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Zhao T, Tani Y, Makino-Okamura C, Takita M, Yamamoto C, Kawahara E, Abe T, Sugiura S, Yoshimura H, Uchiyama T, Yamazaki I, Ishigame H, Ueno T, Okuma K, Wakui M, Fukuyama H, Tsubokura M. Diminished neutralizing activity against the XBB1.5 strain in 55.9% of individuals post 6 months COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination: insights from a pseudovirus assay on 1,353 participants in the Fukushima vaccination community survey, Japan. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1337520. [PMID: 38562937 PMCID: PMC10983612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1337520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the neutralizing activity against the XBB1.5 variant and the ancestral strain in a population post-bivalent vaccination using a pseudo virus assay validated with authentic virus assay. While bivalent booster vaccination and past infections enhanced neutralization against the XBB 1.5 strain, individuals with comorbidities showed reduced responses. The study suggests the need for continuous vaccine updates to address emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and highlights the importance of monitoring real-world immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Zhao
- General Incorporated Association for Comprehensive Disaster Health Management Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuta Tani
- General Incorporated Association for Comprehensive Disaster Health Management Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Makino-Okamura
- Division of Immunology, Near-InfraRed Photo-Immunotherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Morihito Takita
- General Incorporated Association for Comprehensive Disaster Health Management Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- General Incorporated Association for Comprehensive Disaster Health Management Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Eiki Kawahara
- Division of Immunology, Near-InfraRed Photo-Immunotherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Cell Integrative Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Abe
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sota Sugiura
- General Incorporated Association for Comprehensive Disaster Health Management Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshimura
- General Incorporated Association for Comprehensive Disaster Health Management Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Taiga Uchiyama
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Isato Yamazaki
- Division of Immunology, Near-InfraRed Photo-Immunotherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Cell Integrative Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Division of Immunology, Near-InfraRed Photo-Immunotherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takaharu Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, School of Medicine, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, School of Medicine, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Wakui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukuyama
- Division of Immunology, Near-InfraRed Photo-Immunotherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Cell Integrative Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- INSERM EST, Strasbourg, France
| | - Masaharu Tsubokura
- General Incorporated Association for Comprehensive Disaster Health Management Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
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2
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Takahashi S, Ochiai S, Jin J, Takahashi N, Toshima S, Ishigame H, Kabashima K, Kubo M, Nakayama M, Shiroguchi K, Okada T. Sensory neuronal STAT3 is critical for IL-31 receptor expression and inflammatory itch. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113433. [PMID: 38029739 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-31 receptor blockade suppresses pruritus of atopic dermatitis. However, cell-type-specific contributions of IL-31 receptor to itch, its expression mechanism, and the downstream signaling pathway to induce itch remain unknown. Here, using conditional knockout mice, we demonstrate that IL-31-induced itch requires sensory neuronal IL-31 receptor and STAT3. We find that IL-31 receptor expression is dependent on STAT3 in sensory neurons. In addition, pharmacological experiments suggest that STAT3 activation is important for the itch-inducing signaling downstream of the IL-31 receptor. A cutaneous IL-31 injection induces the nuclear accumulation of activated STAT3 first in sensory neurons that abundantly express IL-31 receptor and then in other itch-transmitting neurons. IL-31 enhances itch induced by various pruritogens including even chloroquine. Finally, pruritus associated with dermatitis is partially dependent on sensory neuronal IL-31 receptor and strongly on sensory neuronal STAT3. Thus, sensory neuronal STAT3 is essential for IL-31-induced itch and further contributes to IL-31-independent inflammatory itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Takahashi
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sotaro Ochiai
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jianshi Jin
- Laboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Susumu Toshima
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network and Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, RIKEN IMS, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakayama
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Shiroguchi
- Laboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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3
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Oyama R, Ishigame H, Tanaka H, Tateshita N, Itazawa M, Imai R, Nishiumi N, Kishikawa JI, Kato T, Anindita J, Nishikawa Y, Maeki M, Tokeshi M, Tange K, Nakai Y, Sakurai Y, Okada T, Akita H. An Ionizable Lipid Material with a Vitamin E Scaffold as an mRNA Vaccine Platform for Efficient Cytotoxic T Cell Responses. ACS Nano 2023; 17:18758-18774. [PMID: 37814788 PMCID: PMC10569098 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
RNA vaccines based on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) with in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT-mRNA) encapsulated are now a currently successful but still evolving modality of vaccines. One of the advantages of RNA vaccines is their ability to induce CD8+ T-cell-mediated cellular immunity that is indispensable for excluding pathogen-infected cells or cancer cells from the body. In this study, we report on the development of LNPs with an enhanced capability for inducing cellular immunity by using an ionizable lipid with a vitamin E scaffold. An RNA vaccine that contained this ionizable lipid and an IVT-mRNA encoding a model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) induced OVA-specific cytotoxic T cell responses and showed an antitumor effect against an E.G7-OVA tumor model. Vaccination with the LNPs conferred protection against lethal infection by Toxoplasma gondii using its antigen TgPF. The vitamin E scaffold-dependent type I interferon response was important for effector CD8+ T cell differentiation induced by the mRNA-LNPs. Our findings also revealed that conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) were essential for achieving CD8+ T cell responses induced by the mRNA-LNPs, while the XCR1-positive subset of cDCs, cDC1 specialized for antigen cross-presentation, was not required. Consistently, the mRNA-LNPs were found to selectively transfect another subset of cDCs, cDC2 that had migrated from the skin to lymph nodes, where they could make vaccine-antigen-dependent contacts with CD8+ T cells. The findings indicate that the activation of innate immune signaling by the adjuvant activity of the vitamin E scaffold and the expression of antigens in cDC2 are important for subsequent antigen presentation and the establishment of antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Oyama
