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Miron J, Picard C, Frappier J, Dea D, Théroux L, Poirier J. TLR4 Gene Expression and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Alzheimer's Disease and in Response to Hippocampal Deafferentation in Rodents. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:1547-1556. [PMID: 29782315 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
One important aspect in Alzheimer's disease pathology is the presence of chronic inflammation. Considering its role as a key receptor in the microglial innate immune system, TLR4 was shown to regulate the binding and phagocytosis of amyloid plaques by microglia in several mouse models of amyloidosis, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To our knowledge, TLR4 and its association with cytokines have not been thoroughly examined in the brains of subjects affected with Alzheimer's disease. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in postmortem human brains, we observed increased expression for the TLR4 and TNF genes (p = 0.001 and p = 0.025, respectively), as well as a trend for higher IL6 gene expression in the frontal cortex of AD subjects when compared to age-matched controls. Similarly, using a mouse model of hippocampal deafferentation without amyloidosis, (i.e., the entorhinal cortex lesioned mouse), we observed significant increases in the expression of both the Tlr4 (p = 0.0367 and p = 0.0193 compared to sham-lesioned mice or to the contralateral side, respectively) and Il1b (p = 0.0055 and p = 0.0066 compared to sham-lesioned mice or to the contralateral side, respectively) genes in the deafferentation phase, but not during the ensuing reinnervation process. In conclusion, we suggest that the modulation of cytokines by TLR4 is differentially regulated whether by the presence of amyloid plaques or by the ongoing deafferentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Miron
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Qc, Canada.,Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Picard
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Qc, Canada.,Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Frappier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Qc, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Qc, Canada.,Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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2
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for the late-onset form of Alzheimer disease (AD). Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations of PCSK9 and PCSK9 inhibitors lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and have been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of PCSK9 LOF variants on risk and age of onset of AD. METHODS A total of 878 participants (410 controls and 468 AD cases) from the Quebec Founder Population were included in the study. RESULTS Fifty-four (6.2%) participants carried the R46L mutation, whereas 226 (26.2%) participants carried the InsLEU mutation. There was no protective or no deleterious effect of carrying PCSK9 LOF mutations on AD prevalence nor on age of onset, even when stratified by apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 genotype or by gender. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that carrying PCSK9 LOF mutations has a neutral effect on neurocognitive health and the prevalence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Paquette
- 1 Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yascara Grisel Luna Saavedra
- 1 Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- 2 Centre for Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louise Théroux
- 2 Centre for Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Doris Dea
- 2 Centre for Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Baass
- 1 Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- 3 Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- 4 Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Dufour
- 1 Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- 5 Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Picard C, Julien C, Frappier J, Miron J, Théroux L, Dea D, Breitner JCS, Poirier J. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism-related genes in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 66:180.e1-180.e9. [PMID: 29503034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified several cholesterol metabolism-related genes as top risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). We hypothesized that specific genetic variants could act as disease-modifying factors by altering the expression of those genes. Targeted association studies were conducted with available genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and histopathological data from 3 independent cohorts: the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), the Quebec Founder Population (QFP), and the United Kingdom Brain Expression Consortium (UKBEC). First, a total of 273 polymorphisms located in 17 cholesterol metabolism-related loci were screened for associations with cerebrospinal fluid LOAD biomarkers beta amyloid, phosphorylated tau, and tau (from the ADNI) and with amyloid plaque and tangle densities (from the QFP). Top polymorphisms were then contrasted with gene expression levels measured in 134 autopsied healthy brains (from the UKBEC). In the end, only SREBF2 polymorphism rs2269657 showed significant dual associations with LOAD pathological biomarkers and gene expression levels. Furthermore, SREBF2 expression levels measured in LOAD frontal cortices inversely correlated with age at death; suggesting a possible influence on survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Picard
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cédric Julien
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josée Frappier
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Justin Miron
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doris Dea
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John C S Breitner
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Centre for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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4
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Miron J, Picard C, Nilsson N, Frappier J, Dea D, Théroux L, Poirier J. CDK5RAP2
gene and tau pathophysiology in late‐onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:787-796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Miron
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Cynthia Picard
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Nathalie Nilsson
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Josée Frappier
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre for the Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseMontréalQuébecCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
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5
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Labonté A, Dea J, Théroux L, Tremblay-Mercier J, Rosa-Neto P, Etienne P, Breitner J, Poirier J. Mapping the progression of vascular CSF biomarkers in pre-symptomatic “at-risk” healthy subjects in the PREVENT-AD program. J Neurol Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dea D, Théroux L, Leduc V, Labonte A, Nilsson NI, Poirier J. [P4–140]: HMG COA REDUCTASE IS A GENETIC MODIFIER FOR RISK, AGE OF ONSET AND ALZHEIMER's DISEASE's CONVERSION WHICH MODULATES PATHOLOGY‐RELATED AD BIOMARKERS. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
| | | | - Anne Labonte
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP‐AD Centre)MontréalQCCanada
| | | | - Judes Poirier
- Centre for the Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseDouglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQCCanada
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealQCCanada
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Théroux L, Pelleieux S, Tsantrizos Y, Dea D, Poirier J. [P4–147]: ISOPRENOIDS PATHWAY, TAU PHOSPHORYLATION AND ALZHEIMER's DISEASE. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
| | | | | | - Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
| | - Judes Poirier
- McGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealQCCanada
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Picard C, Julien C, Miron J, Théroux L, Dea D, Poirier J. [P2–106]: SREBF2 POLYMORPHISMS AND EXPRESSION LEVELS CORRELATE WITH ALZHEIMER's DISEASE NEUROPATHOLOGY. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Picard
