101
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Ghayour MB, Abdolmaleki A, Rassouli M. Neuroprotective effect of Lovastatin on motor deficit induced by sciatic nerve crush in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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102
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Nasoohi S, Simani L, Khodagholi F, Nikseresht S, Faizi M, Naderi N. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation improves acute outcomes of stroke in rats pretreated with atorvastatin. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:264-272. [PMID: 28946820 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1376928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, ubiquinone) stands among the safest supplements in the elderly to protect against cardiovascular disorders. Noteworthy, CoQ10 deficiency is common in many surviving stroke patients as they are mostly prescribed statins for the secondary prevention of stroke incidence lifelong. Accordingly, the current study aims to experimentally examine whether CoQ10 supplementation in animals receiving atorvastatin may affect acute stroke-induced injury. METHODS Adult rats underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion after atorvastatin pretreatment (5 or 10 mg/ kg/day; po; 30 days) with or without CoQ10 (200 mg/kg/day). After 24 hours ischemic/reperfusion injury, animals were subjected to functional assessments followed by cerebral molecular and histological to detect inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. RESULTS Animals dosed with 10 mg/kg presented the worst neurological function and brain damage in the acute phase of stroke injury. CoQ10 supplementation efficiently improved functional deficit and cerebral infarction in all stroke animals, particularly those exhibiting statin toxicity. Such benefits were associated with remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, based on the analyzed tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, Bax/Bcl2 and cleaved caspase 3/9 immunoblots. Importantly, our fluoro-jade staining data indicated CoQ10 may revert the stroke-induced neurodegeneration. No parallel alteration was detected in stroke-induced oxidative stress as determined by malondialdehyde and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine levels. DISCUSSION These data suggest that all stroke animals may benefit from CoQ10 administration through modulating inflammatory and degenerative pathways. This study provides empirical evidence for potential advantages of CoQ10 supplementation in atorvastatin-receiving patients which may not shadow its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Nasoohi
- a Neuroscience Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Leila Simani
- b Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- a Neuroscience Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sara Nikseresht
- a Neuroscience Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Naderi
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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103
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Synaptic vesicle 2C and its synaptic-related function. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 472:112-117. [PMID: 28774501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle 2 C (SV2C) is a novel isoform belonging to the synaptic vesicle 2 (SV2) protein superfamily; a family of proteins known to have roles in vesicle trafficking, exocytosis and neurotransmission. In humans, SV2C is expressed in evolutionarily older brain regions, and is a known receptor for botulinum neurotoxin/A (BoNT/A), controlling glucose-evoked granule recruitment and regulating dopamine release, thus serving as a potential target molecule in the treatment of psychosis. In addition, recent researches have shown that SV2C regulates hypertension and accelerates venous thromboembolism (VTE) and coagulation pathways and may play roles in several non-nervous system diseases. In terms of regulation, SV2C is positively regulated by both alendronate and statins. As SV2C may provide a potential novel therapeutic target for psychosis and other diseases, this article reviews the progress made thus far in understanding the structure, distribution, function and regulation of SV2C.
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104
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A, Dehpour AR. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:949-965. [PMID: 28578514 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in other conditions such as primary and progressing neurodegenerative diseases beyond their original role. Observation that statins ameliorate the neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of these drugs are thought to be linked to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the clinical advantages of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (statins) in cardiovascular system, the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms are little understood. Hence, the present review tries to provide a critical overview on the statin-induced neuroprotection, which are presumed to be associated with the ability to reduce cholesterol, Amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, decrease reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) formation, inhibit excitotoxicity, modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increase cerebral blood perfusion. This review is also aimed to illustrate that statins protect neurons against the neuro-inflammatory processes through balancing pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately, the beneficial role of statins in ameliorating the development of PD, AD, MS and cerebral ischemic stroke has been separately reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Arefidoust
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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105
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Schmitt M, Dehay B, Bezard E, Garcia-Ladona FJ. U18666A, an activator of sterol regulatory element binding protein pathway, modulates presynaptic dopaminergic phenotype of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schmitt
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL; 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
| | - F. Javier Garcia-Ladona
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL; 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
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106
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Klemann CJHM, Martens GJM, Sharma M, Martens MB, Isacson O, Gasser T, Visser JE, Poelmans G. Integrated molecular landscape of Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017. [PMID: 28649614 PMCID: PMC5460267 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-017-0015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Although a number of independent molecular pathways and processes have been associated with familial Parkinson’s disease, a common mechanism underlying especially sporadic Parkinson’s disease is still largely unknown. In order to gain further insight into the etiology of Parkinson’s disease, we here conducted genetic network and literature analyses to integrate the top-ranked findings from thirteen published genome-wide association studies of Parkinson’s disease (involving 13.094 cases and 47.148 controls) and other genes implicated in (familial) Parkinson’s disease, into a molecular interaction landscape. The molecular Parkinson’s disease landscape harbors four main biological processes—oxidative stress response, endosomal-lysosomal functioning, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and immune response activation—that interact with each other and regulate dopaminergic neuron function and death, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Interestingly, lipids and lipoproteins are functionally involved in and influenced by all these processes, and affect dopaminergic neuron-specific signaling cascades. Furthermore, we validate the Parkinson’s disease -lipid relationship by genome-wide association studies data-based polygenic risk score analyses that indicate a shared genetic risk between lipid/lipoprotein traits and Parkinson’s disease. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into the molecular pathways underlying the etiology of (sporadic) Parkinson’s disease and highlight a key role for lipids and lipoproteins in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis, providing important clues for the development of disease-modifying treatments of Parkinson’s disease. Lipids and lipoproteins play a central role in four key biological processes underlying Parkinson’s disease (PD). Using bioinformatics and other extensive analyses of previously published data, Geert Poelmans, Cornelius Klemann and colleagues in The Netherlands, Germany and the USA have mapped the interactions of proteins that are encoded by genes associated with both familial and sporadic forms of PD. They identify the oxidative stress response, lysosomal function, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and immune response activation as the main mechanisms leading to the death of dopaminergic neurons. Lipid signaling is implicated in all four of these processes and the authors find a link between the levels of particular lipids and lipoproteins and the risk of PD. These findings suggest that compounds that regulate lipid or lipoprotein levels offer a potential new treatment strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J H M Klemann
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M B Martens
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - O Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA USA
| | - T Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - J E Visser