- Laboratory
of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory
for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative
Medical Sciences, 1-7-22
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Laboratory
of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naho Tateshita
- Laboratory
of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Moeko Itazawa
- Laboratory
for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative
Medical Sciences, 1-7-22
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Imai
- Laboratory
for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative
Medical Sciences, 1-7-22
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Division
of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Naomasa Nishiumi
- Laboratory
of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kishikawa
- Laboratory
for Cryo-EM Structural Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Laboratory
for Cryo-EM Structural Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jessica Anindita
- Laboratory
of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National
Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro City, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Maeki
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Manabu Tokeshi
- Division
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kota Tange
- DDS
Research Laboratory, NOF CORPORATION, 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakai
- DDS
Research Laboratory, NOF CORPORATION, 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 210-0865, Japan
| | - Yu Sakurai
- Laboratory
of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory
for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative
Medical Sciences, 1-7-22
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate
School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama
City University, 1-7-29
Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory
of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Center
for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Herndler-Brandstetter D, Ishigame H, Shinnakasu R, Plajer V, Stecher C, Zhao J, Lietzenmayer M, Kroehling L, Takumi A, Kometani K, Inoue T, Kluger Y, Kaech SM, Kurosaki T, Okada T, Flavell RA. KLRG1 + Effector CD8 + T Cells Lose KLRG1, Differentiate into All Memory T Cell Lineages, and Convey Enhanced Protective Immunity. Immunity 2018; 48:716-729.e8. [PMID: 29625895 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity against pathogens depends on the efficient generation of functionally diverse effector and memory T lymphocytes. However, whether plasticity during effector-to-memory CD8+ T cell differentiation affects memory lineage specification and functional versatility remains unclear. Using genetic fate mapping analysis of highly cytotoxic KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells, we demonstrated that KLRG1+ cells receiving intermediate amounts of activating and inflammatory signals downregulated KLRG1 during the contraction phase in a Bach2-dependent manner and differentiated into all memory T cell linages, including CX3CR1int peripheral memory cells and tissue-resident memory cells. "ExKLRG1" memory cells retained high cytotoxic and proliferative capacity distinct from other populations, which contributed to effective anti-influenza and anti-tumor immunity. Our work demonstrates that developmental plasticity of KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells is important in promoting functionally versatile memory cells and long-term protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Valerie Plajer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carmen Stecher
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Melanie Lietzenmayer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lina Kroehling
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Takumi
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kohei Kometani
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Applied Mathematics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Multiphoton imaging has been utilized to analyze in vivo immune cell dynamics over the last 15 years. Particularly, it has deepened the understanding of how immune responses are organized by immune cell migration and interactions. In this review, we first describe the following technical advances in recent imaging studies that contributed to the new findings on the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. Improved multicolor imaging of immune cell behavior has revealed that their interactions are spatiotemporally coordinated to achieve efficient and long-term immunity. The use of photoactivatable and photoconvertible fluorescent proteins has increased duration and volume of cell tracking, even enabling the analysis of inter-organ migration of immune cells. In addition, visualization of immune cell activation using biosensors for intracellular calcium concentration and signaling molecule activities has started to give further mechanistic insights. Then, we also introduce recent imaging analyses of interactions between immune cells and non-immune cells including endothelial, fibroblastic, epithelial, and nerve cells. It is argued that future imaging studies that apply updated technical advances to analyze interactions between immune cells and non-immune cells will be important for thorough physiological understanding of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Sonoko Takahashi
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishida
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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6
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Kiyono K, Sone S, Izuno I, Sakai F, Oguchi M, Imai Y, Imai S, Shigematsu S, Ishigame H. Size of Normal Hilar Lymph Nodes Measured in Autopsy Specimens. Acta Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/028418518903000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The normal size of lymph nodes for each region of the hilum was determined by direct measurement of the short and long diameters of each node in the transverse plane of the node and the longitudinal diameter in the vertical plane of the node in 30 adult cadavers. The mean short transverse diameters ranged from 3.2 to 6.4 mm, the mean long transverse diameters ranged from 4.9 to 10.0 mm, and the mean longitudinal diameters ranged from 5.7 to 11.3 mm. The largest mean transverse diameters were found in the anterior upper lobe (AUL) and the inferior interlobar (IIL) regions. We noted a different maximum normal size for lymph nodes in each region of the hilum and determined the standard maximum normal short transverse diameters to be as follows: 12 mm for nodes in the right AUL and IIL regions, 10 mm for nodes in the right superior interlobar region and the left AUL and IIL regions, and 8 mm for nodes in other regions. Both the maximum normal long transverse diameters and the longitudinal diameters showed a wider variation, ranging from 18 to 10 mm and from 20 to 12 mm, respectively.
