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Amin M, Pushpakumar S, Muradashvili N, Kundu S, Tyagi SC, Sen U. Regulation and involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular diseases. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2016; 21:89-118. [PMID: 26709763 PMCID: PMC5462461 DOI: 10.2741/4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc dependent endopeptidases whose main function is to degrade and deposit structural proteins within the extracellular matrix (ECM). A dysregulation of MMPs is linked to vascular diseases. MMPs are classified into collagenases, gelatinases, membrane-type, metalloelastase, stromelysins, matrilysins, enamelysins, and unclassified subgroups. The production of MMPs is stimulated by factors such as oxidative stress, growth factors and inflammation which lead to its up- or down-regulation with subsequent ECM remodeling. Normally, excess activation of MMPs is controlled by their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). An imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs has been implicated in hypertension, atherosclerotic plaque formation and instability, aortic aneurysms and varicose vein wall remodeling. Also, recent evidence suggests epigenetic regulation of some MMPs in angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Over the years, pharmacological inhibitors of MMPs have been used to modify or prevent the development of the disease with some success. In this review, we discuss recent advances in MMP biology, and their involvement in the manifestation of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Amin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Nino Muradashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Sourav Kundu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY-40202,
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Abstract
Adhesion GPCRs harbor a tethered agonist sequence (reproduced from [24]) As the past years have seen a magnificent increase in knowledge on adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) signal transduction, the time had come to fill the gap on how these receptors can be activated. Based on experimental observations that deletion of the ectodomain can induce signaling, the idea arose that aGPCRs, just like other atypical GPCRs, may harbor a tethered agonist sequence. In this chapter, we describe the recent findings and characteristics of this agonist, called the Stachel sequence, and discuss potential mechanisms that cause liberation of this encrypted sequence. Further, we provide perspectives for application of Stachel-derived synthetic peptides in future studies of aGPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Liebscher
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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Abreu IS, Euzebio Alves VT, Benedete APS, Bueno da Silva HA, França BN, Saraiva L, Lima LA, Carvalho MH, Holzhausen M. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of protease-activated receptors type 1 and type 2 in diabetic patients with periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:577-85. [PMID: 26564991 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Protease activated receptor type 1 (PAR1 ) seems to play a role in periodontal repair, while PAR2 is associated with periodontal inflammation. As diabetes is a known risk factor for periodontal disease, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of type 2 diabetes on PAR1 and PAR2 mRNA expression in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival crevicular fluid samples and clinical parameters consisting of measuring probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and plaque index were collected from systemically healthy patients and patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis, at baseline and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. PAR1 and PAR2 , as well as the presence of the proteases RgpB gingipain and neutrophil proteinase-3 were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the gingival crevicular fluid. RESULTS The periodontal clinical parameters significantly improved after periodontal therapy (p < 0.01). Diabetes led to increased expression of PAR1 in gingival crevicular fluid, and in the presence of chronic periodontitis, it significantly decreased the expression of PAR1 and PAR2 (p < 0.05). Moreover, non-surgical periodontal treatment in diabetics resulted in increased expression of PAR1 and PAR2 (p < 0.05), and decreased expression of RgpB gingipain and proteinase-3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present data demonstrated that diabetes was associated with an altered expression of PAR1 and PAR2 in the gingival crevicular fluid cells of subjects with chronic periodontitis. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the effects of PAR1 upregulation in periodontally healthy sites and PAR2 downregulation in chronic periodontitis sites on the increased susceptibility and severity of periodontitis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Abreu
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - V T Euzebio Alves
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A P S Benedete
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - H A Bueno da Silva
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B N França
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L Saraiva
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L A Lima
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M H Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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da Silva HAB, Euzebio Alves VT, Spolidório LC, César Neto JB, Eichler RS, de Carvalho MHC, Holzhausen M. Expression of protease activated receptor-1 in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2015; 85:1763-9. [PMID: 25058238 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) activation by thrombin may play a role in repair and homeostasis of periodontal tissues. The main objective of this study is to investigate PAR1 expression in patients with periodontitis, before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment, and to associate its expression with the presence of inflammatory biomarkers and PAR2 expression. METHODS Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples and clinical parameters, including probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and gingival and plaque indices, were collected from periodontally healthy individuals and patients with moderate chronic periodontitis (CP) before and 6 weeks after periodontal non-surgical treatment. PAR1 and PAR2 messenger RNA (mRNA) at the GCF were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Flow cytometry analysis identified the GCF PAR1-expressing cells. GCF inflammatory biomarkers were also determined. RESULTS Clinical parameters were significantly improved after therapy (P <0.01). The qPCR analysis showed that, before therapy, PAR1 mRNA levels in CP were similar to controls. Periodontal treatment led to increased PAR1 expression in CP (P <0.05). PAR1 expression was inversely correlated to PAR2 expression and with interleukins 6 and 8, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal treatment results in PAR1 overexpression in the GCF, and PAR1 expression is associated with decreased expression of inflammatory biomarkers and inversely correlated to PAR2 expression in the GCF. Therefore, the data suggest the importance of PAR1 mediating the known anabolic actions of thrombin in the periodontium.