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - G Poelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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107
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Rozani V, Giladi N, El-Ad B, Gurevich T, Tsamir J, Hemo B, Peretz C. Statin adherence and the risk of Parkinson's disease: A population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175054. [PMID: 28388626 PMCID: PMC5384675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While experimental data provided some compelling evidence on the benefits of statins on dopaminergic neurons, observational studies reported conflicting results regarding the potential of statins to effect the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between changes in statin adherence over time and PD risk. METHODS A population-based cohort of new statin users (ages 40-79, years 1999-2012) was derived from a large Israeli healthcare services organization. Data included history of statin purchases and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Personal statin adherence was measured annually by the proportion of days covered (PDC). PD was detected employing a drug-tracer approach. Stratified (by sex, LDL-C levels at baseline and age) Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent covariates were used to compute adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) with 95%CI. RESULTS The cohort included 232,877 individuals, 49.3% men. Mean age at first statin purchase was 56.5 (±9.8) years for men and 58.7 (±9.2) years for women. PDC distribution for the whole follow up period differed between men and women: medians 58.3% and 54.1% respectively. During a mean follow up of 7.6 (±3.4) years, 2,550 (1.1%) PD cases were identified. In a 1-year lagged analysis, we found no association between annual statin adherence and PD risk in all age-groups regardless of statin type and potency. Age-pooled HR (95%CI) for men and women with LDL-C levels at baseline ≤160mg/dL were: 0.99 (0.99-1.01), 1.01 (1.00-1.02); and for men and women with LDL-C >160mg/dL levels: 0.99 (0.98-1.01), 0.97 (0.98-1.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that statin adherence over time does not affect PD risk. Future studies should use large-scale cohorts and refining assessments of long-term profiles in statin adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Rozani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Tanya Gurevich
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Chava Peretz
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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108
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Dietzel J, Haeusler KG, Endres M. Does atrial fibrillation cause cognitive decline and dementia? Europace 2017; 20:408-419. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dietzel
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Georg Haeusler
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE)
- ExcellenceCluster NeuroCure, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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109
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Liu G, Sterling NW, Kong L, Lewis MM, Mailman RB, Chen H, Leslie D, Huang X. Statins may facilitate Parkinson's disease: Insight gained from a large, national claims database. Mov Disord 2017; 32:913-917. [PMID: 28370314 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a large U.S. claims database (MarketScan), we investigated the controversy surrounding the role of statins in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS We performed a retrospective case-control analysis. First, we identified 2322 incident PD cases having a minimum of 2.5 years of continuous enrollment prior to earliest diagnosis code or prescription of antiparkinson medication. A total of 2322 controls were then matched individually by age, gender, and a follow-up window to explore the relationship of statin use with incident PD. RESULTS Statin usage was significantly associated with PD risk, with the strongest associations being for lipophilic (odds ratio = 1.58, P < .0001) versus hydrophilic (odds ratio = 1.19, P = .25) statins, statins plus nonstatins (odds ratio = 1.95, P < .0001), and for the initial period after starting statins (<1 year odds ratio = 1.82, 1-2.5 years odds ratio = 1.75, and ≥2.5 years odds ratio = 1.37; Ptrend < .0001). CONCLUSION The use of statin (especially lipophilics) was associated with higher risk of PD, and the stronger association in initial use suggests a facilitating effect. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas W Sterling
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Douglas Leslie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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110
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Grimm MOW, Mett J, Grimm HS, Hartmann T. APP Function and Lipids: A Bidirectional Link. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:63. [PMID: 28344547 PMCID: PMC5344993 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular neuritic plaques, composed of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, are one of the major histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive, irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. One of the most prominent risk factor for sporadic AD, carrying one or two aberrant copies of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 alleles, closely links AD to lipids. Further, several lipid classes and fatty acids have been reported to be changed in the brain of AD-affected individuals. Interestingly, the observed lipid changes in the brain seem not only to be a consequence of the disease but also modulate Aβ generation. In line with these observations, protective lipids being able to decrease Aβ generation and also potential negative lipids in respect to AD were identified. Mechanistically, Aβ peptides are generated by sequential proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase. The α-secretase appears to compete with β-secretase for the initial cleavage of APP, preventing Aβ production. All APP-cleaving secretases as well as APP are transmembrane proteins, further illustrating the impact of lipids on Aβ generation. Beside the pathological impact of Aβ, accumulating evidence suggests that Aβ and the APP intracellular domain (AICD) play an important role in regulating lipid homeostasis, either by direct effects or by affecting gene expression or protein stability of enzymes involved in the de novo synthesis of different lipid classes. This review summarizes the current literature addressing the complex bidirectional link between lipids and AD and APP processing including lipid alterations found in AD post mortem brains, lipids that alter APP processing and the physiological functions of Aβ and AICD in the regulation of several lipid metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O. W. Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Janine Mett
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Heike S. Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
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111
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Schilling S, Tzourio C, Soumaré A, Kaffashian S, Dartigues JF, Ancelin ML, Samieri C, Dufouil C, Debette S. Differential associations of plasma lipids with incident dementia and dementia subtypes in the 3C Study: A longitudinal, population-based prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002265. [PMID: 28350817 PMCID: PMC5369688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular risk factors have been proposed as important targets for the prevention of dementia. As lipid fractions represent easily modifiable targets, we examined the longitudinal relationship of baseline lipid fractions with 13-y incident dementia and its subtypes (Alzheimer disease [AD] and mixed or vascular dementia) in older community-dwelling persons. METHODS AND FINDINGS Non-institutionalized persons aged 65+ y (n = 9,294) were recruited for the Three-City Study (3C Study), a population-based cohort study from the electoral rolls of the cities of Dijon, Bordeaux, and Montpellier, France, between March 1999 and March 2001. Follow-up examinations were performed every 2 y after the baseline assessment. The final study sample comprised 7,470 participants from the 3C Study (mean age ± standard deviation [SD] 73.8 ± 5.3 y, 61.0% women) who were prospectively followed up for up to 13 y. Fasting lipid fractions (triglycerides [TGs], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], total cholesterol [TC]) were studied as continuous variables, and results are reported per SD increase of each lipid fraction. Incident dementia and its subtypes were studied as censored variables using Cox models with age as time scale. Analyses were adjusted for sex, study center, and educational level, as well as vascular risk factors and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype. We corrected for multiple testing, yielding a significance threshold of 0.0169. p-Values above the significance threshold but less than 0.05 were considered nominally significant. During a mean (± SD) follow-up period of 7.9 ± 3.6 y, 779 participants developed incident dementia (n = 532 AD and n = 154 mixed or vascular dementia). Higher LDL-C and TC concentrations at baseline were associated with an increased risk of AD (hazard ratio [HR] per SD increase = 1.13 [95% CI 1.04-1.22], p = 0.0045, and HR = 1.12 [1.03-1.22], p = 0.0072, respectively). These associations were largely unchanged after adjustment for vascular risk factors and were attenuated after adjustment for APOEε4 (HR per SD increase = 1.12 [1.03-1.23], p = 0.0110, and HR = 1.12 [1.02-1.23], p = 0.0171, respectively). Higher TG concentrations at baseline were associated with an increased risk of all dementia (HR per SD increase = 1.11 [1.03-1.19], p = 0.0044) and mixed or vascular dementia (HR = 1.21 [1.04-1.41], p = 0.0163). However, these associations disappeared after adjusting for vascular risk factors (HR = 1.07 [0.98-1.17], p = 0.1374, and HR = 1.17 [0.96-1.42], p = 0.1206, respectively). Main limitations of the study include interval censoring of incident dementia cases, potential selective survival bias, and the fact that variation in lipid concentrations during follow-up could not be accounted for in the analyses. CONCLUSIONS In a large population-based sample of older community-dwelling persons with up to 13 y of follow-up, we observed that higher LDL-C and TC concentrations were associated with an increased risk of AD. This result was independent of vascular risk factors and was attenuated after adjustment for APOEε4 carrier status. TG and HDL-C concentrations were not associated with risk of incident dementia or its subtypes after accounting for vascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schilling
