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Finazzi S, Garbero E, Trussardi G, Bertolini G. The Hematocrit Affects the Volume of Plasma Treated With Coupled Plasma Filtration and Adsorption With Predilution. Artif Organs 2017; 41:E26-E29. [PMID: 28543387 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Coupled plasma filtration and adsorption (CPFA) is an extracorporeal blood purification technique proposed for the treatment of septic-shock. By removing pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators from plasma, CPFA is supposed to have a therapeutic effect on the abnormal inflammatory response seen in this condition. Recently, blood predilution with citrate solution has been adopted to prevent clotting in the CPFA circuit-one of the main problems of the technique. Taking into account the patient's hematocrit, we worked out a formula for the volume of plasma effectively treated by CPFA after predilution. Neglecting this effect, as is commonly done, introduces significant distortions in the estimation of the volume, possibly causing under-treatment. The distortion is stronger when the hematocrit and the predilution fraction are large and weaker when both values shrink. By correctly indicating the daily dose of plasma adsorption received by patients, this formula is essential for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of CPFA and, subsequently, establishing its optimal doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Finazzi
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
| | - Elena Garbero
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
| | | | - Guido Bertolini
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
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Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene-Based Adsorbents Reduce Endothelial Activation and Monocyte Adhesion Under Septic Conditions in a Pore Size-Dependent Manner. Inflammation 2017; 39:1737-46. [PMID: 27503310 PMCID: PMC5023745 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial activation with excessive recruitment and adhesion of immune cells plays a central role in the progression of sepsis. We established a microfluidic system to study the activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by conditioned medium containing plasma from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood or from septic blood and to investigate the effect of adsorption of inflammatory mediators on endothelial activation. Treatment of stimulated whole blood with polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based cytokine adsorbents (average pore sizes 15 or 30 nm) prior to passage over the endothelial layer resulted in significantly reduced endothelial cytokine and chemokine release, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 secretion, adhesion molecule expression, and in diminished monocyte adhesion. Plasma samples from sepsis patients differed substantially in their potential to induce endothelial activation and monocyte adhesion despite their almost identical interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Pre-incubation of the plasma samples with a polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based adsorbent (30 nm average pore size) reduced endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression to baseline levels, resulting in significantly diminished monocyte adhesion. Our data support the potential of porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based adsorbents to reduce endothelial activation under septic conditions by depletion of a broad range of inflammatory mediators.
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103
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Lin CM, Chen CR, Wu XQ, Ren JH, Chen SZ, Luo XF, Mei XQ, Shen LY, Guo MX, Ma XD, Yang T. Effects of Blood Purification on Serum Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines and Cardiac Function in a Rat Model of Sepsis. Blood Purif 2017; 44:40-50. [PMID: 28241128 DOI: 10.1159/000455060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to explore the effects of blood purification (BP) on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and cardiac function in a rat model of sepsis. METHODS A rat model of sepsis was established by cecal ligation and puncture. All rats were divided into the normal control, sham operation, model, sham treatment, and BP treatment groups. Cardiac functions, inflammatory cytokines, myocardial enzymes, pathological score of cardiac muscle tissue, and myocardial apoptosis of rats in each group were compared. RESULTS Sepsis rats had higher serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and lower cardiac function than those in the normal control and sham operation groups. Compared with the model and sham treatment groups, improved cardiac functions, decreased inflammatory cytokines, myocardial enzymes, pathological score, and myocardial apoptosis and mortality were observed in the BP treatment group. CONCLUSION BP may reduce serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and improve cardiac function of sepsis rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Meng Lin
- Department of Hematology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, PR China
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104
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Frattari A, Parruti G, Erasmo R, Guerra L, Polilli E, Zocaro R, Iervese G, Fazii P, Spina T. Recurring septic shock in a patient with blunt abdominal and pelvic trauma: how mandatory is source control surgery?: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2017; 11:49. [PMID: 28222811 PMCID: PMC5320692 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-017-1206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In critically ill patients with colonization/infection of multidrug-resistant organisms, source control surgery is one of the major determinants of clinical success. In more complex cases, the use of different tools for sepsis management may allow survival until complete source control. Case presentation A 42-year-old white man presented with traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Unstable pelvic fractures led to emergency stabilization surgery. Fever ensued with diarrhea, followed by septic shock. Two weeks later, an abdominal computed tomography scan revealed suprapubic and ischiatic abscesses at surgical sites, as well as dilated bowel. Debridement of both surgical sites, performed with vacuum-assisted closure therapy, yielded isolates of carbapenem and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotic treatment was de-escalated after 21 days; 4 days later fever, leukocytosis, hypotension and acute renal failure relapsed. Blood purification techniques were started, for the removal of endotoxin and inflammatory mediators, with sequential hemodialysis. Clinical improvement ensued; blood cultures yielded Candida albicans and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; panresistant carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae grew from wound swabs. In spite of shock reversal, our patient remained febrile, with diarrhea. Control blood cultures yielded Candida albicans, Acinetobacter baumannii and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. His abdominal pain increased, paralleled by a right flank palpable mass. Colonoscopy revealed patchy serpiginous ulcers. At exploratory laparotomy, an inflammatory post-traumatic pseudotumor of his right colon was removed. Blood cultures turned negative after surgery. Septic shock, however, relapsed 4 days later. A blood purification cycle was repeated and combination antimicrobial therapy continued. Surgical wounds and blood cultures were persistently positive for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Removal of pelvic synthesis media was therefore anticipated. Three weeks later, clinical, microbiological, and biochemical evidence of infection resolved. Conclusions High quality intensive assistance for sepsis episodes needs a clear plan of cure, aimed to complete infection source control, in a complex multidisciplinary interplay of specialists and intensive care physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Frattari
- Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Santo Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana 8, Pescara, Italy.
