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Hamidpour R, Hamidpour M, Hamidpour S, Shahlari M. Cinnamon from the selection of traditional applications to its novel effects on the inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer cells and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, and a series of functions such as antioxidant, anticholesterol, antidiabetes, antibacterial, antifungal, nematicidal, acaracidal, and repellent activities. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 5:66-70. [PMID: 26151013 PMCID: PMC4488098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to use search engines such as PubMed and Scifinder to locate scholarly articles and reports pertaining to Cinnamon (肉桂 ròu guì), its novel effects, preparation, analysis, and use in the prevention and treatment of serious illnesses, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. Cinnamon has been used traditionally in food preparations and as an herbal medicine to treat a variety of ailments and their symptoms. Cinnamon is known to have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic properties. New studies reaffirm the importance of cinnamon as a spice but also suggest that it may be a natural remedy to treat serious diseases such as type 2 diabetes, chronic digestion problems, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the botanical, chemical, and pharmacological aspects of cinnamon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafie Hamidpour
- Department of Herbal Medicine, Pars Bioscience LLC, Leawood, KS, USA
| | - Mohsen Hamidpour
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Hamidpour
- Department of Herbal Medicine, Pars Bioscience LLC, Leawood, KS, USA
| | - Mina Shahlari
- Department of Herbal Medicine, Pars Bioscience LLC, Leawood, KS, USA
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102
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Cinnamaldehyde is the main mediator of cinnamon extract in mast cell inhibition. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:1297-309. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cao C, Liu B, Zeng C, Lu Y, Chen S, Yang L, Li B, Li Y, Li Y. A polymethoxyflavone from Laggera pterodonta induces apoptosis in imatinib-resistant K562R cells via activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:137. [PMID: 25530716 PMCID: PMC4272561 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment with imatinib mesylate (IM) (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) is the first line of standard care for patients newly diagnosed with CML. Despite the success of IM and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) remains largely incurable, and a number of CML patients die due to Abl mutation-related drug resistance and blast crisis. 3, 5-Dihydroxy-6, 7, 3′4′-tetramethoxyflavone (DHTMF) is a polymethoxyflavone isolated from Laggera pterodonta which is a herbal medicine used to treat cancer in the Chinese folk. In the previous study, we found DHTMF demonstrated good antiproliferative activities against a number of cancer cell lines and induced the apoptosis of CNE cells in vitro in a time- and dose-dependent manner while exhibiting low cytotoxicity in the two normal cell lines Vero and EVC304. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induced by DHTMF alone and in combination with IM in the IM-resistant CML cell line K562R. Methods Cell proliferation was assayed with the cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) method. The apoptosis percentage was determined by flow cytometry (FCM). Mitochondrial transmembrane potential was detected using FCM and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The level of proteins involved in apoptosis was detected by Western blotting. Results DHTMF suppressed K562R cell viability in both time- and dose-dependent manners. DHTMF combined with IM enhanced the inhibitory effects and apoptosis in K562R cells as compared with DHTMF alone. DHTMF alone and in combination with IM significantly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and increased the levels of cleaved caspase-9, caspase-7, caspase-3, and PARP in K562R cells. Conclusions We demonstrated that DHTMF could inhibit IM-resistant K562R cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These results suggest that DHTMF may be a potential therapeutic drug with lower side effects against IM resistance in CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changshu Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China ; Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Bailian Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwu Zeng
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yuhong Lu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Lijian Yang
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Yaolan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China ; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
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Shukla S, Rizvi F, Raisuddin S, Kakkar P. FoxO proteins' nuclear retention and BH3-only protein Bim induction evoke mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis in berberine-treated HepG2 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:185-99. [PMID: 25128467 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian forkhead-box family members belonging to the 'O' category (FoxO) manipulate a plethora of genes modulating a wide array of cellular functions including cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, DNA damage repair, and energy metabolism. FoxO overexpression and nuclear accumulation have been reported to show correlation with hindered tumor growth in vitro and size in vivo, while FoxO's downregulation via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway has been linked with tumor promotion. In this study, we have explored for the first time intervention of berberine, a plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloid, with FoxO family proteins in hepatoma cells. We observed that berberine significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of both FoxO1 and FoxO3a. Their phosphorylation-mediated cytoplasmic sequestration followed by degradation was prevented by berberine-induced downmodulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway which promoted FoxO nuclear retention. PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene and negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt axis, was upregulated while phosphorylation of its Ser380 residue (possible mechanism of PTEN degradation) was significantly decreased in treated HepG2 cells. Exposure to berberine induced a significant increase in transcriptional activity of FoxO, as shown by GFP reporter assay. FoxO transcription factors effectively heightened BH3-only protein Bim expression, which in turn, being a direct activator of proapoptotic protein Bax, altered Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, culminating into mitochondrial dysfunction, caspases activation, and DNA fragmentation. The pivotal role of Bim in berberine-mediated cytotoxicity was further corroborated by knockdown experiments where Bim-silencing partially restored HepG2 cell viability during berberine exposure. In addition, a correlation between oxidative overload and FoxO's nuclear accumulation via JNK activation was evident as berberine treatment led to a pronounced increase in JNK phosphorylation together with enhanced ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, decreased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, and diminished glutathione levels. Thus, our findings suggest that the antiproliferative effect of berberine may in part be due to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis with Bim acting as a pivotal downstream factor of FoxO-induced transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatrunajay Shukla
- Herbal Research Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Fatima Rizvi
- Herbal Research Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India
| | - Sheikh Raisuddin
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India.