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7
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Murayama MA, Kakuta S, Inoue A, Umeda N, Yonezawa T, Maruhashi T, Tateishi K, Ishigame H, Yabe R, Ikeda S, Seno A, Chi HH, Hashiguchi Y, Kurata R, Tada T, Kubo S, Sato N, Liu Y, Hattori M, Saijo S, Matsushita M, Fujita T, Sumida T, Iwakura Y. CTRP6 is an endogenous complement regulator that can effectively treat induced arthritis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8483. [PMID: 26404464 PMCID: PMC4598845 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is important for the host defence against infection as well as for the development of inflammatory diseases. Here we show that C1q/TNF-related protein 6 (CTRP6; gene symbol C1qtnf6) expression is elevated in mouse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) models. C1qtnf6(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to induced arthritis due to enhanced complement activation, whereas C1qtnf6-transgenic mice are refractory. The Arthus reaction and the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are also enhanced in C1qtnf6(-/-) mice and C1qtnf6(-/-) embryos are semi-lethal. We find that CTRP6 specifically suppresses the alternative pathway of the complement system by competing with factor B for C3(H2O) binding. Furthermore, treatment of arthritis-induced mice with intra-articular injection of recombinant human CTRP6 cures the arthritis. CTRP6 is expressed in human synoviocytes, and CTRP6 levels are increased in RA patients. These results indicate that CTRP6 is an endogenous complement regulator and could be used for the treatment of complement-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori A Murayama
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoto Umeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomo Yonezawa
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takumi Maruhashi
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tateishi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Rikio Yabe
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hsi-Hua Chi
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hashiguchi
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Riho Kurata
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takuya Tada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kubo
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Misao Matsushita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Teizo Fujita
- Fukushima Prefectural General Hygiene Institute, Fukushima 960-8142, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
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8
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Akitsu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Chung SH, Ikeda S, Shimizu K, Kubo S, Liu Y, Umemura M, Matsuzaki G, Yoshikai Y, Saijo S, Iwakura Y. IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice develop autoimmune arthritis due to intrinsic activation of IL-17-producing CCR2(+)Vγ6(+)γδ T cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7464. [PMID: 26108163 PMCID: PMC4521288 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing γδ T (γδ17) cells have been implicated in inflammatory diseases, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that both CD4+ and γδ17 cells are required for the development of autoimmune arthritis in IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)-deficient mice. Specifically, activated CD4+ T cells direct γδ T-cell infiltration by inducing CCL2 expression in joints. Furthermore, IL-17 reporter mice reveal that the Vγ6+ subset of CCR2+ γδ T cells preferentially produces IL-17 in inflamed joints. Importantly, because IL-1Ra normally suppresses IL-1R expression on γδ T cells, IL-1Ra-deficient mice exhibit elevated IL-1R expression on Vγ6+ cells, which play a critical role in inducing them to produce IL-17. Our findings demonstrate a pathogenic mechanism in which adaptive and innate immunity induce an autoimmune disease in a coordinated manner. Control of γδ T-cell activation remains incompletely understood. Here the authors show that during autoimmune arthritis development αβ CD4+ T cells recruit a subset of IL-17-producing γδ T cells to the joints, and that both components are essential to cause pathology in a mouse model of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Akitsu
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [2] Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan [3] Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan [4] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan [5] Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Soo-Hyun Chung
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [2] Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimizu
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [2] Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kubo
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [2] Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masayuki Umemura
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Goro Matsuzaki
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Research Center for Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan [2] Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan [3] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan [4] Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
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9
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Yabe R, Shimizu K, Shimizu S, Azechi S, Choi BI, Sudo K, Kubo S, Nakae S, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Iwakura Y. CCR8 regulates contact hypersensitivity by restricting cutaneous dendritic cell migration to the draining lymph nodes. Int Immunol 2014; 27:169-81. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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10
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Licona-Limón P, Henao-Mejia J, Temann AU, Gagliani N, Licona-Limón I, Ishigame H, Hao L, Herbert DR, Flavell RA. Th9 Cells Drive Host Immunity against Gastrointestinal Worm Infection. Immunity 2013; 39:744-57. [PMID: 24138883 PMCID: PMC3881610 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, drive the characteristic features of immunity against parasitic worms and allergens. Whether IL-9 serves an essential role in the initiation of host-protective responses is controversial, and the importance of IL-9- versus IL-4-producing CD4⁺ effector T cells in type 2 immunity is incompletely defined. Herein, we generated IL-9-deficient and IL-9-fluorescent reporter mice that demonstrated an essential role for this cytokine in the early type 2 immunity against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Whereas T helper 9 (Th9) cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were major sources of infection-induced IL-9 production, the adoptive transfer of Th9 cells, but not Th2 cells, caused rapid worm expulsion, marked basophilia, and increased mast cell numbers in Rag2-deficient hosts. Taken together, our data show a critical and nonredundant role for Th9 cells and IL-9 in host-protective type 2 immunity against parasitic worm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Licona-Limón
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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11
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Ishigame H, Sanjabi S, Flavell RA. 127. Cytokine 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.06.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Herndler-Brandstetter D, Ishigame H, Flavell RA. How to define biomarkers of human T cell aging and immunocompetence? Front Immunol 2013; 4:136. [PMID: 23761794 PMCID: PMC3671361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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13
