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Buchwald ZS, Efstathiou JA. Immunotherapy and Radiation - A New Combined Treatment Approach for Bladder Cancer? Bladder Cancer 2015; 1:15-27. [PMID: 30561443 PMCID: PMC6218185 DOI: 10.3233/blc-150014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has been showing promise in clinical trials for stage IV bladder cancer. Herein, we review the literature regarding the role for radiation therapy, the role for immunotherapy, and the potential synergy of these treatments combined in bladder cancer. There is ample pre-clinical data in a number of different tumor models, coupled with a growing body of clinical evidence in melanoma and other malignancies to suggest combining radiation and immunotherapy could lead to substantial advances in treatment outcomes for bladder cancer. Yet, these data for bladder cancer remain at the pre-clinical stage, and further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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102
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Dovedi SJ, Illidge TM. The antitumor immune response generated by fractionated radiation therapy may be limited by tumor cell adaptive resistance and can be circumvented by PD-L1 blockade. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1016709. [PMID: 26140246 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1016709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractionated radiation therapy (RT) leads to adaptive changes in the tumor microenvironment that may limit the generation of an antitumor immune response. We demonstrated that fractionated RT led to increased tumor cell expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in response to CD8+ T cell production of interferon gamma. Our data reveal that the efficacy of fractionated RT can be significantly improved through the generation of durable systemic immune responses when combined with concurrent, but not sequential, blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Dovedi
- Targeted Therapy Group; Institute of Cancer Sciences; Manchester Cancer Research Center; University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center ; Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - T M Illidge
- Targeted Therapy Group; Institute of Cancer Sciences; Manchester Cancer Research Center; University of Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center ; Manchester, United Kingdom
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103
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Zhu J, He S, Du J, Wang Z, Li W, Chen X, Jiang W, Zheng D, Jin G. Local administration of a novel Toll-like receptor 7 agonist in combination with doxorubicin induces durable tumouricidal effects in a murine model of T cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:21. [PMID: 25887995 PMCID: PMC4359787 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of lymphoma have notable drawbacks, and passive immunotherapy using a monoclonal antibody is restricted to CD20-positive B cell lymphoma. Therefore, new treatment types are urgently required, especially for T cell lymphoma. One type of new antitumour therapy is the use of active immunotherapeutic agents, such as agonists of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which facilitate the induction of prolonged antitumour immune responses. Methods We have synthesised a novel TLR7 agonist called SZU-101 and investigated the systemic antitumour effect on a murine model of T cell lymphoma in vivo. Results Here, we report that the intratumoural administration of SZU-101 enhanced the effectiveness of a conventionally used chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin (DOX). SZU-101 administration improved tumour clearance in a murine model of T cell lymphoma. The novel combination of intratumourally administered SZU-101 and DOX generated strong cytokine production and enhanced the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, leading to the eradication of both local and distant tumours in tumour-bearing mice. Conclusions These findings suggested that combined active immunotherapy can be developed as a promising treatment for T cell lymphoma, which may further improve the effectiveness of the current standard cyclophosphamide, DOX, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0121-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dong Feng RD East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiping He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhulin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China. .,Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wang Li
- Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianxiong Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dong Feng RD East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Duo Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China. .,Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China. .,Shenzhen Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
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104
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Ramakrishnan S, Annamalai A, Sachan S, Kumar A, Sharma BK, Govindaraj E, Chellappa MM, Dey S, Krishnaswamy N. Synergy of lipopolysaccharide and resiquimod on type I interferon, pro-inflammatory cytokine, Th1 and Th2 response in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Immunol 2015; 64:177-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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105