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Fan HX, Chen Y, Ni BX, Wang S, Sun M, Chen D, Zheng JH. Expression of MMP-1/PAR-1 and patterns of invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma as potential prognostic markers. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:1619-26. [PMID: 26170698 PMCID: PMC4498722 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s84561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 degrades type I collagen of the extracellular matrix and also activates protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 to induce angiogenesis. The aims of this study were to evaluate microvessel density (MVD) and the expression of PAR-1 and MMP-1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) specimens with different patterns of invasion (POI) and to evaluate their association with clinical outcomes. Methods Seventy-four surgically obtained oral SCC samples were classified by POI according to hematoxylin-eosin staining. MVD and the localization and intensity of PAR-1 and MMP-1 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Of the 74 oral SCC samples, 18, 5, 34, and 17 showed type I, II, III, and IV POI, respectively. MVD and expression levels of MMP-1 and PAR-1 differed between POI types I–II and POI types III–IV. Patients with low tumor expression of MMP-1 and PAR-1 and low MVD had a longer survival time than those with high tumor expression of MMP-1 and PAR-1. Moreover, the survival time of patients with POI types III–IV was shorter than that of patients with POI types I–II. Conclusion POI combined with expression levels of MMP-1 and PAR-1 may be a valuable tool for assessing the clinical prognosis of patients with oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Fan
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Xiong Ni
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hua Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Singh A, Nunes JJ, Ateeq B. Role and therapeutic potential of G-protein coupled receptors in breast cancer progression and metastases. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:178-83. [PMID: 25981295 PMCID: PMC4784721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large family of cell-surface receptors, which have recently emerged as key players in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis and metastasis. In this review, we discussed our current understanding of the many roles played by GPCRs in general, and particularly Angiotensin II type I receptor (AGTR1), a member of the seven-transmembrane-spanning G-protein coupled receptor superfamily, and its significance in breast cancer progression and metastasis. We have also discussed different strategies for targeting AGTR1, and its ligand Angiotension II (Ang II), which might unravel unique opportunities for breast cancer prevention and treatment. For example, AGTR1 blockers (ARBs) which are already in clinical use for treating hypertension, merit further investigation as a therapeutic strategy for AGTR1-positive cancer patients and may have the potential to prevent Ang II-AGTR1 signalling mediated cancer pathogenesis and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukriti Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jessica J Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Cohen J, Vincent JL, Adhikari NKJ, Machado FR, Angus DC, Calandra T, Jaton K, Giulieri S, Delaloye J, Opal S, Tracey K, van der Poll T, Pelfrene E. Sepsis: a roadmap for future research. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:581-614. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
The homeostatic blood protease, activated protein C (APC), can function as (1) an antithrombotic on the basis of inactivation of clotting factors Va and VIIIa; (2) a cytoprotective on the basis of endothelial barrier stabilization and anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic actions; and (3) a regenerative on the basis of stimulation of neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Pharmacologic therapies using recombinant human and murine APCs indicate that APC provides effective acute or chronic therapies for a strikingly diverse range of preclinical injury models. APC reduces the damage caused by the following: ischemia/reperfusion in brain, heart, and kidney; pulmonary, kidney, and gastrointestinal inflammation; sepsis; Ebola virus; diabetes; and total lethal body radiation. For these beneficial effects, APC alters cell signaling networks and gene expression profiles by activating protease-activated receptors 1 and 3. APC's activation of these G protein-coupled receptors differs completely from thrombin's activation mechanism due to biased signaling via either G proteins or β-arrestin-2. To reduce APC-associated bleeding risk, APC variants were engineered to lack >90% anticoagulant activity but retain normal cell signaling. Such a neuroprotective variant, 3K3A-APC (Lys191-193Ala), has advanced to clinical trials for ischemic stroke. A rich data set of preclinical knowledge provides a solid foundation for potential translation of APC variants to future novel therapies.
