lymphatic vessels drain fluid and coordinate local immune responses; however, environmental factors induce lymphatic vessel dysfunction, leading to lymph stasis and perturbed regional immunity. These same environmental factors drive the formation of local malignancies, which are also influenced by local inflammation. Herein, we discuss clinical and experimental evidence supporting the tenet that lymphatic vessels participate in regulation of cutaneous inflammation and immunity, and are important contributors to malignancy and potential biomarkers and targets for immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE The tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated inflammation are now appreciated not only for their role in cancer progression but also for their response to therapy. The lymphatic vasculature is a less-appreciated component of this microenvironment that coordinates local inflammation and immunity and thereby critically shapes local responses. A mechanistic understanding of the complexities of lymphatic vessel function in the unique context of skin provides a model to understand how regional immune dysfunction drives cutaneous malignancies, and as such lymphatic vessels represent a biomarker of cutaneous immunity that may provide insight into cancer prognosis and effective therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Terry R Medler
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Sawada Y, Honda T, Hanakawa S, Nakamizo S, Murata T, Ueharaguchi-Tanada Y, Ono S, Amano W, Nakajima S, Egawa G, Tanizaki H, Otsuka A, Kitoh A, Dainichi T, Ogawa N, Kobayashi Y, Yokomizo T, Arita M, Nakamura M, Miyachi Y, Kabashima K. Resolvin E1 inhibits dendritic cell migration in the skin and attenuates contact hypersensitivity responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1921-30. [PMID: 26438363 PMCID: PMC4612099 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Resolvin E1 (RvE1) is a lipid mediator derived from ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that exerts potent antiinflammatory roles in several murine models. The antiinflammatory mechanism of RvE1 in acquired immune responses has been attributed to attenuation of cytokine production by dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we newly investigated the effect of RvE1 on DC motility using two-photon microscopy in a contact hypersensitivity (CHS) model and found that RvE1 impaired DC motility in the skin. In addition, RvE1 attenuated T cell priming in the draining lymph nodes and effector T cell activation in the skin, which led to the reduced skin inflammation in CHS. In contrast, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) induced actin filament reorganization in DCs and increased DC motility by activating Cdc42 and Rac1 via BLT1, which was abrogated by RvE1. Collectively, our results suggest that RvE1 attenuates cutaneous acquired immune responses by inhibiting cutaneous DC motility, possibly through LTB4-BLT1 signaling blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sawada
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sho Hanakawa
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamizo
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Teruasa Murata
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuri Ueharaguchi-Tanada
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ono
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wataru Amano
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tanizaki
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitoh
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Narihito Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Motonobu Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyachi
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Mahapatra S, Albrecht M, Baru AM, Sparwasser T, Herrick C, Dittrich AM. Superior Suppressive Capacity of Skin Tregs Compared with Lung Tregs in a Model of Epicutaneous Priming. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2418-26. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
124
|
Kim TG, Kim M, Lee JJ, Kim SH, Je JH, Lee Y, Song MJ, Choi Y, Chung YW, Park CG, Cho JW, Lee MG, Lee YS, Kim HP. CCCTC-binding factor controls the homeostatic maintenance and migration of Langerhans cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:713-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
125
|
Reduta T, Śniecińska M, Pawłoś A, Sulkiewicz A, Sokołowska M. Serum osteopontin levels in disseminated allergic contact dermatitis. Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:273-6. [PMID: 26073143 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate serum osteopontin (OPN) concentrations in patients with disseminated form of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), and to assess the relationship between serum OPN level and disease severity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-four patients with numerous allergic contact dermatitis lesions and twenty-two age- and sex-matched healthy subjects as a control group were enrolled in the study. Serum osteopontin levels were measured in the ACD patients twice: in the acute stage and during disease remission by ELISA. RESULTS Serum OPN concentrations were significantly increased in patients with disseminated ACD examined in the acute stage as compared to healthy subjects and ACD patients during remission (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). In the ACD patients with extensive skin lesions (EASI>10), OPN serum levels were significantly higher than in those with mild disease (EASI<10). CONCLUSIONS Acute disseminated ACD is characterized by elevated serum concentrations of osteopontin, with levels depending on ACD severity, which indicates its role in the elicitation phase of allergic contact dermatitis. The possibility of inhibition of OPN activity may create a new therapeutic perspective in severe forms of this troublesome skin disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Reduta