| | - Giustino Parruti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Santo Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana 8, Pescara, Italy
| | - Rocco Erasmo
- Unit of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Santo Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana 8, Pescara, Italy
| | - Luigi Guerra
- Unit of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Santo Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana 8, Pescara, Italy
| | - Ennio Polilli
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Santo Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana 8, Pescara, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Zocaro
- Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Santo Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana 8, Pescara, Italy
| | - Giuliano Iervese
- Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Santo Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana 8, Pescara, Italy
| | - Paolo Fazii
- Unit of Microbiology, Santo Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana 8, Pescara, Italy
| | - Tullio Spina
- Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Santo Spirito Hospital, Via Fonte Romana 8, Pescara, Italy
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105
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Villa G, Chelazzi C, Morettini E, Zamidei L, Valente S, Caldini AL, Zagli G, De Gaudio AR, Romagnoli S. Organ dysfunction during continuous veno-venous high cut-off hemodialysis in patients with septic acute kidney injury: A prospective observational study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172039. [PMID: 28207795 PMCID: PMC5313216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Continuous veno-venous hemodialysis with high cut-off membranes (HCO-CVVHD) removes inflammatory mediators involved in organ dysfunction during sepsis. The aim of the present study was to assess the variations in SOFA score and identify early predictors of short-term mortality in a cohort of patients with septic shock, treated with HCO-CVVHD for acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods An observational prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted in four mixed medical-surgical ICUs. Thirty-eight patients with septic shock and AKI (KDIGO stage≥1) treated with HCO-CVVHD have been included in this study. Patients were divided into Survivors and non-Survivors according to mortality observed at 72nd hr of treatment. The variation of SOFA scores and clinical/biochemical parameters were described over time for the entire population and specifically for Survivors and non-Survivors. Similarly, circulating inflammatory mediators (as IL-6, TNF-a and IL-10) were described over time. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify the baseline clinical and biochemical parameters associated with 72 hrs-ICU mortality. Results Overall, the mean SOFA score was 12±3 at baseline, 10.9±3 at 6hrs, 9.8±3 at 12hrs, 8.9±3.3 at 24 hrs, and 8±3.5 at 48 hrs after HCO-CVVHD initiation; and 6.5±2.7 at 24 hrs and 6.6±3 at 48 hrs after HCO-CVVHD discontinuation. In the multivariate regression analysis, baseline serum lactate levels and AKI stage independently correlated with short-term mortality during HCO-CVVHD. A significant reduction was observed in circulating levels of TNFα and IL-6 among Survivors. Conclusions SOFA score significantly decreased early after initiation of HCO-CVVHD in patients with septic AKI. Baseline lactate levels and the AKI stage resulted to be associated to 72 hrs-ICU-mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Villa
- Department of Health Science, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Cosimo Chelazzi
- Department of Health Science, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Morettini
- Department of Health Science, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Zamidei
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Ospedale Santo Stefano, Prato, Italy
| | - Serafina Valente
- Intensive Cardiac Coronary Unit, Heart and Vessel Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - A. Lucia Caldini
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zagli
- Department of Health Science, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - A. Raffaele De Gaudio
- Department of Health Science, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Health Science, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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Mechanisms of endothelial activation in sepsis and cell culture models to study the heterogeneous host response. Int J Artif Organs 2017; 40:9-14. [PMID: 28218355 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is currently viewed as a fundamental disintegration of control functions from intracellular signalling to immunoregulatory and neuroendocrine mechanisms. The immediate threat in sepsis is invasive infection, and the need to activate immune defense mechanisms to clear the pathogen before irreparable damage occurs. In the process of pathogen elimination, however, the systemic host response to infection may cause collateral damage to the endothelium and may lead to the destruction of host tissues.A number of experimental models have been developed to monitor endothelial activation and to study endothelial dysfunction under septic conditions. Here, we review the application of these models to assess the highly variable host response in sepsis and to investigate the efficacy of adsorbent-based extracorporeal therapies. We also highlight the need for efficient diagnostic tools, which are indispensable to select patients who are likely to benefit from distinct adjunctive therapies.
