101
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Yun YR, Won JE, Jeon E, Lee S, Kang W, Jo H, Jang JH, Shin US, Kim HW. Fibroblast growth factors: biology, function, and application for tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2010; 2010:218142. [PMID: 21350642 PMCID: PMC3042641 DOI: 10.4061/2010/218142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that signal through FGF receptors (FGFRs) regulate a broad spectrum of biological functions, including cellular proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. The FGF signal pathways are the RAS/MAP kinase pathway, PI3 kinase/AKT pathway, and PLCγ pathway, among which the RAS/MAP kinase pathway is known to be predominant. Several studies have recently implicated the in vitro biological functions of FGFs for tissue regeneration. However, to obtain optimal outcomes in vivo, it is important to enhance the half-life of FGFs and their biological stability. Future applications of FGFs are expected when the biological functions of FGFs are potentiated through the appropriate use of delivery systems and scaffolds. This review will introduce the biology and cellular functions of FGFs and deal with the biomaterials based delivery systems and their current applications for the regeneration of tissues, including skin, blood vessel, muscle, adipose, tendon/ligament, cartilage, bone, tooth, and nerve tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Rang Yun
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
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102
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Yan XZ, Ge SH, Sun QF, Guo HM, Yang PS. A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effect of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and Recombinant Human Beta-Nerve Growth Factor on the Healing of Class III Furcation Defects in Dogs. J Periodontol 2010; 81:1289-98. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.090655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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103
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Kanaya S, Nemoto E, Ebe Y, Somerman MJ, Shimauchi H. Elevated extracellular calcium increases fibroblast growth factor-2 gene and protein expression levels via a cAMP/PKA dependent pathway in cementoblasts. Bone 2010; 47:564-72. [PMID: 20542497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cementoblasts, tooth root lining cells, are responsible for laying down cementum on the root surface, a process that is indispensable for establishing a functional periodontal ligament. Cementoblasts share phenotypical features with osteoblasts. Elevated levels of extracellular Ca(2+) have been implicated in osteogenesis by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts; however, the role of extracellular Ca(2+) signaling in cementogenesis has not been examined. Using RT-PCR, we found that elevated levels of extracellular Ca(2+) increase fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 gene expression with a peak at 6h. Pretreatment with a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, or an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, MDL-12,330A, inhibited Ca(2+)-stimulated Fgf-2 expression. In contrast, pretreatment with the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF-109203X or the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 did not affect the expression of Fgf-2 transcripts, suggesting that the increase in Fgf-2 expression was dependent on the PKA but not the PLC/PKC signaling pathway. Treatment with an activator of adenylate cyclase, forskolin, or a cell-permeable analog of cAMP, 8-Br-cAMP, enhanced Ca(2+)-stimulated Fgf-2 expression, but a single treatment with forskolin or 8-Br-cAMP did not, suggesting that cAMP generation is indispensable but not sufficient for Ca(2+)-stimulated FGF2 expression. Next, we examined the cation specificity of the putative receptor and showed that treatment with trivalent/divalent inorganic ions, Ca(2+), Gd(3+), Sr(2+), or Al(3+), caused a dose-dependent increase in Fgf-2 mRNA levels in a cAMP-dependent fashion, whereas Mg(2+) and the organic ions neomycin and spermine had no effect on Fgf-2 gene expression levels. These findings suggest that an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing mechanism is present in cementoblasts and its activation leads to FGF-2 stimulation in a cAMP/PKA dependent fashion. Understanding the pathway regulating key genes involved in modulating the regeneration of oral tissues will assist in designing regenerative therapies based on reliable biological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sousuke Kanaya
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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104
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Chen FM, Jin Y. Periodontal tissue engineering and regeneration: current approaches and expanding opportunities. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 16:219-55. [PMID: 19860551 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The management of periodontal tissue defects that result from periodontitis represents a medical and socioeconomic challenge. Concerted efforts have been and still are being made to accelerate and augment periodontal tissue and bone regeneration, including a range of regenerative surgical procedures, the development of a variety of grafting materials, and the use of recombinant growth factors. More recently, tissue-engineering strategies, including new cell- and/or matrix-based dimensions, are also being developed, analyzed, and employed for periodontal regenerative therapies. Tissue engineering in periodontology applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological techniques that can restore lost alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and root cementum. It is based on an understanding of the role of periodontal formation and aims to grow new functional tissues rather than to build new replacements of periodontium. Although tissue engineering has merged to create more opportunities for predictable and optimal periodontal tissue regeneration, the technique and design for preclinical and clinical studies remain in their early stages. To date, the reconstruction of small- to moderate-sized periodontal bone defects using engineered cell-scaffold constructs is technically feasible, and some of the currently developed concepts may represent alternatives for certain ideal clinical scenarios. However, the predictable reconstruction of the normal structure and functionality of a tooth-supporting apparatus remains challenging. This review summarizes current regenerative procedures for periodontal healing and regeneration and explores their progress and difficulties in clinical practice, with particular emphasis placed upon current challenges and future possibilities associated with tissue-engineering strategies in periodontal regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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105
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Shirakata Y, Taniyama K, Yoshimoto T, Miyamoto M, Takeuchi N, Matsuyama T, Noguchi K. Regenerative effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on periodontal healing in two-wall intrabony defects in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:374-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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106
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Ishikawa I, Iwata T, Washio K, Okano T, Nagasawa T, Iwasaki K, Ando T. Cell sheet engineering and other novel cell-based approaches to periodontal regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2010; 51:220-38. [PMID: 19878477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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107
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Effect of recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor on reimplanted teeth in beagle dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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108
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Lee J, Stavropoulos A, Susin C, Wikesjö UME. Periodontal regeneration: focus on growth and differentiation factors. Dent Clin North Am 2010; 54:93-111. [PMID: 20103474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several growth and differentiation factors have shown potential as therapeutic agents to support periodontal wound healing/regeneration, although optimal dosage, release kinetics, and suitable delivery systems are still unknown. Experimental variables, including delivery systems, dose, and the common use of poorly characterized preclinical models, make it difficult to discern the genuine efficacy of each of these factors. Only a few growth and differentiation factors have reached clinical evaluation. It appears that well-defined discriminating preclinical models followed by well-designed clinical trials are needed to further investigate the true potential of these and other candidate factors. Thus, current research is focused on finding relevant growth and differentiation factors, optimal dosages, and the best approaches for delivery to develop clinically meaningful therapies in patient-centered settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaebum Lee
