101
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The role of the acquired immune response in systemic sclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:519-28. [PMID: 26152639 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Profound alterations characterize the adaptive immune response in systemic sclerosis, and several layers of evidence support a prominent role exerted by immune cellular effectors and humoral mediators in the pathogenesis of this disease. These include (i) the presence of oligoclonal T cells in tissues undergoing fibrosis consistent with (auto)antigen-specific recruitment, (ii) the preferential expansion of polarized CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing pro-fibrotic cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13, (iii) the presence of increased number of cells producing mediators belonging to the IL-17 family, including IL-22, which may drive and participate in inflammatory pathways involving epithelial cells as well as fibroblasts, (iv) the deficient or redirected function of T regulatory cells favoring fibrosis, and (v) the enhanced expression of CD19 and CD21 on naïve B cells, and the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules in mature B cells, which together with the increased levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF) underlie the propensity to an exaggerated humoral response possibly favoring fibrogenesis. Despite all the progress made in understanding the features of the aberrant immune response in scleroderma, it remains unclear whether the activation of immune effector pathways ultimately drives the disease pathogenesis or rather represents a defective attempt to limit or even reverse excessive extracellular matrix deposition and progressive vasculopathy, the main hallmarks of this disease.
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102
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Della-Torre E, Lanzillotta M, Doglioni C. Immunology of IgG4-related disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:191-206. [PMID: 25865251 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory condition that derives its name from the characteristic finding of abundant IgG4(+) plasma cells in affected tissues, as well as the presence of elevated serum IgG4 concentrations in many patients. In contrast to fibrotic disorders, such as systemic sclerosis or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in which the tissues fibrosis has remained largely intractable to treatment, many IgG4-RD patients appear to have a condition in which the collagen deposition is reversible. The mechanisms underlying this peculiar feature remain unknown, but the remarkable efficacy of B cell depletion in these patients supports an important pathogenic role of B cell/T cell collaboration. In particular, aberrant T helper type 2 (Th2)/regulatory T cells sustained by putative autoreactive B cells have been proposed to drive collagen deposition through the production of profibrotic cytokines, but definitive demonstrations of this hypothesis are lacking. Indeed, a number of unsolved questions need to be addressed in order to fully understand the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD. These include the identification of an antigenic trigger(s), the implications (if any) of IgG4 antibodies for pathophysiology and the precise immunological mechanisms leading to fibrosis. Recent investigations have also raised the possibility that innate immunity might precede adaptive immunity, thus further complicating the pathological scenario. Here, we aim to review the most recent insights on the immunology of IgG4-RD, focusing on the relative contribution of innate and adaptive immune responses to the full pathological phenotype of this fibrotic condition. Clinical, histological and therapeutic features are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Della-Torre
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Medicine and Clinical immunology, Milan, Italy
| | - M Lanzillotta
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Medicine and Clinical immunology, Milan, Italy
| | - C Doglioni
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Pathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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103
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Baird K, Comis LE, Joe GO, Steinberg SM, Hakim FT, Rose JJ, Mitchell SA, Pavletic SZ, Figg WD, Yao L, Flanders KC, Takebe N, Sarantopoulos S, Booher S, Cowen EW. Imatinib mesylate for the treatment of steroid-refractory sclerotic-type cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:1083-90. [PMID: 25771402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotic skin manifestations of chronic graft-versus-host disease (ScGVHD) lead to significant morbidity, including functional disability from joint range of motion (ROM) restriction. No superior second-line therapy has been established for steroid-refractory disease. Imatinib mesylate is a multikinase inhibitor of several signaling pathways implicated in skin fibrosis with in vitro antifibrotic activity. We performed an open-label pilot phase II trial of imatinib in children and adults with corticosteroid-refractory ScGVHD. Twenty patients were enrolled in a 6-month trial. Eight received a standard dose (adult, 400 mg daily; children, 260 mg/m(2) daily). Because of poor tolerability, 12 additional patients underwent a dose escalation regimen (adult, 100 mg daily initial dose up to 200 mg daily maximum; children, initial dose 65 mg/m(2) daily up to 130 mg/m(2) daily). Fourteen patients were assessable for primary response, improvement in joint ROM deficit, at 6 months. Primary outcome criteria for partial response was met in 5 of 14 (36%), stable disease in 7 of 14 (50%), and progressive disease in 2 of 14 (14%) patients. Eleven patients (79%), including 5 with partial response and 6 with stable disease, demonstrated a positive gain in ROM (range of 3% to 94% improvement in deficit). Of 13 patients with measurable changes at 6 months, the average improvement in ROM deficit was 24.2% (interquartile range, 15.5% to 30.5%; P = .011). This trial is registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT007020689.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Baird
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leora E Comis
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Galen O Joe
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fran T Hakim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeremy J Rose
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sandra A Mitchell
- Outcomes Research Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Steven Z Pavletic
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D Figg
- Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lawrence Yao
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathleen C Flanders
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Division of Hematologic Malignancy and Cell Therapy and Duke Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Susan Booher
- Autoimmunity and Mucosal Immunology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Edward W Cowen
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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104
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Abstract