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The inflammatory actions of coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases in disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:437695. [PMID: 25878399 PMCID: PMC4387953 DOI: 10.1155/2015/437695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from their role in hemostasis, coagulant and fibrinolytic proteases are important mediators of inflammation in diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. The blood circulating zymogens of these proteases enter damaged tissue as a consequence of vascular leak or rupture to become activated and contribute to extravascular coagulation or fibrinolysis. The coagulants, factor Xa (FXa), factor VIIa (FVIIa), tissue factor, and thrombin, also evoke cell-mediated actions on structural cells (e.g., fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) or inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages) via the proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Plasmin, the principle enzymatic mediator of fibrinolysis, also forms toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activating fibrin degradation products (FDPs) and can release latent-matrix bound growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Furthermore, the proteases that convert plasminogen into plasmin (e.g., urokinase plasminogen activator) evoke plasmin-independent proinflammatory actions involving coreceptor activation. Selectively targeting the receptor-mediated actions of hemostatic proteases is a strategy that may be used to treat inflammatory disease without the bleeding complications of conventional anticoagulant therapies. The mechanisms by which proteases of the coagulant and fibrinolytic systems contribute to extravascular inflammation in disease will be considered in this review.
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Abstract
The endothelium provides an essential and selective membrane barrier that regulates the movement of water, solutes, gases, macromolecules and the cellular elements of the blood from the tissue compartment in health and disease. Its structure and continuous function is essential for life for all vertebrate organisms. Recent evidence indicates that the endothelial surface does not have a passive role in systemic inflammatory states such as septic shock. In fact, endothelial cells are in dynamic equilibrium with a myriad of inflammatory mediators and elements of the innate immune and coagulation systems to orchestrate the host response in sepsis. The barrier function of the endothelial surface is almost uniformly impaired in septic shock, and it is likely that this contributes to adverse outcomes. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in the understanding of the signalling events that regulate endothelial function and molecular events that induce endothelial dysfunction in sepsis. Endothelial barrier repair strategies as a treatment for sepsis include modulation of C5a, high-mobility group box 1 and VEGF receptor 2; stimulation of angiopoietin-1, sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1 and Slit; and a number of other innovative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Opal
- Infectious Disease Division, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Pawtucket, RI, USA
| | - T van der Poll
- Academic Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases & The Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Xu Q, Liu J, Wang Z, Guo X, Zhou G, Liu Y, Huang Q, Su L. Heat stress-induced disruption of endothelial barrier function is via PAR1 signaling and suppressed by Xuebijing injection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118057. [PMID: 25693178 PMCID: PMC4334482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular permeability leading to acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is central to the pathogenesis of heatstroke. Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), the receptor for thrombin, plays a key role in disruption of endothelial barrier function in response to extracellular stimuli. However, the role of PAR1 in heat stress-induced endothelial hyper-permeability is unknown. In this study, we measured PAR1 protein expression in heat-stressed human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs), investigated the influences of PAR1 on endothelial permeability, F-actin rearrangement, and moesin phosphorylation by inhibiting PAR1 with its siRNA, neutralizing antibody (anti-PAR1), specific inhibitor(RWJ56110), and Xuebijing injection (XBJ), a traditional Chinese medicine used for sepsis treatment, and evaluated the role of PAR1 in heatstroke-related ALI/ARDS in mice by suppressing PAR1 with RWJ56110, anti-PAR1and XBJ. We found that heat stress induced PAR1 protein expression 2h after heat stress in endothelial cells, caused the release of endothelial matrix metalloprotease 1, an activator of PAR1, after 60 or 120 min of heat stimulation, as well as promoted endothelial hyper-permeability and F-actin rearrangement, which were inhibited by suppressing PAR1 with RWJ56110, anti-PAR1 and siRNA. PAR1 mediated moesin phosphorylation, which caused F-actin rearrangement and disruption of endothelial barrier function. To corroborate findings from in vitro experiments, we found that RWJ56110 and the anti-PAR1 significantly decreased lung edema, pulmonary microvascular permeability, protein exudation, and leukocytes infiltrations in heatstroke mice. Additionally, XBJ was found to suppress PAR1-moesin signal pathway and confer protective effects on maintaining endothelial barrier function both in vitro and in vivo heat-stressed model, similar to those observed above with the inhibition of PAR1. These results suggest that PAR1 is a potential therapeutic target in heatstroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Xu
