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Dietary Supplementation With Nonfermentable Fiber Alters the Gut Microbiota and Confers Protection in Murine Models of Sepsis. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e516-e523. [PMID: 28252538 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Links between microbial alterations and systemic inflammation have been demonstrated in chronic disease, but little is known about these interactions during acute inflammation. This study investigates the effect of dietary supplementation with cellulose, a nonfermentable fiber, on the gut microbiota, inflammatory markers, and survival in two murine models of sepsis. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING University laboratory. SUBJECTS Six-week-old male C57BL/6 wild-type mice. INTERVENTIONS Mice were assigned to low-fiber, normal-fiber, or high-fiber diets with or without antibiotics for 2 weeks and then subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture or endotoxin injection. Fecal samples were collected for microbiota analyses before and after dietary interventions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mice that received a high-fiber diet demonstrated increased survival after cecal ligation and puncture relative to mice receiving low-fiber or normal-fiber diets. The survival benefit was associated with decreased serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced neutrophil infiltration in the lungs, and diminished hepatic inflammation. The high-fiber diet also increased survival after endotoxin injection. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from each sample were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. Fiber supplementation yielded an increase in relative abundance of the genera Akkermansia and Lachnospiraceae, taxa commonly associated with metabolic health. Administration of antibiotics to mice on the high-fiber diet negated the enrichment of Akkermansia species and the survival benefit after cecal ligation and puncture. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with cellulose offers a microbe-mediated survival advantage in murine models of sepsis. Improved understanding of the link between diet, the microbiota, and systemic illness may yield new therapeutic strategies for patients with sepsis.
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102
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Kang M, Martin A. Microbiome and colorectal cancer: Unraveling host-microbiota interactions in colitis-associated colorectal cancer development. Semin Immunol 2017; 32:3-13. [PMID: 28465070 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota occurs in many human chronic immune-mediated diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Reciprocally, uncontrolled immune responses, that may or may not be induced by dysbiosis, are central to the development of IBD and CAC. There has been a surge of interest in investigating the relationship between microbiota, inflammation and CAC. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to gut microbiota and chronic immune-mediated diseases, such as IBD and CAC. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of chronic inflammation in CAC are examined. Finally, we discuss the development of novel microbiota-based therapeutics for IBD and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsong Kang
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Martin
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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103
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Gut microbiome as a clinical tool in gastrointestinal disease management: are we there yet? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:315-320. [PMID: 28356581 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spurred on by ever-evolving developments in analytical methodology, the microbiome, and the gut microbiome in particular, has become the hot topic in biomedical research. Ingenious experiments in animal models have revealed the extent to which the gut microbiota sustains health and how its disruption might contribute to disease pathogenesis. Not surprisingly, associations between the microbiota and disease states in humans have been the subject of considerable interest and many links proposed. However, with rare exceptions, the incrimination of an altered microbiota in disease pathogenesis seems premature at this time given our incomplete understanding of the composition of the gut microbiota in health and the effect of many confounding factors in the interpretation of supposedly abnormal microbial signatures. Future studies must account for these variables and the bidirectionality of host-microorganism interactions in health and disease. In this Perspectives, the status of microbiota signatures in the clinical arena (for facilitating diagnosis or refining prognosis) will be critically assessed and guidance toward future progress provided.
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104
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Kujiraoka M, Kuroda M, Asai K, Sekizuka T, Kato K, Watanabe M, Matsukiyo H, Saito T, Ishii T, Katada N, Saida Y, Kusachi S. Comprehensive Diagnosis of Bacterial Infection Associated with Acute Cholecystitis Using Metagenomic Approach. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:685. [PMID: 28473817 PMCID: PMC5397476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cholecystitis (AC), which is strongly associated with retrograde bacterial infection, is an inflammatory disease that can be fatal if inappropriately treated. Currently, bacterial culture testing, which is basically recommended to detect the etiological agent, is a time-consuming (4–6 days), non-comprehensive approach. To rapidly detect a potential pathogen and predict its antimicrobial susceptibility, we undertook a metagenomic approach to characterize the bacterial infection associated with AC. Six patients (P1–P6) who underwent cholecystectomy for AC were enrolled in this study. Metagenome analysis demonstrated possible single or multiple bacterial infections in four patients (P1, P2, P3, and P4) with 24-h experimental procedures; in addition, the CTX-M extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) gene was identified in two bile samples (P1 and P4). Further whole genome sequencing of Escherichia coli isolates suggested that CTX-M-27-producing ST131 and CTX-M-14-producing novel-ST were identified in P1 and P4, respectively. Metagenome analysis of feces and saliva also suggested some imbalance in the microbiota for more comprehensive assessment of patients with AC. In conclusion, metagenome analysis was useful for rapid bacterial diagnostics, including assessing potential antimicrobial susceptibility, in patients with AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kujiraoka
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical CenterTokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Asai
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical CenterTokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Kato
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical CenterTokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsukiyo
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical CenterTokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Saito
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical CenterTokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical CenterTokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuya Katada
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical CenterTokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Saida
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical CenterTokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Kusachi
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Ohashi Medical CenterTokyo, Japan
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105
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Abstract
Genes, bacteria, and immunity contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Most genetic risk relates to defective sensing of microbes and their metabolites or defective regulation of the host response to the microbiota. Because the composition of the microbiota shapes the developing immune system and is determined in early life, the prospect of therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota in adulthood after the onset of disease is questionable. However, the microbiota may be a marker of risk and a modifier of disease activity and a contributor to extraintestinal manifestations and associations in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal Sheehan
- Department of Medicine, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Department of Medicine, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Ireland.