- Laboratory for Applied Periodontal & Craniofacial Regeneration (LAPCR), Departments of Periodontics and Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia School of Dentistry, 1120 5th Street AD1434, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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109
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Pellegrini G, Seol YJ, Gruber R, Giannobile WV. Pre-clinical models for oral and periodontal reconstructive therapies. J Dent Res 2009; 88:1065-76. [PMID: 19887682 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509349748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new medical formulations (NMF) for reconstructive therapies has considerably improved the available treatment options for individuals requiring periodontal repair or oral implant rehabilitation. Progress in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine modalities strongly depends on validated pre-clinical research. Pre-clinical testing has contributed to the recent approval of NMF such as GEM 21S and INFUSE bone grafts for periodontal and oral regenerative therapies. However, the selection of a suitable pre-clinical model for evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a NMF remains a challenge. This review is designed to serve as a primer to choose the appropriate pre-clinical models for the evaluation of NMF in situations requiring periodontal or oral reconstruction. Here, we summarize commonly used pre-clinical models and provide examples of screening and functional studies of NMF that can be translated into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pellegrini
- Department Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
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110
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Shimabukuro Y, Ueda M, Ozasa M, Anzai J, Takedachi M, Yanagita M, Ito M, Hashikawa T, Yamada S, Murakami S. Fibroblast Growth Factor–2 Regulates the Cell Function of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2009; 35:1529-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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111
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Kao RT, Murakami S, Beirne OR. The use of biologic mediators and tissue engineering in dentistry. Periodontol 2000 2009; 50:127-53. [PMID: 19388957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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112
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Chen FM, Shelton RM, Jin Y, Chapple ILC. Localized delivery of growth factors for periodontal tissue regeneration: role, strategies, and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:472-513. [PMID: 19260070 DOI: 10.1002/med.20144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties associated with achieving predictable periodontal regeneration, means that novel techniques need to be developed in order to regenerate the extensive soft and hard tissue destruction that results from periodontitis. Localized delivery of growth factors to the periodontium is an emerging and versatile therapeutic approach, with the potential to become a powerful tool in future regenerative periodontal therapy. Optimized delivery regimes and well-defined release kinetics appear to be logical prerequisites for safe and efficacious clinical application of growth factors and to avoid unwanted side effects and toxicity. While adequate concentrations of growth factor(s) need to be appropriately localized, delivery vehicles are also expected to possess properties such as protein protection, precision in controlled release, biocompatibility and biodegradability, self-regulated therapeutic activity, potential for multiple delivery, and good cell/tissue penetration. Here, current knowledge, recent advances, and future possibilities of growth factor delivery strategies are outlined for periodontal regeneration. First, the role of those growth factors that have been implicated in the periodontal healing/regeneration process, general requirements for their delivery, and the different material types available are described. A detailed discussion follows of current strategies for the selection of devices for localized growth factor delivery, with particular emphasis placed upon their advantages and disadvantages and future prospects for ongoing studies in reconstructing the tooth supporting apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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113
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Effect of lactoferrin-embedded collagen membrane on osteogenic differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:191-5. [PMID: 19217559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) has the ability to promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, suggesting its potential utility as an osteogenic growth factor in bone tissue engineering. However, this type of application requires improved drug delivery system (DDS) technology at the target site. In this study, we report enhanced calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity using the type I collagen membrane during osteogenic differentiation of MG63 human osteoblast-like cells, indicating that type I collagen not only acts as a site for calcification but also promotes the expression of differentiated phenotypes. We also used this membrane as a drug delivery carrier for bovine LF. Approximately 27% of LF embedded on the type I collagen membrane was released within the first hour in cell-free condition. This initial burst release of LF was followed by a slower release from the collagen membrane. Bovine LF embedded in the type I collagen membrane promoted its calcification during osteogenic differentiation of MG63 cells without the loss of LF bioactivity. Taken together, ALP activity and osteocalcin production were enhanced in the MG63 cells plated on the LF-embedded collagen membrane, suggesting that LF incorporated in the collagen membrane promoted bone-like tissue formation by MG63 cells. These observations suggest that the type I collagen membrane is useful as a drug delivery carrier for LF in bone tissue engineering.
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114
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Hakki SS, Hakki EE, Nohutcu RM. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases by basic fibroblast growth factor and dexamethasone in periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:794-802. [PMID: 19602122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and dexamethasone (Dex) on mRNA expressions of collagen (COL) type I, III and X, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, -2, -3 and -9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and -2, and also on mineralization and morphology of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontal ligament cells were obtained from premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. Periodontal ligament cells were cultured with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing: (1) 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS); (2) 5% FBS + ascorbic acid (AA, 50 microg/mL); (3) 5% FBS + Dex (10(-7) m) + AA; (4) 5% FBS + bFGF (10 ng/mL) + AA; or (5) 5% FBS + Dex (10(-7) m) + bFGF + AA. Cells within each group were evaluated for gene expression profile using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for COL I, III and X, MMP-1, -2, -3 and -9 and TIMP-1 and -2 on days 14 and 21 and for biomineralization by von Kossa stain in vitro on day 21. Images of PDL cells were examined using a phase contrast microscope. RESULTS Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulated MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions and inhibited TIMP-2 mRNA expression. Treatment of cells with Dex + bFGF led to downregulation of MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 transcripts. Whilst AA alone and Dex alone induced biomineralization of PDL cells, bFGF blocked the mineralization activity of the cells. In the Dex + bFGF group, more mineral nodules were noted when compared to AA alone and Dex alone groups. CONCLUSION The addition of Dex to culture reversed bFGF-mediated inhibition of mineralization. Use of combined bFGF and Dex to regulate PDL cell function may be a good therapeutic option to obtain periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hakki
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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115
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The use of platelet-rich plasma in bone reconstruction therapy. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4956-66. [PMID: 19573909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in bone reconstruction therapy was introduced in the late 1990s. Since then, many scientists and clinicians have employed it in orthopaedic and oral surgeries. Unfortunately, studies that analyze the use of PRP are somewhat controversial as some conclude that the use of PRP may favor bone regeneration and others conclude that the use of PRP is irrelevant. By listing and analyzing the biological effect that each factor released by the activated platelets can have in bone regeneration, the present review answers the question of why PRP may be useful in bone reconstruction therapy. Subsequently, by examining the studies that have both successfully and unsuccessfully utilized PRP, it suggests how PRP might be used in order to achieve successful results in orthopaedic and dental bone reconstruction surgeries.