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Ishigame H, Mosaheb MM, Sanjabi S, Flavell RA. Truncated form of TGF-βRII, but not its absence, induces memory CD8+ T cell expansion and lymphoproliferative disorder in mice. J Immunol 2013; 190:6340-50. [PMID: 23686479 PMCID: PMC3690649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the generation of effector and memory CD8(+) T cells. We used two different models, transgenic expression of truncated (dominant negative) form of TGF-βRII (dnTGFβRII) and Cre-mediated deletion of the floxed TGF-βRII to examine the role of TGF-β signaling in the formation, function, and homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8(+) T cells. Blocking TGF-β signaling in effector CD8(+) T cells using both of these models demonstrated a role for TGF-β in regulating the number of short-lived effector cells but did not alter memory CD8(+) T cell formation and their function upon Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. Interestingly, however, a massive lymphoproliferative disorder and cellular transformation were observed in Ag-experienced and homeostatically generated memory CD8(+) T cells only in cells that express the dnTGFβRII and not in cells with a complete deletion of TGF-βRII. Furthermore, the development of transformed memory CD8(+) T cells expressing dnTGFβRII was IL-7- and IL-15-independent, and MHC class I was not required for their proliferation. We show that transgenic expression of the dnTGFβRII, rather than the absence of TGF-βRII-mediated signaling, is responsible for dysregulated expansion of memory CD8(+) T cells. This study uncovers a previously unrecognized dominant function of the dnTGFβRII in CD8(+) T cell proliferation and cellular transformation, which is caused by a mechanism that is different from the absence of TGF-β signaling. These results should be considered during both basic and translational studies where there is a desire to block TGF-β signaling in CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumichi Ishigame
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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14
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Akitsu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Saijo S, Iwakura Y. IL-17-producing ©™T cells are important for the development of arthritis in a rheumatoid arthritis model. Arthritis Res Ther 2012. [PMCID: PMC3332481 DOI: 10.1186/ar3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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15
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Iwakura Y, Saijo S, Nakae S, Fujikado N, Ishigame H, Murayama M. Therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis: lessons from animal models. Arthritis Res Ther 2012. [PMCID: PMC3332513 DOI: 10.1186/ar3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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16
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Akitsu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Saijo S, Iwakura Y. O036 IL-17-producing gamma-delta T cells are crucial for the development of autoimmune arthritis in IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice. Cytokine 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Akitsu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Saijo S, Iwakura Y. PS1-047 IL-17-producing γδT cells are important for the development of arthritis in a rheumatoid arthritis model. Cytokine 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Sanjabi S, Pham J, Mosaheb M, Ishigame H, Flavell R. The interplay between TGFβ and cγc cytokine signaling in CD8+ T cell biology (46.19). The Journal of Immunology 2011. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.46.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Role of TGFβ signaling in peripheral tolerance is well appreciated. However, little is known about the role of TGFβ signaling in cytotoxic T lymphocytes during an inflammatory immune response. As naive CD8+ T cells become activated, they undergo clonal expansion followed by contraction where 90-95% of these cells die through apoptosis and the remaining 5-10% form long-lasting memory T cells. The effector cells that die during this process are called short-lived effector cells (SLECs) and the ones that survive to become memory cells are called memory precursor effector cells (MPECs). The apoptotic process during contraction is crucial as it resets T cell homeostasis, promotes protective immunity by allowing the formation of long-lived memory cells, and aids to limit autoimmunity. The survival of the effector T cells is directly proportional to the level of Bcl-2 they have. In effector CD8+ T cells, Bcl-2 can be induced in response to both IL-7 and IL-15, with IL-7 being in general a stronger inducer of Bcl-2 than IL-15. We have shown that while IL-15 promotes the survival of SLECs during expansion and contraction of effector CD8+ T cells, TGFβ promotes their apoptosis. The opposing effect of these two cytokines converges at the Bcl-2 promoter, where IL-15 induces Bcl-2 expression, while TGFβ reduces the amount of this anti-apoptotic molecule. The molecular mechanism by which these two cytokines control the expression of Bcl-2 is currently being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomyseh Sanjabi
- 1Virology and Immunology/Microbiology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes/UCSF, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joey Pham
- 1Virology and Immunology/Microbiology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes/UCSF, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Richard Flavell
- 2Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- 3Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT
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Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is the signature cytokine of the recently identified T helper 17 (Th17) cell subset. IL-17 has six family members (IL-17A to IL-17F). Although IL-17A and IL-17F share the highest amino acid sequence homology, they perform distinct functions; IL-17A is involved in the development of autoimmunity, inflammation, and tumors, and also plays important roles in the host defenses against bacterial and fungal infections, whereas IL-17F is mainly involved in mucosal host defense mechanisms. IL-17E (IL-25) is an amplifier of Th2 immune responses. The functions of IL-17B, IL-17C, and IL-17D remain largely elusive. In this review, we describe the identified functions of each IL-17 family member and discuss the potential of these molecules as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Iwakura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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20