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106
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Corfield A. Eukaryotic protein glycosylation: a primer for histochemists and cell biologists. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:119-147. [PMID: 28012131 PMCID: PMC5306191 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins undergo co- and posttranslational modifications, and their glycosylation is the most frequent and structurally variegated type. Histochemically, the detection of glycan presence has first been performed by stains. The availability of carbohydrate-specific tools (lectins, monoclonal antibodies) has revolutionized glycophenotyping, allowing monitoring of distinct structures. The different types of protein glycosylation in Eukaryotes are described. Following this educational survey, examples where known biological function is related to the glycan structures carried by proteins are given. In particular, mucins and their glycosylation patterns are considered as instructive proof-of-principle case. The tissue and cellular location of glycoprotein biosynthesis and metabolism is reviewed, with attention to new findings in goblet cells. Finally, protein glycosylation in disease is documented, with selected examples, where aberrant glycan expression impacts on normal function to let disease pathology become manifest. The histological applications adopted in these studies are emphasized throughout the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Corfield
- Mucin Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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107
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Rahmouni O, Dubuquoy L, Desreumaux P, Neut C. Microbiote intestinal et développement des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:968-973. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163211012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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108
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Abstract
The human immune system is highly variable between individuals but relatively stable over time within a given person. Recent conceptual and technological advances have enabled systems immunology analyses, which reveal the composition of immune cells and proteins in populations of healthy individuals. The range of variation and some specific influences that shape an individual's immune system is now becoming clearer. Human immune systems vary as a consequence of heritable and non-heritable influences, but symbiotic and pathogenic microbes and other non-heritable influences explain most of this variation. Understanding when and how such influences shape the human immune system is key for defining metrics of immunological health and understanding the risk of immune-mediated and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Brodin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden.,Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 14186, Sweden
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine.,Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94304, USA
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109
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Fecal Microbiota and Metabolome in a Mouse Model of Spontaneous Chronic Colitis: Relevance to Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2767-2787. [PMID: 27824648 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms underlying the role of the intestinal microbiome and metabolome in IBD onset and its alteration during active treatment and recovery remain unknown. Animal models of chronic intestinal inflammation with similar microbial and metabolomic profiles would enable investigation of these mechanisms and development of more effective treatments. Recently, the Winnie mouse model of colitis closely representing the clinical symptoms and characteristics of human IBD has been developed. In this study, we have analyzed fecal microbial and metabolomic profiles in Winnie mice and discussed their relevance to human IBD. METHODS The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced from fecal DNA of Winnie and C57BL/6 mice to define operational taxonomic units at ≥97% similarity threshold. Metabolomic profiling of the same fecal samples was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Composition of the dominant microbiota was disturbed, and prominent differences were evident at all levels of the intestinal microbiome in fecal samples from Winnie mice, similar to observations in patients with IBD. Metabolomic profiling revealed that chronic colitis in Winnie mice upregulated production of metabolites and altered several metabolic pathways, mostly affecting amino acid synthesis and breakdown of monosaccharides to short chain fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS Significant dysbiosis in the Winnie mouse gut replicates many changes observed in patients with IBD. These results provide justification for the suitability of this model to investigate mechanisms underlying the role of intestinal microbiota and metabolome in the pathophysiology of IBD.
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110
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Nikitakis NG, Papaioannou W, Sakkas LI, Kousvelari E. The autoimmunity-oral microbiome connection. Oral Dis 2016; 23:828-839. [PMID: 27717092 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is a major effort in deciphering the role of complex microbial communities, especially the oral and gut microbiomes, in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Increasing evidence indicates a key role for the oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases. In this review article, we discuss links of the oral microbiota to a group of autoimmune diseases, that is, Sjögren's syndrome (SS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Crohn's disease (CD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We particularly focus on factors that affect the balance between the immune system and the composition of microbiota leading to dysbiosis, loss of tolerance and subsequent autoimmune disease progression and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Dental School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - L I Sakkas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - E Kousvelari
- Dental School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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111
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Gubernatorova EO, Tumanov AV. Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin in Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2016; 81:1309-1325. [PMID: 27914457 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the major forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family play an important role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we discuss the function of key cytokines of this family - TNF and lymphotoxin (LT) - in mucosal healing, IgA production, and in control of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), novel regulators of mucosal homeostasis in the gut. TNF plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). LT regulates group 3 of ILCs and IL-22 production and protects the epithelium against damage by chemicals and mucosal bacterial pathogens. In addition, we discuss major mouse models employed to study the mechanism of intestinal inflammation, their advantages and limitations, as well as application of TNF blockers in the therapy for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Gubernatorova
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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112
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Tian Z, Liu J, Liao M, Li W, Zou J, Han X, Kuang M, Shen W, Li H. Beneficial Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2262-2271. [PMID: 26846120 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic condition and the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease. The goal of standard treatment is mainly to induce and maintain remission with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive agents, and/or colectomy. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used successfully to treat relapsing or refractory Clostridium difficile infection. The alteration of microbiota in mouse models of UC as well as in patients suggested the possibility of treating UC with FMT. AIMS To study the effects of FMT on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC model in mice. METHODS Littermates of BALB/c and C57BL/6J were randomized into four groups: normal control , treatment with DSS for 7 days (DSS - FMT), treatment with DSS followed by FMT for another 8 days (DSS + FMT), and treatment with DSS and FMT followed by another 5 days for recovery (remission). Body weight, survival rate, and DAI scores of mice in each group were recorded. Changes in distal colon were studied by histopathology. Alterations of spleen and lamina propria regulatory lymphocytes, major bacterial species in feces and inflammatory cytokines in colon were also studied. RESULTS C57BL/6J mice experienced more significant weight loss than BALB/c mice after DSS treatment, regardless of whether the two strains of mice were co-housed or not. FMT caused reversal of DAI scores in BALB/c but not in C57BL/6J mice. In BALB/c mice, FMT also reduced colon inflammation that was paralleled by decreased inflammatory cytokine levels, altered bacterial microbiota, and regulatory lymphocyte proportions. CONCLUSIONS FMT is effective in a mouse model of UC through its modulation on gut microbiota and the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mengyu Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xinxin Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mingjie Kuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wanqiu Shen