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107
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Sepsis: frontiers in supportive care, organisation and research. Intensive Care Med 2017; 43:496-508. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-017-4677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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108
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Materials, Surfaces, and Systems for Extracorporeal Therapies and Beyond. Int J Artif Organs 2017; 40:1-3. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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109
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Morozov AS, Kopitsyna MN, Bessonov IV, Karelina NV, Nuzhdina AV, Sarkisov IY, Pavlova LA, Tsyurupa MP, Blinnikova ZK, Davankov VA. A selective sorbent for removing bacterial endotoxins from blood. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024416120165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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110
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Parker RS, Hogg JS, Roy A, Kellum JA, Rimmelé T, Daun-Gruhn S, Fedorchak MV, Valenti IE, Federspiel WJ, Rubin J, Vodovotz Y, Lagoa C, Clermont G. Modeling and Hemofiltration Treatment of Acute Inflammation. Processes (Basel) 2016; 4:38. [PMID: 33134139 DOI: 10.3390/pr4040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The body responds to endotoxins by triggering the acute inflammatory response system to eliminate the threat posed by gram-negative bacteria (endotoxin) and restore health. However, an uncontrolled inflammatory response can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and ultimately death; this is clinically known as sepsis. Mathematical models of acute inflammatory disease have the potential to guide treatment decisions in critically ill patients. In this work, an 8-state (8-D) differential equation model of the acute inflammatory response system to endotoxin challenge was developed. Endotoxin challenges at 3 and 12 mg/kg were administered to rats, and dynamic cytokine data for interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-10 were obtained and used to calibrate the model. Evaluation of competing model structures was performed by analyzing model predictions at 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg endotoxin challenges with respect to experimental data from rats. Subsequently, a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm was synthesized to control a hemoadsorption (HA) device, a blood purification treatment for acute inflammation. A particle filter (PF) algorithm was implemented to estimate the full state vector of the endotoxemic rat based on time series cytokine measurements. Treatment simulations show that: (i) the apparent primary mechanism of HA efficacy is white blood cell (WBC) capture, with cytokine capture a secondary benefit; and (ii) differential filtering of cytokines and WBC does not provide substantial improvement in treatment outcomes vs. existing HA devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Parker
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 450 Technology Dr, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Justin S Hogg
- Carnegie Mellon-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, 3501 Fifth Ave, 3064 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anirban Roy
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John A Kellum
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Silvia Daun-Gruhn
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, W944 Biomedical Sciences Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Morgan V Fedorchak
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 450 Technology Dr, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Isabella E Valenti
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William J Federspiel
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 450 Technology Dr, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jonathan Rubin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, 301 Thackeray Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 450 Technology Dr, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, W944 Biomedical Sciences Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Claudio Lagoa
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, W944 Biomedical Sciences Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gilles Clermont
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 450 Technology Dr, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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111
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Legrand M. Should we apply "early" initiation of renal replacement therapy to critically ill patients with acute kidney injury? J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:E1271-E1273. [PMID: 27867605 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Legrand
- AP-HP, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Burn Unit, St-Louis hospital, Paris, France; ; Univ Paris Diderot, F-75475, Paris, France;; UMR INSERM 942, INSERM, Lariboisière hospital, Paris, France
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112
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Li MX, Liu JF, Lu JD, Zhu Y, Kuang DW, Xiang JB, Sun P, Wang W, Xue J, Gu Y, Hao CM. Plasmadiafiltration ameliorating gut mucosal barrier dysfunction and improving survival in porcine sepsis models. Intensive Care Med Exp 2016; 4:31. [PMID: 27682607 PMCID: PMC5040657 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-016-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The object of this study is to explore whether the plasmadiafiltration (PDF) is more effective in improving the intestinal mucosal barrier function by removing more key large molecular inflammatory mediators and then prolonging the survival time. METHODS Totally, 24 porcine sepsis models induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) operation were randomly divided into three groups: PDF group, high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) group, and control group, and received 8 h treatment, respectively. The expression of ZO-1 and occludin in intestinal mucosal epithelial cells were detected by immunohistochemistry, and apoptotic protein caspase-3-positive lymphocytes were signed in mesenteric lymph nodes by TUNEL staining. The hemodynamic parameters were measured by invasive cavity detection. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and high-mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) were tested by ELISA method. And then, the survival curves with all-cause death were compared with three groups. RESULTS PDF led to a superior reversal of sepsis-related hemodynamic impairment and serum biochemistry abnormalities and resulted in longer survival time compared with HVHF and control (p < 0.01). Definitive protection from excessive TNF-α and HMGB1 response were only achieved by PDF. A more regular distribution pattern of ZO-1 and occludin along the epithelium was found in PDF animals (p < 0.01). The presence of apoptotic lymphocytes was significantly reduced in the PDF animals (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PDF can effectively eliminate more pivotal inflammatory mediators of TNFα and HMGB1 and reduce the inflammation damage of the intestinal mucosal barrier and apoptosis of lymphocyte then improve the circulation function and prolong the survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jun Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jian Da Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ding Wei Kuang
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jian Bing Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chuan Ming Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
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113