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Kakuta S, Suzuki S, Sasaki Y, Shibukawa M, Okae H, Ishigame H, Iwakura Y. SS6-4 IL-17A and IL-17F are important for the development of intestinal polyps in APCmin mice by accelerating blood vessel formation. Cytokine 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Murayama MA, Kakuta S, Ishigame H, Tada T, Kubo S, Sato N, Liu Y, Hirano T, Iwakura Y. PS1-04 A novel arthritis-regulatory gene identified by using two mouse rheumatoid arthritis models. Cytokine 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Akitsu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Saijo S, Iwakura Y. PS2-20 IL-17-producing γδ T cells are important for the development of arthritis in a rhumatoid arthritis model. Cytokine 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Nakajima A, Matsuki T, Komine M, Asahina A, Horai R, Nakae S, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Saijo S, Iwakura Y. TNF, but Not IL-6 and IL-17, Is Crucial for the Development of T Cell-Independent Psoriasis-Like Dermatitis in Il1rn−/− Mice. J I 2010; 185:1887-93. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Akitsu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Saijo S, Iwakura Y. The function of IL-17-producing cells in inflammatory disease. Cytokine 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.07.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Abstract
T-helper 17 (Th17) cells are a newly discovered CD4(+) helper T-cell subset that produces interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F. IL-17A plays important roles in allergic responses such as delayed-type hypersensitivity, contact hypersensitivity, and allergic airway inflammation. IL-17A promotes inflammation by inducing various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, recruiting neutrophils, enhancing antibody production, and activating T cells. IL-17A expression is also augmented in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Using mouse models of these diseases, we found that IL-17A plays a central role in their development. IL-6 is required for the development of Th17 cells and tumor necrosis factor functions downstream of IL-17A during the effector phase. IL-1 is important both for developing Th17 cells and eliciting inflammation. Th17 cells, like Th1 and Th2 cells, are involved in host defense against infections, but the contribution of these Th subsets to defense mechanisms differs among pathogens. The roles of IL-17F remain largely unknown. In this review, we introduce how IL-17A/IL-17F are involved in inflammatory immune responses and host defense mechanisms and discuss their relationship with other cytokines in the development of inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Nagai T, Kadoki M, Nambu A, Komiyama Y, Fujikado N, Tanahashi Y, Akitsu A, Kotaki H, Sudo K, Nakae S, Sasakawa C, Iwakura Y. Differential roles of interleukin-17A and -17F in host defense against mucoepithelial bacterial infection and allergic responses. Immunity 2009; 30:108-19. [PMID: 19144317 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a cytokine produced by T helper 17 (Th17) cells and plays important roles in the development of inflammatory diseases. Although IL-17F is highly homologous to IL-17A and binds the same receptor, the functional roles of this molecule remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated with Il17a(-/-), Il17f(-/-), and Il17a(-/-)Il17f(-/-) mice that IL-17F played only marginal roles, if at all, in the development of delayed-type and contact hypersensitivities, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, collagen-induced arthritis, and arthritis in Il1rn(-/-) mice. In contrast, both IL-17F and IL-17A were involved in host defense against mucoepithelial infection by Staphylococcus aureus and Citrobacter rodentium. IL-17A was produced mainly in T cells, whereas IL-17F was produced in T cells, innate immune cells, and epithelial cells. Although only IL-17A efficiently induced cytokines in macrophages, both cytokines activated epithelial innate immune responses. These observations indicate that IL-17A and IL-17F have overlapping yet distinct roles in host immune and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumichi Ishigame
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Tajima M, Wakita D, Noguchi D, Chamoto K, Yue Z, Fugo K, Ishigame H, Iwakura Y, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. IL-6-dependent spontaneous proliferation is required for the induction of colitogenic IL-17-producing CD8+ T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:1019-27. [PMID: 18426983 PMCID: PMC2373835 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20071133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel role for interleukin (IL) 6 in inducing rapid spontaneous proliferation (SP) of naive CD8+ T cells, which is a crucial step in the differentiation of colitogenic CD8+ T cells. Homeostasis of T cells is regulated by two distinct modes of cell proliferation: major histocompatibility complex/antigen–driven rapid SP and IL-7/IL-15–dependent slow homeostatic proliferation. Using our novel model of CD8+ T cell–dependent colitis, we found that SP of naive CD8+ T cells is essential for inducing pathogenic cytokine-producing effector T cells. The rapid SP was predominantly induced in mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs) but not in peripheral LNs under the influence of intestinal flora and IL-6. Indeed, this SP was markedly inhibited by treatment with anti–IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody (IL-6R mAb) or antibiotic-induced flora depletion, but not by anti–IL-7R mAb and/or in IL-15–deficient conditions. Concomitantly with the inhibition of SP, anti–IL-6R mAb significantly inhibited the induction of CD8+ T cell–dependent autoimmune colitis. Notably, the transfer of naive CD8+ T cells derived from IL-17−/− mice did not induce autoimmune colitis. Thus, we conclude that IL-6 signaling is crucial for SP under lymphopenic conditions, which subsequently caused severe IL-17–producing CD8+ T cell–mediated autoimmune colitis. We suggest that anti–IL-6R mAb may become a promising strategy for the therapy of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tajima
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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28
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Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Nagai T, Sudo K, Nakae S, Sasakawa C, Iwakura Y. 62 The Roles of Interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-17F in the Development of Inflammatory Responses. Cytokine 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Ishigame H, Nakajima A, Saijo S, Komiyama Y, Nambu A, Matsuki T, Nakae S, Horai R, Kakuta S, Iwakura Y. The role of TNFalpha and IL-17 in the development of excess IL-1 signaling-induced inflammatory diseases in IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 2006:129-53. [PMID: 16329650 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-37673-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)-deficient mice spontaneously develop several inflammatory diseases, resembling rheumatoid arthritis, aortitis, and psoriasis in humans. As adoptive T cell transplantation could induce arthritis and aortitis in recipient mice, it was suggested that an autoimmune process is involved in the development of diseases. In contrast, as dermatitis developed in scid/scid-IL-IRa-deficient mice and could not be induced by T cell transfer, a T cell-independent mechanism was suggested. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines was augmented at the inflammatory sites. The development of arthritis and aortitis was significantly suppressed by the deficiency of TNFalpha or IL-17. The development of dermatitis was also inhibited by the deficiency of TNFalpha. These observations suggest that TNFalpha and IL-17 play a crucial role in the development of autoimmunity downstream of IL-1 signaling, and excess IL-1 signaling-induced TNFalpha also induces skin inflammation in a T cell-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ishigame