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116
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Keiichi K, Mitsunobu K, Masafumi S, Yutaka D, Toshiaki S. Induction of new bone by basic FGF-loaded porous carbonate apatite implants in femur defects in rats. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20:560-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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118
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Akman AC, Tığlı RS, Gümüşderelioğlu M, Nohutcu RM. bFGF-loaded HA-chitosan: A promising scaffold for periodontal tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 92:953-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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119
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Terashima Y, Shimabukuro Y, Terashima H, Ozasa M, Terakura M, Ikezawa K, Hashikawa T, Takedachi M, Oohara H, Yamada S, Murakami S. Fibroblast growth factor‐2 regulates expression of osteopontin in periodontal ligament cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:640-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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120
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Kitamura M, Nakashima K, Kowashi Y, Fujii T, Shimauchi H, Sasano T, Furuuchi T, Fukuda M, Noguchi T, Shibutani T, Iwayama Y, Takashiba S, Kurihara H, Ninomiya M, Kido JI, Nagata T, Hamachi T, Maeda K, Hara Y, Izumi Y, Hirofuji T, Imai E, Omae M, Watanuki M, Murakami S. Periodontal tissue regeneration using fibroblast growth factor-2: randomized controlled phase II clinical trial. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2611. [PMID: 18596969 PMCID: PMC2432040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The options for medical use of signaling molecules as stimulators of tissue regeneration are currently limited. Preclinical evidence suggests that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 can promote periodontal regeneration. This study aimed to clarify the activity of FGF-2 in stimulating regeneration of periodontal tissue lost by periodontitis and to evaluate the safety of such stimulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used recombinant human FGF-2 with 3% hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) as vehicle and conducted a randomized double-blinded controlled trial involving 13 facilities. Subjects comprised 74 patients displaying a 2- or 3-walled vertical bone defect as measured > or = 3 mm apical to the bone crest. Patients were randomly assigned to 4 groups: Group P, given HPC with no FGF-2; Group L, given HPC containing 0.03% FGF-2; Group M, given HPC containing 0.1% FGF-2; and Group H, given HPC containing 0.3% FGF-2. Each patient underwent flap operation during which we administered 200 microL of the appropriate investigational drug to the bone defect. Before and for 36 weeks following administration, patients underwent periodontal tissue inspections and standardized radiography of the region under investigation. As a result, a significant difference (p = 0.021) in rate of increase in alveolar bone height was identified between Group P (23.92%) and Group H (58.62%) at 36 weeks. The linear increase in alveolar bone height at 36 weeks in Group P and H was 0.95 mm and 1.85 mm, respectively (p = 0.132). No serious adverse events attributable to the investigational drug were identified. CONCLUSIONS Although no statistically significant differences were noted for gains in clinical attachment level and alveolar bone gain for FGF-2 groups versus Group P, the significant difference in rate of increase in alveolar bone height (p = 0.021) between Groups P and H at 36 weeks suggests that some efficacy could be expected from FGF-2 in stimulating regeneration of periodontal tissue in patients with periodontitis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00514657.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Dental Hospital, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kowashi
- Dental Hospital, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujii
- Medical and Dental Clinic, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Mitsuo Fukuda
- Aichigakuin University Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Hiroshima University Hospital of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Jun-ichi Kido
- Tokushima University Dental Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yoshitaka Hara
- Nagasaki University Hospital, Attached School of Dentistry, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Kagoshima University Dental Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Enyu Imai
- Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Omae
- Izumisano Municipal Hospital, Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano, Japan
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121
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Zhao H, Alexeev A, Sharma V, Guzman LDT, Bojanowski K. Effect of SBD.4A - a defined multicomponent preparation ofAngelica sinensis- in periodontal regeneration models. Phytother Res 2008; 22:923-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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122
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Basic fibroblast growth factor regulates expression of heparan sulfate in human periodontal ligament cells. Matrix Biol 2008; 27:232-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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123
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Choi W, Kawanabe H, Sawa Y, Taniguchi K, Ishikawa H. Effects of bFGF on suppression of collagen type I accumulation and scar tissue formation during wound healing after mucoperiosteal denudation of rat palate. Acta Odontol Scand 2008; 66:31-7. [PMID: 18320416 DOI: 10.1080/00016350701884612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on collagen changes after mucoperiosteal denudation of rat palate. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 36 male Wistar rats were divided into control, scar, sham, and bFGF groups. In the scar, sham, and bFGF groups, lateral palatal mucoperiosteum was excised to form scar tissue on the palate. In the bFGF group, bFGF solution was injected into the operated area 1 week postoperatively. At 6 weeks postoperatively, the distribution of collagen type I and the 3-dimensional structure of collagen fibers were investigated under immunofluorescent and scanning electron microscopy. RESULT In the bFGF group, weakly immunostained submucosa was clearly distinguishable from the strongly immunostained cervical periodontal ligament and gingiva. Collagen fibers running from submucosal tissue into the surface of underlying palatal bone comprised loosely arranged collagen fibrils. Lumen structures in collagen fibers resembled those in the control group. CONCLUSION Administration of bFGF for suppression of collagen type I generation could suppress scar tissue formation and reduce connective strength with adjacent teeth and palatal bone.