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | - Anna Pawłoś
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Futamura K, Sekino M, Hata A, Ikebuchi R, Nakanishi Y, Egawa G, Kabashima K, Watanabe T, Furuki M, Tomura M. Novel full-spectral flow cytometry with multiple spectrally-adjacent fluorescent proteins and fluorochromes and visualization of in vivo cellular movement. Cytometry A 2015. [PMID: 26217952 PMCID: PMC5132038 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric analysis with multicolor fluoroprobes is an essential method for detecting biological signatures of cells. Here, we present a new full-spectral flow cytometer (spectral-FCM). Unlike conventional flow cytometer, this spectral-FCM acquires the emitted fluorescence for all probes across the full-spectrum from each cell with 32 channels sequential PMT unit after dispersion with prism, and extracts the signals of each fluoroprobe based on the spectral shape of each fluoroprobe using unique algorithm in high speed, high sensitive, accurate, automatic and real-time. The spectral-FCM detects the continuous changes in emission spectra from green to red of the photoconvertible protein, KikGR with high-spectral resolution and separates spectrally-adjacent fluoroprobes, such as FITC (Emission peak (Em) 519 nm) and EGFP (Em 507 nm). Moreover, the spectral-FCM can measure and subtract autofluorescence of each cell providing increased signal-to-noise ratios and improved resolution of dim samples, which leads to a transformative technology for investigation of single cell state and function. These advances make it possible to perform 11-color fluorescence analysis to visualize movement of multilinage immune cells by using KikGR-expressing mice. Thus, the novel spectral flow cytometry improves the combinational use of spectrally-adjacent various FPs and multicolor fluorochromes in metabolically active cell for the investigation of not only the immune system but also other research and clinical fields of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Futamura
- FCM Business Department, Life Science Business Division, Medical Business Unit, Sony Corporation, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-0075, Japan
| | - Masashi Sekino
- Concept Development Department, Application Technology Development Division, System R&D Group, RDS Platform, Sony Corporation, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 141-0001, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hata
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiorikita, Tondabayashi-City, Osaka Prefecture, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nakanishi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute/Kitano Hospital, 2-4-20 Ohgimachi, Kita-Ku, Osaka, 530-8480, Japan
| | - Motohiro Furuki
- FCM Business Department, Life Science Business Division, Medical Business Unit, Sony Corporation, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 108-0075, Japan
| | - Michio Tomura
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiorikita, Tondabayashi-City, Osaka Prefecture, 584-8540, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Park CO, Kupper TS. The emerging role of resident memory T cells in protective immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat Med 2015; 21:688-97. [PMID: 26121195 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become clear that there is an important subset of memory T cells that resides in tissues-tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. There is an emerging understanding that TRM cells have a role in human tissue-specific immune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the nature of the molecular signals that maintain TRM cells in tissues is the subject of much investigation. In addition, whereas it is logical for TRM cells to be located in barrier tissues at interfaces with the environment, these cells have also been found in brain, kidney, joint and other non-barrier tissues in humans and mice. Given the biology and behavior of these cells, it is likely that they have a role in chronic relapsing and remitting diseases of both barrier and non-barrier tissues. In this Review we discuss recent insights into the biology of TRM cells with a particular focus on their roles in disease, both proven and putative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Nakamizo S, Egawa G, Tomura M, Sakai S, Tsuchiya S, Kitoh A, Honda T, Otsuka A, Nakajima S, Dainichi T, Tanizaki H, Mitsuyama M, Sugimoto Y, Kawai K, Yoshikai Y, Miyachi Y, Kabashima K. Dermal Vγ4 + γδ T Cells Possess a Migratory Potency to the Draining Lymph Nodes and Modulate CD8 + T-Cell Activity through TNF-α Production. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1007-1015. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