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Haidong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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113
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Zhang M, Zhou Q, Dorfman RG, Huang X, Fan T, Zhang H, Zhang J, Yu C. Butyrate inhibits interleukin-17 and generates Tregs to ameliorate colorectal colitis in rats. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:84. [PMID: 27473867 PMCID: PMC4967301 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Butyrate is an energy source for colonocytes that is formed by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber in the colon and that exerts broad anti-inflammatory activities. Although the administration of butyrate improves homeostasis in patients and ameliorates IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease)-related lesions and symptoms, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of butyrate still remain unclear. To explore the impact of butyrate on Treg (Regulatory T cell)/Th17 (T helper 17 cell) differentiation and colitis in rats. Methods The effect of butyrate on the expression of markers related to both Tregs and Th17 cells were determined in human monocytes as well as a rat model of colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Rats were treated with butyrate in vivo, whereas the rat splenocytes and human monocytes were treated in vitro. Results We found that butyrate administration increased peripheral blood Treg cell levels as well as plasma levels of anti-Th17 cytokines (IL-10 and IL-12). Butyrate administration further suppressed IL-17 levels in both plasma and colonic mucosa, and ameliorated colonic colitis lesions in rats. This promotion of Treg activity and inhibition of IL-17 release was also observed in human venous monocytes and rat splenocytes in vitro. Conclusions Our results suggest that butyrate plays a key role in regulating the Treg/Th17 balance and ultimately protects the colon mucosa against the development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert G Dorfman
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Jiangbei People's Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chenggong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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114
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Raffals LE, Chang EB. Navigating the Microbial Basis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Seeing the Light at the End of the Tunnel. Gut Liver 2016; 10:502-8. [PMID: 27377740 PMCID: PMC4933408 DOI: 10.5009/gnl15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract with variable presentations and disease courses. The cause of IBD is unknown, but it is hypothesized that individuals with a genetic predisposition to disease develop an aberrant immune response to environmental triggers. Evidence suggests that microbiota residing in the gastrointestinal tract play an important role in the development and perpetuation of the disease. In this review, we discuss the role of microbes in the development of a healthy gut, their role in the development of diseases in general, and their role in the development of IBD. Advances in molecular technologies and bioinformatics will continue to further our insight into the structure of the microbial community, the function of the microbial community as a whole, and the interaction of this community with the host immune system. The latter two are crucial to understanding the role of microbes in IBD. The field has advanced significantly in recent years, and the future is very promising as we begin to elucidate the microbial basis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Raffals
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
USA
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,
USA
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115
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Subclinical gut inflammation has been described in a significant proportion of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), up to 10% of them developing it during the time of clinically overt inflammatory bowel disease. Histologic, immunologic, and intestinal microbiota alterations characterize the AS gut. RECENT FINDINGS Microbial dysbiosis as well as alterations of innate immune responses have been demonstrated in the gut of AS. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence suggests that the gut of AS patients may be actively involved in the pathogenesis of AS through the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-23p19, and the differentiation of potentially pathogenic innate lymphoid cells producing IL-22 and IL-17. Finally, a strong correlation between the presence of subclinical gut inflammation and the degree of spine inflammation have been also proved in AS. SUMMARY Subclinical gut inflammation and innate immune responses in AS may be considered a possible consequence of microbial dysbiosis. Relationships between cause and effect remain, however, to be answered.
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116
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Klil-Drori AJ, Tascilar K, Yin H, Aprikian A, Bitton A, Azoulay L. Androgen Deprivation Therapy and the Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients With Prostate Cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184:15-22. [PMID: 27268031 PMCID: PMC4929242 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer. By lowering androgen levels, ADT inhibits the progression of prostate cancer, but it may also affect gut autoimmunity. We investigated the association between ADT and the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease using a cohort of 31,842 men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1988 and 2014, identified in the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Exposure to ADT was treated as a time-varying variable and lagged by 1 year to account for diagnostic delays, with nonuse as the reference category. During 133,018 person-years of follow-up, 48 men were newly diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (incidence rate (IR) = 36/100,000 person-years (PY)) and 12 were diagnosed with Crohn's disease (IR = 9/100,000 PY). In Cox proportional hazards models, ADT was associated with a decreased risk of ulcerative colitis (IR = 24/100,000 PY vs. IR = 50/100,000 PY; hazard ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.99) and a nonsignificant decreased risk of Crohn's disease (hazard ratio = 0.38, 95% confidence interval: 0.11, 1.37). These findings indicate that the use of ADT may be associated with intestinal autoimmunity. Further research is warranted to replicate these findings and assess their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Azoulay
- Correspondence to Dr. Laurent Azoulay, Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Sainte-Catherine, H-425.1, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada (e-mail: )
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117
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Thakur BK, Saha P, Banik G, Saha DR, Grover S, Batish VK, Das S. Live and heat-killed probiotic Lactobacillus casei Lbs2 protects from experimental colitis through Toll-like receptor 2-dependent induction of T-regulatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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118
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Vindigni SM, Zisman TL, Suskind DL, Damman CJ. The intestinal microbiome, barrier function, and immune system in inflammatory bowel disease: a tripartite pathophysiological circuit with implications for new therapeutic directions. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:606-25. [PMID: 27366227 PMCID: PMC4913337 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16644242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss the tripartite pathophysiological circuit of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), involving the intestinal microbiota, barrier function, and immune system. Dysfunction in each of these physiological components (dysbiosis, leaky gut, and inflammation) contributes in a mutually interdependent manner to IBD onset and exacerbation. Genetic and environmental risk factors lead to disruption of gut homeostasis: genetic risks predominantly affect the immune system, environmental risks predominantly affect the microbiota, and both affect barrier function. Multiple genetic and environmental 'hits' are likely necessary to establish and exacerbate disease. Most conventional IBD therapies currently target only one component of the pathophysiological circuit, inflammation; however, many patients with IBD do not respond to immune-modulating therapies. Hope lies in new classes of therapies that target the microbiota and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Vindigni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy L. Zisman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David L. Suskind