- Department of ICU, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, China
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Huabo Bio-pharmaceutical Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhenglian Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gengbiao Zhou
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (QH); (LS)
| | - Lei Su
- Department of ICU, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Key Laboratory of Tropical Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (QH); (LS)
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Lin C, von der Thüsen J, Daalhuisen J, ten Brink M, Crestani B, van der Poll T, Borensztajn K, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 is required for PAR-1 signalling in pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1346-56. [PMID: 25689283 PMCID: PMC4459848 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most devastating diffuse fibrosing lung disease of unknown aetiology. Compelling evidence suggests that both protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 and PAR-2 participate in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis is diminished in both PAR-1 and PAR-2 deficient mice. We thus have been suggested that combined inactivation of PAR-1 and PAR-2 would be more effective in blocking pulmonary fibrosis. Human and murine fibroblasts were stimulated with PAR-1 and PAR-2 agonists in the absence or presence of specific PAR-1 or PAR-2 antagonists after which fibrotic markers like collagen and smooth muscle actin were analysed by Western blot. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by intranasal instillation of bleomycin into wild-type and PAR-2 deficient mice with or without a specific PAR-1 antagonist (P1pal-12). Fibrosis was assessed by hydroxyproline quantification and (immuno)histochemical analysis. We show that specific PAR-1 and/or PAR-2 activating proteases induce fibroblast migration, differentiation and extracellular matrix production. Interestingly, however, combined activation of PAR-1 and PAR-2 did not show any additive effects on these pro-fibrotic responses. Strikingly, PAR-2 deficiency as well as pharmacological PAR-1 inhibition reduced bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis to a similar extent. PAR-1 inhibition in PAR-2 deficient mice did not further diminish bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, we show that the PAR-1-dependent pro-fibrotic responses are inhibited by the PAR-2 specific antagonist. Targeting PAR-1 and PAR-2 simultaneously is not superior to targeting either receptor alone in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. We postulate that the pro-fibrotic effects of PAR-1 require the presence of PAR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology, Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Daalhuisen
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke ten Brink
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Faculté de Médecine Paris 7 Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Faculté de Médecine Paris 7 Diderot, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gurbel PA, Kuliopulos A, Tantry US. G-protein-coupled receptors signaling pathways in new antiplatelet drug development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:500-12. [PMID: 25633316 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet G-protein-coupled receptors influence platelet function by mediating the response to various agonists, including ADP, thromboxane A2, and thrombin. Blockade of the ADP receptor, P2Y12, in combination with cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition by aspirin has been among the most widely used pharmacological strategies to reduce cardiovascular event occurrence in high-risk patients. The latter dual pathway blockade strategy is one of the greatest advances in the field of cardiovascular medicine. In addition to P2Y12, the platelet thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor-1, has also been recently targeted for inhibition. Blockade of protease activated receptor-1 has been associated with reduced thrombotic event occurrence when added to a strategy using P2Y12 and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition. At this time, the relative contributions of these G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways to in vivo thrombosis remain incompletely defined. The observation of treatment failure in ≈10% of high-risk patients treated with aspirin and potent P2Y12 inhibitors provides the rationale for targeting novel pathways mediating platelet function. Targeting intracellular signaling downstream from G-protein-coupled receptor receptors with phosphotidylionisitol 3-kinase and Gq inhibitors are among the novel strategies under investigation to prevent arterial ischemic event occurrence. Greater understanding of the mechanisms of G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling may allow the tailoring of antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Gurbel
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., U.S.T.); and Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (A.K.).
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., U.S.T.); and Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (A.K.)
| | - Udaya S Tantry
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., U.S.T.); and Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (A.K.)