129
|
Johannesson B, Sattler S, Semenova E, Pastore S, Kennedy-Lydon TM, Sampson RD, Schneider MD, Rosenthal N, Bilbao D. Insulin-like growth factor-1 induces regulatory T cell-mediated suppression of allergic contact dermatitis in mice. Dis Model Mech 2015; 7:977-85. [PMID: 25056699 PMCID: PMC4107326 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is triggered by an aberrant hyperinflammatory immune response to innocuous chemical compounds and ranks as the world's most prevalent occupational skin condition. Although a variety of immune effector cells are activated during ACD, regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial in controlling the resulting inflammation. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation and accelerates wound healing and regeneration in several organs including the skin. Recently IGF-1 has also been implicated in protection from autoimmune inflammation by expansion of Treg cells. Here, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of IGF-1 in mouse skin suppresses ACD in a Treg cell-specific manner, increasing the number of Foxp3+ Treg cells in the affected area and stimulating lymphocyte production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10. Similar therapeutic effects can be achieved with systemic or topical delivery of IGF-1, implicating this growth factor as a promising new therapeutic option for the treatment of ACD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarki Johannesson
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
| | - Susanne Sattler
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ekaterina Semenova
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
| | - Saveria Pastore
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome 00167, Italy
| | | | - Robert D Sampson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Nadia Rosenthal
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, 00015, Italy. National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK. Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia.
| | - Daniel Bilbao
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Benson RA, McInnes IB, Brewer JM, Garside P. Cellular imaging in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 11:357-67. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
131
|
Hayes CE, Hubler SL, Moore JR, Barta LE, Praska CE, Nashold FE. Vitamin D Actions on CD4(+) T Cells in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:100. [PMID: 25852682 PMCID: PMC4364365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes and integrates research on vitamin D and CD4+ T-lymphocyte biology to develop new mechanistic insights into the molecular etiology of autoimmune disease. A deep understanding of molecular mechanisms relevant to gene–environment interactions is needed to deliver etiology-based autoimmune disease prevention and treatment strategies. Evidence linking sunlight, vitamin D, and the risk of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes is summarized to develop the thesis that vitamin D is the environmental factor that most strongly influences autoimmune disease development. Evidence for CD4+ T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4+ T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight’s main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3+CD4+ T-regulatory cell and CD4+ T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1–Tr1 switch. The proposed Th1–Tr1 switch appears to bridge two stable, self-reinforcing immune states, pro- and anti-inflammatory, each with a characteristic gene regulatory network. The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell–cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. Finally, unanswered questions and potentially informative future research directions are highlighted to speed delivery of etiology-based strategies to reduce autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Elizabeth Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Shane L Hubler
- Department of Statistics, College of Letters and Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Jerott R Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Lauren E Barta
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Corinne E Praska
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Faye E Nashold
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Ammirati E, Moroni F, Magnoni M, Camici PG. The role of T and B cells in human atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:173-87. [PMID: 25352024 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Far from being merely a passive cholesterol accumulation within the arterial wall, the development of atherosclerosis is currently known to imply both inflammation and immune effector mechanisms. Adaptive immunity has been implicated in the process of disease initiation and progression interwined with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Although the body of knowledge regarding the correlation between atherosclerosis and immunity in humans is growing rapidly, a relevant proportion of it derives from studies carried out in animal models of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, while the mouse is a well-suited model, the results obtained therein are not fully transferrable to the human setting due to