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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McCarville JL, Caminero A, Verdu EF. Novel perspectives on therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:580-93. [PMID: 27366225 PMCID: PMC4913331 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16637819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota contributes to the maintenance of health and, when disrupted, may drive gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal disease. This can occur through direct pathways such as interaction with the epithelial barrier and mucosal immune system or indirectly via production of metabolites. There is no current curative therapy for chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, which are complex multifactorial disorders involving genetic predisposition, and environmental triggers. Therapies are directed to suppress inflammation rather than the driver, and these approaches are not devoid of adverse effects. Therefore, there is great interest in modulation of the gut microbiota to provide protection from disease. Interventions that modulate the microbiota include diet, probiotics and more recently the emergence of experimental therapies such as fecal microbiota transplant or phage therapy. Emerging data indicate that certain bacteria can induce protective immune responses and enhance intestinal barrier function, which could be potential therapeutic targets. However, mechanistic links and specific therapeutic recommendations are still lacking. Here we provide a pathophysiological overview of potential therapeutic applications of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L. McCarville
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alberto Caminero
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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120
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Scales BS, Dickson RP, Huffnagle GB. A tale of two sites: how inflammation can reshape the microbiomes of the gut and lungs. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:943-950. [PMID: 27365534 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0316-106r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can directly and indirectly modulate the bacterial composition of the microbiome. Although studies of inflammation primarily focus on its function to negatively select against potential pathogens, some bacterial species have the ability to exploit inflammatory byproducts for their benefit. Inflammatory cells release reactive nitrogen species as antimicrobial effectors against infection, but some facultative anaerobes can also utilize the increase in extracellular nitrate in their environment for anaerobic respiration and growth. This phenomenon has been studied in the gastrointestinal tract, where blooms of facultative anaerobic Gammaproteobacteria, primarily Escherichia coli, often occur during colonic inflammation. In cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, another Gammaproteobacteria facultative anaerobe, can reduce nitrogen for anaerobic respiration and it blooms in the airways of the chronically inflamed cystic fibrosis lung. This review focuses on the evidence that inflammation can provide terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration and can support blooms of facultative anaerobes, such as E. coli and P. aeruginosa in distinct, but similar, environments of the inflamed gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittan S Scales
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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121
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has important metabolic and host-protective functions. Conversely to these beneficial functions, the intestinal microbiota is thought to play a central role in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), a chronic inflammation of the gut mucosa. Genetic screens and studies in experimental mouse models have clearly demonstrated that IBD can develop due to excessive translocation of bacteria into the bowel wall or dysregulated handling of bacteria in genetically susceptible hosts. In healthy individuals, the microbiota is efficiently separated from the mucosal immune system of the gut by the gut barrier, a single layer of highly specialized epithelial cells, some of which are equipped with innate immune functions to prevent or control access of bacterial antigens to the mucosal immune cells. It is currently unclear whether the composition of the microbial flora or individual bacterial strains or pathogens induces or supports the pathogenesis of IBD. Further research will be necessary to carefully dissect the contribution of individual bacterial species to this disease and to ascertain whether specific modulation of the intestinal microbiome may represent a valuable further option for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Becker
- Christoph Becker, PhD, is associated professor, Markus F. Neurath, MD, is director, and Stefan Wirtz, PhD, is senior scientist at the Department of Medicine 1 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg in Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Christoph Becker, PhD, is associated professor, Markus F. Neurath, MD, is director, and Stefan Wirtz, PhD, is senior scientist at the Department of Medicine 1 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg in Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Christoph Becker, PhD, is associated professor, Markus F. Neurath, MD, is director, and Stefan Wirtz, PhD, is senior scientist at the Department of Medicine 1 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg in Erlangen, Germany
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122
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The microbiota and chronic kidney diseases: a double-edged sword. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e86. [PMID: 27757226 PMCID: PMC5067952 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings regarding the influence of the microbiota in many inflammatory processes have provided a new way to treat diseases. Now, one may hypothesize that the origin of a plethora of diseases is related to the health of the gut microbiota and its delicate, although complex, interface with the epithelial and immune systems. The ‘westernization' of diets, for example, is associated with alterations in the gut microbiota. Such alterations have been found to correlate directly with the increased incidence of diabetes and hypertension, the main causes of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs), which, in turn, have a high estimated prevalence. Indeed, data have arisen showing that the progression of kidney diseases is strictly related to the composition of the microbiota. Alterations in the gut microbiota diversity during CKDs do not only have the potential to exacerbate renal injury but may also contribute to the development of associated comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases and insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss how dysbiosis through alterations in the gut barrier and the consequent activation of immune system could intensify the progression of CKD and vice versa, how CKDs can modify the gut microbiota diversity and abundance.
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123
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He K, Hu Y, Ma H, Zou Z, Xiao Y, Yang Y, Feng M, Li X, Ye X. Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids alleviate hyperlipidemia in B6 mice by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1696-709. [PMID: 27287254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that Rhizoma Coptidis (RC) alkaloids exert their hypolipidemic effects primarily by targeting the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic mechanisms of RC alkaloids (at a daily dose of 140mg/kg for 35days) in high-fat and high-cholesterol induced hyperlipidemic B6 mice. After treatment, serum lipid parameters were determined, the expression of lipid metabolism related genes and pathways such as the sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) and bile acid signaling in mice were also investigated. Meanwhile, Illumina sequencing was used to investigate the differences in gut microbiota of B6 mice. The results indicated that RC alkaloids reduced the body weight gain and serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total bile acids (TBA) and lipopolysaccharide of B6 mice. Liver fat deposition and epididymal adipose cell size were also deceased in therapy group. RC alkaloids feeding significantly promoted the abundance of Sporobacter termitidis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut of mice, whereas, the abundance of Escherichia coli, Desulfovibrio C21_c20, Parabacteroides distasonis was suppressed. The observed antihyperlipidemic effects of RC alkaloids can also be attributed to their action as agonists of FXR and TGR5, activators for SREBP2, LDLR, UCP2 and CYP7A1, inhibitors of HMGCR, TXNIP, TLR4 and JNK. Therefore, this study expands current knowledge on hypolipidemic mechanisms of RC alkaloids and presents new evidence supporting a key role for RC alkaloids as regulators of lipid homeostasis by modulation gut microbiota and hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan University of Medicine, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Yinran Hu