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Cleto SA, Rodrigues CE, Malaque CM, Sztajnbok J, Seguro AC, Andrade L. Hemodiafiltration Decreases Serum Levels of Inflammatory Mediators in Severe Leptospirosis: A Prospective Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160010. [PMID: 27487001 PMCID: PMC4972362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a health problem worldwide. Its most severe form is a classic model of sepsis, provoking acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute kidney injury (AKI), with associated mortality that remains unacceptably high. We previously demonstrated that early initiation of sustained low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) followed by daily SLED significantly decreases mortality. However, the mode of clearance can also affect dialysis patient outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of SLED with traditional (diffusive) clearance, via hemodialysis, and SLED with convective clearance, via hemodiafiltration (SLEDf), in patients with severe leptospirosis. METHODS In this prospective study, conducted in the intensive care unit (ICU) from 2009 through 2012, we compared two groups-SLED (n = 19) and SLEDf (n = 20)-evaluating demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters, as well as serum levels of interleukins, up to the third day after admission. All patients received dialysis early and daily thereafter. RESULTS During the study period, 138 patients were admitted to our ICU with a diagnosis of leptospirosis; 39 (36 males/3 females) met the criteria for ARDS and AKI. All patients were on mechanical ventilation and were comparable in terms of respiratory parameters. Mortality did not differ between the SLEDf and SLED groups. However, post-admission decreases in the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-7, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were significantly greater in the SLEDf group. Direct bilirubin and the arterial oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio were significantly higher in the SLED group. We identified the following risk factors (sensitivities/specificities) for mortality in severe leptospirosis: age ≥ 55 years (67%/91%); serum urea ≥ 204 mg/dl (100%/70%); creatinine ≥ 5.2 mg/dl (100%/58%); Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score ≥ 39.5 (67%/88%); Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score ≥ 20.5 (67%/85%); and inspiratory pressure ≥ 31 mmHg (84%/85%). CONCLUSIONS The mode of dialysis clearance might not affect outcomes in severe leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ceila Maria Malaque
- Intensive Care Unit, Emílio Ribas Institute of Infectology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaques Sztajnbok
- Intensive Care Unit, Emílio Ribas Institute of Infectology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Seguro
- Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Andrade
- Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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114
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Colomina-Climent F, Giménez-Esparza C, Portillo-Requena C, Allegue-Gallego JM, Galindo-Martínez M, Mollà-Jiménez C, Antón-Pascual JL, Rodríguez-Serra M, Martín-Ruíz JL, Fernández-Arroyo PJ, Blasco-Císcar EM, Cánovas-Robles J, Herrera-Murillo M, González-Hernández E, Sánchez-Morán F, Solera-Suárez M, Torres-Tortajada J, Nuñez-Martínez JM, Martín-Langerwerf D, Herrero-Gutiérrez E, Sebastián-Muñoz I, Palazón-Bru A, Gil-Guillén VF. Mortality Reduction in Septic Shock by Plasma Adsorption (ROMPA): a protocol for a randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011856. [PMID: 27406647 PMCID: PMC4947802 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a lack of evidence in the efficacy of the coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) to reduce the mortality rate in septic shock. To fill this gap, we have designed the ROMPA study (Mortality Reduction in Septic Shock by Plasma Adsorption) to confirm whether treatment with an adequate dose of treated plasma by CPFA could confer a clinical benefit. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Our study is a multicentric randomised clinical trial with a 28-day and 90-day follow-up and allocation ratio 1:1. Its aim is to clarify whether the application of high doses of CPFA (treated plasma ≥0.20 L/kg/day) in the first 3 days after randomisation, in addition to the current clinical practice, is able to reduce hospital mortality in patients with septic shock in intensive care units (ICUs) at 28 and 90 days after initiation of the therapy. The study will be performed in 10 ICUs in the Southeast of Spain which follow the same protocol in this disease (based on the Surviving Sepsis Campaign). Our trial is designed to be able to demonstrate an absolute mortality reduction of 20% (α=0.05; 1-β=0.8; n=190(95×2)). The severity of the process, ensuring the recruitment of patients with a high probability of death (50% in the control group), will be achieved through an adequate stratification by using both severity scores and classical definitions of severe sepsis/septic shock and dynamic parameters. Our centres are fully aware of the many pitfalls associated with previous medical device trials. Trying to reduce these problems, we have developed a training programme to improve the CPFA use (especially clotting problems). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of all the participant centres. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, as well as national and international conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02357433; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - María Galindo-Martínez
- Intensive Care Unit, General University Santa Lucía Hospital of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Cristina Mollà-Jiménez
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of San Juan de Alicante, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - José Luis Antón-Pascual
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of San Juan de Alicante, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - José Cánovas-Robles
- Intensive Care Unit, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Palazón-Bru
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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Bioartificial Therapy of Sepsis: Changes of Norepinephrine-Dosage in Patients and Influence on Dynamic and Cell Based Liver Tests during Extracorporeal Treatments. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7056492. [PMID: 27433475 PMCID: PMC4940519 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7056492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. Granulocyte transfusions have been used to treat immune cell dysfunction in sepsis. A granulocyte bioreactor for the extracorporeal treatment of sepsis was tested in a prospective clinical study focusing on the dosage of norepinephrine in patients and influence on dynamic and cell based liver tests during extracorporeal therapies. Methods and Patients. Ten patients with severe sepsis were treated twice within 72 h with the system containing granulocytes from healthy donors. Survival, physiologic parameters, extended hemodynamic measurement, and the indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate (PDR) were monitored. Plasma of patients before and after extracorporeal treatments were tested with a cell based biosensor for analysis of hepatotoxicity. Results. The observed mortality rate was 50% during stay in hospital. During the treatments, the norepinephrine-dosage could be significantly reduced while mean arterial pressure was stable. In the cell based analysis of hepatotoxicity, the viability and function of sensor-cells increased significantly during extracorporeal treatment in all patients and the PDR-values increased significantly between day 1 and day 7 only in survivors. Conclusion. The extracorporeal treatment with donor granulocytes showed promising effects on dosage of norepinephrine in patients, liver cell function, and viability in a cell based biosensor. Further studies with this approach are encouraged.