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U1219, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Public Health, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aïcha Soumaré
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sara Kaffashian
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U1219, Bordeaux, France
- ISPED, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Laure Ancelin
- Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécilia Samieri
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carole Dufouil
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U1219, Bordeaux, France
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- Framingham Heart Study, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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112
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Zissimopoulos JM, Barthold D, Brinton RD, Joyce G. Sex and Race Differences in the Association Between Statin Use and the Incidence of Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:225-232. [PMID: 27942728 PMCID: PMC5646357 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.3783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Importance To our knowledge, no effective treatments exist for Alzheimer disease, and new molecules are years away. However, several drugs prescribed for other conditions have been associated with reducing its risk. Objective To analyze the association between statin exposure and Alzheimer disease incidence among Medicare beneficiaries. Design, Setting, and Participants We examined the medical and pharmacy claims of a 20% sample of Medicare beneficiaries from 2006 to 2013 and compared rates of Alzheimer disease diagnosis for 399 979 statin users 65 years of age or older with high or low exposure to statins and with drug molecules for black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white people, and men and women of Asian, Native American, or unkown race/ethnicity who are referred to as "other." Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was incident diagnosis of Alzheimer disease based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. We used Cox proportional hazard models to analyze the association between statin exposure and Alzheimer disease diagnosis for different sexes, races and ethnicities, and statin molecules. Results The 399 979 study participants included 7794 (1.95%) black men, 24 484 (6.12%) black women, 11 200 (2.80%) Hispanic men, 21 458 (5.36%) Hispanic women, 115 059 (28.77%) white men, and 195 181 (48.80%) white women. High exposure to statins was associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer disease diagnosis for women (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.82-0.89; P<.001) and men (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.83-0.93; P<.001). Simvastatin was associated with lower Alzheimer disease risk for white women (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81-0.92; P<.001), white men (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99; P=.02), Hispanic women (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68-0.99; P=.04), Hispanic men (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.50-0.91; P=.01), and black women (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66-0.93; P=.005). Atorvastatin was associated with a reduced risk of incident Alzheimer disease diagnosis for white women (HR, 0.84, 95% CI, 0.78-0.89), black women (HR, 0.81, 95% CI, 0.67-0.98), and Hispanic men (HR, 0.61, 95% CI, 0.42-0.89) and women (HR, 0.76, 95% CI, 0.60-0.97). Pravastatin and rosuvastatin were associated with reduced Alzheimer disease risk for white women only (HR, 0.82, 95% CI, 0.70-0.95 and HR, 0.81, 95% CI, 0.67-0.98, respectively). High statin exposure was not associated with a statistically significant lower Alzheimer disease risk among black men. Conclusions and Relevance The reduction in Alzheimer disease risk varied across statin molecules, sex, and race/ethnicity. Clinical trials that include racial and ethnic groups need to confirm these findings. Because statins may affect Alzheimer disease risk, physicians should consider which statin is prescribed to each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Zissimopoulos
- Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Douglas Barthold
- Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles2Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson
| | - Geoffrey Joyce
- Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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113
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Apostu D, Lucaciu O, Lucaciu GDO, Crisan B, Crisan L, Baciut M, Onisor F, Baciut G, Câmpian RS, Bran S. Systemic drugs that influence titanium implant osseointegration. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:92-104. [PMID: 28030966 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1277737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Titanium implants are widely used on an increasing number of patients in orthopedic and dental medicine. Despite the good survival rates of these implants, failures that lead to important socio-economic consequences still exist. Recently, research aimed at improving implant fixation, a process called osseointegration, has focused on a new, innovative field: systemic delivery of drugs. Following implant fixation, patients receive systemic drugs that could either impair or enhance osseointegration; these drugs include anabolic and anti-catabolic bone-acting agents in addition to new treatments. Anabolic bone-acting agents include parathyroid hormone (PTH) peptides, simvastatin, prostaglandin EP4 receptor antagonist, vitamin D and strontium ranelate; anti-catabolic bone-acting agents include compounds like calcitonin, biphosphonates, RANK/RANKL/OPG system and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM). Examples of the new therapies include DKK1- and anti-sclerostin antibodies. All classes of treatments have proven to possess positive impacts such as an increase in bone mineral density and on osseointegration. In order to prevent complications from occurring after surgery, some post-operative systemic drugs are administered; these can show an impairment in the osseointegration process. These include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, proton pump inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The effects of aspirin, acetaminophen, opioids, adjuvants, anticoagulants and antibiotics in implant fixations are not fully understood, but studies are being carried out to investigate potential ramifications. It is currently accepted that systemic pharmacological agents can either enhance or impair implant osseointegration; therefore, proper drug selection is essential. This review aims to discuss the varying effects of three different classes of treatments on improving this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Apostu
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Ondine Lucaciu
- b Department of Oral Rehabilitation , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | | | - Bogdan Crisan
- d Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Liana Crisan
- e Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Mihaela Baciut
- d Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Florin Onisor
- e Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Grigore Baciut
- e Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Radu Septimiu Câmpian
- b Department of Oral Rehabilitation , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Simion Bran
- d Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology , Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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114
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Subhan M, Faryal R, Macreadie I. Production of statins by fungal fermentation. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ma17031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are used industrially to obtain a variety of products, from low value bulk chemicals to high value drugs like, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, alkaloids and statins. Lovastatin and compactin are natural statins produced as secondary metabolites by predominantly Aspergillus and Penicillium species, following a polyketide pathway. Lovastatin was one of the first cholesterol-lowering drugs. Many statins are now chemically synthesised but lovastatin is still required to produce simvastatin. Apart from reducing blood cholesterol levels simvastatin causes pleotropic effects and has potential to treat various kinds of disorders including neurodegenerative disease and cancer.