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hang Ma
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zongyao Zou
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yubo Xiao
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan University of Medicine, Hunan 418000, China
| | - Min Feng
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- Chongqing Productivity Promotion Center for the Modernization of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Liu TC, Gurram B, Baldridge MT, Head R, Lam V, Luo C, Cao Y, Simpson P, Hayward M, Holtz ML, Bousounis P, Noe J, Lerner D, Cabrera J, Biank V, Stephens M, Huttenhower C, McGovern DP, Xavier RJ, Stappenbeck TS, Salzman NH. Paneth cell defects in Crohn's disease patients promote dysbiosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86907. [PMID: 27699268 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paneth cell dysfunction has been implicated in a subset of Crohn's disease (CD) patients. We previously stratified clinical outcomes of CD patients by using Paneth cell phenotypes, which we defined by the intracellular distribution of antimicrobial proteins. Animal studies suggest that Paneth cells shape the intestinal microbiome. However, it is unclear whether Paneth cell phenotypes alter the microbiome complexity in CD subjects. Therefore, we analyzed the correlation of Paneth cell phenotypes with mucosal microbiome composition and ileal RNA expression in pediatric CD and noninflammatory bowel disease (non-IBD) patients. METHODS Pediatric CD (n = 44) and non-IBD (n = 62) patients aged 4 to 18 were recruited prior to routine endoscopic biopsy. Ileal mucosal samples were analyzed for Paneth cell phenotypes, mucosal microbiome composition, and RNA transcriptome. RESULTS The prevalence of abnormal Paneth cells was higher in pediatric versus adult CD cohorts. For pediatric CD patients, those with abnormal Paneth cells showed significant changes in their ileal mucosal microbiome, highlighted by reduced protective microbes and enriched proinflammatory microbes. Ileal transcriptome profiles showed reduced transcripts for genes that control oxidative phosphorylation in CD patients with abnormal Paneth cells. These transcriptional changes in turn were correlated with specific microbiome alterations. In non-IBD patients, a subset contained abnormal Paneth cells. However, this subset was not associated with alterations in the microbiome or host transcriptome. CONCLUSION Paneth cell abnormalities in human subjects are associated with mucosal dysbiosis in the context of CD, and these changes are associated with alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, potentially in a feedback loop. FUNDING The research was funded by Helmsley Charitable Trust (to T.S. Stappenbeck, R.J. Xavier, and D.P.B. McGovern), Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America (to N.H. Salzman, T.S. Stappenbeck, R.J. Xavier, and C. Huttenhower), and Doris Duke Charitable Foundation grant 2014103 (to T.C. Liu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bhaskar Gurram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard Head
- Genome Technology Access Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vy Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chengwei Luo
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yumei Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Quantitative Health Services, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pippa Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Quantitative Health Services, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Hayward
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary L Holtz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pavlos Bousounis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua Noe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diana Lerner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jose Cabrera
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vincent Biank
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Stephens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dermot Pb McGovern
- The F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nita H Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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125
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Grieger KD, Hansen SF, Mortensen NP, Cates S, Kowalcyk B. International Implications of Labeling Foods Containing Engineered Nanomaterials. J Food Prot 2016; 79:830-42. [PMID: 27296434 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To provide greater transparency and comprehensive information to consumers regarding their purchase choices, the European Parliament and the Council have mandated via Regulation 1169/2011 that foods containing engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) be labeled. This review covers the main concerns related to the use of ENMs in foods and the potential impacts that this type of food labeling might have on diverse stakeholder groups, including those outside the European Union (EU), e.g., in the United States. We also provide recommendations to stakeholders for overcoming existing challenges related to labeling foods containing ENMs. The revised EU food labeling requirements will likely result in a number of positive developments and a number of challenges for stakeholders in both EU and non-EU countries. Although labeling of foods containing ENMs will likely improve transparency, provide more information to facilitate consumer decisions, and build trust among food safety authorities and consumers, critical obstacles to the successful implementation of these labeling requirements remain, including the need for (i) harmonized information requirements or regulations between countries in different regions of the world, (ii) clarification of the regulatory definitions of the ENMs to be used for food labeling, (iii) robust techniques to detect, measure, and characterize diverse ENMs in food matrices, and (iv) clarification of the list of ENMs that may be exempt from labeling requirements, such as several food additives used for decades. We recommend that food industries and food safety authorities be more proactive in communicating with the public and consumer groups regarding the potential benefits and risks of using ENMs in foods. Efforts should be made to improve harmonization of information requirements between countries to avoid potential international trade barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khara D Grieger
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27609, USA.
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ninell P Mortensen
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27609, USA
| | - Sheryl Cates
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27609, USA
| | - Barbara Kowalcyk
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27609, USA
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126
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Foxman B, Seitz SM, Rothenberg R. Epidemiology and the microbiome. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:386-7. [PMID: 27180115 PMCID: PMC10519180 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
| | | | - Richard Rothenberg
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta
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127
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Wen HZ, Hao WW, Liu YT, Shao LJ. Fecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1545-1551. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i10.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a common digestive disease, has attracted great interest in recent years, mainly because of the high prevalence and recurrence of IBD. IBD is difficult to treat, and standard therapy does not always induce remission. FMT is an alternative approach that can induce remission in some patients with active IBD. However, many unanswered questions on the clinical application of FMT in IBD remain. This review discusses the efficacy, adverse events, and optional route of administration of FMT in IBD.