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Schriner SE, Kuramada S, Lopez TE, Truong S, Pham A, Jafari M. Extension of Drosophila lifespan by cinnamon through a sex-specific dependence on the insulin receptor substrate chico. Exp Gerontol 2014; 60:220-30. [PMID: 25456850 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamon is a spice commonly used worldwide to flavor desserts, fruits, cereals, breads, and meats. Numerous health benefits have been attributed to its consumption, including the recent suggestion that it may decrease blood glucose levels in people with diabetes. Insulin signaling is an integral pathway regulating the lifespan of laboratory organisms, such as worms, flies, and mice. We posited that if cinnamon truly improved the clinical signs of diabetes in people that it would also act on insulin signaling in laboratory organisms and increase lifespan. We found that cinnamon did extend lifespan in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. However, it had no effect on the expression levels of the 3 aging-related Drosophila insulin-like peptides nor did it alter sugar, fat, or soluble protein levels, as would be predicted. In addition, cinnamon exhibited no protective effects in males against oxidative challenges. However, in females it did confer a protective effect against paraquat, but sensitized them to iron. Cinnamon provided no protective effect against desiccation and starvation in females, but sensitized males to both. Interestingly, cinnamon protected both sexes against cold, sensitized both to heat, and elevated HSP70 expression levels. We also found that cinnamon required the insulin receptor substrate to extend lifespan in males, but not females. We conclude that cinnamon does not extend lifespan by improving stress tolerance in general, though it does act, at least in part, through insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Schriner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Steven Kuramada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Terry E Lopez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Stephanie Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Andrew Pham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Mahtab Jafari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Niu X, Mu Q, Li W, Yao H, Li H, Huang H. Esculentic acid, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory effect in vivo and in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:532-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Roth-Walter F, Moskovskich A, Gomez-Casado C, Diaz-Perales A, Oida K, Singer J, Kinaciyan T, Fuchs HC, Jensen-Jarolim E. Immune suppressive effect of cinnamaldehyde due to inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in immune cells: implications in cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108402. [PMID: 25271635 PMCID: PMC4182734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Besides its anti-inflammatory effects, cinnamaldehyde has been reported to have anti-carcinogenic activity. Here, we investigated its impact on immune cells. Methods Activation of nuclear factor-κB by cinnamaldehyde (0–10 µg/ml) alone or in combination with lipopolysaccharide was assessed in THP1XBlue human monocytic cell line and in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Proliferation and secretion of cytokines (IL10 and TNFα) was determined in primary immune cells and the human cell lines (THP1, Jurkat E6-1 and Raji cell lines) stimulated with cinnamaldehyde alone or in conjunction with lipopolysaccharide. Nitric oxide was determined in mouse RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, different treated PBMCs were stained for CD3, CD20 and AnnexinV. Results Low concentrations (up to 1 µg/ml) of cinnamaldehyde resulted in a slight increase in nuclar factor-kB activation, whereas higher concentrations led to a dose-dependent decrease of nuclear factor-kB activation (up to 50%) in lipopolysachharide-stimulated THP1 cells and PBMCs. Accordingly, nitric oxide, interleukin 10 secretion as well as cell proliferation were reduced in lipopolysachharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, PBMCs and THP1, Raji and Jurkat-E6 immune cells in the presence of cinnamaldehyde in a concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis of PBMCs revealed that CD3+ were more affected than CD20+ cells to apopotosis by cinnamaldehyde. Conclusion We attribute the anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamaldehyde to its ability to block nuclear factor-κB activation in immune cells. Treatment with cinnamaldehyde led to inhibition of cell viability, proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in primary and immortalized immune cells. Therefore, despite its described anti-carcinogenic property, treatment with cinnamaldehyde in cancer patients might be contraindicated due to its ability to inhibit immune cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Moskovskich
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Gomez-Casado
- Biotechnology Department, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Technical University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli Diaz-Perales
- Biotechnology Department, Center for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Technical University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kumiko Oida
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Josef Singer
- Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamar Kinaciyan
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidemarie C. Fuchs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Wani KD, Kadu BS, Mansara P, Gupta P, Deore AV, Chikate RC, Poddar P, Dhole SD, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro study of biocompatible cinnamaldehyde functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (CPGF Nps) for hyperthermia and drug delivery applications in breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107315. [PMID: 25268975 PMCID: PMC4182032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde, the bioactive component of the spice cinnamon, and its derivatives have been shown to possess anti-cancer activity against various cancer cell lines. However, its hydrophobic nature invites attention for efficient drug delivery systems that would enhance the bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde without affecting its bioactivity. Here, we report the synthesis of stable aqueous suspension of cinnamaldehyde tagged Fe3O4 nanoparticles capped with glycine and pluronic polymer (CPGF NPs) for their potential application in drug delivery and hyperthermia in breast cancer. The monodispersed superparamagnetic NPs had an average particulate size of ∼ 20 nm. TGA data revealed the drug payload of ∼ 18%. Compared to the free cinnamaldehyde, CPGF NPs reduced the viability of breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and MDAMB231, at lower doses of cinnamaldehyde suggesting its increased bioavailability and in turn its therapeutic efficacy in the cells. Interestingly, the NPs were non-toxic to the non-cancerous HEK293 and MCF10A cell lines compared to the free cinnamaldehyde. The novelty of CPGF nanoparticulate system was that it could induce cytotoxicity in both ER/PR positive/Her2 negative (MCF7) and ER/PR negative/Her2 negative (MDAMB231) breast cancer cells, the latter being insensitive to most of the chemotherapeutic drugs. The NPs decreased the growth of the breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner and altered their migration through reduction in MMP-2 expression. CPGF NPs also decreased the expression of VEGF, an important oncomarker of tumor angiogenesis. They induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells through loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of caspase-3. Interestingly, upon exposure to the radiofrequency waves, the NPs heated up to 41.6 °C within 1 min, suggesting their promise as a magnetic hyperthermia agent. All these findings indicate that CPGF NPs prove to be potential nano-chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtee D. Wani