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Deck BL, Rick J, Xie SX, Chen-Plotkin A, Duda JE, Morley JF, Chahine LM, Dahodwala N, Trojanowski JQ, Weintraub D. Statins and Cognition in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:661-667. [PMID: 28922167 PMCID: PMC5675567 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between statins and cognition in Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES Analyses were performed to determine associations between statin use and cross-sectional and longitudinal cognitive performance in PD. METHODS Neuropsychological tests, medication logs, and ratings of functional abilities were collected from 313 PD participants longitudinally. RESULTS At baseline, statin users (SU; N = 129) were older, more likely male, and had shorter PD duration than non-statin users (NSU; N = 184). In Cross-sectional analysis, SU performed better on global cognition, Trails B, semantic fluency, and phonemic fluency tasks. Rate of long-term global cognitive (Dementia Rating Scale-2 and MoCA) decline was significantly less in SU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Deck
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Rick
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon X. Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alice Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John E. Duda
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James F. Morley
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lana M. Chahine
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nabila Dahodwala
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Serafino A, Sferrazza G, Colini Baldeschi A, Nicotera G, Andreola F, Pittaluga E, Pierimarchi P. Developing drugs that target the Wnt pathway: recent approaches in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:169-186. [PMID: 27960558 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1271321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that has a crucial role in embryonic and adult life. Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Several molecular components of the signaling have been proposed as innovative targets for cancer therapy, and very recently, some of them have been also evaluated as potential therapeutic targets for PD. Areas covered: This review focuses on the role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the pathogenensis of cancer and PD, examining some recent therapeutic approaches that are ongoing in preclinical and clinical studies. The possibilities that this signaling offers for diagnosis and prognosis of neoplastic diseases, and the concerns of targeting this pathway are also discussed. Expert opinion: Despite the stimulating results obtained in preclinical studies on cancer and other disease models, the clinical experience with Wnt modulators is still in its infancy, and is mainly restricted to anticancer therapy. Even with concerns of the safety of drugs targeting Wnt signaling, the attention of researchers worldwide is increasing to this issue in terms of their therapeutic potential for diseases such as PD, for which no cure exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalucia Serafino
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | - Gianluca Sferrazza
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Nicotera
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | - Federica Andreola
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | - Eugenia Pittaluga
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
| | - Pasquale Pierimarchi
- a Institute of Translational Pharmacology , National Research Council (CNR) , Rome , Italy
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117
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Doria M, Maugest L, Moreau T, Lizard G, Vejux A. Contribution of cholesterol and oxysterols to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:393-400. [PMID: 27836779 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a major public health issue worldwide. Some countries, including France, have engaged in research into the causes of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis and the management of these patients. It should lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to these diseases including the possible involvement of lipids in their pathogenesis. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the accumulation of α-synuclein (Lewy bodies). Several in vivo studies have shown a relationship between the lipid profile [cholesterol, oxidized cholesterol products (oxysterols) formed either enzymatically or by auto-oxidation], the use of drugs regulating cholesterol levels, and the development of Parkinson's disease. Several oxysterols are present in the brain and could play a role in the development of this disease, particularly in the accumulation of α-synuclein, and through various side effects, such as oxidation, inflammation, and cell death. Consequently, in Parkinson's disease, some oxysterols could contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease and constitute potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Doria
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Maugest
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital/University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, Dijon, France.
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118
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Lin KD, Shin SJ. Reply. Ann Neurol 2016; 81:157-158. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Der Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine; Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shyi-Jang Shin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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119
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Kawada T. Risk reduction of Parkinson disease by statin therapy in patients with diabetes. Ann Neurol 2016; 81:157. [PMID: 27787903 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawada
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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120
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Grimm MOW, Regner L, Mett J, Stahlmann CP, Schorr P, Nelke C, Streidenberger O, Stoetzel H, Winkler J, Zaidan SR, Thiel A, Endres K, Grimm HS, Volmer DA, Hartmann T. Tocotrienol Affects Oxidative Stress, Cholesterol Homeostasis and the Amyloidogenic Pathway in Neuroblastoma Cells: Consequences for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111809. [PMID: 27801864 PMCID: PMC5133810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristics of Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is an increased amyloid load and an enhanced level of reactive oxidative species (ROS). Vitamin E has known beneficial neuroprotective effects, and previously, some studies suggested that vitamin E is associated with a reduced risk of AD due to its antioxidative properties. However, epidemiological studies and nutritional approaches of vitamin E treatment are controversial. Here, we investigate the effect of α-tocotrienol, which belongs to the group of vitamin E, on AD-relevant processes in neuronal cell lines. In line with the literature, α-tocotrienol reduced the ROS level in SH-SY5Y cells. In the presence of tocotrienols, cholesterol and cholesterol esters, which have been shown to be risk factors in AD, were decreased. Besides the unambiguous positive effects of tocotrienol, amyloid-β (Aβ) levels were increased accompanied by an increase in the activity of enzymes responsible for Aβ production. Proteins and gene expression of the secretases and their components remained unchanged, whereas tocotrienol accelerates enzyme activity in cell-free assays. Besides enhanced Aβ production, tocotrienols inhibited Aβ degradation in neuro 2a (N2a)-cells. Our results might help to understand the controversial findings of vitamin E studies and demonstrate that besides the known positive neuroprotective properties, tocotrienols also have negative characteristics with respect to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O W Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Liesa Regner
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Janine Mett
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Christoph P Stahlmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Pascal Schorr
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Olga Streidenberger
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Hannah Stoetzel
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Jakob Winkler
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Shatha R Zaidan
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Andrea Thiel
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Research Group, University Medical Centre Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heike S Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Research Group, University Medical Centre Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:1257-1272. [PMID: 27751556 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1079] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006, several longitudinal studies have assessed environmental or behavioural factors that seem to modify the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Increased risk of Parkinson's disease has been associated with exposure to pesticides, consumption of dairy products, history of melanoma, and traumatic brain injury, whereas a reduced risk has been reported in association with smoking, caffeine consumption, higher serum urate concentrations, physical activity, and use of ibuprofen and other common medications. Randomised trials are investigating the possibility that some of the negative risk factors might be neuroprotective and thus beneficial in individuals with early Parkinson's disease, particularly with respect to smoking (nicotine), caffeine, and urate. In the future, it might be possible to identify Parkinson's disease in its prodromal phase and to promote neuroprotective interventions before the onset of motor symptoms. At this time, however, the only intervention that seems justifiable for the primary prevention of Parkinson's disease is the promotion of physical activity, which is likely to be beneficial for the prevention of several chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ascherio
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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The ROCK/GGTase Pathway Are Essential to the Proliferation and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells Mediated by Simvastatin. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:474-485. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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123
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Bykov K, Yoshida K, Weisskopf MG, Gagne JJ. Confounding of the association between statins and Parkinson disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 26:294-300. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsiaryna Bykov
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Department of Epidemiology; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Kazuki Yoshida
- Department of Epidemiology; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
- Department of Biostatistics; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Marc G. Weisskopf
- Department of Epidemiology; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
- Department of Environmental Health; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Joshua J. Gagne
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Department of Epidemiology; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
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Lin KD, Yang CY, Lee MY, Ho SC, Liu CK, Shin SJ. Statin therapy prevents the onset of Parkinson disease in patients with diabetes. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:532-40. [PMID: 27471847 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the association between the statin dosage and the risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in diabetic patients in Taiwan. METHODS One million patients were randomly sampled from a National Health Insurance (NHI) database and followed from 2001 to 2008. Diabetic patients were screened by diagnosis of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes, and statin dosage was determined according to the NHI pharmacy database. PD was diagnosed on the basis of ICD-9-CM codes and anti-Parkinson medication use. Statin users was classified by statin dose-duration-day > 28 and matched with nonusers of statins using a coarsened exact matching method. There were 50,432 patients, and half of them were statin users. We examined the risk of PD between statin users and nonusers of statins and further tested the trends of the relative risk between the statin dosage and PD. RESULTS The PD incidence rate was lower in statin users than in nonusers of statins. The crude hazard ratio of PD incidence in statin users was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57-0.74) in females and 0.60 (95% CI = 0.51-0.69) in males compared with nonusers of statins. After Cox regression analysis, all statins except lovastatin exerted protective effects on PD incidence and had a significant dose-dependent trend. INTERPRETATION In Taiwanese diabetic patients, the risk of PD is lower in statin users than in nonusers of statins. Statin users, except lovastatin users, are dose-dependently associated with a decreased incidence of PD compared with nonusers of statins. This finding provides a new indication for statin beyond lipid control and cardiovascular events in diabetic patients. Ann Neurol 2016;80:532-540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Der Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Faculty of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Mei-Yueh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Shu-Chen Ho
- Faculty of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shyi-Jang Shin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University.