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116
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Stojkovic I, Ghalwash M, Cao XH, Obradovic Z. Effectiveness of Multiple Blood-Cleansing Interventions in Sepsis, Characterized in Rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24719. [PMID: 27097769 PMCID: PMC4838820 DOI: 10.1038/srep24719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious, life-threatening condition that presents a growing problem in medicine, but there is still no satisfying solution for treating it. Several blood cleansing approaches recently gained attention as promising interventions that target the main site of problem development–the blood. The focus of this study is an evaluation of the theoretical effectiveness of hemoadsorption therapy and pathogen reduction therapy. This is evaluated using the mathematical model of Murine sepsis, and the results of over 2,200 configurations of single and multiple intervention therapies simulated on 5,000 virtual subjects suggest the advantage of pathogen reduction over hemoadsorption therapy. However, a combination of two approaches is found to take advantage of their complementary effects and outperform either therapy alone. The conducted computational experiments provide unprecedented evidence that the combination of two therapies synergistically enhances the positive effects beyond the simple superposition of the benefits of two approaches. Such a characteristic could have a profound influence on the way sepsis treatment is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Stojkovic
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 19122, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Signals and Systems Department, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11120, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mohamed Ghalwash
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 19122, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Xi Hang Cao
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 19122, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zoran Obradovic
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 19122, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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117
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Hou HW, Wu L, Amador-Munoz DP, Vera MP, Coronata A, Englert JA, Levy BD, Baron RM, Han J. Broad spectrum immunomodulation using biomimetic blood cell margination for sepsis therapy. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:688-99. [PMID: 26767950 PMCID: PMC4747785 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01110h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis represents a systemic inflammatory response caused by microbial infection in blood. Herein, we present a novel comprehensive approach to mitigate inflammatory responses through broad spectrum removal of pathogens, leukocytes and cytokines based on biomimetic cell margination. Using a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), we performed extracorporeal blood filtration with the developed microfluidic blood margination (μBM) device. Circulating bacteremia, leukocytes and cytokines in blood decreased post-filtration and significant attenuation of immune cell and cytokine responses were observed 3-5 days after intervention, indicating successful long-term immunomodulation. A dose-dependent effect on long-term immune cell count was also achieved by varying filtration time. As proof of concept for human therapy, the μBM device was scaled up to achieve ∼100-fold higher throughput (∼150 mL h(-1)). With further multiplexing, the μBM technique could be applied in clinical settings as an adjunctive treatment for sepsis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wei Hou
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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118
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Lattuada M, Ren Q, Zuber F, Galli M, Bohmer N, Matter MT, Wichser A, Bertazzo S, Pier GB, Herrmann IK. Theranostic body fluid cleansing: rationally designed magnetic particles enable capturing and detection of bacterial pathogens. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7080-7086. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We show theoretical and experimental considerations on bacteria capturing and enrichment via magnetic separation enabling integrated diagnosis and treatment of blood stream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lattuada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- Fribourg
- Switzerland
| | - Q. Ren
- Department Materials Meet Life
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
- 9014 St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - F. Zuber
- Department Materials Meet Life
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
- 9014 St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - M. Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - N. Bohmer
- Department Materials Meet Life
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
- 9014 St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - M. T. Matter
- Department Materials Meet Life
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
- 9014 St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - A. Wichser
- Department Materials Meet Life
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
- 9014 St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - S. Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
- University College London
- Malet Place Engineering Building
- London
- UK
| | - G. B. Pier
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
| | - I. K. Herrmann
- Department Materials Meet Life
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
- 9014 St. Gallen
- Switzerland
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an epidemic problem. Sepsis has long been recognized as a foremost precipitant of AKI. Sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI) portends a high burden of morbidity and mortality in both children and adults with critical illness. Although our understanding of its pathophysiology is incomplete, SA-AKI likely represents a distinct subset of AKI contributed to by a unique constellation of hemodynamic, inflammatory, and immune mechanisms. SA-AKI poses significant clinical challenges for clinicians. To date, no singular effective therapy has been developed to alter the natural history of SA-AKI. Rather, current strategies to alleviate poor outcomes focus on clinical risk identification, early detection of injury, modifying clinician behavior to avoid harm, early appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and surveillance among survivors for the longer-term sequelae of kidney damage. Recent evidence has confirmed that patients no longer die with AKI, but from AKI. To improve the care and outcomes for sufferers of SA-AKI, clinicians need a robust appreciation for its epidemiology and current best-evidence strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Alobaidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rajit K Basu
- Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Stuart L Goldstein
- Center for Acute Care Nephrology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Sean M Bagshaw
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Characterization of Adsorbents for Cytokine Removal from Blood in an In Vitro Model. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:484736. [PMID: 26770992 PMCID: PMC4685123 DOI: 10.1155/2015/484736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytokines are basic targets that have to be removed effectively in order to improve the patient's health status in treating severe inflammation, sepsis, and septic shock. Although there are different adsorbents commercially available, the success of their clinical use is limited. Here, we tested different adsorbents for their effective removal of cytokines from plasma and the resulting effect on endothelial cell activation. METHODS The three polystyrene divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) based adsorbents Amberchrom CG161c and CG300m and a clinically approved haemoperfusion adsorbent (HAC) were studied with regard to cytokine removal in human blood. To induce cytokine release from leucocytes, human blood cells were stimulated with 1 ng/ml LPS for 4 hours. Plasma was separated and adsorption experiments in a dynamic model were performed. The effect of cytokine removal on endothelial cell activation was evaluated using a HUVEC-based cell culture model. The beneficial outcome was assessed by measuring ICAM-1, E-selectin, and secreted cytokines IL-8 and IL-6. Additionally the threshold concentration for HUVEC activation by TNF-α and IL-1β was determined using this cell culture model. RESULTS CG161c showed promising results in removing the investigated cytokines. Due to its pore size the adsorbent efficiently removed the key factor TNF-α, outperforming the commercially available adsorbents. The CG161c treatment reduced cytokine secretion and expression of cell adhesion molecules by HUVEC which underlines the importance of effective removal of TNF-α in inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSION These results confirm the hypothesis that cytokine removal from the blood should approach physiological levels in order to reduce endothelial cell activation.