- Cell and Translational Research Laboratory, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College Campus, Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Brijesh S. Kadu
- Nanoscience Group, Department of Chemistry, Post-graduate and Research Center, MES Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prakash Mansara
- Cell and Translational Research Laboratory, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College Campus, Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Avinash V. Deore
- Department of Physics, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajeev C. Chikate
- Nanoscience Group, Department of Chemistry, Post-graduate and Research Center, MES Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankaj Poddar
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay D. Dhole
- Department of Physics, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar
- Cell and Translational Research Laboratory, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College Campus, Dhankawadi, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
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Xiang Q, Ma Y, Dong J, Shen R. Carnosic acid induces apoptosis associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and Akt inactivation in HepG2 cells. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 66:76-84. [PMID: 25265205 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.953452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic diterpene isolated from rosemary, shows potential benefits in health promotion and disease prevention. In the present study, the cytotoxic and apoptotic-inducing effects of CA on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were investigated. The MTT assay results indicated that CA decreased cell viability in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with CA caused a rapid Caspase-3 activation and subsequently proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), both of which were markers of cells undergoing apoptosis. CA also dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax protein, which mediated cytosolic translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Furthermore, CA reduced the phosphorylation of Akt, which was partially inhibited by insulin, an activator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway. In conclusion, our data suggest that the mitochondrial dysfunction and deactivation of Akt may contribute to the apoptosis-inducing effects of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisen Xiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou , China
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Bai X, Song Z, Zhou Y, Pan S, Wang F, Guo Z, Jiang M, Wang G, Kong R, Sun B. The apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes promoted by hyperbaric oxygen treatment contributes to attenuate the severity of early stage acute pancreatitis in rats. Apoptosis 2014; 19:58-75. [PMID: 24101212 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoregulatory effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) via promoting the apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to attenuate the severity of early stage acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats. Additionally, the persistence of the HBO treatment effects was evaluated. One hundred and twenty male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: sham, AP, AP + normobaric oxygen (NBO), and AP + HBO. Each group consisted of 30 rats. Four hours after the induction of AP, the 30 rats in the AP + NBO group were given normobaric oxygen treatment with 100 % oxygen at 1 atm for 90 min. The 30 rats in the AP + HBO group received 100 % oxygen at 2.5 atm for 90 min, with a compression/decompression time of 15 min. The 30 rats in the AP group remained untreated. At 6, 12, and 24 h after the induction of AP, surviving rats from each group were sacrificed, and the blood and tissue samples were collected for the following measurements: the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) of the arterial blood, the levels of serum amylase, lipase, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) of the PBLs. The expression levels of procaspase-3, caspase-3, procaspase-9, and caspase-9 were also evaluated in the PBLs. Additionally, the apoptosis of PBLs was assessed, and the pancreatic tissues were subjected to a histopathological analysis by pathological grading and scoring. The histopathology of the lung, liver, kidney, duodenum, and heart was also analyzed at 12 h after the induction of AP. Significant differences were found at 6 and 12 h after AP induction. The HBO treatment significantly elevated the PaO2 and SaO2 levels, and the ROS levels in the PBLs. Additionally, HBO downregulated the levels of amylase and lipase. The HBO treatment also reduced the ∆Ψm levels, upregulated the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and increased the apoptosis rate of the PBLs. Moreover, the HBO treatment decreased the serum concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ and HGF, and reduced the pathological scores of the pancreatic tissue. The histopathological changes of the lung, liver, kidney, duodenum, and heart were also improved. A significant elevation of IL-10 occurred only at the 12-h time point. However, no obvious differences were found at the 24-h time point. This study demonstrated that the HBO treatment can promote the apoptosis of PBLs via a mitochondrial-dependent pathway and inhibit the inflammatory response. These immunoregulatory effects may play an important therapeutic role in attenuating the severity of early stage AP. The repeated administration of HBO or the use of HBO in combination with other approaches may further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Bai
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Inhibitory effects of cinnamon-water extract on human tumor cell lines. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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112
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Huang DF, Xu JG, Liu JX, Zhang H, Hu QP. Chemical constituents, antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia bark against four food-related bacteria. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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113
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Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:642942. [PMID: 24817901 PMCID: PMC4003790 DOI: 10.1155/2014/642942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Cinnamon cassia), the eternal tree of tropical medicine, belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon is one of the most important spices used daily by people all over the world. Cinnamon primarily contains vital oils and other derivatives, such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and cinnamate. In addition to being an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, lipid-lowering, and cardiovascular-disease-lowering compound, cinnamon has also been reported to have activities against neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. This review illustrates the pharmacological prospective of cinnamon and its use in daily life.