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Komiyama Y, Nakae S, Matsuki T, Nambu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Sudo K, Iwakura Y. IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2006; 177:566-73. [PMID: 16785554 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1201] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that activates T cells and other immune cells to produce a variety of cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules. This cytokine is augmented in the sera and/or tissues of patients with contact dermatitis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. We previously demonstrated that IL-17 is involved in the development of autoimmune arthritis and contact, delayed, and airway hypersensitivity in mice. As the expression of IL-17 is also augmented in multiple sclerosis, we examined the involvement of this cytokine in these diseases using IL-17(-/-) murine disease models. We found that the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the rodent model of multiple sclerosis, was significantly suppressed in IL-17(-/-) mice; these animals exhibited delayed onset, reduced maximum severity scores, ameliorated histological changes, and early recovery. T cell sensitization against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was reduced in IL-17(-/-) mice upon sensitization. The major producer of IL-17 upon treatment with myelin digodendrocyte glycopritein was CD4+ T cells rather than CD8+ T cells, and adoptive transfer of IL-17(-/-) CD4+ T cells inefficiently induced EAE in recipient mice. Notably, IL-17-producing T cells were increased in IFN-gamma(-/-) cells, while IFN-gamma-producing cells were increased in IL-17(-/-) cells, suggesting that IL-17 and IFN-gamma mutually regulate IFN-gamma and IL-17 production. These observations indicate that IL-17 rather than IFN-gamma plays a crucial role in the development of EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/deficiency
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/physiology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Komiyama
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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31
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Abstract
IL-23 induces the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into highly pathogenic helper T cells (Th17/Th(IL-17)) that produce IL-17, IL-17F, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, but not IFN-gamma and IL-4. Two studies in this issue of the JCI demonstrate that blocking IL-23 or its downstream factors IL-17 and IL-6, but not the IL-12/IFN-gamma pathways, can significantly suppress disease development in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease and MS (see the related articles beginning on pages 1310 and 1317). These studies suggest that the IL-23/IL-17 pathway may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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32
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Ishigame H, Medan MS, Kawaguchi M, Fukuda A, Watanabe G, Arai KY, Taya K. Induction of superovulation by immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin in immature rats. J Reprod Dev 2005; 51:559-66. [PMID: 16034198 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.17020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of passive immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin on ovulation rate in immature rats were investigated. Efficiency of superovulation on production of fertilized oocytes was compared between the inhibin antiserum (inhibin-AS) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) protocols. Immature female Wistar strain rats were superovulated with a single injection of 100-200 microl inhibin-AS, with and without an injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). A total of 77.8% of the 26-30-day-old rats treated with a single injection of 100-200 microl inhibin-AS ovulated 72 h after treatment, while rats given normal goat serum (NGS; 200 microl) did not ovulate. At 28 days of age, all of the inhibin-AS treated rats ovulated when additional hCG treatment was given, whereas the number of ovulated oocytes was not affected. The number of ovulated oocytes in the inhibin-AS-hCG treated groups was significantly higher than that of the NGS-hCG treated group. In addition, plasma concentrations of FSH in the inhibin-AS-hCG treated group significantly increased compared with the NGS treated group. While the percentage of mated rats in the 200 microl inhibin-AS-hCG treated group was significantly lower than that of the 15 IU eCG-hCG treated group, the fertilization rate was comparable between the two groups. The number of fertilized oocytes in the 200 microl inhibin-AS-hCG treated group was significantly higher in comparison with the 15 IU eCG-hCG treated group. These results suggest that immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin could be a reliable method for induction of superovulation to collect a large number of normally fertilized oocytes in immature rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
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33
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Ishigame H, Medan MS, Watanabe G, Shi Z, Kishi H, Arai KY, Taya K. A new alternative method for superovulation using passive immunization against inhibin in adult rats. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:236-43. [PMID: 15031144 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.027789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of passive immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin on ovulation rate and embryo development in vivo and in vitro to establish a new alternative superovulation method in the adult rat. Female adult rats of Wistar strain were superovulated with a single injection of inhibin antiserum (inhibin-AS; 100 or 400 microl) or an injection of 20 IU eCG followed by an injection of 10 IU hCG. Untreated animals served as controls. Embryos were collected from oviducts or uteri on Days 1-5 of pregnancy, and the number of embryos and implantation sites were observed. On Day 1 of pregnancy, the two-cell-stage embryos were cultured and embryos from the 100-microl inhibin-AS group and the control group were transferred to recipient females to determine developmental competence. There were no significant differences between groups in fertilization rate. The numbers of normal embryos in the inhibin-AS-treated groups were significantly higher than the control and the eCG-hCG-treated groups throughout Days 1-4 of pregnancy. The number of implantation sites observed on Day 5 of pregnancy in the inhibin-AS-treated groups was significantly higher than both the control and the eCG-hCG-treated groups. Furthermore, the rate of blastocyst development in vitro in the inhibin-AS-treated groups and posttransfer viability in the 100-microl-inhibin-AS group were comparable with those of the control group. These results indicate that immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin is a new practical alternative for induction of superovulation as a substitution for eCG-hCG method in the adult rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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34