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Cavusoglu E, Marmur JD, Hegde S, Yanamadala S, Batuman OA, Chopra V, Ay G, Eng C. Relation of baseline plasma MMP-1 levels to long-term all-cause mortality in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease referred for coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:268-75. [PMID: 25635325 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the long-term prognostic significance of baseline plasma MMP-1 levels in a group of well-characterized male patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease, including those presenting with acute coronary syndrome. BACKGROUND MMP-1 is an interstitial collagenase that is considered the primary enzyme responsible for collagen degradation. In addition, MMP-1 can lead to platelet activation through the PAR1 pathway that is independent of thrombin. METHODS Baseline plasma MMP-1 levels were measured in 364 male patients who were referred for coronary angiography and followed prospectively for five years for the development of all-cause mortality. RESULTS After adjustment for a variety of baseline clinical, angiographic and laboratory parameters, baseline plasma MMP-1 levels (analyzed as a continuous variable) were an independent predictor of all-cause mortality at 5 years (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.23-1.80; P < 0.0001). Furthermore, in 3 additional multivariate models that included a wide variety of contemporary biomarkers with established prognostic efficacy (i.e., ST2, GDF-15, Cystatin C, hs-CRP, Myeloperoxidase, NT-proBNP, TIMP-1, Adiponectin, RDW, hemoglobin, and Erythropoietin), MMP-1 remained an independent predictor of all-cause mortality at 5 years. Similar results were obtained when the analyses were restricted to the subpopulation of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of MMP-1 are associated with an increased risk of long-term all-cause mortality in patients with known or suspected coronary disease that is independent of a variety of clinical, angiographic, and laboratory variables, including a whole host of contemporary biomarkers with established prognostic efficacy representing multiple different pathophysiologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Cavusoglu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Marmur
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sudhanva Hegde
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sunitha Yanamadala
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Olcay A Batuman
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Vineet Chopra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Gonca Ay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mersin, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Calvin Eng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Ferreras C, Cole CL, Urban K, Jayson GC, Avizienyte E. Segregation of late outgrowth endothelial cells into functional endothelial CD34- and progenitor-like CD34+ cell populations. Angiogenesis 2015; 18:47-68. [PMID: 25269667 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Late outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) that originate from peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo have phenotypic and functional properties of mature endothelial cells. Given the potential therapeutic applications of OECs, understanding their biology is crucial. We have identified two distinct OEC populations based on differential expression of the cell surface marker CD34. OEC colonies lacked CD34 expression (CD34-), expressed CD34 in the majority of cells (CD34+), or showed a mixed expression pattern within a colony (CD34+/-). CD34+ and CD34- OECs were negative for hematopoietic cell marker CD45 and expressed the endothelial cell surface markers CD31, CD146, CD105, and VEGFR-2. Functionally CD34- and CD34+ OECs exhibited strikingly distinct behaviors. CD34- OECs, unlike CD34+ OECs, were capable of sprouting, formed tubes, and responded to angiogenic growth factors in vitro. In vivo, CD34- OECs formed endothelial tubes, while CD34+ OECs, despite being unable to form tubes, promoted infiltration of murine vasculature. Global gene expression profiling in CD34- and CD34+ OECs identified functional importance of the MMP-1/PAR-1 pathway in CD34- OECs. MMP-1 stimulated the expression of VEGFR-2, neuropilin-1, neuropilin-2, and CXCR4 and activated ERK1/2, whereas down-regulation of PAR-1 in CD34- OECs resulted in impaired angiogenic responses in vitro and reduced VEGFR-2 levels. In contrast, the CD34+ OEC colonies expressed high levels of the progenitor cell marker ALDH, which was absent in CD34- OECs. In summary, we show that OECs can be classified into functionally mature endothelial cells (CD34- OECs) that depend on the MMP-1/PAR-1 pathway and progenitor-like angiogenesis-promoting cells (CD34+ OECs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ferreras
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Paterson Building, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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Foley CJ, Kuliopulos A. Mouse matrix metalloprotease-1a (Mmp1a) gives new insight into MMP function. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1875-80. [PMID: 24737602 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) has been implicated in many human disease processes, however the lack of a well characterized murine homologue has significantly limited the study of MMP1 and the development of MMP-targeted therapeutics. The discovery of murine Mmp1a in 2001, the functional mouse homologue of MMP1, offers a valuable tool for modeling MMP1-mediated processes in mice. Variation in physiologic expression levels of Mmp1a in mice as compared to MMP1 in humans highlights the importance of understanding the similarities and differences between the homologues. Recent studies have demonstrated tumor growth-, invasion-, and angiogenesis-promoting functions of Mmp1a in lung cancer models, consistent with the analogous functions observed for human MMP1. Biochemical investigations have shown that point mutations in the pro-domain of mouse Mmp1a weaken docking between the pro- and catalytic domains, generating an unstable zymogen primed for activation. The difficulty to effectively maintain Mmp1a in the zymogen form may account for the tight control of Mmp1a expression and reduced expression in normal tissue as compared to inflammatory states or cancer. This discovery raises important questions about the activation mechanisms and regulation of the MMP family in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Foley