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Johansen PT, Zucker D, Parhamifar L, Pourhassan H, Madsen DV, Henriksen JR, Gad M, Barberis A, Maj R, Andresen TL, Jensen SS. Monocyte targeting and activation by cationic liposomes formulated with a TLR7 agonist. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1045-58. [PMID: 25682882 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1009444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Monocytes are one of the major phagocytic cells that patrol for invading pathogens, and upon activation, differentiate into macrophages or antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) capable of migrating to lymph nodes eliciting an adaptive immune response. The key role in regulating adaptive immune responses has drawn attention to modulate monocyte responses therapeutically within cancer, inflammation and infectious diseases. We present a technology for targeting of monocytes and delivery of a toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist in fresh blood using liposomes with a positively charged surface chemistry. METHODS Liposomes were extruded at 100 nm, incubated with fresh blood, followed by leukocyte analyses by FACS. Liposomes with and without the TLR7 agonist TMX-202 were incubated with fresh blood, and monocyte activation measured by cytokine secretion by ELISA and CD14 and DC-SIGN expression. RESULTS The liposomes target monocytes specifically over lymphocytes and granulocytes in human whole blood, and show association with 75 - 95% of the monocytes after 1 h incubation. Formulations of TMX-202 in cationic liposomes were potent in targeting and activation of monocytes, with strong induction of IL-6 and IL-12p40, and differentiation into CD14(+) and DC-SIGN+ DCs. CONCLUSION Our present liposomes selectively target monocytes in fresh blood, enabling delivery of TLR7 agonists to the intracellular TLR7 receptor, with subsequent monocyte activation and boost in secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. We envision this technology as a promising tool in future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia T Johansen
- Bioneer A/S , Kogle álle 2, Hørsholm, DK-2970 , Denmark +45 51 186 306 ;
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106
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Sabado RL, Pavlick A, Gnjatic S, Cruz CM, Vengco I, Hasan F, Spadaccia M, Darvishian F, Chiriboga L, Holman RM, Escalon J, Muren C, Escano C, Yepes E, Sharpe D, Vasilakos JP, Rolnitzsky L, Goldberg J, Mandeli J, Adams S, Jungbluth A, Pan L, Venhaus R, Ott PA, Bhardwaj N. Resiquimod as an immunologic adjuvant for NY-ESO-1 protein vaccination in patients with high-risk melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:278-287. [PMID: 25633712 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist resiquimod has been used as an immune adjuvant in cancer vaccines. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 given in combination with Montanide (Seppic) with or without resiquimod in patients with high-risk melanoma. In part I of the study, patients received 100 μg of full-length NY-ESO-1 protein emulsified in 1.25 mL of Montanide (day 1) followed by topical application of 1,000 mg of 0.2% resiquimod gel on days 1 and 3 (cohort 1) versus days 1, 3, and 5 (cohort 2) of a 21-day cycle. In part II, patients were randomized to receive 100-μg NY-ESO-1 protein plus Montanide (day 1) followed by topical application of placebo gel [(arm A; n = 8) or 1,000 mg of 0.2% resiquimod gel (arm B; n = 12)] using the dosing regimen established in part I. The vaccine regimens were generally well tolerated. NY-ESO-1-specific humoral responses were induced or boosted in all patients, many of whom had high titer antibodies. In part II, 16 of 20 patients in both arms had NY-ESO-1-specific CD4⁺ T-cell responses. CD8⁺ T-cell responses were only seen in 3 of 12 patients in arm B. Patients with TLR7 SNP rs179008 had a greater likelihood of developing NY-ESO-1-specific CD8⁺ responses. In conclusion, NY-ESO-1 protein in combination with Montanide with or without topical resiquimod is safe and induces both antibody and CD4⁺ T-cell responses in the majority of patients; the small proportion of CD8⁺ T-cell responses suggests that the addition of topical resiquimod to Montanide is not sufficient to induce consistent NY-ESO-1-specific CD8⁺ T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lubong Sabado
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Tisch Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, New York
| | - Anna Pavlick
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, New York.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Tisch Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, New York
| | - Crystal M Cruz
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Isabelita Vengco
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Farah Hasan
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | | | - Farbod Darvishian
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | | | - Juliet Escalon
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Caroline Muren
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Crystal Escano
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Ethel Yepes
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Dunbar Sharpe
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - John P Vasilakos
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems Division, Harvard Medical School, New York
| | - Linda Rolnitzsky
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Judith Goldberg
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - John Mandeli
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems Division, Harvard Medical School, New York
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Achim Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Linda Pan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, New York