intrinsic genomic and environmental differences. In the present review, we will discuss mainly human findings, obtained either by examination of post-mortem and surgical atherosclerotic material or through the analysis of the immunological profile of peripheral blood cells. In particular, we will discuss the findings supporting a pro-atherogenic role of T cell subsets, such as effector memory T cells or the potential protective function of regulatory T cells. Recent studies suggest that traditional T cell-driven B2 cell responses appear to be atherogenic, while innate B1 cells appear to exert a protective action through the secretion of naturally occurring antibodies. The insights into the immune pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can provide new targets in the quest for novel therapeutic targets to abate CVD morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ammirati
- Cardiothoracic Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy; Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, AO Niguarda Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Christensen AD, Skov S, Kvist PH, Haase C. Depletion of regulatory T cells in a hapten-induced inflammation model results in prolonged and increased inflammation driven by T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:485-99. [PMID: 25302741 PMCID: PMC4337681 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs ) are known to play an immunosuppressive role in the response of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), but neither the dynamics of Tregs during the CHS response nor the exaggerated inflammatory response after depletion of Tregs has been characterized in detail. In this study we show that the number of Tregs in the challenged tissue peak at the same time as the ear-swelling reaches its maximum on day 1 after challenge, whereas the number of Tregs in the draining lymph nodes peaks at day 2. As expected, depletion of Tregs by injection of a monoclonal antibody to CD25 prior to sensitization led to a prolonged and sustained inflammatory response which was dependent upon CD8 T cells, and co-stimulatory blockade with cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4-immunoglobulin (CTLA-4-Ig) suppressed the exaggerated inflammation. In contrast, blockade of the interleukin (IL)-10-receptor (IL-10R) did not further increase the exaggerated inflammatory response in the Treg -depleted mice. In the absence of Tregs , the response changed from a mainly acute reaction with heavy infiltration of neutrophils to a sustained response with more chronic characteristics (fewer neutrophils and dominated by macrophages). Furthermore, depletion of Tregs enhanced the release of cytokines and chemokines locally in the inflamed ear and augmented serum levels of the systemic inflammatory mediators serum amyloid (SAP) and haptoglobin early in the response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Christensen
- Department of Immunopharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - P H Kvist
- Department of Histology and Bioimaging, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
| | - C Haase
- Department of Immunopharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/SMåløv, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Tembhre MK, Parihar AS, Sharma VK, Sharma A, Chattopadhyay P, Gupta S. Alteration in regulatory T cells and programmed cell death 1-expressing regulatory T cells in active generalized vitiligo and their clinical correlation. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:940-50. [PMID: 25376752 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an autoimmune depigmentation disease, and defects in regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been proposed in the pathogenesis of generalized vitiligo (GV). However, the role of programmed cell death (PD)1(+) Tregs has not been studied. OBJECTIVES To investigate the status of Tregs, PD1(+) Tregs and associated parameters in active GV (aGV) during the first episode of disease attack and to establish the clinical correlation. METHODS The percentages of circulating Tregs, PD1(+) Tregs and CD3(+) CD4(+) PD1(+) T cells were evaluated in 50 patients with aGV and 51 controls. Expression levels of FOXP3, TGFB1, CTLA4 and genes for chemokine receptors (CCR4, CCR7) and their ligands (CCL21, CCL22) were quantified in peripheral blood and in lesional, perilesional, nonlesional and normal skin sections. The corresponding proteins were immunolocalized in tissue of aGV. RESULTS The percentage of Tregs was decreased (P = 0·001) and that of PD1(+) Tregs increased (P = 0·001) in peripheral blood of patients with aGV compared with controls. The abundance of TGFB1 and CCL21 mRNA was significantly decreased in the peripheral blood of patients with aGV. Significant differences in forkhead box P3, transforming growth factor-β and CCL21 protein expression were found in skin sections. CONCLUSIONS Deficiency in Treg frequency and decreased expression of Treg-associated parameters (TGFB and CCL21) suggested a possible defect in Tregs that may alter their suppression function and skin homing in aGV. The increased PD1(+) Tregs suggests that the PD1/PD ligand pathway may be involved in aGV and may have a role in Treg exhaustion. Further study is required to delineate the effect of PD1 in regulating Treg function in aGV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Tembhre