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A convergent synthesis of alkyne–azide cycloaddition derivatives of 4-α,β-2-propyne podophyllotoxin depicting potent cytotoxic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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115
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Zhao H, Xie Y, Yang Q, Cao Y, Tu H, Cao W, Wang S. Pharmacokinetic study of cinnamaldehyde in rats by GC–MS after oral and intravenous administration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 89:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Singh PK, Wani K, Kaul-Ghanekar R, Prabhune A, Ogale S. From micron to nano-curcumin by sophorolipid co-processing: highly enhanced bioavailability, fluorescence, and anti-cancer efficacy. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07300b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Choudhari AS, Raina P, Deshpande MM, Wali AG, Zanwar A, Bodhankar SL, Kaul-Ghanekar R. Evaluating the anti-inflammatory potential of Tectaria cicutaria L. rhizome extract in vitro as well as in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:215-222. [PMID: 23993910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The rhizome of Tectaria cicutaria has been used in the folklore system of Indian traditional medicine (Ayurveda) for the treatment of various disorders such as rheumatic pain, chest complaints, burns, sprain, poisonous bites, tonsilitis, toothache, gum complaints, cuts and wounds. The present work has for the first time tried to elucidate the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract of Tectaria cicutaria rhizome (TCRaq) in vitro as well as in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory potential of TCRaq was analyzed in vivo in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. Serum antioxidant status in TCRaq-treated as well as untreated control rodents was measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. In vitro experiments for analyzing the anti-inflammatory potential of TCRaq were performed on murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Analysis of nitric oxide release in RAW 264.7 cells was done by Griess reaction. RT-PCR and western blotting experiment was performed to analyze the expression of iNOS. Expression of COX-2 and NFκB proteins was evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS TCRaq significantly reduced the paw volume in Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight, which was comparable with the standard diclofenac treatment. The rats treated with TCRaq showed a significant increase in the serum antioxidant levels compared to the untreated control animals. TCRaq was able to reduce the nitric oxide (NO) levels in RAW 264.7 cells that had been stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in iNOS expression at mRNA and protein level. Interestingly, TCRaq was found to decrease the expression of COX-2 as well as the nuclear translocation of NFκB in RAW 264.7 cells. CONCLUSION Our study signifies the anti-inflammatory potential of Tectaria cicutaria and scientifically validates its traditional use in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Choudhari
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune-Satara Road, Pune-411043, Maharashtra, India
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Robles-Escajeda E, Lerma D, Nyakeriga AM, Ross JA, Kirken RA, Aguilera RJ, Varela-Ramirez A. Searching in mother nature for anti-cancer activity: anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect elicited by green barley on leukemia/lymphoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73508. [PMID: 24039967 PMCID: PMC3767772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Green barley extract (GB) was investigated for possible anti-cancer activity by examining its anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties on human leukemia/lymphoma cell lines. Our results indicate that GB exhibits selective anti-proliferative activity on a panel of leukemia/lymphoma cells in comparison to non-cancerous cells. Specifically, GB disrupted the cell-cycle progression within BJAB cells, as manifested by G2/M phase arrest and DNA fragmentation, and induced apoptosis, as evidenced by phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation to the outer cytoplasmic membrane in two B-lineage leukemia/lymphoma cell lines. The pro-apoptotic effect of GB was found to be independent of mitochondrial depolarization, thus implicating extrinsic cell death pathways to exert its cytotoxicity. Indeed, GB elicited an increase of TNF-α production, caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation, and PARP-1 cleavage within pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia Nalm-6 cells. Moreover, caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation and PARP-1 cleavage were strongly inhibited/blocked by the addition of the specific caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK and Ac-DEVD-CHO. Furthermore, intracellular signaling analyses determined that GB treatment enhanced constitutive activation of Lck and Src tyrosine kinases in Nalm-6 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that GB induced preferential anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic signals within B-lineage leukemia/lymphoma cells, as determined by the following biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis: PS externalization, enhanced release of TNF-α, caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation, PARP-1 cleavage and DNA fragmentation Our observations reveal that GB has potential as an anti-leukemia/lymphoma agent alone or in combination with standard cancer therapies and thus warrants further evaluation in vivo to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Robles-Escajeda
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dennise Lerma
- St. Mary’s University School of Science, Engineering and Technology, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alice M. Nyakeriga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A. Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Kirken
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renato J. Aguilera
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sharma DK, Tripathi AK, Sharma R, Chib R, ur Rasool R, Hussain A, Singh B, Goswami A, Khan IA, Mukherjee D. A new class of bactericidal agents against S. aureus, MRSA and VRE derived from bisindolylmethane. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Choudhari AS, Suryavanshi SA, Kaul-Ghanekar R. The aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa induces cell cycle arrest in human cervical cancer cell lines SiHa (HPV-16 Positive) and apoptosis in HeLa (HPV-18 positive). PLoS One 2013; 8:e70127. [PMID: 23922932 PMCID: PMC3724825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are being extensively explored for their potential to prevent as well as treat cancer due to their ability to target multiple molecular pathways. Ficus religiosa has been shown to exert diverse biological activities including apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines. In the present study, we report the anti-neoplastic potential of aqueous extract of F. religiosa (FRaq) bark in human cervical cancer cell lines, SiHa and HeLa. FRaq altered the growth kinetics of SiHa (HPV-16 positive) and HeLa (HPV-18 positive) cells in a dose-dependent manner. It blocked the cell cycle progression at G1/S phase in SiHa that was characterized by an increase in the expression of p53, p21 and pRb proteins with a simultaneous decrease in the expression of phospho Rb (ppRb) protein. On the other hand, in HeLa, FRaq induced apoptosis through an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) leading to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome-c and increase in the expression of caspase-3. Moreover, FRaq reduced the migration as well as invasion capability of both the cervical cancer cell lines accompanied with downregulation of MMP-2 and Her-2 expression. Interestingly, FRaq reduced the expression of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 in both the cervical cancer cell lines. All these data suggest that F. religiosa could be explored for its chemopreventive potential in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Choudhari