| | - Ralph Venhaus
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, New York
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, New York
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Tisch Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, New York
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107
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Abstract
Radiation therapy and immunotherapy are both well-established treatments for malignant disease. Radiotherapy has long been utilized for purposes of providing local tumor control, and the recent success with novel immunomodulatory agents has brought immunotherapy into the forefront of clinical practice for the treatment of many tumor types. Although radiotherapy has traditionally been thought to mediate tumor regression through direct cytotoxic effects, it is now known that radiation also alters the local tumor microenvironment with effects on both the local and systemic anti-tumor immune response. There is growing evidence that the rational integration of the immunomodulatory effects of radiotherapy with the expanding armamentarium of clinically approved immunotherapeutics can yield potent anti-tumor responses exceeding the benefit of either therapy alone. Here we summarize current approaches to the combination of immunotherapy with radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Hiniker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
| | - Susan J Knox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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108
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Dovedi SJ, Adlard AL, Lipowska-Bhalla G, McKenna C, Jones S, Cheadle EJ, Stratford IJ, Poon E, Morrow M, Stewart R, Jones H, Wilkinson RW, Honeychurch J, Illidge TM. Acquired resistance to fractionated radiotherapy can be overcome by concurrent PD-L1 blockade. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5458-68. [PMID: 25274032 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 916] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a major part in the treatment of most common cancers, but many patients experience local recurrence with metastatic disease. In evaluating response biomarkers, we found that low doses of fractionated radiotherapy led to PD-L1 upregulation on tumor cells in a variety of syngeneic mouse models of cancer. Notably, fractionated radiotherapy delivered in combination with αPD-1 or αPD-L1 mAbs generated efficacious CD8(+) T-cell responses that improved local tumor control, long-term survival, and protection against tumor rechallenge. These favorable outcomes were associated with induction of a tumor antigen-specific memory immune response. Mechanistic investigations showed that IFNγ produced by CD8(+) T cells was responsible for mediating PD-L1 upregulation on tumor cells after delivery of fractionated radiotherapy. Scheduling of anti-PD-L1 mAb was important for therapeutic outcome, with concomitant but not sequential administration with fractionated radiotherapy required to improve survival. Taken together, our results reveal the mechanistic basis for an adaptive response by tumor cells that mediates resistance to fractionated radiotherapy and its treatment failure. With attention to scheduling, combination immunoradiotherapy with radiotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 signaling blockade may offer an immediate strategy for clinical evaluation to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Dovedi
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Amy L Adlard
- Experimental Oncology Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Grazyna Lipowska-Bhalla
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Conor McKenna
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sherrie Jones
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor J Cheadle
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Stratford
- Experimental Oncology Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Poon
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ross Stewart
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Jones
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie Honeychurch
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tim M Illidge
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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109
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Adlard AL, Dovedi SJ, Telfer BA, Koga-Yamakawa E, Pollard C, Honeychurch J, Illidge TM, Murata M, Robinson DT, Jewsbury PJ, Wilkinson RW, Stratford IJ. A novel systemically administered Toll-like receptor 7 agonist potentiates the effect of ionizing radiation in murine solid tumor models. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:820-9. [PMID: 24390981 PMCID: PMC4286010 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although topical TLR7 therapies such as imiquimod have proved successful in the treatment of dermatological malignancy, systemic delivery may be required for optimal immunotherapy of nondermatological tumors. We report that intravenous delivery of the novel small molecule TLR7 agonist, DSR-6434, leads to the induction of type 1 interferon and activation of T and B lymphocytes, NK and NKT cells. Our data demonstrate that systemic administration of DSR-6434 enhances the efficacy of ionizing radiation (IR) and leads to improved survival in mice bearing either CT26 or KHT tumors. Of the CT26 tumor-bearing mice that received combined therapy, 55% experienced complete tumor resolution. Our data reveal that these long-term surviving mice have a significantly greater frequency of tumor antigen specific CD8(+) T cells when compared to age-matched tumor-naïve cells. To evaluate therapeutic effects on spontaneous metastases, we showed that combination of DSR-6434 with local IR of the primary tumor significantly reduced metastatic burden in the lung, when compared to time-matched cohorts treated with IR alone. The data demonstrate that systemic administration of the novel TLR7 agonist DSR-6434 in combination with IR primes an antitumor CD8(+) T-cell response leading to improved survival in syngeneic models of colorectal carcinoma and fibrosarcoma. Importantly, efficacy extends to sites outside of the field of irradiation, reducing metastatic load. Clinical evaluation of systemic TLR7 therapy in combination with IR for the treatment of solid malignancy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Adlard