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, 110029, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Abstract
Type-1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse starts with an insulitis stage, wherein a mixed population of leukocytes invades the pancreas, followed by overt diabetes once enough insulin-producing β-cells are destroyed by invading immunocytes. Little is known of the dynamics of lymphocyte movement into the pancreas during disease progression. We used the Kaede transgenic mouse, whose photoconvertible fluorescent reporter permits noninvasive labeling and subsequent tracking of immunocytes, to investigate pancreatic infiltrate dynamics and the requirement for antigen specificity during progression of autoimmune diabetes in the unmanipulated NOD mouse. Our results indicate that the insulitic lesion is very open with constant cell influx and active turnover, predominantly of B and T lymphocytes, but also CD11b(+)c(+) myeloid cells. Both naïve- and memory-phenotype lymphocytes trafficked to the insulitis, but Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells circulated less than their conventional CD4(+) counterparts. Receptor specificity for pancreatic antigens seemed irrelevant for this homing, because similar kinetics were observed in polyclonal and antigen-specific transgenic contexts. This "open" configuration was also observed after reversal of overt diabetes by anti-CD3 treatment. These results portray insulitis as a dynamic lesion at all stages of disease, continuously fed by a mixed influx of immunocytes, and thus susceptible to evolve over time in response to immunologic or environmental influences.
Collapse
|
136
|
Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Kozarov E, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Intestinal mucosal tolerance and impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:781. [PMID: 25628617 PMCID: PMC4292724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barriers are very sensitive to pathogenic infection, thereby assuming the capacity of the mucosal immune system to induce protective immunity to harmful antigens and tolerance against harmless substances. This review provides current information about mechanisms of induction of mucosal tolerance and about impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University , Moscow, Russia ; The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program, Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center , Miami Beach, FL, USA ; Research Center for Children's Health , Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney , Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Emil Kozarov
- Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia ; Department of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY, USA ; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex , Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Dioszeghy V, Mondoulet L, Dhelft V, Ligouis M, Puteaux E, Dupont C, Benhamou PH. The regulatory T cells induction by epicutaneous immunotherapy is sustained and mediates long-term protection from eosinophilic disorders in peanut-sensitized mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:867-81. [PMID: 24666588 PMCID: PMC4233996 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific immunotherapy favours immune deviation from a Th2 to a Th1 response and increases the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) of sensitized mice decreases the clinical and the allergen-specific Th2 responses and increases local and peripheral Foxp3(+) Tregs. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Tregs in EPIT and characterize their phenotype and maintenance following EPIT. METHODS Tregs were investigated using in vivo depletion or adoptive transfer into BALB/c mice. Tregs were depleted using anti-CD25 antibody injection during EPIT, and allergen-specific responses were compared with Sham, EPIT alone and naïve mice. To demonstrate that Tregs can mediate protection by their own, and to study their maintenance following the end of EPIT, CD25(+) CD4(+) Tregs isolated from mice just after or 8 weeks after EPIT were transferred into peanut-sensitized mice. Foxp3-IRES-mRFP mice were transferred with EPIT-induced Tregs to analyse the induction of host Tregs. RESULTS The anti-CD25 antibody injection to EPIT mice abrogated the induction of Tregs in spleen and the expression of Foxp3 in oesophagus. This resulted in levels of peanut-induced eosinophilic infiltration in oesophagus similar to Sham and significantly higher than EPIT. Whereas the transfer of Tregs from Sham-treated mice demonstrated no effect, the transfer of Tregs isolated just after EPIT prevented peanut-induced eosinophil infiltration and eotaxin expression and induced Foxp3 in oesophagus. The transfer of Tregs isolated 8 weeks after EPIT suppressed allergen-specific responses as efficiently as did Tregs isolated just after EPIT and increased spleen Foxp3(+) CD25(+) CD4(+) cells similarly. The use of reporter mice demonstrated an increase in host Tregs. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the Tregs-mediated mechanism of EPIT and demonstrate the persistence of efficient Tregs during a long period of time after treatment cessation. This suggests that EPIT induces long-term tolerance in peanut-sensitized mice.