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Buxton PG, Cobourne MT. Regenerative approaches in the craniofacial region: manipulating cellular progenitors for oro-facial repair. Oral Dis 2007; 13:452-60. [PMID: 17714347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the potential for regeneration that resides within the bony tissues of the craniofacial region. We examine the five main cues which determine osteogenic differentiation: heritage of the cell, mechanical cues, the influence of the matrix, growth factor stimulation and cell-to-cell contact. We review how successful clinical procedures, such as guided tissue regeneration and distraction osteogenesis exploit this resident ability. We explore the developmental origins of the flat bones of the skull to see how such programmes of differentiation may inform new therapies or regenerative techniques. Finally we compare and contrast existing approaches of hard tissue reconstruction with future approaches inspired by the regenerative medicine philosophy, with particular emphasis on the potential for using chondrocyte-inspired factors and replaceable scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Buxton
- Eastman Dental Institute, UCL, London, UK.
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125
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Silverio-Ruiz KG, Martinez AET, Garlet GP, Barbosa CF, Silva JS, Cicarelli RMB, Valentini SR, Abi-Rached RSG, Junior CR. Opposite effects of bFGF and TGF-β on collagen metabolism by human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Cytokine 2007; 39:130-7. [PMID: 17728137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of bFGF and TGF-beta, individually and combined, on cell proliferation and collagen metabolism. Primary human periodontal ligament cells were stimulated with two concentrations (1 and 10 ng/ml) of each growth factor, both individually and combined. Proliferation was determined by a commercial biochemical assay. Real time RT-PCR determined gene expression of MMP-1 and -2, collagen types I and III, TIMP-1, -2 and -3. Autocrine effects on synthesis of bFGF and TGF-beta were evaluated by ELISA. Only TGF-beta, either isolated or associated with bFGF, significantly increased cell proliferation. TGF-beta had anabolic effects, increasing expression of type I and III collagen as well as of TIMPs, whereas bFGF had opposite effects. When bFGF and TGF-beta were associated, the anabolic effects prevailed. Synthesis of TGF-beta was induced only by the association of lower concentrations of the growth factors, whereas there was a dose-dependent production of bFGF. It is concluded that bFGF had a predominantly catabolic effect, and TGF-beta exerted an anabolic effect on hPDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Gonzales Silverio-Ruiz
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Centro, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14801-903, Brazil
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126
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Murray PE, Garcia-Godoy F, Hargreaves KM. Regenerative endodontics: a review of current status and a call for action. J Endod 2007; 33:377-90. [PMID: 17368324 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 09/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Millions of teeth are saved each year by root canal therapy. Although current treatment modalities offer high levels of success for many conditions, an ideal form of therapy might consist of regenerative approaches in which diseased or necrotic pulp tissues are removed and replaced with healthy pulp tissue to revitalize teeth. Researchers are working toward this objective. Regenerative endodontics is the creation and delivery of tissues to replace diseased, missing, and traumatized pulp. This review provides an overview of regenerative endodontics and its goals, and describes possible techniques that will allow regenerative endodontics to become a reality. These potential approaches include root-canal revascularization, postnatal (adult) stem cell therapy, pulp implant, scaffold implant, three-dimensional cell printing, injectable scaffolds, and gene therapy. These regenerative endodontic techniques will possibly involve some combination of disinfection or debridement of infected root canal systems with apical enlargement to permit revascularization and use of adult stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors. Although the challenges of introducing endodontic tissue engineering therapies are substantial, the potential benefits to patients and the profession are equally ground breaking. Patient demand is staggering both in scope and cost, because tissue engineering therapy offers the possibility of restoring natural function instead of surgical placement of an artificial prosthesis. By providing an overview of the methodological issues required to develop potential regenerative endodontic therapies, we hope to present a call for action to develop these therapies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Murray
- Department of Endodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
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127
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Mao JJ, Giannobile WV, Helms JA, Hollister SJ, Krebsbach PH, Longaker MT, Shi S. Craniofacial tissue engineering by stem cells. J Dent Res 2007; 85:966-79. [PMID: 17062735 PMCID: PMC2571078 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608501101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial tissue engineering promises the regeneration or de novo formation of dental, oral, and craniofacial structures lost to congenital anomalies, trauma, and diseases. Virtually all craniofacial structures are derivatives of mesenchymal cells. Mesenchymal stem cells are the offspring of mesenchymal cells following asymmetrical division, and reside in various craniofacial structures in the adult. Cells with characteristics of adult stem cells have been isolated from the dental pulp, the deciduous tooth, and the periodontium. Several craniofacial structures--such as the mandibular condyle, calvarial bone, cranial suture, and subcutaneous adipose tissue--have been engineered from mesenchymal stem cells, growth factor, and/or gene therapy approaches. As a departure from the reliance of current clinical practice on durable materials such as amalgam, composites, and metallic alloys, biological therapies utilize mesenchymal stem cells, delivered or internally recruited, to generate craniofacial structures in temporary scaffolding biomaterials. Craniofacial tissue engineering is likely to be realized in the foreseeable future, and represents an opportunity that dentistry cannot afford to miss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mao
- Columbia University College of Dental Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, 630 W. 168 St.--PH7 CDM, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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128
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Abstract
Regeneration of periodontal structures lost during periodontal diseases constitutes a complex biological process regulated among others by interactions between cells and growth factors. Growth factors are biologically active polypeptides affecting the proliferation, chemotaxis and differentiation of cells from epithelium, bone and connective tissue. They express their action by binding to specific cell-surface receptors present on various target cells including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. The observation that growth factors participate in all cell functions led to exogenous application during periodontal tissue repair aiming to their use as an alternative therapeutic approach to periodontal therapy. Cell types and cultures conditions, dose, carrier materials, application requirements are of critical importance in the outcome of periodontal repair. The purpose of this article is to review the literature with respect to the biological actions of PDGF, TGF, FGF, IGF and EGF on periodontal cells and tissues, which are involved in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- X E Dereka
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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129