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Spolidorio LC, Ramalho Lucas PD, Steffens JP, da Silva HAB, Tubero Euzebio Alves V, Palomari Spolidorio DM, Holzhausen M. Influence of Parstatin on Experimental Periodontal Disease and Repair in Rats. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1266-74. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zhao P, Lieu T, Barlow N, Metcalf M, Veldhuis NA, Jensen DD, Kocan M, Sostegni S, Haerteis S, Baraznenok V, Henderson I, Lindström E, Guerrero-Alba R, Valdez-Morales EE, Liedtke W, McIntyre P, Vanner SJ, Korbmacher C, Bunnett NW. Cathepsin S causes inflammatory pain via biased agonism of PAR2 and TRPV4. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27215-27234. [PMID: 25118282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases such as trypsin and mast cell tryptase cleave protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) at R(36)↓S(37) and reveal a tethered ligand that excites nociceptors, causing neurogenic inflammation and pain. Whether proteases that cleave PAR2 at distinct sites are biased agonists that also induce inflammation and pain is unexplored. Cathepsin S (Cat-S) is a lysosomal cysteine protease of antigen-presenting cells that is secreted during inflammation and which retains activity at extracellular pH. We observed that Cat-S cleaved PAR2 at E(56)↓T(57), which removed the canonical tethered ligand and prevented trypsin activation. In HEK and KNRK cell lines and in nociceptive neurons of mouse dorsal root ganglia, Cat-S and a decapeptide mimicking the Cat-S-revealed tethered ligand-stimulated PAR2 coupling to Gαs and formation of cAMP. In contrast to trypsin, Cat-S did not mobilize intracellular Ca(2+), activate ERK1/2, recruit β-arrestins, or induce PAR2 endocytosis. Cat-S caused PAR2-dependent activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in Xenopus laevis oocytes, HEK cells and nociceptive neurons, and stimulated neuronal hyperexcitability by adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms. Intraplantar injection of Cat-S caused inflammation and hyperalgesia in mice that was attenuated by PAR2 or TRPV4 deletion and adenylyl cyclase inhibition. Cat-S and PAR2 antagonists suppressed formalin-induced inflammation and pain, which implicates endogenous Cat-S and PAR2 in inflammatory pain. Our results identify Cat-S as a biased agonist of PAR2 that causes PAR2- and TRPV4-dependent inflammation and pain. They expand the role of PAR2 as a mediator of protease-driven inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishen Zhao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew Metcalf
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | | | - Dane D Jensen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Silvia Sostegni
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Haerteis
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Guerrero-Alba
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eduardo E Valdez-Morales
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Liedtke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Peter McIntyre
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia,; Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia, and; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia.
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119
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BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells secrete factors that activate stromal fibroblasts and enhance tumourigenicity. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1625-33. [PMID: 25117819 PMCID: PMC4200092 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma, the most lethal form of skin cancer, is responsible for over 80% of all skin cancer deaths and is highly metastatic, readily spreading to the lymph nodes or metastasising to other organs. The frequent genetic mutation found in metastatic melanoma, BRAF(V600E), results in constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. METHODS In this study, we utilised genetically engineered melanoma cell lines and xenograft mouse models to investigate how BRAF(V600E) affected cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression in tumour cells and in human dermal fibroblasts. RESULTS We found that BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells expressed higher levels of these cytokines and of MMP-1 than wild-type counterparts. Further, conditioned medium from the BRAF(V600E) melanoma cells promoted the activation of stromal fibroblasts, inducing expression of SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4. This increase was mitigated when the conditioned medium was taken from melanoma cells treated with the BRAF(V600E) specific inhibitor, vemurafenib. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the role of BRAF(V600E) in activating the stroma and suggest a mechanistic link between BRAF(V600E) and MMP-1 in mediating melanoma progression and in activating adjacent fibroblasts in the tumour microenvironment.
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120
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Antoniak S, Sparkenbaugh E, Pawlinski R. Tissue factor, protease activated receptors and pathologic heart remodelling. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:893-900. [PMID: 25104210 DOI: 10.1160/th14-03-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor is the primary initiator of coagulation cascade and plays an essential role in haemostasis and thrombosis. In addition, tissue factor and coagulation proteases contribute to many cellular responses via activation of protease activated receptors. The heart is an organ with high levels of constitutive tissue factor expression. This review focuses on the role of tissue factor, coagulation proteases and protease activated receptors in heart haemostasis and the pathological heart remodelling associated with myocardial infarction, viral myocarditis and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Rafal Pawlinski, PhD, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 320A Mary Ellen Jones Bldg, 98 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, Tel: 919 843 8387, Fax: 919 843 4896, E-mail:
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121
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Prognostic value of matrix metalloprotease-1/protease-activated receptor-1 axis in patients with prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:968. [PMID: 24805876 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1) and its receptor protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) coexpression with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression changes of MMP-1 and PAR-1 proteins in 180 pairs of human PCa tissues and matched non-cancerous prostate tissues. Then, the associations of combined MMP-1 and PAR-1 expression with selected clinicopathological characteristics and patient prognosis were evaluated. Both MMP-1 and PAR-1 proteins were positively localized in cytoplasm of tumor cells in PCa tissues. Compared with non-cancerous prostate tissues, MMP-1 (PCa vs. Normal: 4.15 ± 1.28 vs. 2.37 ± 1.16, P < 0.001) and PAR-1 (PCa vs. Normal: 3.71 ± 1.21 vs. 1.55 ± 1.12, P < 0.001) protein expression were both significantly upregulated. More interestingly, the expression levels of MMP-1 in PCa tissues were positively correlated with those of PAR-1 significantly (Spearman correlation coefficient r = 0.88, P < 0.001). In addition, the coexpression of MMP-1 and PAR-1 (MMP-1-high/PAR-1-high) in PCa tissues was significantly associated with the higher Gleason score (P < 0.001), the presence of metastasis (P < 0.001) and the advanced pathological stage (P = 0.009). Furthermore, both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that MMP-1-high/PAR-1-high expression was an independent predictor for both unfavorable overall survival and biochemical recurrence-free survival. These findings confirmed for the first time that the upregulation of MMP-1 protein combined with the overexpression of PAR-1 protein may contribute to the malignant progression of PCa. More importantly, MMP-1/PAR-1 axis may be a negative prognostic factor for patients with PCa.