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125
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Abstract
The issue of statin-associated cognitive impairment has been a hot topic among both patients and health care providers, especially since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a statement regarding rare postmarketing reports of ill-defined cognitive impairment associated with statin use. This statement was based on case reports, and no objective measures of cognitive function were used. Nevertheless, many patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease have expressed concerns about possible cognitive decline and may have opted to forgo statin therapy. In this overview, the evidence leading to the statement by the FDA is reviewed. Potential mechanisms of the effect of LDL cholesterol reduction and statin therapy on cognition are discussed. Evidence from observational and prospective randomized trials is summarized, leading to the conclusion that as for now, there is no good evidence that statins cause cognitive impairment to a significant degree. Reported cases seem to be rare, and a causal relationship has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bitzur
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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126
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Samaras K, Brodaty H, Sachdev PS. Does statin use cause memory decline in the elderly? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 26:550-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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127
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Cartocci V, Servadio M, Trezza V, Pallottini V. Can Cholesterol Metabolism Modulation Affect Brain Function and Behavior? J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:281-286. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Cartocci
- Department of Science; Biomedical and Biotechnology Section; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Michela Servadio
- Department of Science; Biomedical and Biotechnology Section; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science; Biomedical and Biotechnology Section; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Valentina Pallottini
- Department of Science; Biomedical and Biotechnology Section; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
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128
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Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Strategies against Parkinson's Disease: Recent Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060904. [PMID: 27338353 PMCID: PMC4926438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a progressive motor disease that affects 1.5 million Americans and is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s. Typical neuropathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include degeneration of dopaminergic neurons located in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra that project to the striatum (nigro-striatal pathway) and depositions of cytoplasmic fibrillary inclusions (Lewy bodies) which contain ubiquitin and α-synuclein. The cardinal motor signs of PD are tremors, rigidity, slow movement (bradykinesia), poor balance, and difficulty in walking (Parkinsonian gait). In addition to motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms that include autonomic and psychiatric as well as cognitive impairments are pressing issues that need to be addressed. Several different mechanisms play an important role in generation of Lewy bodies; endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced unfolded proteins, neuroinflammation and eventual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of mid brain in PD. Moreover, these diverse processes that result in PD make modeling of the disease and evaluation of therapeutics against this devastating disease difficult. Here, we will discuss diverse mechanisms that are involved in PD, neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies currently in clinical trial or in preclinical stages, and impart views about strategies that are promising to mitigate PD pathology.
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129
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Mackovski N, Liao J, Weng R, Wei X, Wang R, Chen Z, Liu X, Yu Y, Meyer BJ, Xia Y, Deng C, Huang XF, Wang Q. Reversal effect of simvastatin on the decrease in cannabinoid receptor 1 density in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat brains. Life Sci 2016; 155:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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130
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Abstract
Lifestyle factors in midlife have an important influence on the risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease during later life. Data on lifestyle factors exist for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Continuous physical and cognitive activity, a balanced or Mediterranean diet with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, the pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension, sufficient and unfragmented sleep and possibly treatment with lipophilic statins reduce the risk of developing dementia later in life. Several studies in recent years have provided evidence that during the last decades the age-adjusted incidence of dementia has decreased. This is probably due to a healthier lifestyle and the treatment of risk factors. Continuous physical activity also decreases the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease. Whether lifestyle factors also have an influence on the course and the progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases in the symptomatic stages is unknown.
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131
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Statin use and risk of Parkinson's disease: A meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 2016; 309:29-34. [PMID: 27131781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Recent studies have suggested that use of statins was associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), however, conclusions were inconsistent. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane Library was performed through March 2015. Studies that evaluated the association between statin use and risk of PD were included in this meta-analysis.Combined relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were also conducted. RESULTS A total of 11 studies(2,787,249 patients) were included for meta-analysis(5 case-control and 6 cohort studies). Our results indicated a significant risk reduction of PD(adjusted RR, 0.74, 95% CI 0.62-0.90, P<0.001) for statin users. However, long-term statin use(RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.56-1.07, P=0.12) and baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) level(RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.31-1.07, P=0.08) did not significantly affect the risk of PD. Heterogeneity and publication bias was observed in this meta-analysis (I(2)=74%, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the difference of the study location can partly affected the pooled estimate(Asian population n=2, adjusted RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.56-0.79; Western population n=9, adjusted RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.95). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggested that statin use is associated with a reduced risk of PD. Statins might be considered as an adjuvant therapy for PD. More randomized clinical trials and observational studies are warranted.