- Cell and Translational Research Laboratory, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College Campus, Dhankawadi, Pune, India
| | - Snehal A. Suryavanshi
- Cell and Translational Research Laboratory, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College Campus, Dhankawadi, Pune, India
| | - Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar
- Cell and Translational Research Laboratory, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College Campus, Dhankawadi, Pune, India
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Wang SJ, Zheng CJ, Peng C, Zhang H, Jiang YP, Han T, Qin LP. Plants and cervical cancer: an overview. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1133-56. [PMID: 23789984 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.811486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer, the second most common gynecological malignant tumor seriously harmful to the health of women, remains a leading cause of cancer-related death for women in developing countries. Although a large amount of scientific research has been reported on plants as a natural source of treatment agents for cervical cancer, it is currently scattered across various publications. A systematic summary and knowledge of future prospects are necessary to facilitate further plant studies for anti-cervical cancer agents. AREAS COVERED This review generalizes and analyzes the current knowledge on the anti-cervical cancer properties and mechanisms involved for plants, and discusses the future prospects for the application of these plants. EXPERT OPINION This review mainly focuses on the plants which have been scientifically tested in vitro and/or in vivo and proved as potential agents for the treatment of cervical cancer. The failure of conventional chemotherapy to reduce mortality as well as serious side effects involved makes natural products ideal candidates for exerting synergism and attenuation effects on anticancer drugs. Although the chemical components and mechanisms of action of natural plants with anti-cervical cancer potential have been investigated, many others remain unknown. More investigations and clinical trials are necessary to make use of these medical plants reasonably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Juan Wang
- Second Military Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Yeh CF, Chang JS, Wang KC, Shieh DE, Chiang LC. Water extract of Cinnamomum cassia Blume inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus by preventing viral attachment, internalization, and syncytium formation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:321-326. [PMID: 23518419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cinnamomum cassia Blume is a popular traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used to manage respiratory tract disease, including common cold and chronic bronchitis for thousand years. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is one of the leading causes of severe lower respiratory tract illness worldwide. No effective therapeutic modality against HRSV infection has been proved. It is unknown whether Cinnamomum cassia is effective against HRSV. AIM OF THE STUDY This study tested the hypothesis that Cinnamomum cassia can effectively decrease HRSV-induced plaque formation and syncytium formation in respiratory mucosal cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antiviral activity of the hot water extract of Cinnamomum cassia against HRSV was tested by plaque reduction assay in both human upper (HEp-2) and low (A549) respiratory tract cell lines. Its ability to inhibit the synthesis of viral fusion (F) protein was examined by Western blot assay. RESULTS Cinnamomum cassia dose-dependently inhibited HRSV-induced plaque formation in both HEp-2 and A549 cell lines (p<0.0001). Cinnamomum cassia was more effective when given before viral infection (p<0.0001) mainly by inhibition of viral attachment (p<0.0001) and internalization (p<0.0001). Cinnamomum cassia could inhibit F protein production and syncytium formation to interfere with HRSV spreading. CONCLUSIONS Cinnamomum cassia prevented airway epithelia from HRSV infection through inhibiting viral attachment, internalization and syncytium formation. Cinnamomum cassia could be a candidate to develop therapeutic modalities to manage HRSV infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Feng Yeh
- Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Daker M, Lin VY, Akowuah GA, Yam MF, Ahmad M. Inhibitory effects of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume stem bark extract and trans-cinnamaldehyde on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells; synergism with cisplatin. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1701-1709. [PMID: 23837058 PMCID: PMC3702710 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy that occurs in the epithelium of the nasopharynx. The standard treatment of NPC patients with locoregionally advanced stages is problematic and is often associated with toxicities. Therefore, it is essential to screen for naturally occurring compounds with strong apoptosis-inducing activity and minimal toxicity. This study investigated the effects of the standardized methanol extract of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume stem bark and its main constituent, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA), on human NPC cell lines. The content of TCA in C. burmannii methanol extract was standardized to be 13.61% w/w by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). NPC cell proliferation was clearly inhibited within 24 h of treatment, with TCA exhibiting greater activity than the methanol extract. TCA was more active against NPC cells compared with cisplatin. There was a pronounced downregulation of the proliferation markers, Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the TCA-treated cells; while morphological observation indicated the induction of apoptosis. Caspase activation and prominent DNA damage, which are markers of apoptosis induction were detected. TCA demonstrated the ability to scavenge nitric oxide. The simultaneous combination of TCA and cisplatin produced synergistic anti-proliferative effects. Collectively, these data indicate the potential use of TCA for the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelinda Daker
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur 50588