B cells are central players in multiple autoimmune rheumatic diseases as a result of the imbalance between pathogenic and protective B-cell functions, which are presumably mediated by distinct populations. Yet the functional role of different B-cell populations and the contribution of specific subsets to disease pathogenesis remain to be fully understood owing to a large extent to the use of pauci-color flow cytometry. Despite its limitations, this approach has been instrumental in providing a global picture of multiple B-cell abnormalities in multiple human rheumatic diseases, more prominently systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren’s syndrome. Accordingly, these studies represent the focus of this review. In addition, we also discuss the added value of tapping into the potential of polychromatic flow cytometry to unravel a higher level of B-cell heterogeneity, provide a more nuanced view of B-cell abnormalities in disease and create the foundation for a precise understanding of functional division of labor among the different phenotypic subsets. State-of-the-art polychromatic flow cytometry and novel multidimensional analytical approaches hold tremendous promise for our understanding of disease pathogenesis, the generation of disease biomarkers, patient stratification and personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwen Wei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Scott Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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105
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McQueen FM, Solanki K. Rituximab in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: should we be using it today? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54:757-67. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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106
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Westerly BD, Johnson GB, Maldonado F, Utz JP, Specks U, Peikert T. Targeting B lymphocytes in progressive fibrosing mediastinitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:1069-71. [PMID: 25360730 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201407-1258le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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107
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Abstract
In fibrosis fibroblasts are activated and overproduce collagen in a process with
unknown drivers and equally unknown brakes that recently implicated a novel and
surprising player, the B cell. B cells may be crucially involved in fibrosis in
several ways: B cells may produce autoantibodies that can directly stimulate
fibroblasts; B cells can produce profibrotic cytokines such as IL-6 or transforming
growth factor beta; and, finally, B cells could directly stimulate fibroblasts by a
contact-dependent mechanism. Recent experimental evidence suggests that B cells can
enhance collagen production by fibroblasts, by a contact-dependent mechanism, and
therefore are profibrotic ex vivo. These data strengthen the rationale of
pursuing B-cell targeting therapies in systemic sclerosis.
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108
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François A, Gombault A, Villeret B, Alsaleh G, Fanny M, Gasse P, Adam SM, Crestani B, Sibilia J, Schneider P, Bahram S, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Wachsmann D, Gottenberg JE, Couillin I. B cell activating factor is central to bleomycin- and IL-17-mediated experimental pulmonary fibrosis. J Autoimmun 2014; 56:1-11. [PMID: 25441030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive devastating, yet untreatable fibrotic disease of unknown origin. We investigated the contribution of the B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a TNF family member recently implicated in the regulation of pathogenic IL-17-producing cells in autoimmune diseases. The contribution of BAFF was assessed in a murine model of lung fibrosis induced by airway administered bleomycin. We show that murine BAFF levels were strongly increased in the bronchoalveolar space and lungs after bleomycin exposure. We identified Gr1(+) neutrophils as an important source of BAFF upon BLM-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. Genetic ablation of BAFF or BAFF neutralization by a soluble receptor significantly attenuated pulmonary fibrosis and IL-1β levels. We further demonstrate that bleomycin-induced BAFF expression and lung fibrosis were IL-1β and IL-17A dependent. BAFF was required for rIL-17A-induced lung fibrosis and augmented IL-17A production by CD3(+) T cells from murine fibrotic lungs ex vivo. Finally we report elevated levels of BAFF in bronchoalveolar lavages from IPF patients. Our data therefore support a role for BAFF in the establishment of pulmonary fibrosis and a crosstalk between IL-1β, BAFF and IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine François
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR S1109, Université de Strasbourg; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence pour les Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares, Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Strasbourg; Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélie Gombault
- University of Orleans and CNRS UMR7355, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Bérengère Villeret
- University of Orleans and CNRS UMR7355, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Ghada Alsaleh
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR S1109, Université de Strasbourg; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence pour les Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares, Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Strasbourg; Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manoussa Fanny
- University of Orleans and CNRS UMR7355, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Paméla Gasse
- University of Orleans and CNRS UMR7355, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand Adam
- University François Rabelais, CEPR UMR-INSERM U1100/E.A. 6305, Faculté de Médecine; CHU de Tours, Service de Pneumologie, Tours, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris; Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7; INSERM Unité 700, Faculté de Médecine Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Jean Sibilia
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR S1109, Université de Strasbourg; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence pour les Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares, Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Strasbourg; Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR S1109, Université de Strasbourg; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence pour les Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares, Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Strasbourg; Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Quesniaux
- University of Orleans and CNRS UMR7355, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- University of Orleans and CNRS UMR7355, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
| | - Dominique Wachsmann
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR S1109, Université de Strasbourg; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence pour les Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares, Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Strasbourg; Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR S1109, Université de Strasbourg; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre National de Référence pour les Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares, Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Strasbourg; Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- University of Orleans and CNRS UMR7355, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, Orleans, France
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109