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132
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Bai S, Song Y, Huang X, Peng L, Jia J, Liu Y, Lu H. Statin Use and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152564. [PMID: 27019096 PMCID: PMC4809483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In response to the ongoing debate over the relationship between the use of statins and the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to examine their association. METHODS We conducted a review of the literature using electronic databases supplemented by a manual search to identify potentially relevant case-control or cohort studies. Summary relative risk (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Eleven studies (five case-control and six cohort) with a total of 3,513,209 participants and 21,011 PD cases were included. Statin use was associated with a lower risk of PD, with a summary RR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.92). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of results. Subgroup analyses showed that neither study design nor study region significantly influenced the effect estimates. However, subgroup studies adjusted for age or sex had a greater inverse association than did unadjusted analyses (age-adjusted RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60-0.95; age-unadjusted RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99 and sex-adjusted RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59-0.98; sex-unadjusted RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.79-0.92). CONCLUSIONS Results of this systematic review suggest that statin use is associated with a reduced PD risk. However, randomized controlled trials and more observational studies should be performed before strong conclusions are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Bai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lidan Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (HL)
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (HL)
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133
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Yaghi S, Elkind MSV. Lipid Control and Beyond: Current and Future Indications for Statin Therapy in Stroke. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2016; 18:27. [PMID: 26920158 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-016-0448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Statins are a group of lipid-lowering agents that are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase that have been used to reduce cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular events. Statins have been also shown to reduce the risk of stroke. In this review, we cover the role of statins in cerebrovascular disease through lipid-lowering mechanisms and other "pleiotropic" effects that provide protection against cerebrovascular events and potentially contribute to improve functional outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Yaghi
- Department of Neurology, Division of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy St. APC 530, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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134
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Schmitt M, Dehay B, Bezard E, Garcia-Ladona FJ. Harnessing the trophic and modulatory potential of statins in a dopaminergic cell line. Synapse 2016; 70:71-86. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schmitt
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL; 1420 Braine L'alleud Belgium
- University De Bordeaux, Institut Des Maladies Neurodégénératives; UMR 5293 Bordeaux 33000 France
- CNRS, Institut Des Maladies Neurodégénératives; UMR 5293 Bordeaux 33000 France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- University De Bordeaux, Institut Des Maladies Neurodégénératives; UMR 5293 Bordeaux 33000 France
- CNRS, Institut Des Maladies Neurodégénératives; UMR 5293 Bordeaux 33000 France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- University De Bordeaux, Institut Des Maladies Neurodégénératives; UMR 5293 Bordeaux 33000 France
- CNRS, Institut Des Maladies Neurodégénératives; UMR 5293 Bordeaux 33000 France
| | - F. Javier Garcia-Ladona
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL; 1420 Braine L'alleud Belgium
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135
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Porzoor A, Macreadie I. Yeast as a Model for Studies on Aβ Aggregation Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease, Autophagic Responses, and Drug Screening. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1303:217-26. [PMID: 26235069 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Aβ peptide is widely considered a major cause of Alzheimer's disease since it causes neuronal death in an oligomerisation-dependent manner. In order to identify new inhibitors of Aβ that may be chemo preventative for Alzheimer's disease, a yeast assay that qualitatively determines the amounts and state of the human Aβ42 peptide has been developed. Yeast assays such as this can be applied to studies on aggregation toxicity, autophagic responses and drug screening in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Porzoor
- School of Applied Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, 71, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
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136
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Protective effect of simvastatin on impaired intestine tight junction protein ZO-1 in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:880-884. [PMID: 26670440 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several studies showed that gastrointestinal tract may be associated with pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Intestine tight junction protein zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) is an important component of intestinal barrier which can be degraded by matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). In our previous study, a significant decline in ZO-1 was observed along with enhanced MMP-9 activity in the duodenum and distal colon of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-intoxicated mice. In this study, the protective effect of simvastatin on ZO-1 was investigated using an MPTP mouse model of PD. Seven days after the end of MPTP application, the expression level of ZO-1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of ZO-1 and MMP9 were detected by Western blotting. Meanwhile, MMP-9 activity was analyzed by gelatin zymography. MPTP treatment led to a decrease in the expression of ZO-1, which was accompanied by elevated MMP-9 activity. Treatment with simvastatin could partly reverse the MPTP-induced changes in ZO-1 expression and reduce MMP-9 protein and activity. Taken together, these findings suggest that simvastatin administration may partially reverse the impairment of ZO-1 induced by MPTP via inhibiting the activity of MMP9, fortify the impaired intestinal barrier and limit gut-derived toxins that pass across the intestinal barrier.
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137
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Leduc V, Théroux L, Dea D, Dufour R, Poirier J. Effects of rs3846662 Variants on HMGCR mRNA and Protein Levels and on Markers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:109-19. [PMID: 26541602 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is a cholesterol-regulating gene with statin relevance. rs3846662 being involved in regulation of HMGCR alternative splicing, we explored its impact on HMGCR messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in the brain and the associations between those levels and levels of Alzheimer's disease pathological markers. We used brain samples derived from a cohort of 33 non-demented controls and 90 Alzheimer's disease autopsied-confirmed cases. HMGCR mRNA levels were determined in the frontal cortex (n = 114) and cerebellum (n = 110) using Taqman-qPCR, and HMGCR protein levels were determined in the frontal cortex (n = 117) using a commercial enzyme immunoassay. While densities of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques were determined in the frontal cortex (n = 74), total tau, phosphorylated Tau, and beta-amyloid 1-42 levels were determined in the frontal cortex (n = 94) and cerebellum (n = 91) using commercial enzyme immunoassays. Despite an increase in full-length HMGCR mRNA ratio in the frontal cortex of women carrying the AA genotype, there were no associations between rs3846662 and HMGCR mRNA or protein levels. An increased Δ13 HMGCR mRNA ratio was associated with increased levels of HMGCR proteins and neurofibrillary tangles in the frontal cortex but with reduced beta-amyloid 1-42 levels in the cerebellum, suggesting a brain cell type- or a disease progression-dependent association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Leduc
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD Centre), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD Centre), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Doris Dea
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD Centre), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Robert Dufour
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD Centre), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada. .,Centre for Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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138
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Abstract
Ischemic heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the USA. Statins have substantially contributed to the decline in mortality due to heart disease. Historically, statins are hypothesized to be neuroprotective and beneficial in dementia, but recent reports have suggested an association with transient cognitive decline. We have critically appraised the relationship between statins and cognitive function in this review. Most of the data are observational and reported a protective effect of statins on dementia and Alzheimer's disease in patients with normal cognition at baseline. Few studies, including two randomized control trials, were unable to find a statistically significant decrease in the risk or improvement in patients with established dementia or decline in cognitive function with statin use. As more randomized control trials are required to definitively settle this, cardiovascular benefits of statins must be weighed against the risks of cognitive decline on an individual basis.
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139
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Mandoj C, Renna R, Plantone D, Sperduti I, Cigliana G, Conti L, Koudriavtseva T. Anti-annexin antibodies, cholesterol levels and disability in multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2015; 606:156-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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140
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Abstract
Dementia is a major public health concern, affecting an estimated 7% of the population over 65 and 30% over 80 years of age. There is mounting evidence in the literature from meta-analyses of high-quality prospective cohort studies that statins may have a positive impact in reducing the incidence of dementia. Little is known, however, on whether certain types of statins are more impactful than others. This narrative review specifically explores the various properties of different statin types and whether these differences lead to a clinically significant differential impact on cognitive function. We critically evaluate the literature, emphasizing interesting and important new findings, and overall aim to bring the reader up-to-date on evidence-based recommendations.