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Hagenlocher Y, Bergheim I, Zacheja S, Schäffer M, Bischoff SC, Lorentz A. Cinnamon extract inhibits degranulation and de novo synthesis of inflammatory mediators in mast cells. Allergy 2013; 68:490-7. [PMID: 23409834 DOI: 10.1111/all.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MC) are main effector cells of allergic and other inflammatory reactions; however, only a few anti-MC agents are available for therapy. It has been reported that cinnamon extract (CE) attenuates allergic symptoms by affecting immune cells; however, its influence on MC was not studied so far. Here, we analyzed the effects of CE on human and rodent MC in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Expression of MC-specific proteases was examined in vivo in duodenum of mice following oral administration of CE. Release of mediators and phosphorylation of signaling molecules were analyzed in vitro in human MC isolated from intestinal tissue (hiMC) or RBL-2H3 cells challenged with CE prior to stimulation by FcεRI cross-linking. RESULTS Following oral treatment with CE, expression of the mast cell proteases MCP6 and MC-CPA was significantly decreased in mice. In hiMC, CE also caused a reduced expression of tryptase. Moreover, in hiMC stimulated by IgE cross-linking, the release of β-hexosaminidase was reduced to about 20% by CE. The de novo synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes, TNFα, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4, was almost completely inhibited by CE. The attenuation of mast cell mediators by CE seems to be related to particular signaling pathways, because we found that activation of the MAP kinases ERK, JNK, and p38 as well as of Akt was strongly reduced by CE. CONCLUSION CE decreases expression of mast cell-specific mediators in vitro and in vivo and thus is a new plant-originated candidate for anti-allergic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Hagenlocher
- Department of Nutritional Medicine; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart; Germany
| | - I. Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Medicine; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart; Germany
| | - S. Zacheja
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thorax Surgery; Marienhospital; Stuttgart; Germany
| | - M. Schäffer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thorax Surgery; Marienhospital; Stuttgart; Germany
| | - S. C. Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart; Germany
| | - A. Lorentz
- Department of Nutritional Medicine; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart; Germany
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Ismail IA, Kang HS, Lee HJ, Chang H, Yun J, Lee CW, Kim NH, Kim HS, Yook JI, Hong SH, Kwon BM. 2-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 137:697-708. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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The sonodynamic effect of curcumin on THP-1 cell-derived macrophages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:737264. [PMID: 23509769 PMCID: PMC3591177 DOI: 10.1155/2013/737264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is extracted from the rhizomes of the traditional Chinese herb Curcuma longa and has been proposed to function as a photosensitizer. The potential use of curcumin as a sonosensitizer for sonodynamic therapy (SDT) requires further exploration. This study investigated the sonodynamic effect of curcumin on macrophages, the pivotal inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic plaque. THP-1-derived macrophages were incubated with curcumin at a concentration of 40.7 μmol/L for 2 h and then exposed to pulse ultrasound irradiation (2 W/cm2 with 0.86 MHz) for 5–15 min. Six hours later, cell viability was decreased in cells that had been treated with ultrasound for 10 and 15 min. After ultrasound irradiation for 15 min, the ratio of apoptotic and necrotic cells in SDT group was higher than that in ultrasound group, and the ratio of apoptotic cells was higher than that of necrotic cells. Both loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and morphological changes of cytoskeleton were apparent 2 h after treatment with curcumin SDT. These findings support that curcumin had sonodynamic effect on THP-1-derived macrophages and that curcumin SDT could be a promising treatment for atherosclerosis.
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Sinha S, Mishra P, Amin H, Rah B, Nayak D, Goswami A, Kumar N, Vishwakarma R, Ghosal S. A new cytotoxic quinolone alkaloid and a pentacyclic steroidal glycoside from the stem bark of Crataeva nurvala: study of anti-proliferative and apoptosis inducing property. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 60:490-6. [PMID: 23354071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of stem bark of Crataeva nurvala afforded 5,7-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-quinolone and a steroidal glycoside with unprecedented pentacyclic ring system named crataemine (1a) and crataenoside (2) respectively. The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. A series of compounds with modification at position 1 of 1a (1a-1c) were prepared. All compounds were screened for cytotoxic activity against HeLa, PC-3 and MCF-7 cells. Only 1a and 2 showed potency against all three cells. Mechanism based study for activity of the compounds demonstrated that it could block the migration of more aggressive HeLa and PC-3 cells and prevent their colony formation ability as well. The compounds potentiated apoptosis in HeLa and PC-3 cells in a significant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhna Sinha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201303, UP, India
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Nagle AA, Gan FF, Jones G, So CL, Wells G, Chew EH. Induction of tumor cell death through targeting tubulin and evoking dysregulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins by multifunctional cinnamaldehydes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50125. [PMID: 23185555 PMCID: PMC3503761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA) and its analogs display anti-cancer properties, with 2-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (BCA) and 5-fluoro-2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (FHCA) being identified as the ortho-substituted analogs that possess potent anti-tumor activities. In this study, BCA, FHCA and a novel analog 5-fluoro-2-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (FBCA), were demonstrated to decrease growth and colony formation of human colon-derived HCT 116 and mammary-derived MCF-7 carcinoma cells under non-adhesive conditions. The 2-benzoyloxy and 5-fluoro substituents rendered FBCA more potent than BCA and equipotent to FHCA. The cellular events by which these cinnamaldehydes caused G(2)/M phase arrest and halted proliferation of HCT 116 cells were thereby investigated. Lack of significant accumulation of mitosis marker phospho-histone H3 in cinnamaldehyde-treated cells indicated that the analogs arrested cells in G(2) phase. G(2) arrest was brought about partly by cinnamaldehyde-mediated depletion of cell cycle proteins involved in regulating G(2) to M transition and spindle assembly, namely cdk1, cdc25C, mad2, cdc20 and survivin. Cyclin B1 levels were found to be increased, which in the absence of active cdk1, would fail to drive cells into M phase. Concentrations of cinnamaldehydes that brought about dysregulation of levels of cell cycle proteins also caused tubulin aggregation, as evident from immunodetection of dose-dependent tubulin accumulation in the insoluble cell lysate fractions. In a cell-free system, reduced biotin-conjugated iodoacetamide (BIAM) labeling of tubulin protein pretreated with cinnamaldehydes was indicative of drug interaction with the sulfhydryl groups in tubulin. In conclusion, cinnamaldehydes treatment at proapoptotic concentrations caused tubulin aggregation and dysegulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins cdk1 and cdc25C that contributed at least in part to arresting cells at G(2) phase, resulting in apoptotic cell death characterized by emergence of cleaved forms of caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Results presented in this study have thus provided further insights into the intricate network of cellular events by which cinnamaldehydes induce tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita A. Nagle