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122
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Bäumer N, Krause A, Köhler G, Lettermann S, Evers G, Hascher A, Bäumer S, Berdel WE, Müller-Tidow C, Tickenbrock L. Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) regulates leukemic stem cell functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94993. [PMID: 24740120 PMCID: PMC3989293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
External signals that are mediated by specific receptors determine stem cell fate. The thrombin receptor PAR1 plays an important role in haemostasis, thrombosis and vascular biology, but also in tumor biology and angiogenesis. Its expression and function in hematopoietic stem cells is largely unknown. Here, we analyzed expression and function of PAR1 in primary hematopoietic cells and their leukemic counterparts. AML patients' blast cells expressed much lower levels of PAR1 mRNA and protein than CD34+ progenitor cells. Constitutive Par1-deficiency in adult mice did not affect engraftment or stem cell potential of hematopoietic cells. To model an AML with Par1-deficiency, we retrovirally introduced the oncogene MLL-AF9 in wild type and Par1−/− hematopoietic progenitor cells. Par1-deficiency did not alter initial leukemia development. However, the loss of Par1 enhanced leukemic stem cell function in vitro and in vivo. Re-expression of PAR1 in Par1−/− leukemic stem cells delayed leukemogenesis in vivo. These data indicate that Par1 contributes to leukemic stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bäumer
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Annika Krause
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Gabriele Köhler
- Gerhard Domagk Institute for Pathology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Lettermann
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Evers
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Antje Hascher
- Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt, University of Applied Science, Hamm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bäumer
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research IZKF, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Dept. of Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail: (CMT); (LT)
| | - Lara Tickenbrock
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt, University of Applied Science, Hamm, Germany
- * E-mail: (CMT); (LT)
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Galea CA, Nguyen HM, George Chandy K, Smith BJ, Norton RS. Domain structure and function of matrix metalloprotease 23 (MMP23): role in potassium channel trafficking. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1191-210. [PMID: 23912897 PMCID: PMC11113776 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
MMP23 is a member of the matrix metalloprotease family of zinc- and calcium-dependent endopeptidases, which are involved in a wide variety of cellular functions. Its catalytic domain displays a high degree of structural homology with those of other metalloproteases, but its atypical domain architecture suggests that it may possess unique functional properties. The N-terminal MMP23 pro-domain contains a type-II transmembrane domain that anchors the protein to the plasma membrane and lacks the cysteine-switch motif that is required to maintain other MMPs in a latent state during passage to the cell surface. Instead of the C-terminal hemopexin domain common to other MMPs, MMP23 contains a small toxin-like domain (TxD) and an immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule (IgCAM) domain. The MMP23 pro-domain can trap Kv1.3 but not closely-related Kv1.2 channels in the endoplasmic reticulum, preventing their passage to the cell surface, while the TxD can bind to the channel pore and block the passage of potassium ions. The MMP23 C-terminal IgCAM domain displays some similarity to Ig-like C2-type domains found in IgCAMs of the immunoglobulin superfamily, which are known to mediate protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. MMP23 and Kv1.3 are co-expressed in a variety of tissues and together are implicated in diseases including cancer and inflammatory disorders. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action of this unique member of the MMP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Galea
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia,
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Lin H, Liu AP, Smith TH, Trejo J. Cofactoring and dimerization of proteinase-activated receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1198-213. [PMID: 24064459 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are G protein-coupled receptors that transmit cellular responses to extracellular proteases and have important functions in vascular physiology, development, inflammation, and cancer progression. The established paradigm for PAR activation involves proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular N terminus, which reveals a new N terminus that functions as a tethered ligand by binding intramolecularly to the receptor to trigger transmembrane signaling. Most cells express more than one PAR, which can influence the mode of PAR activation and signaling. Clear examples include murine PAR3 cofactoring of PAR4 and transactivation of PAR2 by PAR1. Thrombin binds to and cleaves murine PAR3, which facilitates PAR4 cleavage and activation. This process is essential for thrombin signaling and platelet activation, since murine PAR3 cannot signal alone. Although PAR1 and PAR4 are both competent to signal, PAR1 is able to act as a cofactor for PAR4, facilitating more rapid cleavage and activation by thrombin. PAR1 can also facilitate PAR2 activation through a different mechanism. Cleavage of the PAR1 N terminus by thrombin generates a tethered ligand domain that can bind intermolecularly to PAR2 to activate signaling. Thus, PARs can regulate each other's activity by localizing thrombin when in complex with PAR3 and PAR4 or by cleaved PAR1, providing its tethered ligand domain for PAR2 activation. The ability of PARs to cofactor or transactivate other PARs would necessitate that the two receptors be in close proximity, likely in the form of a heterodimer. Here, we discuss the cofactoring and dimerization of PARs and the functional consequences on signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Lin
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building, MC-0636, La Jolla, CA 92093.