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Warkiani ME, Wu L, Tay AKP, Han J. Large-Volume Microfluidic Cell Sorting for Biomedical Applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 17:1-34. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lidan Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering and
| | - Andy Kah Ping Tay
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
| | - Jongyoon Han
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
- Department of Biological Engineering and
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Malkin AD, Sheehan RP, Mathew S, Federspiel WJ, Redl H, Clermont G. A Neutrophil Phenotype Model for Extracorporeal Treatment of Sepsis. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004314. [PMID: 26468651 PMCID: PMC4607502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a central role in eliminating bacterial pathogens, but may also contribute to end-organ damage in sepsis. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a key modulator of neutrophil function, signals through neutrophil specific surface receptors CXCR-1 and CXCR-2. In this study a mechanistic computational model was used to evaluate and deploy an extracorporeal sepsis treatment which modulates CXCR-1/2 levels. First, a simplified mechanistic computational model of IL-8 mediated activation of CXCR-1/2 receptors was developed, containing 16 ODEs and 43 parameters. Receptor level dynamics and systemic parameters were coupled with multiple neutrophil phenotypes to generate dynamic populations of activated neutrophils which reduce pathogen load, and/or primed neutrophils which cause adverse tissue damage when misdirected. The mathematical model was calibrated using experimental data from baboons administered a two-hour infusion of E coli and followed for a maximum of 28 days. Ensembles of parameters were generated using a Bayesian parallel tempering approach to produce model fits that could recreate experimental outcomes. Stepwise logistic regression identified seven model parameters as key determinants of mortality. Sensitivity analysis showed that parameters controlling the level of killer cell neutrophils affected the overall systemic damage of individuals. To evaluate rescue strategies and provide probabilistic predictions of their impact on mortality, time of onset, duration, and capture efficacy of an extracorporeal device that modulated neutrophil phenotype were explored. Our findings suggest that interventions aiming to modulate phenotypic composition are time sensitive. When introduced between 3–6 hours of infection for a 72 hour duration, the survivor population increased from 31% to 40–80%. Treatment efficacy quickly diminishes if not introduced within 15 hours of infection. Significant harm is possible with treatment durations ranging from 5–24 hours, which may reduce survival to 13%. In severe sepsis, an extracorporeal treatment which modulates CXCR-1/2 levels has therapeutic potential, but also potential for harm. Further development of the computational model will help guide optimal device development and determine which patient populations should be targeted by treatment. Sepsis occurs when a patient develops a whole body immune response due to infection. In this condition, white blood cells called neutrophils circulate in an active state, seeking and eliminating invading bacteria. However, when neutrophils are activated, healthy tissue is inadvertently targeted, leading to organ damage and potentially death. Even though sepsis kills millions worldwide, there are still no specific treatments approved in the United States. This may be due to the complexity and diversity of the body’s immune response, which can be managed well using computational modeling. We have developed a computational model to predict how different levels of neutrophil activation impact survival in an overactive inflammatory conditions. The model was utilized to assess the effectiveness of a simulated experimental sepsis treatment which modulates neutrophil populations and activity. This evaluation determined that treatment timing plays a critical role in therapeutic effectiveness. When utilized properly the treatment drastically improves survival, but there is also risk of causing patient harm when introduced at the wrong time. We intend for this computational model to support and guide further development of sepsis treatments and help translate these preliminary results from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Malkin
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert P. Sheehan
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shibin Mathew
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William J. Federspiel
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gilles Clermont
- CRISMA Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Zhao P, Zheng R, Xue L, Zhang M, Wu X. Early Fluid Resuscitation and High Volume Hemofiltration Decrease Septic Shock Progression in Swine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:181845. [PMID: 26543849 PMCID: PMC4620416 DOI: 10.1155/2015/181845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of early fluid resuscitation (EFR) combined with high volume hemofiltration (HVHF) on the cardiopulmonary function and removal of inflammatory mediators in a septic shock swine model. Eighteen swine were randomized into three groups: control (n = 6) (extracorporeal circulating blood only), continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (n = 6; ultrafiltration volume = 25 mL/Kg/h), and HVHF (n = 6; ultrafiltration volume = 85 mL/Kg/h). The septic shock model was established by intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharides (50 µg/kg/h). Hemodynamic parameters (arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume variability, left ventricular contractility, systemic vascular resistance, and central venous pressure), vasoactive drug parameters (dose and time of norepinephrine and hourly fluid intake), pulmonary function (partial oxygen pressure and vascular permeability), and cytokines (interleukin-6 and interleukin-10) were observed. Treatment resulted in significant changes at 4-6 h. HVHF was beneficial, as shown by the dose of vasoactive drugs, fluid intake volume, left ventricular contractility index, and partial oxygen pressure. Both CRRT and HVHF groups showed improved removal of inflammatory mediators compared with controls. In conclusion, EFR combined with HVHF improved septic shock in this swine model. The combination decreased shock progression, reduced the need for vasoactive drugs, and alleviated the damage to cardiopulmonary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Intensive Care Unit, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province & Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
- Intensive Care Unit, Wujin People's Hospital & Clinical Medical School of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 213017, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zheng
- Intensive Care Unit, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province & Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Lu Xue
- Intensive Care Unit, Taizhou People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province & Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province & Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province & Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
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CytoSorb, a novel therapeutic approach for patients with septic shock: a case report. Int J Artif Organs 2015; 38:461-4. [PMID: 26349530 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemoadsorption using CytoSorb has gained attention as a potential immunotherapy to control systemic inflammation and sepsis. We report on a patient with septic shock, successfully treated with CytoSorb therapy. METHODS A 72-year-old male with periodically recurring infectious episodes was admitted with the suspicion of urosepsis. In the following hours his hemodynamic situation deteriorated markedly, exhibiting respiratory-metabolic acidosis, elevated inflammatory marker plasma levels, a severely disturbed coagulation, increased retention parameters, liver dysfunction, and confirmation of bacteria and leucocytes in urine. After admission to the ICU in a state of septic shock the patient received renal support with additional hemoadsorption using CytoSorb. Three CytoSorb sessions were run during the following days. RESULTS The first and consecutive second session resulted in a reduction of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and bilirubin and a markedly reduced need for vasopressors while hemodynamics improved significantly (i.e., cardiac index, extravascular lung water). Due to a recurring inflammatory "second hit" episode, another session with CytoSorb was run, resulting in a marked decrease in leukocytosis and liver (dys)function parameters. CONCLUSIONS The rapid hemodynamic stabilization with reduction of vasopressor needs within hours and reduction of the capillary leakage as well as a quick reduction in infection markers were the main conclusions drawn from the use of CytoSorb in this patient. Additionally, treatment appeared to be safe and was well tolerated. Despite the promising results of CytoSorb application in this patient, further studies are necessary to elucidate to what extent these favorable consequences are attributable to the adsorber itself.