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Udagawa Y, Ishigame H, Nagasawa H. Effects of hydroxyapatite in combination with far-infrared rays on spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in SHN mice. Am J Chin Med 2003; 30:495-505. [PMID: 12568277 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x02000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have found that the administration of a diet containing 5% hydroxyapatite (HAP) derived from pig and cattle bones, and exposure to far-infrared rays (FIR) markedly inhibited spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in SHN mice. Thus, the effect of combined treatment with HAP and FIR on mammary tumorigenesis was examined. The significant inhibition of tumor development by individual treatment with HAP or FIR was not enhanced by combined treatment; instead, the decrease in the inhibitory effect of HAP with age was ameliorated. Associated with this, life span was elongated and a decline in ovarian function was prevented by HAP plus FIR. Normal and preneoplastic growth of mammary glands and plasma component levels were not significantly affected by any treatment. The findings indicate that HAP and FIR have characteristics common to most natural products; in combination with other agents, they have little additive effect, when each is highly active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Udagawa
- Experimental Animal Research Laboratory, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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35
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Nagasawa H, Murayama Y, Ishigame H. Food restriction and spontaneous motor activity in male mice: effects of feeding pattern, far-infrared ray and bamboo grass leaf extract. In Vivo 2001; 15:309-18. [PMID: 11695223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects on spontaneous motor activity of the pattern of restricted feeding, far-infrared ray (FIR) irradiation or free access in drinking water containing Sasa Health, a bamboo grass leafextract, were examined in SHN male mice at 2-3 months of age. In mice whose diet was restricted to 60% of the control, fed at 9:00 or 17:00 hours, the level of spontaneous behaviour was elevated 1 hour before the respective feeding time (8:00 or 16:00 hours). The activity was stimulated by FIR in both the control and food-restricted mice, but to a much higher degree in the latter. Treatment with Sasa Health in drinking water lowered the elevated activity level in food-restricted mice. Plasma component levels and organ weights were modulated by FIR or Sasa Health. The findings revealed that, not only the restricted feeding itsel, but also its pattern, significantly affected behaviour and that FIR and Sasa Health modified the deleterious effects of restricted feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagasawa
- Experimental Animal Research Laboratory, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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36
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Abstract
We report an elderly woman with multiple sclerosis who showed an extensive cavity formation in the midthoracic cord in addition to multiple abnormal intensity signals in the central nervous system on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The cavity decreased in size in response to corticosteroid therapy with an improvement in neurological symptoms. The autopsy demonstrated a slit-like cavity lined with no ependymal cells on the luminal surface in the lower cervical to midthoracic cord, with circumferentially distributed demyelinative lesions, leading to the pathological diagnosis of secondary syringomyelia. In this patient a limited necrosis formed in the spinal cord might have developed into a cavity formation with edematous fluid leading to subsequent episodes of neurological exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Saku Central Hospital, 197 Usuda, Minamisaku, Nagano 384-0393, Japan.
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37
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Abstract
A 46-year-old woman showed proteinuria and hematuria after left blepharoptosis, and revealed a histopathology of membranous nephropathy (MN) at renal biopsy. She was diagnosed as having myasthenia gravis (MG) because of a positive edrophonium test and anti-acetylcholine receptor (AchR) antibodies in serum. We found a decrease in anti-AchR antibodies after extended total thymectomy, in parallel with an improvement in both urinary findings and myasthenic symptoms. In this case, MG preceded MN and the thymectomy was effective for both diseases, suggesting that the thymus might play an important role in the pathogenesis of MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsuda
- Department of Neurology, Saku Central Hospital, Usuda, Nagano
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38
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Sekijima Y, Ohara S, Nakagawa S, Tabata K, Yoshida K, Ishigame H, Shimizu Y, Yanagisawa N. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy associated with cerebellar atrophy (HMSNCA): clinical and neuropathological features of a Japanese family. J Neurol Sci 1998; 158:30-7. [PMID: 9667774 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report clinicopathological features of a Japanese family with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy associated with cerebellar atrophy (HMSNCA). Four affected members from a single generation were examined. They shared common clinical features, including insidious onset in teenage, slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, amyotrophy, sensory disturbance, and dementia. In addition, all the patients showed hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia and a marked atrophy of the cerebellum on magnetic resonance images. Autopsy of the proband revealed a severe loss of Purkinje cells, degeneration of posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts of the spinal cord, and a marked loss of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the peripheral nerves. We consider that HMSNCA is a distinct form of hereditary multisystem neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Saku Central Hospital, Usuda, Japan.
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39
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Iwata K, Ito A, Hirabayashi N, Ishigame H. [Cyst of the tunica albuginea associated with intraabdominal testes: a case report]. Hinyokika Kiyo 1997; 43:891-4. [PMID: 9488940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A case of cyst of the tunica albuginea associated with intraabdominal testes is reported. A 35-year-old man was referred for further examination of azoospermia. Bilateral testes were nonpalpable in the scrotum and inguinal region. Ultrasonography and MR imaging demonstrated a 9 x 8 cm cystic lesion in the median suprapubic area. An open operation showed the cystic lesion to extend to the right spermatic cord and vas deferens. Left intraabdominal testis was also identified. Right orchiectomy and left orchiopexy were performed. Histopathological diagnosis was a cyst of the tunica albuginea. Atrophic seminiferous tubules were recognized at the junction of the cyst and the spermatic cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwata
- Department of Urology, Saku Central Hospital
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40
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Shigematsu H, Ito N, Ishigame H, Ehara T, Kato M, Washizawa K, Naramoto A, Nakazawa K, Yamaguchi N, Duan HJ. Age-related character of glomerular lesions in IgA nephritis. (2). Histopathological peculiarity in childhood onset. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1992; 34:33-9. [PMID: 1593794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological analysis was performed in the first renal biopsy specimens of patients over and under 10 yrs of IgA nephritis. They were divided clinically into two groups, the one with remission and the other with prolonged disease state respectively. Increased mesangial sclerosis, frequent occurrence of segmental glomerular lesions and tubulointerstitial change were significantly evident in the group with prolonged disease state. It is suggested that similar glomerular events are progressing in IgA nephritis which is carried over to adult age.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shigematsu