- Experimental Oncology Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, United Kingdom
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110
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Complement-dependent modulation of antitumor immunity following radiation therapy. Cell Rep 2014; 8:818-30. [PMID: 25066124 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement is traditionally thought of as a proinflammatory effector mechanism of antitumor immunity. However, complement is also important for effective clearance of apoptotic cells, which can be an anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic process. We show that localized fractionated radiation therapy (RT) of subcutaneous murine lymphoma results in tumor cell apoptosis and local complement activation. Cotreatment of mice with tumor-targeted complement inhibition markedly improved therapeutic outcome of RT, an effect linked to early increases in apoptotic cell numbers and increased inflammation. Improved outcome was dependent on an early neutrophil influx and was characterized by increased numbers of mature dendritic cells and the subsequent modulation of T cell immunity. Appropriate complement inhibition may be a promising strategy to enhance a mainstay of treatment for cancer.
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111
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Radioimmunotherapy combined with maintenance anti-CD20 antibody may trigger long-term protective T cell immunity in follicular lymphoma patients. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:875343. [PMID: 24371449 PMCID: PMC3858978 DOI: 10.1155/2013/875343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the patient's immune response may play a major role in the long-term efficacy of antibody therapies of follicular lymphoma (FL). Particular long-lasting recurrence free survivals have been observed after first line, single agent rituximab or after radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Rituximab maintenance, furthermore, has a major efficacy in prolonging recurrence free survival after chemotherapy. On the other hand, RIT as a single step treatment showed a remarkable capacity to induce complete and partial remissions when applied in recurrence and as initial treatment of FL or given for consolidation. These clinical results strongly suggest that RIT combined with rituximab maintenance could stabilize the high percentages of patients with CR and PR induced by RIT. While the precise mechanisms of the long-term efficacy of these 2 treatments are not elucidated, different observations suggest that the patient's T cell immune response could be decisive. With this review, we discuss the potential role of the patient's immune system under rituximab and RIT and argue that the T cell immunity might be particularly promoted when combining the 2 antibody treatments in the early therapy of FL.
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112
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Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response to definitive chemoradiotherapy in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:501-9. [PMID: 24129245 PMCID: PMC3899751 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes' (TILs) expression in pretreatment specimens from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods: The prevalence of CD3+, CD8+, CD4+ and FOXP3+ TILs was assessed using immunohistochemistry in tumour tissue obtained from 101 patients before CRT and was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics as well as local failure-free- (LFFS), distant metastases free- (DMFS), progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Survival curves were measured using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences in survival between the groups were estimated using the log-rank test. Prognostic effects of TIL subset density were determined using the Cox regression analysis. Results: With a mean follow-up of 25 months (range, 2.3–63 months), OS at 2 years was 57.4% for the entire cohort. Patients with high immunohistochemical CD3 and CD8 expression had significantly increased OS (P=0.024 and P=0.028), PFS (P=0.044 and P=0.047) and DMFS (P=0.021 and P=0.026) but not LFFS (P=0.90 and P=0.104) in multivariate analysis that included predictive clinicopathologic factors, such as age, sex, T-stage, N-stage, tumour grading and localisation. Neither CD4 nor FOXP3 expression showed significance for the clinical outcome. The lower N-stage was associated with improved OS in the multivariate analysis (P=0.049). Conclusion: The positive correlation between a high number of infiltrating CD3+ and CD8+ cells and clinical outcome indicates that TILs may have a beneficial role in HNSCC patients and may serve as a biomarker to identify patients likely to benefit from definitive CRT.