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fei-Fei Gan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gavin Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Choon-Leng So
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Geoffrey Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eng-Hui Chew
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Rah B, Amin H, Yousuf K, Khan S, Jamwal G, Mukherjee D, Goswami A. A novel MMP-2 inhibitor 3-azidowithaferin A (3-azidoWA) abrogates cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis by modulating extracellular Par-4. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44039. [PMID: 22962598 PMCID: PMC3433490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withaferin A, which is a naturally derived steroidal lactone, has been found to prevent angiogenesis and metastasis in diverse tumor models. It has also been recognized by different groups for prominent anti-carcinogenic roles. However, in spite of these studies on withanolides, their detailed anti-metastatic mechanism of action remained unknown. The current study has poised to address the machinery involved in invasion regulation by stable derivative of Withaferin A, 3-azido Withaferin A (3-azidoWA) in human cervical HeLa and prostate PC-3 cells. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sub-toxic concentration of 3-azidowithaferin A (3-azido WA) inhibited cancer cell motility and invasion in wound healing and Boyden chamber invasion by suppressing MMP-2 activity in gelatin zymography and its expression has proved to be a major obstacle in chemo-sensitivity. We have uncovered a novel mechanism of 3-azidoWA induced extracellular pro-apoptotic candidate tumor suppressor Par-4 protein stimulation in conditioned media and also noticed a concomitant marked reduction in pAkt and pERK signaling by immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, our zymography results suggest 3-azidoWA induced MMP-2 inhibition was mediated through secretory Par-4. The inhibition of apoptosis by 3-azidoWA could not restore MMP-2 gelatinase activity. In addition to this, our in vivo animal experiments data showed 3-azidoWA abrogated neovascularisation in dose dependent manner in mouse Matrigel plug assay. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE For this report, we found that 3-azidoWA suppressed motility and invasion of HeLa and PC-3 cells in MMP-2 dependent manner. Our in vitro result strongly suggests that sub-toxic doses of 3-azidoWA enhanced the secretion of extracellular Par-4 that abolished secretory MMP-2 expression and activity. Depletion of secretory Par-4 restored MMP-2 expression and invasion capability of HeLa and PC-3 cells. Further, our findings implied that 3-azidoWA attenuated internal phospho-ERK and phospho-Akt expression in a dose dependent manner might play a key role in inhibition of mouse angiogenesis by 3-azidoWA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Rah
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Hina Amin
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Khalid Yousuf
- Nautral Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Sheema Khan
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Gayatri Jamwal
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Nautral Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Jammu Tawi, India
- * E-mail:
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Yeh CC, Yang JI, Lee JC, Tseng CN, Chan YC, Hseu YC, Tang JY, Chuang LY, Huang HW, Chang FR, Chang HW. Anti-proliferative effect of methanolic extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata on oral cancer cells involves apoptosis, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:142. [PMID: 22937998 PMCID: PMC3495219 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Methanolic extracts of Gracilaria tenuistipitata (MEGT) were obtained from the edible red algae. Previously, we found that water extract of G. tenuistipitata was able to modulate oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and its related cellular responses. Methods In this study, the methanol extraction product MEGT was used to evaluate the cell growth inhibition in oral cancer cells and its possible mechanism was investigated. Results The cell viability of MEGT treated Ca9-22 oral cancer cell line was significantly decreased in a dose–response manner (p < 0.05). The sub-G1 population and annexin V intensity of MEGT-treated Ca9-22 cancer cells were significantly increased in a dose–response manner (p < 0.0005 and p < 0.001, respectively). The γH2AX intensities of MEGT-treated Ca9-22 cancer cells were significantly increased in a dose–response manner (p < 0.05). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH)-positive intensities of MEGT-treated Ca9-22 oral cancer cells were significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in a dose–response manner (p < 0.05). The DiOC2(3) intensity for mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of MEGT-treated Ca9-22 cancer cells was significantly decreased in a dose–response manner (p < 0.05). Conclusions These results indicated that MEGT had apoptosis-based cytotoxicity against oral cancer cells through the DNA damage, ROS induction, and mitochondrial depolarization. Therefore, MEGT derived from the edible algae may have potential therapeutic effects against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
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Chuang LY, Guh JY, Chao LK, Lu YC, Hwang JY, Yang YL, Cheng TH, Yang WY, Chien YJ, Huang JS. Anti-proliferative effects of cinnamaldehyde on human hepatoma cell lines. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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TRPA1 is functionally expressed in melanoma cells but is not critical for impaired proliferation caused by allyl isothiocyanate or cinnamaldehyde. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:555-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharma DK, Rah B, Lambu MR, Hussain A, Yousuf SK, Tripathi AK, Singh B, Jamwal G, Ahmed Z, Chanauria N, Nargotra A, Goswami A, Mukherjee D. Design and synthesis of novel N,N′-glycoside derivatives of 3,3′-diindolylmethanes as potential antiproliferative agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20098h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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135