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Bosello SL, De Luca G, Rucco M, Berardi G, Falcione M, Danza FM, Pirronti T, Ferraccioli G. Long-term efficacy of B cell depletion therapy on lung and skin involvement in diffuse systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014; 44:428-36. [PMID: 25300701 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the long-term efficacy and safety of single and multiple courses of rituximab therapy in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients with and without lung disease. METHODS A total of 20 SSc patients with a diffuse disease were treated with rituximab. At baseline and during follow-up the lung involvement was evaluated with pulmonary function tests (FVC and DLCO) and with lung high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). RESULTS The skin score, activity, and severity indices improved significantly after 12 months and at final follow-up compared to baseline. After 12 months, there was a significant increase of FVC and TLC compared to baseline (p = 0.024 and p = 0.005, respectively), while the mean DLCO value remained stable. Considering the last available follow-up in six patients with restrictive lung disease at baseline, two patients (33.3%) experienced an increase of more than 10% of FVC, one patient had a decrease of FVC >10%, while in three patients FVC remained stable (50%). After the mean follow-up of 48.5 ± 20.4 months, among the patients with normal lung parameters at baseline, FVC remained stable in 12 (85.7%) and in one patient (14.3%) it increased by more than 10%. At the final follow-up, the alveolar and interstitial HRCT scores remained stable in more than 80% of patients, both in patients with and without restrictive lung disease at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CD20 B cell depletion therapy is effective on skin involvement but seems also to preserve the pulmonary function, as supported by a stable or improved FVC and stable interstitial score, suggesting a possible role of rituximab as a modifying therapy overall in early diffuse SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia L Bosello
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology and Affine Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo De Luca
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology and Affine Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Rucco
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology and Affine Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Berardi
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology and Affine Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Falcione
- Institute of Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Pirronti
- Institute of Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Ferraccioli
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology and Affine Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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110
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Lanteri A, Sobanski V, Langlois C, Lefèvre G, Hauspie C, Sanges S, Lambert M, Morell-Dubois S, Hatron PY, Hachulla E, Launay D, Dubucquoi S. Serum free light chains of immunoglobulins as biomarkers for systemic sclerosis characteristics, activity and severity. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:974-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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111
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Della-Torre E, Feeney E, Deshpande V, Mattoo H, Mahajan V, Kulikova M, Wallace ZS, Carruthers M, Chung RT, Pillai S, Stone JH. B-cell depletion attenuates serological biomarkers of fibrosis and myofibroblast activation in IgG4-related disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:2236-43. [PMID: 25143523 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fibrosis is a predominant feature of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). B-cell depletion induces a prompt clinical and immunological response in patients with IgG4-RD, but the effects of this intervention on fibrosis in IgG4-RD are unknown. We used the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score to address the impact of rituximab on fibroblast activation. The ELF score is an algorithm based on serum concentrations of procollagen-III aminoterminal propeptide, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and hyaluronic acid. METHODS Ten patients with active, untreated IgG4-RD were enrolled. ELF scores were measured and correlated with the IgG4-RD Responder Index, serum IgG4, circulating plasmablasts and imaging studies. Through immunohistochemical stains for CD3, CD20, IgG4 and α-smooth muscle actin, we assessed the extent of the lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and the degree of fibroblast activation in one patient with tissue biopsies before and after rituximab. RESULTS The ELF score was increased in patients with IgG4-RD compared with healthy controls (8.3±1.4 vs 6.2±0.9; p=0.002) and correlated with the number of organs involved (R(2)=0.41; p=0.04). Rituximab induced significant reductions in the ELF score, the number of circulating plasmablasts and the IgG4-RD Responder Index (p<0.05 for all three parameters). Rituximab reduced both the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and myofibroblast activation. IgG4-RD relapse coincided with recurrent increases in the ELF score, indicating reactivation of collagen deposition. CONCLUSIONS The ELF score may be a clinically useful indicator of active fibrosis and the extent of disease in IgG4-RD. B-cell depletion has the potential to halt continued collagen deposition by attenuating the secretory phenotype of myofibroblasts in IgG4-RD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Della-Torre
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Unit of Medicine and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Eoin Feeney
- Liver Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamid Mattoo
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vinay Mahajan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Kulikova
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mollie Carruthers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John H Stone
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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112
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Van Linthout S, Miteva K, Tschöpe C. Crosstalk between fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:258-69. [PMID: 24728497 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, which are traditionally recognized as a quiescent cell responsible for extracellular matrix production, are more and more appreciated as an active key player of the immune system. This review describes how fibroblasts and immune cells reciprocally influence the pathogenesis of fibrosis. An overview is given how fibroblasts are triggered by components of the innate and adaptive immunity on the one hand and how fibroblasts modulate immune cell behaviour via conditioning the cellular and cytokine microenvironment on the other hand. Finally, latest insights into the role of cardiac fibroblasts in the orchestration of inflammatory cell infiltration in the heart, and their impact on heart failure, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
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113
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Tampe D, Zeisberg M. Potential approaches to reverse or repair renal fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:226-37. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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