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113
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Toll-like receptors as therapeutic targets for cancer. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:379-82. [PMID: 24012797 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate the innate immune system has been a legitimate therapeutic strategy for some years. TLRs 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 are all validated targets for cancer and a number of companies are developing agonists and vaccine adjuvants. TLR7 in particular has established proof-of-concept as a target in the topical treatment of bladder and skin cancers. However, the development of systemic treatments targeting TLR7 for most other cancers has proved difficult owing to cardiotoxicity or myelosuppression. Tantalisingly, recent animal data have demonstrated that a new class of modified TLR7 agonists can be administered systemically with a good toxicology profile, opening up this target in therapeutic interventions for systemic cancers.
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114
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Kalbasi A, June CH, Haas N, Vapiwala N. Radiation and immunotherapy: a synergistic combination. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2756-63. [PMID: 23863633 DOI: 10.1172/jci69219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy can be an effective treatment for metastatic cancer, but a significant subpopulation will not respond, likely due to the lack of antigenic mutations or the immune-evasive properties of cancer. Likewise, radiation therapy (RT) is an established cancer treatment, but local failures still occur. Clinical observations suggest that RT may expand the therapeutic reach of immunotherapy. We examine the immunobiologic and clinical rationale for combining RT and immunotherapy, two modalities yet to be used in combination in routine practice. Preclinical data indicate that RT can potentiate the systemic efficacy of immunotherapy, while activation of the innate and adaptive immune system can enhance the local efficacy of RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Kalbasi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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115
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Buchegger F, Mach JP, Press OW, Bischof Delaloye A, Larson SM, Prior JO, Ketterer N. Improving the chance of cure of follicular lymphoma by combining immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy based on anti-CD20 antibodies? Ann Oncol 2013; 24:1948-1949. [PMID: 23704203 PMCID: PMC6267862 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Buchegger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva.
| | - J-P Mach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O W Press
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, USA
| | | | - S M Larson
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - J O Prior
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne
| | - N Ketterer
- Clinic Bois-Cerf, Onco-Hematology, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25238. [PMID: 24083080 PMCID: PMC3782517 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have long been known for their ability to initiate innate immune responses upon exposure to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and double-stranded RNA. More recently, this family of pattern recognition receptors has been attributed a critical role in the elicitation of anticancer immune responses, raising interest in the development of immunochemotherapeutic regimens based on natural or synthetic TLR agonists. In spite of such an intense wave of preclinical and clinical investigation, only three TLR agonists are currently licensed by FDA for use in cancer patients: bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis that operates as a mixed TLR2/TLR4 agonist; monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a derivative of Salmonella minnesota that functions as a potent agonist of TLR4; and imiquimod, a synthetic imidazoquinoline that activates TLR7. One year ago, in the August and September issues of OncoImmunology, we described the main biological features of TLRs and discussed the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and therapeutic potential of TLR agonists in cancer patients. Here, we summarize the latest developments in this exciting area of research, focusing on preclinical studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials launched in the same period to investigate the antineoplastic activity of TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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A shot in the arm for radiotherapy. Blood 2013; 121:246-8. [PMID: 23307972 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-465526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Dovedi et al demonstrate convincing evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of a new systemic immunostimulatory agent, the Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) agonist R848, to augment radiotherapy-induced anticancer immunity.
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Overcoming Resistance to Therapeutic Antibodies by Targeting Fc Receptors. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7654-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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