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Shang W, Qiao J, Gu C, Yin W, Du J, Wang W, Zhu M, Han M, Lu W. Anticancer activity of an extract from needles and twigs of Taxus cuspidata and its synergistic effect as a cocktail with 5-fluorouracil. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 11:123. [PMID: 22132732 PMCID: PMC3260134 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botanical medicines are increasingly combined with chemotherapeutics as anticancer drug cocktails. This study aimed to assess the chemotherapeutic potential of an extract of Taxus cuspidata (TC) needles and twigs produced by artificial cuttage and its co-effects as a cocktail with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). METHODS Components of TC extract were identified by HPLC fingerprinting. Cytotoxicity analysis was performed by MTT assay or ATP assay. Apoptosis studies were analyzed by H & E, PI, TUNEL staining, as well as Annexin V/PI assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. 5-FU concentrations in rat plasma were determined by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using 3p87 software. Synergistic efficacy was subjected to median effect analysis with the mutually nonexclusive model using Calcusyn1 software. The significance of differences between values was estimated by using a one-way ANOVA. RESULTS TC extract reached inhibition rates of 70-90% in different human cancer cell lines (HL-60, BGC-823, KB, Bel-7402, and HeLa) but only 5-7% in normal mouse T/B lymphocytes, demonstrating the broad-spectrum anticancer activity and low toxicity to normal cells of TC extract in vitro. TC extract inhibited cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. Most interestingly, TC extract and 5-FU, combined as a cocktail, synergistically inhibited the growth of cancer cells in vitro, with Combination Index values (CI) ranging from 0.90 to 0.26 at different effect levels from IC50 to IC90 in MCF-7 cells, CI ranging from 0.93 to 0.13 for IC40 to IC90 in PC-3M-1E8 cells, and CI < 1 in A549 cells. In addition, the cocktail had lower cytotoxicity in normal human cell (HEL) than 5-FU used alone. Furthermore, TC extract did not affect the pharmacokinetics of 5-FU in rats. CONCLUSIONS The combinational use of the TC extract with 5-FU displays strong cytotoxic synergy in cancer cells and low cytotoxicity in normal cells. These findings suggest that this cocktail may have a potential role in cancer treatment.
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Zhang Z, Knobloch TJ, Seamon LG, Stoner GD, Cohn DE, Paskett ED, Fowler JM, Weghorst CM. A black raspberry extract inhibits proliferation and regulates apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 123:401-6. [PMID: 21831414 PMCID: PMC3919135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cervical cancer is the second most common female cancer worldwide, and it remains a challenge to manage preinvasive and invasive lesions. Food-based cancer prevention entities, such as black raspberries and their derivatives, have demonstrated a marked ability to inhibit preclinical models of epithelial cancer cell growth and tumor formation. Here, we extend the role of black raspberry-mediated chemoprevention to that of cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS Three human cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa (HPV16-/HPV18+, adenocarcinoma), SiHa (HPV16+/HPV18-, squamous cell carcinoma) and C-33A (HPV16-/HPV18-, squamous cell carcinoma), were treated with a lyophilized black raspberry ethanol extract (RO-ET) at 25, 50, 100 or 200μg/ml for 1, 3 and 5days, respectively. Cell proliferation was measured by WST1 (tetrazolium salt cleavage) assays. Flow cytometry (propidium iodide and Annexin V staining) and fluorescence microscopy analysis were used to measure apoptotic cell changes. RESULTS We found that non-toxic levels of RO-ET significantly inhibited the growth of human cervical cancer cells, in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner to a maximum of 54%, 52% and 67%, respectively (p<0.05). Furthermore, cell growth inhibition was persistent following short-term withdrawal of RO-ET from the culture medium. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated RO-ET-induced apoptosis in all cell lines. CONCLUSION Black raspberries and their bioactive components represent promising candidates for future phytochemical-based mechanistic pathway-targeted cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas J. Knobloch
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leigh G. Seamon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gary D. Stoner
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David E. Cohn
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Electra D. Paskett
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Fowler
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher M. Weghorst
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Gescher K, Deters AM. Typha latifolia L. fruit polysaccharides induce the differentiation and stimulate the proliferation of human keratinocytes in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:352-358. [PMID: 21669276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Northern America Typha latifolia L. (Typhaceae) fruits are used for more than 4000 years for treatment of skin disorders, burns and as wound dressing to absorb the ichors. AIM OF THE STUDY The following studies attempted to characterize water-soluble polysaccharides from aqueous Typha latifolia extracts and to investigate the influence of the polymers on cell physiology of human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). MATERIALS AND METHODS Water-soluble raw polysaccharides (RPS) were isolated from Typha latifolia fruits and fractionated by anion exchange chromatography (AEC) and size exclusion chromatography (GPC). Fractions obtained were characterized concerning monosaccharide composition by HPAEC-PAD. The bioactivity of the polysaccharides was investigated on cell viability, proliferation, differentiation and gene expression NHDF of NHEK. RESULTS RPS was fractionated into 5 heterodisperse fractions (TL1-TL5). The polysaccharides were composed mainly of glucose (more than 50% in RPS and TL4), galactose, xylose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, arabinose, ribose, fucose, rhamnose, and fructose with differing amounts concerning to RPS and AEC-fractions. Proteins were detected in the RPS (10%) and to a less extend in TL1-TL3 (1-3%). TL1-TL3 significantly increased the proliferation of keratinocytes, whereas TL4 was shown to be a potent inductor of the early differentiation process of keratinocytes. Gene expression analysis supported these results since Smad3 and PKC-α, known to be part of signal pathways leading to cell differentiation, were significantly up regulated. Effects on fibroblasts were not observed, indicating cell specific activity of the polysaccharides. CONCLUSION The results clearly indicate a rationale for the traditional use of Typha latifolia fruits extracts for wound healing to the strong stimulatory activity of the polysaccharides on keratinocytes proliferation and early differentiation, major activities necessary for potent wound-healing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gescher
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Hittorfstr. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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