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Sverrisson K, Axelsson J, Rippe A, Asgeirsson D, Rippe B. Acute reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent effects of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 on the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F800-6. [PMID: 26290366 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00111.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the immediate actions of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 on the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) in rats and to test whether these actions are dependent upon the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In anesthetized rats, blood access was achieved and the left ureter was cannulated for urine collection. Rats were continuously infused intravenously with either IL-1β (0.4 and 2 μg·kg(-1)·h(-1)), TNF-α (0.4 and 2 μg·kg(-1)·h(-1)), or IL-6 (4 and 8 μg·kg(-1)·h(-1)), together with polydisperse FITC-Ficoll-70/400 and inulin for 1 h. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) for determination of glomerular sieving coefficients (θ). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was also assessed (51Cr-EDTA). In separate experiments, the superoxide scavenger tempol (30 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1)) was given before and during cytokine infusions. IL-1β and TNF-α caused rapid, partly reversible increases in glomerular permeability to large molecules (Ficoll50-80Å), peaking at 5-30 min, while IL-6 caused a more gradual increase in permeability, leveling off at 60 min. Tempol almost completely abrogated the glomerular permeability effects of the cytokines infused. In conclusion IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, when infused systemically, caused immediate and partly reversible increases in glomerular permeability, which could be inhibited by the superoxide scavenger tempol, suggesting an important role of ROS in acute cytokine-induced permeability changes in the GFB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Rippe
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Rippe
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a cornerstone in the clinical management of patients with acute kidney injury. Results from different studies agree that early renal support therapy (aimed to support the residual kidney function during early phases of organ dysfunction) may reduce mortality with respect to late RRT (aimed to substitute the complete loss of function during the advanced kidney insufficiency). Although it seems plausible that a timely initiation of RRT may be associated with improved renal and nonrenal outcomes in these patients, there is scarce evidence in literature to exactly identify the most adequate onset timing for RRT.
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Zhang J, Peng Z, Maberry D, Volpe J, Kimmel JD, Federspiel WJ, Kellum JA. Effects of hemoadsorption with a novel adsorbent on sepsis: in vivo and in vitro study. Blood Purif 2015; 39:239-245. [PMID: 25833160 DOI: 10.1159/000381006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hemoadsorption may improve outcomes for sepsis by removing circulating cytokines. We tested a new sorbent used for hemoadsorption. METHODS CTR sorbent beads were filled into columns of three sizes: CTR0.5 (0.5 ml), CTR1 (1.0 ml) and CTR2 (2.0 ml) and tested using IL-6 capture in vitro. Next, rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture and randomly assigned to hemoadsorption with CTR0.5, CTR1, CTR2 or sham treatment. Plasma biomarkers were measured. RESULTS In vitro, IL-6 removal was accelerated with increasing bead mass. In vivo, TNF, IL-6, IL-10, high mobility group box1, and cystatin C were significantly lower 24 h after CTR2 treatment. Seven-day survival rate was 50, 64, 63, and 73% for the sham, CTR0.5, CTR1, CTR2, respectively. CONCLUSION CTR appeared to have a favorable effect on kidney function despite no immediate effects on cytokine removal. However, CTR2 beads did result in a late decrease of cytokines.
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ABCA1 expression in macrophages of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients with severe infection undergoing continuous blood purification. Int J Artif Organs 2015; 38:83-8. [PMID: 25744199 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive activation of the inflammatory mediator cascade after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in patients is associated with high mortality. Many studies have shown that continuous blood purification (CBP) could improve the prognosis of allo-HSCT patients with severe infection. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of CBP on the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in macrophages, and to investigate the interventional effects of CBP on serum cytokine in allo-HSCT patients with severe infection. METHODS A total of 26 allo-HSCT patients with severe infection were included in this study. Before CBP and after CBP, blood samples were collected to observe hepatic and renal function, and the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were detected via ELISA. The THP-1 macrophages were exposed to serum samples obtained from patients at specific time points during CBP to test the changes of ABCA1 in macrophages by real-timePCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and C reaction protein (CRP) levels decreased significantly after CBP. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 serum levels decreased significantly, but IL-10 level increased significantly after CBP (P<.05). After CBP, ABCA1 expression levels were higher than those before CBP, and ABCA1 expression was significantly increased with the supplementation of CBP (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS CBP improved the condition of allo-HSCT patients with severe infection. CBP may be a potent up-regulator of the ABCA1 levels in macrophages of allo-HSCT patients with severe infection.