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141
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Lin PJ, Yang Z, Fillit HM, Cohen JT, Neumann PJ. Unintended benefits: the potential economic impact of addressing risk factors to prevent Alzheimer's disease. Health Aff (Millwood) 2015; 33:547-54. [PMID: 24711313 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Certain chronic conditions appear to be modifiable risk factors of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. To understand the potential health and economic impacts of addressing those risk factors, we used data on a Medicare cohort to simulate four scenarios: a 10 percent reduction in the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, respectively, and a 10 percent reduction in body mass index among beneficiaries who were overweight or obese. Our simulation demonstrated that reducing the prevalence of these conditions may yield "unintended benefits" by lowering the risk, delaying the onset, reducing the duration, and lowering the costs of dementia. More research is needed to clarify the exact relationship between various other chronic diseases and dementia. However, our findings highlight potential health gains and savings opportunities stemming from the better management of other conditions associated with dementia.
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142
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Hendrie HC, Hake A, Lane K, Purnell C, Unverzagt F, Smith-Gamble V, Murrell J, Ogunniyi A, Baiyewu O, Callahan C, Saykin A, Taylor S, Hall K, Gao S. Statin Use, Incident Dementia and Alzheimer Disease in Elderly African Americans. Ethn Dis 2015; 25:345-54. [PMID: 26673814 DOI: 10.18865/ed.25.3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between statin use, incident dementia, and Alzheimer disease (AD) in a prospective elderly African American cohort. DESIGN Two stage design with a screening interview followed by a comprehensive in-home assessment conducted over an eight-year period. Diagnoses of incident AD and dementia were made by consensus. Statin use was collected at each evaluation. Measurements of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), C-reactive protein (CRP) and APOE genotype were obtained from baseline blood samples. Logistic regression models were used to test the association of statin use on incident dementia and AD and its possible association with lipid and CRP levels. SETTING Indianapolis, Indiana. PARTICIPANTS From an original cohort of 2629 participants, a subsample of 974 African Americans aged >70 years with normal cognition, at least one follow up evaluation, complete statin information, and biomarker availability were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incident dementia and incident AD. RESULTS After controlling for age at diagnosis, sex, education level, presence of the APOE ε4 allele and history of stroke for the incident dementia model, baseline use of statins was associated with a significantly decreased risk of incident dementia (OR=.44, P=.029) and incident AD (OR=.40, P=.029). The significant effect of statin use on reduced AD risk and trend for dementia risk was found only for those participants who reported consistent use over the observational period (incident AD: P=.034; incident dementia: P=.061). Additional models found no significant interaction between baseline statin use, baseline LDL, or CRP level and incident dementia/AD. CONCLUSIONS Consistent use of statin medications during eight years of follow-up resulted in significantly reduced risk for incident AD and a trend toward reduced risk for incident dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh C Hendrie
- 1. Center for Aging Research, Indiana University School of Medicine ; 4. Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Ann Hake
- 2. Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Kathleen Lane
- 3. Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Jill Murrell
- 5. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Chris Callahan
- 1. Center for Aging Research, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew Saykin
- 7. Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Stanley Taylor
- 3. Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Kathleen Hall
- 4. Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Su Gao
- 3. Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine
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143
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Paul R, Choudhury A, Borah A. Cholesterol - A putative endogenous contributor towards Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:125-33. [PMID: 26232622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of cholesterol and its metabolites (oxysterols) have been reported to be associated not only with several metabolic syndromes, but also become a prognostic risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases particularly Alzheimer's disease. The incidence and the prospect of Alzheimer's disease with respect to elevated levels of cholesterol have been studied extensively and reviewed earlier. Recently, several interesting findings have shown the occurrence of equivalent Parkinsonian pathologies in cellular neuronal models, mediated by oxysterols or excess exposure to cholesterol. In this regard, oxysterols are particular in causing alpha-synuclein aggregation and destruction of dopamine containing neurons in in vitro models, which is linked to their direct influence on oxidative stress provoking potency. Inspite of the significant in vitro reports, which suggest the relativeness of cholesterol or oxysterol towards Parkinsonism, several prospective clinical reports provided a negative or no correlation. However, few prospective clinical studies showed a positive correlation between plasma cholesterol and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Also, few significant studies have convincingly demonstrated that high fat diet exacerbates parkinsonian pathologies, including loss of dopaminergic neurons and oxidative stress parameters in animal models of PD. The present review brings together all the neuropathological proceedings mediated by excess cholesterol or its metabolites in brain in the light of their contribution towards the onset of PD. Also we have reviewed the possibilities of cholesterol lowering efficacy of statin therapy, in reducing the occurrence of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Paul
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Amarendranath Choudhury
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India.
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144
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Guo J, Guo J, Li J, Zhou M, Qin F, Zhang S, Wu B, He L, Zhou D. Statin treatment reduces the risk of poststroke seizures. Neurology 2015. [PMID: 26203092 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the potential efficacy of statin treatment in reducing the risk of poststroke seizures. METHODS In this cohort study, patients with a first-ever ischemic stroke and no history of epilepsy before stroke were enrolled. After a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years, a follow-up assessment was performed to identify poststroke epilepsy. Logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between statin use and poststroke early-onset seizures or poststroke epilepsy. RESULTS Of 1,832 enrolled patients, 63 (3.4%) patients had poststroke early-onset seizures and 91 (5.0%) patients had poststroke epilepsy. Statin use was associated with a lower risk of poststroke early-onset seizures (odds ratio [OR] 0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20-0.60, p < 0.001), and this reduced risk was seen mainly in patients who used a statin only in the acute phase (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.20-0.62, p < 0.001). No significant association was found between statin use and poststroke epilepsy (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.52-1.26, p = 0.349). In 63 patients who presented with early-onset seizures, statin use was associated with reduced risk of poststroke epilepsy (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13-0.88, p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Statin use, especially in the acute phase, may reduce the risk of poststroke early-onset seizures. In addition, statin treatment may prevent the progression of initial poststroke seizure-induced neurodegeneration into chronic epilepsy. Because of the observational nature of the study, more studies are needed to confirm the results. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that in patients with a first-ever ischemic stroke, the early use of statins reduces the risk of early poststroke seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Guo
- From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Guo
- From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinmei Li
- From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Muke Zhou
- From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengqin Qin
- From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihong Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Wu
- From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li He
- From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- From the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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145
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Leduc V, De Beaumont L, Théroux L, Dea D, Aisen P, Petersen RC, Dufour R, Poirier J. HMGCR is a genetic modifier for risk, age of onset and MCI conversion to Alzheimer's disease in a three cohorts study. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:867-73. [PMID: 25023145 PMCID: PMC4318698 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several retrospective epidemiological studies report that utilization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors called statins at mid-life can reduce the risk of developing sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) by as much as 70%. Conversely, the administration of these inhibitors in clinically diagnosed subjects with AD confers little or no benefits over time. Here, we investigated the association between AD and HMGCR rs3846662, a polymorphism known to be involved in the regulation of HMGCR exon 13 skipping, in a founder population and in two distinct mixed North American populations of converting mild cognitively impaired (MCI) subjects (Alzheimer's disease Cooperative study (ADCS) and Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohorts). Targeting more specifically women, the G allele negative (G-) AD subjects exhibit delayed age of onset of AD (P=0.017) and significantly reduced risk of AD (OR: 0.521; P=0.0028), matching the effect size reported by the apolipoprotein E type 2 variant. Stratification for APOE4 in a large sample of MCI patients from the ADCS cohort revealed a significant protective effect of G negative carriers on AD conversion 3 years after MCI diagnosis (odds ratio (OR): 0.554; P=0.041). Conversion rate among APOE4 carriers with the HMGCR's G negative allele was markedly reduced (from 76% to 27%) to levels similar to APOE4 non-carriers (27.14%), which strongly indicate protection. Conversion data from the independent ADNI cohort also showed significantly reduced MCI or AD conversion among APOE4 carriers with the protective A allele (P=0.005). In conclusion, HMGCR rs3846662 acts as a potent genetic modifier for AD risk, age of onset and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Leduc