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Kaigler D, Cirelli JA, Giannobile WV. Growth factor delivery for oral and periodontal tissue engineering. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3:647-62. [PMID: 16948560 PMCID: PMC2573469 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.5.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of oral and periodontal diseases and associated anomalies accounts for a significant proportion of the healthcare burden, with the manifestations of these conditions being functionally and psychologically debilitating. Growth factors are critical to the development, maturation, maintenance and repair of craniofacial tissues, as they establish an extracellular environment that is conducive to cell and tissue growth. Tissue-engineering principles aim to exploit these properties in the development of biomimetic materials that can provide an appropriate microenvironment for tissue development. These materials have been constructed into devices that can be used as vehicles for delivery of cells, growth factors and DNA. In this review, different mechanisms of drug delivery are addressed in the context of novel approaches to reconstruct and engineer oral- and tooth-supporting structures, namely the periodontium and alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darnell Kaigler
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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130
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Hughes FJ, Turner W, Belibasakis G, Martuscelli G. Effects of growth factors and cytokines on osteoblast differentiation. Periodontol 2000 2006; 41:48-72. [PMID: 16686926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Hughes
- Centre for Adult Oral Health, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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131
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Ramseier CA, Abramson ZR, Jin Q, Giannobile WV. Gene therapeutics for periodontal regenerative medicine. Dent Clin North Am 2006; 50:245-63, ix. [PMID: 16530061 PMCID: PMC2572757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been significant advancement in the field of periodontal tissue engineering over the past decade for the repair of tooth-supporting structures. Although encouraging results for periodontal tissue regeneration have been found in numerous clinical investigations using recombinant growth factors, limitations exist with topical protein delivery. Newer approaches seek to develop methodologies that optimize growth factor targeting to maximize the therapeutic outcome of periodontal regenerative procedures. Genetic approaches in periodontal tissue engineering show early progress in achieving delivery of growth factor genes, such as platelet-derived growth factor or bone morphogenetic protein, to periodontal lesions. Ongoing investigations in ex vivo and in vivo gene transfer to periodontia seek to examine the extent of the potential effects in stimulating periodontal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Ramseier
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration and Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
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132
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Varkey M, Gittens SA, Uludag H. Growth factor delivery for bone tissue repair: an update. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 1:19-36. [PMID: 16296718 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.1.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) are endogenous proteins capable of acting on cell-surface receptors and directing cellular activities involved in the regeneration of new bone tissue. The specific actions and long-term effects of GFs on bone-forming cells have resulted in exploration of their potential for clinical bone repair. The concerted efforts have led to the recent approval of two GFs, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteogenic protein-1, for clinical bone repair, and human parathryroid hormone (1-34) for augmentation of systemic bone mass. This review provides a selective summary of recent (2001-2004) attempts for GF delivery in bone tissue regeneration. First, a summary of non-human primate studies involving local regeneration and repair is provided, with special emphasis on the range of biomaterials used for GF delivery. Next, efforts to administer GFs for systemic augmentation of bone tissue are summarised. Finally, an alternative means of GF delivery, namely the delivery of genes coding for osteogenic proteins, rather than the delivery of the proteins, is summarised from rodent models. To conclude, future avenues of research considered promising to enhance the clinical application of GFs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Varkey
- University of Alberta, Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 526 Chemical and Materials Engineering Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G6, Canada
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133
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Inaba H, Tagashira M, Kanda T, Ohno T, Kawai S, Amano A. Apple- and Hop-Polyphenols Protect Periodontal Ligament Cells Stimulated With Enamel Matrix Derivative FromPorphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2005; 76:2223-9. [PMID: 16332233 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.12.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a tissue regenerative agent used clinically as an adjunct to periodontal surgery. It was previously demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, significantly diminished the efficacy of EMD with periodontal ligament (PDL) cells through the proteolytic actions of Arg- and Lys-gingipains (Rgp and Kgp). Thus, antiproteolytic supplements are considered clinically desirable for effective periodontal regenerative therapies. In the present study, we examined apple- (AP) and hop-polyphenols to determine their ability to protect EMD-stimulated PDL cells from P. gingivalis. METHODS AP, apple condensed tannin (ACT), hop bract polyphenol (HBP), high and low molecular weight fractions of HBP (HMW-HBP and LMW-HBP), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) were used. PDL cells were grown on EMD-coated dishes and infected with P. gingivalis, and cellular migration and proliferation were evaluated with an in vitro assay of wound healing assay in the presence or absence of the polyphenols. RESULTS Each polyphenol significantly enhanced the viability of PDL cells infected with P. gingivalis, whereas only EGCg demonstrated cytotoxicity. Further, all polyphenols significantly inhibited Rgp activity, with AP, ACT, and HBP more effective toward Kgp. P. gingivalis markedly diminished the migration and proliferation of EMD-stimulated PDL cells, whereas the addition of AP, ACT, HBP, and HMW-HBP significantly protected the cells from bacterial cytotoxicity. In contrast, EGCg and LMW-HBP did not show protective effects. CONCLUSION These results suggest that AP, ACT, AP, HBP, and HMW-HBP protect EMD-stimulated PDL cells from P. gingivalis and may be therapeutically useful supplements for EMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Inaba
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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134
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Shimabukuro Y, Ueda M, Ichikawa T, Terashi Y, Yamada S, Kusumoto Y, Takedachi M, Terakura M, Kohya A, Hashikawa T, Murakami S. Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Stimulates Hyaluronan Production by Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2005; 31:805-8. [PMID: 16249723 DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000158242.44155.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), is a high molecular mass extracellular matrix constituting connective tissue and plays a critical role in not only homeostasis but also inflammatory and wound-healing responses. In this study, we investigated the effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 on the production of HA by human dental pulp cells (HDPC). An inhibition binding-protein assay showed that FGF-2 increased HA production by HDPC. In addition, expression of mRNA of hyaluronan synthase (HAS) 1 and HAS 2, both of which are related to the production of high molecular mass of HA, but not HAS 3, was enhanced in FGF-2-stimulated HDPC. These results provide new evidence for the involvement of FGF-2 in the regulation of HA production by HDPC possibly through HAS 1 and HAS 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Shimabukuro
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.