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128
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Abstract
The fidelity of the intestinal barrier is critical to maintaining a healthy relationship between the immune system and the microbiota. Levy et al. and Nowarski et al. reveal how microbiota-derived metabolites modulate the activation of the inflammasome to influence the expression of the cytokine IL-18, intestinal barrier function, and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Hand
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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129
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Laubitz D, Harrison CA, Midura-Kiela MT, Ramalingam R, Larmonier CB, Chase JH, Caporaso JG, Besselsen DG, Ghishan FK, Kiela PR. Reduced Epithelial Na+/H+ Exchange Drives Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Promotes Inflammatory Response in T Cell-Mediated Murine Colitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152044. [PMID: 27050757 PMCID: PMC4822813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with functional inhibition of epithelial Na+/H+ exchange. In mice, a selective disruption of NHE3 (Slc9a3), a major apical Na+/H+ exchanger, also promotes IBD-like symptoms and gut microbial dysbiosis. We hypothesized that disruption of Na+/H+ exchange is necessary for the development of dysbiosis, which promotes an exacerbated mucosal inflammatory response. Therefore, we performed a temporal analysis of gut microbiota composition, and mucosal immune response to adoptive T cell transfer was evaluated in Rag2-/- and NHE3-/-/Rag2-/- (DKO) mice with and without broad-spectrum antibiotics. Microbiome (16S profiling), colonic histology, T cell and neutrophil infiltration, mucosal inflammatory tone, and epithelial permeability were analyzed. In adoptive T cell transfer colitis model, Slc9a3 status was the most significant determinant of gut microbial community. In DKO mice, NHE3-deficiency and dysbiosis were associated with dramatically accelerated and exacerbated disease, with rapid body weight loss, increased mucosal T cell and neutrophil influx, increased mucosal cytokine expression, increased permeability, and expansion of CD25-FoxP3+ Tregs; this enhanced susceptibility was alleviated by oral broad-spectrum antibiotics. Based on these results and our previous work, we postulate that epithelial electrolyte homeostasis is an important modulator in the progression of colitis, acting through remodeling of the gut microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Laubitz
- Department of Pediatrics—Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christy A. Harrison
- Department of Pediatrics—Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Monica T. Midura-Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics—Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rajalakshmy Ramalingam
- Department of Pediatrics—Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Claire B. Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics—Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - John H. Chase
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - J. Gregory Caporaso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David G. Besselsen
- University Animal Care, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Fayez K. Ghishan
- Department of Pediatrics—Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Pawel R. Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics—Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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130
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Nagy E, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, MacIver NJ, Hale LP. Reproduction and Growth in a Murine Model of Early Life-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152764. [PMID: 27045690 PMCID: PMC4821577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in transgenic murine models have provided insight into the complexity underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a disease hypothesized to result from an injurious immune response against intestinal microbiota. We recently developed a mouse model of IBD that phenotypically and histologically resembles human childhood-onset ulcerative colitis (UC), using mice that are genetically modified to be deficient in the cytokines TNF and IL-10 (“T/I” mice). Here we report the effects of early life onset of colon inflammation on growth and reproductive performance of T/I mice. T/I dams with colitis often failed to get pregnant or had small litters with pups that failed to thrive. Production was optimized by breeding double homozygous mutant T/I males to females homozygous mutant for TNF deficiency and heterozygous for deficiency of IL-10 (“T/I-het” dams) that were not susceptible to spontaneous colon inflammation. When born to healthy (T/I-het) dams, T/I pups initially gained weight similarly to wild type (WT) pups and to their non-colitis-susceptible T/I-het littermates. However, their growth curves diverged between 8 and 13 weeks, when most T/I mice had developed moderate to severe colitis. The observed growth failure in T/I mice occurred despite a significant increase in their food consumption and in the absence of protein loss in the stool. This was not due to TNF-induced anorexia or altered food consumption due to elevated leptin levels. Metabolic studies demonstrated increased consumption of oxygen and water and increased production of heat and CO2 in T/I mice compared to their T/I-het littermates, without differences in motor activity. Based on the clinical similarities of this early life onset model of IBD in T/I mice to human IBD, these results suggest that mechanisms previously hypothesized to explain growth failure in children with IBD require re-evaluation. The T/I mouse model may be useful for further investigation of such mechanisms and for development of therapies to prevent reproductive complications and/or growth failure in humans with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Nagy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ramona M. Rodriguiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William C. Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nancie J. MacIver
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura P. Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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131
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Schwerd T, Frivolt K, Clavel T, Lagkouvardos I, Katona G, Mayr D, Uhlig HH, Haller D, Koletzko S, Bufler P. Exclusive enteral nutrition in active pediatric Crohn disease: Effects on intestinal microbiota and immune regulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:592-6. [PMID: 26987574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schwerd
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Klara Frivolt
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University Medical School, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Thomas Clavel
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Gabor Katona
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Bufler
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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132
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Abstract
Statins are among the most widely prescribed medications in the world. In addition to lowering cholesterol, statins have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects in multiple studies. For example, statins modulate the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, resulting in decreased T-cell activation and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines. Statins have also been demonstrated to inhibit the migration of leukocytes across vascular endothelium into tissues. Although most research on the immune effects of statins has been conducted in the context of cardiovascular, rheumatological, or metabolic disease, various studies have shown that statins may have a significant impact on intestinal immunity and mucosal inflammation. Clinical research has suggested that statins may have benefit in inflammatory bowel disease. In this article, we review the effect of statins on the immune system and gastrointestinal tract, highlighting the potential for novel therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Quigley EMM. Overlapping irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: less to this than meets the eye? Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:199-212. [PMID: 26929782 PMCID: PMC4749858 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x15621230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though distinct in terms of pathology, natural history and therapeutic approach, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have some features in common. These include shared symptomatology and largely similar demographics. However, in most instances, clinical presentation, together with laboratory, imaging and endoscopic findings will readily permit the differentiation of active IBD from IBS. More problematic is the situation where a subject with IBD, in apparent remission, continues to complain of symptoms which, in aggregate, satisfy commonly employed criteria for the diagnosis of IBS. Access to methodologies, such the assay for levels of calprotectin in feces, now allows identification of ongoing inflammation in some such individuals and prompts appropriate therapy. More challenging is the IBD patient with persisting symptoms and no detectable evidence of inflammation; is this coincident IBS, IBS triggered by IBD or an even more subtle level of IBD activity unrecognized by available laboratory or imaging methods? Arguments can be advanced for each of these proposals; lacking definitive data, this issue remains unresolved. The occurrence of IBS-type symptoms in the IBD patient, together with some data suggesting a very subtle level of 'inflammation' or 'immune activation' in IBS, raises other questions: is IBS a prodromal form of IBD; and are IBS and IBD part of the spectrum of the same disease? All of the available evidence indicates that the answer to both these questions should be a resounding 'no'. Indeed, the whole issue of overlap between IBS and IBD should be declared moot given their differing pathophysiologies, contrasting natural histories and divergent treatment paths. The limited symptom repertoire of the gastrointestinal tract may well be fundamental to the apparent confusion that has, of late, bedeviled this area.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) reflect the cooperative influence of numerous host and environmental factors, including those of elements of the intestinal immune system, the gut microbiota, and dietary habits. This review focuses on features of the gut microbiota and mucosal immune system that are important in the development and control of IBDs. RECENT FINDINGS Gut innate-type immune cells, including dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells, and mast cells, educate acquired-type immune cells and intestinal epithelial cells to achieve a symbiotic relationship with commensal bacteria. However, perturbation of the number or type of commensal microorganisms and endogenous genetic polymorphisms that affect immune responses and epithelial barrier system can ultimately lead to IBDs. Providing beneficial bacteria or fecal microbiota transplants helps to reestablish the intestinal environment, maintain its homeostasis, and ameliorate IBDs. SUMMARY The gut immune system participates in a symbiotic milieu that includes cohabiting commensal bacteria. However, dysbiotic conditions and aberrations in the epithelial barrier and gut immune system can disrupt the mutualistic relationship between the host and gut microbiota, leading to IBDs. Progress in our molecular and cellular understanding of this relationship has yielded numerous insights regarding clinical applications for the treatment of IBDs.