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal
| | | | | | - Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute
| | - Paul Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego
| | | | | | - Robert Dufour
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute
- Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University
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146
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Li X, Liu H, Fischhaber PL, Tang TS. Toward therapeutic targets for SCA3: Insight into the role of Machado-Joseph disease protein ataxin-3 in misfolded proteins clearance. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 132:34-58. [PMID: 26123252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD, also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, SCA3), an autosomal dominant neurological disorder, is caused by an abnormal expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat in the ataxin-3 protein. The length of the expanded polyQ stretch correlates positively with the severity of the disease and inversely with the age at onset. To date, we cannot fully explain the mechanism underlying neurobiological abnormalities of this disease. Yet, accumulating reports have demonstrated the functions of ataxin-3 protein in the chaperone system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and aggregation-autophagy, all of which suggest a role of ataxin-3 in the clearance of misfolded proteins. Notably, the SCA3 pathogenic form of ataxin-3 (ataxin-3(exp)) impairs the misfolded protein clearance via mechanisms that are either dependent or independent of its deubiquitinase (DUB) activity, resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins and the progressive loss of neurons in SCA3. Some drugs, which have been used as activators/inducers in the chaperone system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and aggregation-autophagy, have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the relief of neurodegeneration diseases like Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's (PD), Alzheimer's (AD) as well as SCA3 in animal models and clinical trials, putting misfolded protein clearance on the list of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we undertake a comprehensive review of the progress in understanding the physiological functions of ataxin-3 in misfolded protein clearance and how the polyQ expansion impairs misfolded protein clearance. We then detail the preclinical studies targeting the elimination of misfolded proteins for SCA3 treatment. We close with future considerations for translating these pre-clinical results into therapies for SCA3 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paula L Fischhaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8262, USA.
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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147
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Li HJ, Yu Y, Chen Y, Liang HY. Vascular risk factors aggravate the progression of Parkinson's disease: a five-year follow-up study in Chinese patients. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:9897-9903. [PMID: 26309021 PMCID: PMC4537966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some studies have found that vascular risk factors were related to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. In order to investigate the comorbidities of the vascular risk factors with PD and their impact on PD progression, we launched a five-year follow-up study in 247 outpatients with probable PD. METHODS The incidence of vascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and carotid atherosclerotic plaque analyzed. The Hoen and Yahr score with and without vascular risk factors were compared at initial and at final evaluation. RESULTS Multiple regression analysis showed that age, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia were significant variables that are associated with the Hoen and Yahr scales. Younger patients with hypertension or hyperhomocysteinemia showed a greater increasing in the Hoen and Yahr score. There were no significant correlations among the Hoen and Yahr score with sex, initial of the Hoen and Yahr score, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia or carotid atherosclerotic plaque. CONCLUSION The vascular risk factors are common comorbidities of PD. Younger, more educated patients are more likely to have quicker dyskinesia decline. In addition, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia may aggravate the progression of PD. The prevention and treatment of hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia are important for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Jun Li
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Taizhou Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Taizhou Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Taizhou Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Yan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Municipal Hospital of Taizhou Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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148
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Kotze MJ, Lückhoff HK, Brand T, Pretorius J, van Rensburg SJ. Apolipoprotein E ε-4 as a genetic determinant of Alzheimer's disease heterogeneity. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 5:9-18. [PMID: 32669910 PMCID: PMC7337157 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s41721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) displays a high degree of heterogeneity in terms of its etiology, presentation, prognosis, and treatment response. This can partly be explained by high-penetrance mutations in the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes causing amyloid beta aggregation, which is a major pathogenic mechanism in the development of early-onset AD in a small subgroup of patients. Late-onset AD is considered a polygenic disorder in which cumulative risk resulting from interaction with modifiable environmental risk factors may be responsible for the majority of cases. The ε-4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has emerged as the most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, influencing nearly every pathogenic domain affected in AD. It is a major risk factor for cerebral amyloid angiopathy, recognized as a common pathological finding in an AD subtype associated with white matter dysfunction. The APOE ε-4 allele is also a known risk factor for ischemic stroke, which can result in vascular dementia or contribute to subcortical vascular dysfunction. In this review, we evaluate the clinical relevance of APOE genotyping in relation to cholesterol metabolism and available evidence on risk reduction strategies applicable to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- MJ Kotze
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - HK Lückhoff
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - T Brand
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - J Pretorius
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - SJ van Rensburg
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and the National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa
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149
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Dose-related neuropathic and anti-neuropathic effects of simvastatin in vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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150
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Power MC, Weuve J, Sharrett AR, Blacker D, Gottesman RF. Statins, cognition, and dementia—systematic review and methodological commentary. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:220-9. [PMID: 25799928 PMCID: PMC4458855 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Firm conclusions about whether mid-life or long-term statin use has an impact on cognitive decline and dementia remain elusive. Here, our objective was to systematically review, synthesize and critique the epidemiological literature that examines the relationship between statin use and cognition, so as to assess the current state of knowledge, identify gaps in our understanding, and make recommendations for future research. We summarize the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies, grouped according to study design. We discuss the methods for each, and consider likely sources of bias, such as reverse causation and confounding. Although observational studies that considered statin use at or near the time of dementia diagnosis suggest a protective effect of statins, these findings could be attributable to reverse causation. RCTs and well-conducted observational studies of baseline statin use and subsequent cognition over several years of follow-up do not support a causal preventative effect of late-life statin use on cognitive decline or dementia. Given that much of the human research on statins and cognition in the future will be observational, careful study design and analysis will be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda C. Power
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (M.C.P., A.R.S.). Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA (J.W.) Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA (D.B.). Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (R.F.G.)
| | - Jennifer Weuve
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (M.C.P., A.R.S.). Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA (J.W.) Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA (D.B.). Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (R.F.G.)
| | - A. Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (M.C.P., A.R.S.). Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA (J.W.) Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA (D.B.). Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (R.F.G.)
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (M.C.P., A.R.S.). Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA (J.W.) Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA (D.B.). Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (R.F.G.)
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (M.C.P., A.R.S.). Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA (J.W.) Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA (D.B.). Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA (R.F.G.)
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