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135
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Hakki SS, Nohutcu RM, Hakki EE, Berry JE, Akkaya MS, Somerman MJ. Dexamethasone and basic-fibroblast growth factor regulate markers of mineralization in cementoblasts in vitro. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1550-8. [PMID: 16171446 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.9.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the effects of basic-fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) and/or dexamethasone (Dex) on cementoblasts in vitro. METHODS Murine cementoblasts were treated as follows: 1) 5% FBS (fetal bovine serum) + ascorbic acid (AA, 50 microg/ml, control); 2) 5% FBS + Dex (10(7)M) + AA; 3) 5% FBS + b-FGF (50 ng/ml)+AA; or 4) 5% FBS + Dex (10(7) M) + b-FGF (50 ng/ml)+AA and then evaluated by Northern analysis for changes in specific genes and by von Kossa stain for changes in mineral nodule formation. RESULTS Mitotic activity: b-FGF stimulated DNA synthesis significantly versus negative control. Gene expression: osteocalcin (OCN): Dex or b-FGF or the combination resulted in a decrease in expression versus control. Bone sialoprotein (BSP): Dex increased expression of BSP mRNA levels, b-FGF decreased transcript for BSP at 6 and 24 hours. Long-term (8 days) Dex, b-FGF, or Dex plus b-FGF caused a decrease in BSP expression versus control; osteopontin (OPN): both Dex and b-FGF increased transcripts for OPN seen by 6 hours, with a greater increase noted with b-FGF versus Dex. No apparent additive effect of Dex with b-FGF was noted; matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein (MGP): b-FGF induced transcripts for MGP and addition of Dex increased this effect, while Dex alone had no effect on expression. Biomineralization: Dex increased cementoblast- mediated biomineralization, while b-FGF blocked this activity, and addition of Dex to b-FGF did not alter FGF associated inhibition. CONCLUSION Dex and FGF alone and in combination alter cementoblast behavior, but additional studies are required to determine whether these factors have beneficial effects at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema S Hakki
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Konya, Turkey.
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136
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Sae-Lim V, Ong WY, Li Z, Neo J. The effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on delayed-replanted monkey teeth. J Periodontol 2005; 75:1570-8. [PMID: 15732856 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.12.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; FGF-2) has been reported to facilitate wound healing and periodontal regeneration in experimental alveolar bone defects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologically the effect of topically applied bFGF with or without fibrin glue on delayed-replanted monkey teeth prone to replacement resorption. METHODS Forty-five roots from five monkeys were endodontically treated aseptically and then extracted as atraumatically as possible. Ten negative control roots were replanted immediately, while 12 positive control roots were allowed to bench dry for 1 hour prior to replantation, both without further treatment. Roots in the two experimental groups were bench dried for 1 hour, rinsed with saline, and then replanted into sockets filled with bFGF with (11 roots) or without (12 roots) fibrin glue. After 12 weeks, histological sections were prepared and evaluated according to morphometric analysis as complete healing or unfavorable healing composed of inflammatory resorption and replacement resorption. RESULTS Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests showed teeth in the negative control group to have significantly higher complete healing (98.88% +/- 2.30%) and significantly lower unfavorable healing (1.12% +/- 2.30%) than the positive control group and the experimental groups. bFGF/fibrin glue group showed higher occurrence of complete healing (39.06% +/- 41.62%) compared to the bFGF group (25.28% +/- 28.85%) and the positive control group (16.58% +/- 19.60%), although the differences were not significant. Comparing the complete and unfavorable healing, there was no significant difference in the bFGF/fibrin glue group (P = 0.47), but the differences were significant in the other groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Topical application of bFGF with fibrin glue showed an insignificantly higher occurrence of complete healing in delayed-replanted monkey teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varawan Sae-Lim
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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137
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Shimabukuro Y, Ichikawa T, Takayama S, Yamada S, Takedachi M, Terakura M, Hashikawa T, Murakami S. Fibroblast growth factor-2 regulates the synthesis of hyaluronan by human periodontal ligament cells. J Cell Physiol 2005; 203:557-63. [PMID: 15573376 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) can enhance biological potentials of periodontal ligament cells and its topical application induces considerable periodontal tissue regeneration in vivo. In this study, we examined the effect of FGF-2 on the production of hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix playing important roles in homeostasis and inflammatory/wound healing responses, by human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. An inhibition binding-protein assay revealed that FGF-2 significantly increased HA production by HPDL cells in a dose dependent manner. Analysis by HPLC revealed that in conditioned medium of FGF-2-treated HPDL cells HA had a higher molecular mass, compared to that of untreated HPDL cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed the enhancement of mRNA expression of hyaluronan synthase (HAS) 1 and HAS 2, both of which contribute to the production of HA with a high molecular mass, but not HAS 3 in the FGF-2-treated HPDL cells. In contrast, three isoforms of hyaluronidase (HYAL) transcript were unchanged in the FGF-2-treated HPDL cells. These results provide new evidence for the possible involvement of FGF-2 in the regulation of HA production and its appreciable roles in not only homeostasis but also regeneration of periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Shimabukuro
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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138
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Inaba H, Kawai S, Nakayama K, Okahashi N, Amano A. Effect of enamel matrix derivative on periodontal ligament cells in vitro is diminished by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2004; 75:858-65. [PMID: 15295953 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.6.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been shown to possess a mitogenic effect to induce effective periodontal regeneration, however, it is unclear whether periodontal pathogens can modulate the effect of EMD. The present study examined the influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis on EMD-stimulated periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. METHODS P. gingivalis ATCC33277 and its mutants deficient in fimbriae (delta fimA) or gingipains (delta rgpA delta rgpB, delta kgp, and delta rgpA delta rgpB delta kgp) were employed. PDL cells were grown on EMD-coated dishes and infected with P. gingivalis wild strain or a mutant. Cell migration and proliferation were then evaluated with an in vitro wound healing assay. The expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA by PDL cells was examined. Further, the degradation and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) as well as paxillin in infected PDL cells were estimated using Western blot analysis. RESULTS P. gingivalis ATCC33277 inhibited the migration and proliferation of PDL cells on EMD-coated dishes, and the mutants delta fimA, delta rgpA delta rgpB, and delta kgp showed the same effects. Further, each of these organisms diminished the expression of TGF-beta1 and IGF-I mRNA, as well as the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 from EMD-stimulated PDL cells. In addition, total paxillin protein was markedly degraded by both the wild-type strain and each of the mutants except for delta rgpA delta rgpB delta kgp, which showed a negligible effect in all of the assays with EMD-stimulated PDL cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that P. gingivalis diminishes the effect of EMD on PDL cells in vitro through a cooperative action of gingipains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Inaba