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
| | - Cédric Julien
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
| | - Justin Miron
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
- McGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
| | - Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research CentreMontréalQCCanada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Centre for the Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's DiseaseDouglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalQCCanada
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontrealQCCanada
- McGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
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Leduc V, Théroux L, Dea D, Dufour R, Poirier J. Effects of rs3846662 Variants on HMGCR mRNA and Protein Levels and on Markers of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:109-19. [PMID: 26541602 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is a cholesterol-regulating gene with statin relevance. rs3846662 being involved in regulation of HMGCR alternative splicing, we explored its impact on HMGCR messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in the brain and the associations between those levels and levels of Alzheimer's disease pathological markers. We used brain samples derived from a cohort of 33 non-demented controls and 90 Alzheimer's disease autopsied-confirmed cases. HMGCR mRNA levels were determined in the frontal cortex (n = 114) and cerebellum (n = 110) using Taqman-qPCR, and HMGCR protein levels were determined in the frontal cortex (n = 117) using a commercial enzyme immunoassay. While densities of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques were determined in the frontal cortex (n = 74), total tau, phosphorylated Tau, and beta-amyloid 1-42 levels were determined in the frontal cortex (n = 94) and cerebellum (n = 91) using commercial enzyme immunoassays. Despite an increase in full-length HMGCR mRNA ratio in the frontal cortex of women carrying the AA genotype, there were no associations between rs3846662 and HMGCR mRNA or protein levels. An increased Δ13 HMGCR mRNA ratio was associated with increased levels of HMGCR proteins and neurofibrillary tangles in the frontal cortex but with reduced beta-amyloid 1-42 levels in the cerebellum, suggesting a brain cell type- or a disease progression-dependent association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Leduc
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD Centre), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Théroux
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD Centre), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Doris Dea
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD Centre), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Robert Dufour
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Centre for Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease (StoP-AD Centre), Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Lasalle, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada. .,Centre for Studies in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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10
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Jasmin SB, Pearson V, Lalonde D, Domenger D, Théroux L, Poirier J. Differential regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 gene expressions in the remodeling mouse hippocampus after entorhinal cortex lesion and liver-X receptor agonist treatment. Brain Res 2014; 1562:39-51. [PMID: 24661912 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Entorhinal cortex lesioning (ECL) causes an extensive deafferentation of the hippocampus that is classically followed by a compensatory reinnervation, where apolipoprotein E, the main extracellular lipid-carrier in the CNS, has been shown to play a crucial role by shuttling cholesterol to reconstructing neurons terminals. Hence, we investigated whether the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters -A1 and -G1, known to regulate cellular cholesterol efflux and lipidation of the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein complex are actively involved in this context of brain׳s plastic response to neurodegeneration and deafferentation. We assessed ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA and protein levels throughout the degenerative phase and the reinnervation process and evaluated the associated cholinergic sprouting following ECL in the adult mouse brain. We subsequently tested the effect of the pharmacological activation of the nuclear receptor LXR, prior to versus after ECL, on hippocampal ABCA1 and G1 expression and on reinnervation. ECL induced a time-dependent up-regulation of ABCA1, but not G1, that coincided with a significant increase in acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Pre-ECL, but not post-ECL i.p. treatment with the LXR agonist TO901317 also led to a significant increase solely in hippocampal ABCA1 expression, paralleled by increases in both AchE and synaptophysin protein levels in the deafferented hippocampus. Thus, ABCA1 and -G1 are differentially regulated in the lesioned brain and upon treatment with an LXR agonist. Further, TO901317-induced up-regulation of ABCA1 appears to be more beneficial in a prevention (pre-lesion) than rescue (post-lesion) treatment; both findings support a central role for ABC transporters in brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bélanger Jasmin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Vanessa Pearson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Daphnée Lalonde
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Dorothée Domenger
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Louise Théroux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Judes Poirier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4A 2B4; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Verdun, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3.
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Dea D, Théroux L, Legault V, Leduc V, Poirier J. P1‐061: HMG‐CoA reductase as a risk factor and modulator of Alzheimer pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Théroux L, Leduc V, Doris Dea, Poirier J. P1‐076: Involvement of paraoxonase 1 (PON‐1) genetic variants in Alzheimer pathophysiology. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Leduc V, Théroux L, Dea D, Robitaille Y, Poirier J. Involvement of paraoxonase 1 genetic variants in Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1823-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Emerging evidences indicate a role for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in degenerative states. Genetic variations in the LPL gene were previously associated to lipid imbalance and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk and severity, a condition that shares pathological features with common Alzheimer's disease (AD). To evaluate whether these genetic variations associate with the risk and pathophysiology of common AD, autopsy-confirmed patients (242 controls, 153 AD) were genotyped for a PvuII single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs285; referred to as the P+ allele) of LPL. Brain LPL mRNA levels, cholesterol levels, amyloid concentration, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles density counts were measured and contrasted with specific LPL genotypes. When adjusted for age and sex, homozygosity for the P+ allele resulted in an odds ratio of 2.3 for the risk of developing AD. More importantly, we report that the presence of the P+ allele of LPL significantly affects its mRNA expression level (n = 51; P = 0.026), brain tissue cholesterol levels (n = 55; P = 0.0013), neurofibrillary tangles (n = 52; P = 0.025) and senile plaque (n = 52; P = 0.022) densities. These results indicate that a common polymorphism in the lipoprotein lipase gene modulates the risk level for sporadic AD in the eastern Canadian population but more importantly, indirectly modulates the pathophysiology of the brain in autopsy-confirmed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Blain
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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