Collapse
|
138
|
Intravital Multiphoton Imaging of Cutaneous Immune Responses. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2680-2684. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
139
|
Martin SF. New concepts in cutaneous allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 72:2-10. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F. Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology; Medical Centre - University of Freiburg; Hauptstrasse 7 D-79104 Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Commensal bacteria and cutaneous immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 37:73-80. [PMID: 25326105 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the human body's largest organ and is home to a diverse and complex variety of innate and adaptive immune functions that protect against pathogenic invasion. Recent studies have demonstrated that cutaneous commensal bacteria modulated the host immune system. For example, Staphylococcus epidermidis, a skin commensal bacterium, has been demonstrated to induce cutaneous interferon (IFN)-γ- and interleukin (IL)-17A-producing T cells. In addition, cutaneous microbiota changes occur in the chronic inflammatory skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, and may influence the activity of skin diseases. In this article, we will review the recent findings related to the interactions of the commensal bacteria with skin homeostasis and discuss the role of the dysbiosis of these bacteria in the pathogenesis of skin diseases.
Collapse
|
141
|
|
142
|
Natsuaki Y, Egawa G, Nakamizo S, Ono S, Hanakawa S, Okada T, Kusuba N, Otsuka A, Kitoh A, Honda T, Nakajima S, Tsuchiya S, Sugimoto Y, Ishii KJ, Tsutsui H, Yagita H, Iwakura Y, Kubo M, Ng LG, Hashimoto T, Fuentes J, Guttman-Yassky E, Miyachi Y, Kabashima K. Perivascular leukocyte clusters are essential for efficient activation of effector T cells in the skin. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1064-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
143
|
Cipolletta D. Adipose tissue-resident regulatory T cells: phenotypic specialization, functions and therapeutic potential. Immunology 2014; 142:517-25. [PMID: 24484282 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3(+) CD4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, recognized to be one of the most important defences of the human body against an inappropriate immune response, have recently gained attention from those outside immunology thanks to the compelling evidence for their capability to exert non-canonical immune functions in a variety of tissues in health and disease. The recent discovery of the differences between tissue-resident Treg cells and those derived from lymphoid organs is affecting the mindset of many investigators now questioning the broad applicability of observations originally based on peripheral blood/lymphoid organ cells. So far, the best characterized 'Treg flavour' comes from studies focused on their role in suppressing adipose tissue inflammation and obesity-driven insulin resistance. Adipose tissue derived Treg cells are distinct from their counterparts in lymphoid organs based on their transcriptional profile, T-cell receptor repertoire, and cytokine and chemokine receptor expression pattern. These cells are abundant in visceral adipose tissue of lean mice but their number is greatly reduced in insulin-resistant animal models of obesity. Interestingly, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ expression by visceral adipose tissue Treg cells is crucial for their accumulation, phenotype and function in the fat and surprisingly necessary for complete restoration of insulin sensitivity in obese mice by the anti-diabetic drug Pioglitazone. This review surveys recent findings relating to the unique phenotype and function of adipose tissue-resident Treg cells, speculates on the nature of their dynamics in lean and obese mouse models, and analyses their potential therapeutic application in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
144
|
Nomura T, Kabashima K, Miyachi Y. The panoply of αβT cells in the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 76:3-9. [PMID: 25190363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skin protects body from continual attack by microbial pathogens and environmental factors. Such barrier function of skin is achieved by multiple components including immune system, which is mainly regulated by lymphocytes. T lymphocytes (T cells) that express T cell receptor (TCR) α and β chains (αβT cells) control the strength and the type of immune response. CD4T cell population consists of helper T (Th) cell-subsets and immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells. Th1 cells produce IFN-γ and protect against intracellular pathogens. Th2 cells produce IL-4 family cytokines and participate in allergic skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD). Th17 cells secrete IL-17, recruit granulocytes to fight against extracellular microorganisms, and play a role in psoriasis and AD. Th22 cells produce IL-22 that activates epithelial cells and mediates acanthosis in psoriasis and AD. On the other hand, Foxp3+ Treg cells attenuate immune responses partly via TGF-β or IL-10. Tissue resident memory T (Trm) cells in the skin-most of which are epidermal CD8T cells-constitute the first line of the defense against repeated infections. CD8 T cells are also engaged in psoriasis, lichen planus, and drug eruptions. Skin harbors innate-like αβT cells such as natural killer T (NKT) cells as well, whose function is not fully revealed. Understanding these αβT cells helps to comprehend skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nomura
- Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | - Yoshiki Miyachi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Tracking and quantification of dendritic cell migration and antigen trafficking between the skin and lymph nodes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6030. [PMID: 25112380 PMCID: PMC4129424 DOI: 10.1038/srep06030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin-derived dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis due to their role in antigen trafficking from the skin to the draining lymph nodes (dLNs). To quantify the spatiotemporal regulation of skin-derived DCs in vivo, we generated knock-in mice expressing the photoconvertible fluorescent protein KikGR. By exposing the skin or dLN of these mice to violet light, we were able to label and track the migration and turnover of endogenous skin-derived DCs. Langerhans cells and CD103+DCs, including Langerin+CD103+dermal DCs (DDCs), remained in the dLN for 4–4.5 days after migration from the skin, while CD103−DDCs persisted for only two days. Application of a skin irritant (chemical stress) induced a transient >10-fold increase in CD103−DDC migration from the skin to the dLN. Tape stripping (mechanical injury) induced a long-lasting four-fold increase in CD103−DDC migration to the dLN and accelerated the trafficking of exogenous protein antigens by these cells. Both stresses increased the turnover of CD103−DDCs within the dLN, causing these cells to die within one day of arrival. Therefore, CD103−DDCs act as sentinels against skin invasion that respond with increased cellular migration and antigen trafficking from the skin to the dLNs.
Collapse
|
146
|
Ionizing radiation selectively reduces skin regulatory T cells and alters immune function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100800. [PMID: 24959865 PMCID: PMC4069168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin serves multiple functions that are critical for life. The protection from pathogens is achieved by a complicated interaction between aggressive effectors and controlling functions that limit damage. Inhomogeneous radiation with limited penetration is used in certain types of therapeutics and is experienced with exposure to solar particle events outside the protection of the Earth’s magnetic field. This study explores the effect of ionizing radiation on skin immune function. We demonstrate that radiation, both homogeneous and inhomogeneous, induces inflammation with resultant specific loss of regulatory T cells from the skin. This results in a hyper-responsive state with increased delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo and CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro. The effects of inhomogeneous radiation to the skin of astronauts or as part of a therapeutic approach could result in an unexpected enhancement in skin immune function. The effects of this need to be considered in the design of radiation therapy protocols and in the development of countermeasures for extended space travel.
Collapse
|
147
|
Hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity, autoimmune reactions, and tumor regression: plausibility of mediating antitumor immunity. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:175265. [PMID: 24949488 PMCID: PMC4052058 DOI: 10.1155/2014/175265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptens are small molecule irritants that bind to proteins and elicit an immune response. Haptens have been commonly used to study allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using animal contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. However, extensive research into contact hypersensitivity has offered a confusing and intriguing mechanism of allergic reactions occurring in the skin. The abilities of haptens to induce such reactions have been frequently utilized to study the mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to induce autoimmune-like responses such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and to elicit viral wart and tumor regression. Hapten-induced tumor regression has been studied since the mid-1900s and relies on four major concepts: (1) ex vivo haptenation, (2) in situ haptenation, (3) epifocal hapten application, and (4) antigen-hapten conjugate injection. Each of these approaches elicits unique responses in mice and humans. The present review attempts to provide a critical appraisal of the hapten-mediated tumor treatments and offers insights for future development of the field.