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University, School of Medicine, Matsumoto
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41
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Duan HJ, Nakazawa K, Ishigame H, Itoh N, Shigematsu H. Masking of anionic sites by deposits in lamina rara externa in immune complex nephritis in rats. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 1991; 60:165-71. [PMID: 1679267 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) anionic sites associated with immune deposits (ID) were observed using polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a cationic probe in serum sickness nephritis induced by egg albumin (EA). The anionic sites were fewer in number than in other GBM segments and were irregular in distribution in most, but not all, of the segments of the GBM with ID on the epithelial side of the lamina densa (LD). The disappearance of anionic sites was obvious in areas where the internal aspects of the lamina rara externa (LRE) of the GBM were occupied by ID, even if the ID were very small. In contrast, the disappearance of anionic sites was not evident, even though no change in anionic sites was found in some areas, where the ID had departed from the internal aspects of the LRE and a pale band was seen between the ID and the LD. Further, PEI aggregates, showing localization of anionic sites, were seen within the low density ID, but no PEI aggregates were seen within the high density ID. The results suggest that: 1) whether or not ID induce the disappearance of anionic sites is independent of the size of the ID, but is dependent on the density of and the place occupied by the ID, and 2) the ID seem to induce the disappearance of anionic sites by masking rather than destroying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Duan
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Abstract
A rare case of small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the gallbladder combined with adenocarcinoma is reported. The patient was a 70-year-old Japanese man, who died of the disease shortly after the onset of symptoms. Autopsy disclosed a small tumor (1.0 cm in longest diameter) in the fundus of the gallbladder, with widespread metastasis. Histochemically, the tumor cells showed negative reactions for argyrophilic and argentaffin stainings, a weak immunohistochemical reaction only for neuron-specific enolase, and negative reactions for all of the other neurosecretory markers used, including neurofilament, chromogranin, somatostatin, gastrin and leu-7. However, electron microscopic examination revealed a few typical neurosecretory granules (NSG) in the cytoplasm of some tumor cells. We suggest that: 1. The presence of NSG in the cytoplasm of tumor cells is the most reliable diagnostic criterion for SCC. 2. SCC, at least the combined type, arises from a multipotential stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Duan
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
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Ishigame H. [Arthus-type nephritis and glomerular clearing system]. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1991; 33:105-18. [PMID: 2051636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular clearing system was histologically studied to see what role it played in the flourishing, resolving and healing stages of Arthus-type nephritis in rabbits with intravenously injected colloidal carbon or ligation of thoracic duct. In the glomerulus, poorly soluble immune complexes were found within mesangial channels, a route for the egress of macromolecules from the peripheral mesangium through the hilus into the juxtaglomerular apparatus, other than phagocytosed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. However, in the flourishing stage the immune deposits supplied to the external mesangial matrix seemed to originate in that made in the periglomerular blood capillary. Severer glomerulitis was observed under the condition of lymph stasis and juxta-glomerulitis, which was composed of inactive monocytes and plasmocytes, appeared late from the resolving stage. Coincidentally, stagnant amorphous, electron dense material was seen around the border between the external and internal mesangium or the wall of the efferent arteriole at the reflection site of Bowman's capsule. These features of juxta-glomerulitis may be explained by stagnant deposits transported upstream through mesangial channels. Carbon particles within mesangial channels were finally taken up by mesangial cells, whose endocytotic phagosome settled down until three weeks of the healing stage. Mesangial blebs or pseudopods protruding in the capillary lumen were observed in the resolving stage, the injection of colloidal carbon and the ligation of thoracic duct. The endothelium was lifted by mesangial blebs from the juxta-mesangial portion and seemed to interrupt the capillary blood stream. Mesangial influx was increased because of partly desquamation of the endothelium and macromolecules tended to accumulate in the sub-basement membrane of the para-mesangium. It's suggested that focal segmental sclerotic and adhesive lesions in the healing stage are correlated with the degree of juxta-glomerulitis and the peripheral mesangial blebs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ishigame
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine
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Kiyono K, Sone S, Izuno I, Sakai F, Oguchi M, Imai Y, Imai S, Shigematsu S, Ishigame H. Size of normal hilar lymph nodes measured in autopsy specimens. Acta Radiol 1989; 30:471-4. [PMID: 2611051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The normal size of lymph nodes for each region of the hilum was determined by direct measurement of the short and long diameters of each node in the transverse plane of the node and the longitudinal diameter in the vertical plane of the node in 30 adult cadavers. The mean short transverse diameters ranged from 3.2 to 6.4 mm, the mean long transverse diameters ranged from 4.9 to 10.0 mm, and the mean longitudinal diameters ranged from 5.7 to 11.3 mm. The largest mean transverse diameters were found in the anterior upper lobe (AUL) and the inferior interlobar (IIL) regions. We noted a different maximum normal size for lymph nodes in each region of the hilum and determined the standard maximum normal short transverse diameters to be as follows: 12 mm for nodes in the right AUL and IIL regions, 10 mm for nodes in the right superior interlobar region and the left AUL and IIL regions, and 8 mm for nodes in other regions. Both the maximum normal long transverse diameters and the longitudinal diameters showed a wider variation, ranging from 18 to 10 mm and from 20 to 12 mm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kiyono
- Department of Radiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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45
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Kiyono K, Sone S, Izuno I, Sakai F, Oguchi M, Imai Y, Imai S, Shigematsu S, Ishigame H. Size of Normal Hilar Lymph Nodes Measured in Autopsy Specimens. Acta Radiol 1989. [DOI: 10.3109/02841858909175311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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