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Yang R, Xu Y, Li P, Zhang X, Wang J, Gu D, Wang Y. Combined upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and proteinase-activated receptor-1 predicts unfavorable prognosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1139-46. [PMID: 23986644 PMCID: PMC3754819 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s50389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) has been demonstrated to be correlated with lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), while the activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) mediates proliferation and invasion of NPC cells. The present study investigated the clinical significance of the coexpression of MMP-1 and PAR-1 in NPC patients in determining the prognosis. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of MMP-1 and PAR-1 in tumor tissue samples from 266 NPC patients. Results Overexpression of MMP-1 and PAR-1 proteins were, respectively, detected in 190 (71.43%) and 182 (68.42%) of the 266 NPC patients. In addition, the combined MMP-1 and PAR-1 expression was significantly associated with advanced T-stage (P = 0.01), advanced clinical stage (P = 0.002), positive recurrence (P = 0.01), and metastatic status (P = 0.01) of NPC. Moreover, the overall survival in NPC patients with MMP-1 and PAR-1 dual overexpression was significantly shorter than in those with dual low expression (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the multivariate analyses indicated that the combined MMP-1 and PAR-1 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.001) in NPC patients, but the upregulation of MMP-1 and PAR-1 alone was, in each case, not an independent prognostic factor for this disease. Conclusion Our data provide convincing evidence, for the first time, that the activation of the MMP-1 and PAR-1 axis may be involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of NPC. The upregulation of MMP-1 in combination with PAR-1 overexpression is an unfavorable prognostic marker for NPC and might offer the possibility of future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Cell Engineering Research Center and Department of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Olivier C, Diehl P, Bode C, Moser M. Thrombin receptor antagonism in antiplatelet therapy. Cardiol Ther 2013; 2:57-68. [PMID: 25135289 PMCID: PMC4107434 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-013-0013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated platelets play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic disease and its complications. Even under treatment of antiplatelet drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid and P2Y12 antagonists, morbidity and mortality rates of thromboembolic complications remain high. Hence, the therapeutic inhibition of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, which is activated by thrombin, is a novel promising approach in antiplatelet therapy. Recent data suggest that PAR-1 is mainly involved in pathological thrombus formation, but not in physiological hemostasis. Therefore, PAR-1 inhibition offers the possibility to reduce atherothrombotic events without increasing bleeding risk. So far, two emerging PAR-1 antagonists have been tested in clinical trials: vorapaxar (SCH530349; Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA) and atopaxar (E5555; Eisai, Tokyo, Japan). Although in TRA-CER vorapaxar showed an unfavorable profile for patients with acute coronary syndrome in addition to standard therapy, it revealed promising results for patients with prior myocardial infarction in TRA 2P-TIMI50. Depending on the status of clinical approval, vorapaxar might be an option for patients with peripheral arterial disease to reduce limb ischemia. The second PAR-I antagonist, atopaxar, tended towards reducing major cardiovascular adverse events in acute coronary syndrome patients in a phase II trial. However, although statistically not significant, bleeding events were numerically increased in atopaxar-treated patients compared with placebo. Furthermore, liver enzymes were elevated and the relative corrected QT interval was prolonged in atopaxar-treated patients. Currently, the development of atopaxar by Eisai is discontinued. The future of this novel class of antithrombotic drugs will depend on the identification of patient groups in which the risk–benefit ratio is favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olivier
- Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany,
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