Collapse
|
148
|
Tracking of intertissue migration reveals the origins of tumor-infiltrating monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7771-6. [PMID: 24825888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402914111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells such as monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages promote tumor progression. Recent reports suggest that extramedullary hematopoiesis sustains a sizable reservoir of tumor-infiltrating monocytes in the spleen. However, the influence of the spleen on tumor development and the extent to which spleen monocytes populate the tumor relative to bone marrow (BM) monocytes remain controversial. Here, we used mice expressing the photoconvertible protein Kikume Green-Red to track the redistribution of monocytes from the BM and spleen, and mice expressing fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator proteins to monitor active hematopoiesis in these tissues. In mice bearing late-stage tumors, the BM, besides being the major site of monocyte production, supplied the expansion of the spleen reservoir, replacing 9% of spleen monocytes every hour. Deployment of monocytes was equally rapid from the BM and the spleen. However, BM monocytes were younger than those in the spleen and were 2.7 times more likely to migrate into the tumor from the circulation. Partly as a result of this intrinsic difference in migration potential, spleen monocytes made only a minor contribution to the tumor-infiltrating monocyte population. At least 27% of tumor monocytes had traveled from the BM in the last 24 h, compared with only 2% from the spleen. These observations highlight the importance of the BM as the primary hematopoietic tissue and monocyte reservoir in tumor-bearing mice, despite the changes that occur in the spleen monocyte reservoir during tumor development.
Collapse
|
149
|
Keijsers RR, Hendriks AG, van Erp PE, van Cranenbroek B, van de Kerkhof PC, Koenen HJ, Joosten I. In Vivo Induction of Cutaneous Inflammation Results in the Accumulation of Extracellular Trap-Forming Neutrophils Expressing RORγt and IL-17. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1276-1284. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
150
|
Wirth T, Westendorf AM, Bloemker D, Wildmann J, Engler H, Mollerus S, Wadwa M, Schäfer MKH, Schedlowski M, del Rey A. The sympathetic nervous system modulates CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells via noradrenaline-dependent apoptosis in a murine model of lymphoproliferative disease. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:100-10. [PMID: 24440144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a crucial role in the course and development of autoimmune disease in Fas-deficient lpr/lpr mice. As regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered important modulators of autoimmune processes, we analyzed the interaction between the SNS and Tregs in this murine model of lymphoproliferative disease. We found that the percentage of Tregs among CD4(+) T cells is increased in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus of lpr/lpr mice as compared to age-matched C57Bl/6J (B6) mice. Furthermore, noradrenaline (NA), the main sympathetic neurotransmitter, induced apoptosis in B6- and lpr/lpr-derived Tregs. NA also reduced the frequency of Foxp3(+) cells and Foxp3 mRNA expression via β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR)-mediated mechanisms in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Destruction of peripheral sympathetic nerves by 6-hydroxydopamine significantly increased the percentage of Tregs in B6 control mice to an extent comparable to aged-matched lpr/lpr mice. The concentration of splenic NA negatively correlated with the frequency of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. Additionally, 60days after sympathectomy, a partial recovery of NA concentrations led to Treg percentages comparable to those of intact, vehicle-treated controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of the spleen revealed localization of single Foxp3(+) Tregs in proximity to NA-producing nerve fibers, providing an interface between Tregs and the SNS. Taken together, our data suggest a relation between the degree of splenic sympathetic innervation and the size of the Treg compartment. While there are few examples of endogenous substances capable of affecting Tregs, our results provide a possible explanation of how the magnitude of the Treg compartment in the spleen can be regulated by the SNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Wirth
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany.
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Dominique Bloemker
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Wildmann
- Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Sina Mollerus
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Munisch Wadwa
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Martin K-H Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Adriana del Rey
- Department of Immunophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|