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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139
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Ohira T, Myokai F, Shiomi N, Yamashiro K, Yamamoto T, Murayama Y, Arai H, Nishimura F, Takashiba S. Identification of genes differentially regulated in rat alveolar bone wound healing by subtractive hybridization. J Dent Res 2004; 83:546-51. [PMID: 15218044 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408300707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal healing requires the participation of regulatory molecules, cells, and scaffold or matrix. Here, we hypothesized that a certain set of genes is expressed in alveolar bone wound healing. Reciprocal subtraction gave 400 clones from the injured alveolar bone of Wistar rats. Identification of 34 genes and analysis of their expression in injured tissue revealed several clusters of unique gene regulation patterns, including the up-regulation at 1 wk of cytochrome c oxidase regulating electron transfer and energy metabolism, presumably occurring at the site of inflammation; up-regulation at 2.5 wks of pro-alpha-2 type I collagen involving the formation of a connective tissue structure; and up-regulation at 1 and 2 wks and down-regulation at 2.5 and 4 wks of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase l3 involving cell cycle, DNA repair, and stress response. The differential expression of genes may be associated with the processes of inflammation, wound contraction, and formation of a connective tissue structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohira
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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140
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Sato Y, Kikuchi M, Ohata N, Tamura M, Kuboki Y. Enhanced Cementum Formation in Experimentally Induced Cementum Defects of the Root Surface with the Application of Recombinant Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Collagen Gel In Vivo. J Periodontol 2004; 75:243-8. [PMID: 15068112 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapies using biologically active, soluble factors such as growth factors or cytokines have been investigated for potential clinical use in regenerating lost periodontal tissue due to periodontitis. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) is a multifunctional growth factor that has a variety of effects including induction of proliferation and morphogenesis in a wide range of cells and tissues including periodontal ligament tissue. METHODS In this study, we examined the effects of bFGF on the regeneration of cementum and periodontal ligament in experimentally induced partial defects in a beagle dog model. bFGF in a collagen gel was applied to the defects and root surfaces, and the teeth were replanted. RESULTS Eight weeks post-surgery, formation of cementum on denuded dentin was enhanced by application of 0.1, 1, or 5 microg of bFGF in a collagen gel compared to collagen gel containing vehicle. Histological analyses revealed that at 4 weeks post-surgery, random periodontal ligament fibers had bound to dentin, but were attached only to denuded dentin to which 0.1, 1, or 5 microg of bFGF in collagen gel had been applied. At 8 weeks post-surgery, we observed the formation of dense fibers bound to alveolar bone and newly synthesized cementum in teeth treated with 1 microg of bFGF. CONCLUSION These results suggest that basic fibroblast growth factor in a collagen gel is a suitable therapy for damaged periodontal ligament and could lead to readily achievable methods of treatment for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Sato
- Department of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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141
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Giannobile WV, Somerman MJ. Growth and Amelogenin-Like Factors in Periodontal Wound Healing. A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 8:193-204. [PMID: 14971254 DOI: 10.1902/annals.2003.8.1.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regeneration of tooth-supporting structures destroyed by periodontitis is a major goal of periodontal therapy. Periodontal tissue engineering utilizing growth and amelogenin-like factors (GAFs) applies advances in materials science and biology to regenerate alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. Amelogenin-like factors (e.g., enamel matrix derivative [EMD]) and growth factors (e.g., platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF] and bone morphogenetic proteins [BMPs, also considered morphogens]) have demonstrated pleotrophic effects on the stimulation of several key events required for tissue regeneration including DNA synthesis, chemotaxis, differentiation, and matrix synthesis. RATIONALE GAFs have been used for the treatment of periodontal disease as shown in preclinical and clinical studies. This systematic review evaluates the evidence to support the utilization of EMD and growth factors (GFs) for periodontal repair and regeneration associated with natural teeth. FOCUSED QUESTION In patients with periodontal osseous defects, what is the effect of GAFs compared with controls on clinical, radiographic, histologic, adverse, and patient-centered outcomes? SEARCH PROTOCOL Two investigators searched MEDLINE, pre-MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Oral Health Group trials register for clinical and preclinical studies published in English. Hand searches were performed on the International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Journal of Dental Research, Journal of Periodontology, and Journal of Periodontal Research. Searches were performed for articles published through April 2002. In addition, investigators contacted manufacturers of GAF products for related unpublished data and studies in progress. SELECTION CRITERIA INCLUSION CRITERIA Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, case reports, and preclinical (animal) randomized controlled investigations that included a cohort population diagnosed with periodontal disease and presenting data on intrabony/interproximal defects and/or furcation defects were screened. EXCLUSION CRITERIA In vitro studies or those that did not include quantifiable data with respect to clinical or bone measures were not included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Meta-analyses were performed for studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria for the following continuous variables: clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), or bone level (radiographic, re-entry, or histologic). Heterogeneity was assessed to determine whether the differences among therapies were due to systematic confounding factors (as noted in study quality assessments). MAIN RESULTS 1. Eight studies, representing 7 RCTs and 1 quasi-experimental study, representing a total population of 511 subjects were analyzed with respect to EMD. 2. The majority of the remaining papers had a low evidence rating. 3. Most reports were case studies or case series without controls. 4. There were insufficient data to conduct a meta-analysis on the effect of growth factors used in periodontal repair around teeth. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS 1. There is evidence supporting the use of EMD for periodontal osseous defects to improve CAL and reduce PD, although long-term benefits have not been established. 2. EMD has demonstrated notable consistency among the studies investigated in terms of superiority to controls (in general compared to open flap debridement [OFD]). 3. EMD appears to be safe for single and multiple administrations in terms of lack of elicitation of antibody responses or other local/systemic inflammatory events. 4. Preclinical and initial clinical data for growth factors appear promising but are insufficient to draw definitive conclusions at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics/Prevention/Geriatrics, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Nakamura T, Yamamoto M, Tamura M, Izumi Y. Effects of growth/differentiation factor-5 on human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38:597-605. [PMID: 14632923 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, shows a close structural relationship to bone morphogenetic proteins and plays crucial roles in skeletal, tendon, and ligament morphogenesis. The mRNA encoding GDF-5 is also expressed during odontogenesis, especially in dental follicle tissue. While this suggests that GDF-5 participates in the formation of alveolar bone and the periodontal ligament, cementum, and dental root, the physiologic role of GDF-5 in these tissues in adulthood remains unclear. We therefore investigated GDF-5 effects upon cultures of human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS HPDL cells were obtained from healthy periodontal ligaments of individuals. Tetrazolium reduction assay was carried out for cell proliferation assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was estimated by measuring light absorbance at 405 nm. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and northern analysis were performed for gene expression in cultured HPDL cells. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis was evaluated by histochemical staining and a quantitative dye-binding method. RESULTS Expression of GDF-5 and its receptor was demonstrated in HPDL cells by RT-PCR. ALP activity in HPDL cells was significantly decreased by addition of rhGDF-5 at 10-1000 ng/ml (p < 0.05). Although northern analysis showed little change in gene expression for collagen alpha2(I) in rhGDF-5-stimulated HPDL cells, rhGDF-5 dose-dependently enhanced cell proliferation. This proliferative effect persisted for 16 d. Alcian blue staining and dye-binding assays indicated that sGAG synthesis was enhanced by rhGDF-5. CONCLUSION rhGDF-5 may provide an environment fostering periodontal healing or regeneration by affecting extracellular matrix metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakamura
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Dental School, Kagoshima, Japan
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Okuda K, Kawase T, Momose M, Murata M, Saito Y, Suzuki H, Wolff LF, Yoshie H. Platelet-rich plasma contains high levels of platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta and modulates the proliferation of periodontally related cells in vitro. J Periodontol 2003; 74:849-57. [PMID: 12886996 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.6.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a fraction of plasma, in which platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are thought to be concentrated. It is plausible that topically-applied PRP up-regulates cellular activity and subsequently promotes periodontal regeneration in vivo. However, the concentrations of these growth factors in PRP have not been specifically determined and the biological effects of PRP at the cellular and molecular levels have not been determined. METHODS PRP obtained from 20 healthy subjects was prepared from plasma by centrifugation. These PRP preparations were immediately subjected to an evaluation for PDGF-AB and TGF-beta1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The biological effects of the PRP preparations were evaluated on osteoblastic, epithelial, fibroblastic, and periodontal ligament cells. Cellular mitogenic activity was evaluated by counting cell numbers or evaluating 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was immunocytochemically evaluated. RESULTS In the PRP preparations, platelets were concentrated up to 70.9 x 10(4) cells/microl (283.4% of the unconcentrated plasma). The levels of PDGF-AB and TGF-beta1 were also concentrated up to 182.0 ng/ml (440.6%) and 140.9 ng/ml (346.6%), respectively. Scatter plots revealed significant correlations between platelet counts and levels of these growth factors. PRP stimulated osteoblastic DNA synthesis and cell division (138% of control), with simultaneous down-regulation of ALP, but suppressed epithelial cell division (80% of control). PRP also stimulated DNA synthesis in gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that both PDGF-AB and TGF-beta1 were highly concentrated in the PRP preparations. It is suggested PRP modulates cell proliferation in a cell type-specific manner similar to what has been observed with TGF-beta1. Since synchronized behavior of related cell types is thought to be required for successful periodontal regeneration, it is further suggested these cell type-specific actions may be beneficial for periodontal regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okuda
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Course for Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Nakahara T, Nakamura T, Tabata Y, Eto K, Shimizu Y. Regeneration of periodontal tissues based on in situ tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.2492/jsir.23.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Takayama SI, Yoshida J, Hirano H, Okada H, Murakami S. Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontol 2002; 73:1467-73. [PMID: 12546097 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.12.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous reports found that basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2; bFGF) influences the proliferation and extracellular matrix production of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. In this study, we examined FGF-2 expression in gingival epithelium and the effect of FGF-2 on proliferative responses by gingival epithelial (GE) cells. METHODS Human GE cells were isolated from healthy gingival epithelium, and the mRNA expression of FGF-2 and FGF receptors (FGFRs) was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The distribution of FGF-2 in gingival tissues was detected by immunohistological analysis using the monoclonal antibody for human recombinant FGF-2, which was newly established and designated as BF-2. Further, the proliferative responses of GE cells to FGF-2 were investigated by measuring [3H]-thymidine uptake. RESULTS RT-PCR revealed that GE cells express FGFR-1, FGFR-2, FGFR-3, and FGFR-4 mRNA; however, not that of FGF-2. Employing immunohistochemical staining with BF-2, FGF-2 was observed localized in the intercellular spaces of gingival epithelium, though not in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Interestingly, staining by BF-2 in the intercellular spaces was diminished after treatment of the tissue sections with heparitinase. Further, an in vitro analysis revealed that FGF-2 enhanced the proliferative responses of human GE cells. However, costimulation with fetal calf serum inhibited the FGF-2-induced proliferation of GE cells, whereas the same costimulation synergistically enhanced FGF-2-induced PDL cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS FGF-2 is anchored in the intercellular spaces of gingival epithelium via heparansulfate and may regulate the growth and cytodifferentiation of GE cells via cell-type specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Takayama
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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