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135
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Oral immune therapy: targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e60. [PMID: 26900473 PMCID: PMC4735066 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with an altered systemic immune response leading to inflammation-mediated damage to the gut and other organs. Oral immune therapy is a method of systemic immune modulation via alteration of the gut immune system. It uses the inherit ability of the innate system of the gut to redirect the systemic innate and adaptive immune responses. Oral immune therapy is an attractive clinical approach to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. It can induce immune modulation without immune suppression, has minimal toxicity and is easily administered. Targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system can serve as an attractive novel therapeutic method for IBD. This review summarizes the current data and discusses several examples of oral immune therapeutic methods for using the gut immune system to generate signals to reset systemic immunity as a treatment for IBD.
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136
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Sim S, Hibberd ML. Caenorhabditis elegans susceptibility to gut Enterococcus faecalis infection is associated with fat metabolism and epithelial junction integrity. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:6. [PMID: 26769134 PMCID: PMC4714453 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut bacteria-host interactions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases, but few mechanisms have been described. The genetically tractable nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans can be infected with pathogenic bacteria, such as the human gut commensal Enterococcus faecalis, via feeding, making it a good model for studying these interactions. RESULTS An RNAi screen of 17 worm candidate genes revealed that knockdown of the transcription factor nhr-49, a master regulator of fat metabolism, shortens worm lifespan upon infection with E. faecalis (and other potentially pathogenic bacteria) compared to Escherichia coli. The functional similarity of nhr-49 to the mammalian peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) suggests that this is mediated through a link between fatty acid metabolism and innate immunity. In addition, knockdown of either dlg-1 or ajm-1, which encode physically interacting proteins in the C. elegans epithelial junction, also reduces worm lifespan upon E. faecalis challenge, demonstrating the importance of the intestinal epithelium as an immune barrier. CONCLUSIONS The protective roles identified for nhr-49, dlg-1, and ajm-1 suggest mechanistic interactions between the gut microbiota, host fatty acid metabolism, innate immunity, and epithelial junction integrity that are remarkably similar to those implicated in human metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Sim
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews and outlines recent advances in the field of bone remodeling in psoriatic disease and identify avenues for further research. RECENT FINDINGS High-resolution imaging revealed that new bone formation, observed in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is centered at enthesial sites in contrast to hand osteoarthritis, and new bone formation is also present in psoriasis patients without arthritis. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that the IL-23/IL-17 pathway is directly involved in altered bone phenotypes in PsA. Apart from Th17 and Th22 cells, CD8IL-17 T cells, γδT cells, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells also secrete IL-17 and IL-22. Further studies will be needed to clarify the role of these cells in bone remodeling in the context of psoriatic disease. Recent research also strengthened the earlier viewpoint that mechanical stress can serve as a trigger for joint inflammation and arthritis development. Recent findings suggest that inflammation beginning in the skin may become more generalized and involve musculoskeletal structures. Other reports suggest that gut microbiota might have a role in joint inflammatory responses and bone remodeling in psoriatic disease. Successful application of omics approaches and advance imaging studies also revealed many novel aspects of psoriatic diseases and joint-related pathologies which will likely help pinpoint causal genes, pathways, and novel biomarkers in the near future. SUMMARY Imaging studies have provided new insights into new bone formation phenotypes in PsA. The IL-23/IL-17 pathway is of central importance in psoriatic bone remodeling where, apart from CD4 T helper cells, other IL-17 and IL-22-secreting innate and adaptive cells may also be involved. Insights from study of the microbiome and from omics technologies will set the stage for new advances in our understanding of bone disorders in psoriatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Paine
- Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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138
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Daguet D, Pinheiro I, Verhelst A, Possemiers S, Marzorati M. Arabinogalactan and fructooligosaccharides improve the gut barrier function in distinct areas of the colon in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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139
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Qiu X, Li X, Wu Z, Zhang F, Wang N, Wu N, Yang X, Liu Y. Fungal–bacterial interactions in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute and chronic colitis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03869g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal intestinal microbiota plays critical roles in the initiation and development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
- Department of Gastroenterology
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Na Wu
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology & Central Laboratory
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology
- Institute of Micro-biology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology
- Peking University People's Hospital
- Beijing 100044
- China
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140
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Immuno-ecology: how the microbiome regulates tolerance and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 37:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Microbial Disruption of Autophagy Alters Expression of the RISC Component AGO2, a Critical Regulator of the miRNA Silencing Pathway. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:2778-86. [PMID: 26332312 PMCID: PMC4645954 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is implicated in Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis. Recent evidence suggests autophagy regulates the microRNA (miRNA)-induced silencing complex (miRISC). Therefore, autophagy may play a novel role in CD by regulating expression of miRISC, thereby altering miRNA silencing. As microbes associated with CD can alter autophagy, we hypothesized that microbial disruption of autophagy affects the critical miRISC component AGO2. METHODS AGO2 expression was assessed in epithelial and immune cells, and intestinal organoids with disrupted autophagy. Microarray technology was used to determine the expression of downstream miRNAs in cells with defective autophagy. RESULTS Increased AGO2 was detected in autophagy-deficient ATG5-/- and ATG16-/- mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) in comparison with wild-type MEFs. Chemical agents and VacA toxin, which disrupt autophagy, increased AGO2 expression in MEFs, epithelial cells lines, and human monocytes, respectively. Increased AGO2 was also detected in ATG7-/- intestinal organoids, in comparison with wild-type organoids. Five miRNAs were differentially expressed in autophagy-deficient MEFs. Pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed miRNAs implicated signaling pathways previously associated with CD. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy is involved in the regulation of the critical miRISC component AGO2 in epithelial and immune cells and primary intestinal epithelial cells. We propose a mechanism by which autophagy alters miRNA expression, which likely impacts the regulation of CD-associated pathways. Furthermore, as enteric microbial products can manipulate autophagy and AGO2, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which enteric microbes could influence miRNA to promote disease.
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Yamashita T, Kasahara K, Emoto T, Matsumoto T, Mizoguchi T, Kitano N, Sasaki N, Hirata KI. Intestinal Immunity and Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Targets for Preventing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. Circ J 2015. [PMID: 26212124 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered a chronic inflammatory disease and an intervention targeting the inflammatory process could be a new therapeutic strategy for preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We hypothesized that the intestine, which is considered the biggest immune organ in the human body, could be a therapeutic target for preventing CVD. We demonstrated that oral administration of anti-CD3 antibody or an active form of vitamin D3 reduced atherosclerosis in mice via induction of regulatory T cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Similar to regulatory immune responses achieved by oral tolerance, our method had systemic effects that ultimately contributed towards atherosclerosis reduction. Recently, we have been interested in the gut microbiota, which have been reported as highly associated with intestinal immunity and systemic metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes. Notably, the guts of obese individuals are predominantly colonized by Firmicutes over Bacteroidetes. The association between atherosclerosis and microbiota has been attracting increased attention, and gut microbiota have been shown to participate in the metabolism of a proatherogenic compound called trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and aggravate CVD. Our investigation of the relationship between susceptibility to CVD and the gut microbiota revealed a characteristic flora type. Here, we discuss the evidence for the relationship between the gut microbiota and cardiometabolic diseases, and consider the gut microbiota as new potential therapeutic targets for treating CVD. (Circ J 2015; 79: 1882-1890).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamashita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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Dai X, Chen X, Chen Q, Shi L, Liang H, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Pang W, Hou D, Wang C, Zen K, Yuan Y, Zhang CY, Xia L. MicroRNA-193a-3p Reduces Intestinal Inflammation in Response to Microbiota via Down-regulation of Colonic PepT1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16099-115. [PMID: 25931122 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.659318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is characterized by epithelial disruption, leading to the loss of barrier function, recruitment of immune cells, and host immune responses to gut microbiota. PepT1, a di/tripeptide transporter that uptakes bacterial products, is up-regulated in inflamed colon tissue, which implies its role in bacterium-associated intestinal inflammation. Although microRNA (miRNA)-mediated gene regulation has been found to be involved in various processes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the biological function of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of IBD remains to be explored. In this study we detected miRNA expression patterns in colon tissues during colitis and investigated the mechanism underlying the regulation of colonic PepT1 by miRNAs. We observed an inverse correlation between PepT1 and miR-193a-3p in inflamed colon tissues with active ulcerative colitis, and we further demonstrated that miR-193a-3p reduced PepT1 expression and activity as a target gene and subsequently suppressed the NF-κB pathway. Intracolonic delivery of miR-193a-3p significantly ameliorated dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, whereas the overexpression of colonic PepT1 via PepT1 3'-untranslated region mutant lentivirus vector abolished the anti-inflammatory effect of miR-193a-3p. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment eliminated the difference in the dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation between the presence and absence of miR-193a-3p. These findings suggest that miR-193a-3p regulation of PepT1 mediates the uptake of bacterial products and is a potent mechanism during the colonic inflammation process. Overall, we believe miR-193a-3p may be a potent regulator of colonic PepT1 for maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dai
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Xi Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Qian Liu
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Wenjing Pang
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Dongxia Hou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Ke Zen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yaozong Yuan
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Lu Xia
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 197 Ruijin Second Road, Shanghai 200025, China and
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144
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Kolesnikov M, Farache J, Shakhar G. Intravital two-photon imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. J Immunol Methods 2015; 421:73-80. [PMID: 25801674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Live imaging of the gastrointestinal tract with two-photon microscopy (TPM) has proven to be a useful tool for mucosal immunologists. It provides deep penetration of live tissues with reduced phototoxicity and photobleaching and thus excels in deciphering dynamic immunological processes that require cell motility and last minutes through hours. The few studies that employed this technique in the gut have uncovered new aspects of mucosal immunity. They focused mainly on adaptive immunity in the small intestine and exposed the details of important interactions among several epithelial and hematopoietic cell types. TPM can be employed either on explanted tissue or intravitally, as has been practiced in our lab. Intravital TPM preserves physiological conditions more faithfully, but it is a demanding technique that requires dedicated personnel. To achieve success, the peristaltic motility of the intestine must be curbed, surgical and photonic damage must be minimized, and tissue degradation must be delayed and controlled for. Here we briefly review published studies that employed intravital TPM in the gut, describe our own technique for imaging the intestinal Peyer's patches (PPs) and villi, and present some observations we made using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Kolesnikov
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Julia Farache
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guy Shakhar
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Abstract
The collection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live in and on the human body, collectively known as the microbiome, has recently emerged as an important factor in human physiology and disease. The gut in particular is a biological niche that is home to a diverse array of microbes that influence nearly all aspects of human biology through their interactions with their host; new technologies are beginning to reveal important aspects of host-microbe interactions. Articles in this Review series address how perturbations of the microbiota, such as through antibiotic use, influence its overall structure and function; how our microbiome influences the impact of infectious agents, such as C. difficile; how our microbiome mediates metabolism of xenobiotics; how the microbiota contribute to immunity as well as to metabolic and inflammatory diseases; and the role of commensal microbes in oncogenesis.
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