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Therapeutic Value of Blood Purification and Prognostic Utilities of Early Serum Procalcitonin, C Reactive Protein, and Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Severely Burned Patients with Sepsis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 72:259-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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130
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Shiga H, Hirasawa H, Nishida O, Oda S, Nakamura M, Mashiko K, Matsuda K, Kitamura N, Kikuchi Y, Fuke N. Continuous hemodiafiltration with a cytokine-adsorbing hemofilter in patients with septic shock: a preliminary report. Blood Purif 2014; 38:211-8. [PMID: 25531978 DOI: 10.1159/000369377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We investigated the clinical efficacy of continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) with AN69ST hemofilter (AN69ST-CHDF) in patients with septic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective, multicenter, single-arm study was conducted. Patients with sepsis and shock defined by hyperlactemia were enrolled. The patients were treated with CHDF and in accordance with the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines (SSCG). RESULTS Thirty-four patients were enrolled. On ICU admission, the mean blood IL-6 level was 44,800 ± 77,700 pg/ml, and the mean blood lactate level was 69.0 ± 49.4 mg/dl. Both the mean blood IL-6 and lactate levels had significantly decreased to normal ranges after 72 h of AN69ST-CHDF. Though the mean APACHE II score was 32.7 ± 9.8, 28-day survival was 73.5%. CONCLUSION The current study suggested that adding AN69ST-CHDF to the treatments outlined in the SSCG might lead to good outcomes for patients with septic shock, probably via the removal of cytokines from the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Shiga
- Emergency and Intensive Care Center, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
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131
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Villa G, Zaragoza JJ, Sharma A, Chelazzi C, Ronco C, De Gaudio AR. High cutoff membrane to reduce systemic inflammation due to differentiation syndrome: a case report. Blood Purif 2014; 38:234-8. [PMID: 25531172 DOI: 10.1159/000369379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation syndrome is a life-threatening complication of therapy that is carried out with agents used for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Its physiopathology comprehends the production of inflammatory mediators by differentiating granulocytes, endothelial and alveolar cells due to stimulation by all-trans retinoic acid and leading to sustained systemic inflammation. METHODS Treatment with high cut-off continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (HCO-CVVHD) was performed to reduce the circulating mediators of systemic inflammation. RESULTS After 52 h of treatment, an important reduction was observed in inflammatory mediators (IL-1β: from 10 to 2 pg/ml; IL-8: from 57 to 40 pg/ml; TNF-α: from 200 to 105 pg/ml; IL-6: from 263 to 91 pg/ml), as well as in anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10: from 349 to 216 pg/ml). CONCLUSIONS HCO-CVVHD should be explored as a part of treatment in systemic inflammation states other than sepsis (e.g., differentiation syndrome). Furthermore, its immunomodulatory effects could be particularly useful in immunocompromised patient treated with corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Villa
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
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132
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Villa G, D'Alfonso MG, Di Maggio P, Berardi M, Chelazzi C, Caldini AL, De Gaudio AR, Gensini GF, Valente S. Role of hemodialysis with high cut-off membranes in a patient with a non-recognized leishmaniasis. Blood Purif 2014; 38:239-41. [PMID: 25531235 DOI: 10.1159/000368958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report here a case of a woman affected by fever, weight loss, splenomegaly, and leucopenia associated with trombocytopenia, transferred to the intensive care unit with acute kidney injury and septic shock. METHODS Patient was treated with high cut-off continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (HCO-CVVHD). RESULTS During treatment, the patient experienced a stable improvement in the hemodynamic, pulmonary function and tissue perfusion parameters. After 48 h of treatment, significant reductions in SOFA score (from 12, before starting the procedure, to 6) and in serum inflammatory mediators (as IL-6, from 599-568 pg/ml) were observed. Leishmania infection was identified as responsible of the septic condition only 48 h after removing hemodialysis. Antiprotozoal therapy was begun and the patient discharged. CONCLUSIONS By supporting the renal function and reducing systemic inflammation, HCO-CVVHD could be a useful bridge therapy. This procedure allowed the medical team to gain sufficient time to diagnose the type of infection and begin an etiological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Villa
- Department of Health Science, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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133
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Villa G, Zaragoza JJ, Sharma A, Neri M, De Gaudio AR, Ronco C. Cytokine removal with high cut-off membrane: review of literature. Blood Purif 2014; 38:167-73. [PMID: 25471681 DOI: 10.1159/000369155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, blood purification therapies have been proposed as an effective therapy to control the cytokines dysregulation in systemic inflammatory syndromes. Among them, the treatment with high cut-off membranes is characterized by larger pore size and more effective clearance for middle molecular weight molecules (cytokines). In this paper, we performed a thoughtful review of the literature on HCO being used for blood purification indications in all systemic inflammation syndromes. Clinical and experimental studies show that the use of high effluent flows in a pure diffusive treatment effectively removes serum cytokines with a safe profile in albumin clearance. In clinical studies, the removal of these inflammatory mediators is associated with a significant improvement in hemodynamic condition, oxygenation indices, and organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Villa
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
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Endothelial dysfunction and renal fibrosis in endotoxemia-induced oliguric kidney injury: possible role of LPS-binding protein. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:520. [PMID: 25261195 PMCID: PMC4205288 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-014-0520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The pathophysiology of endotoxemia-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by an intense activation of the host immune system and renal resident cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and derived proinflammatory products. However, the occurrence of renal fibrosis in this setting has been poorly investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between endothelial dysfunction and acute development of tissue fibrosis in a swine model of LPS-induced AKI. Moreover, we studied the possible effects of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in this setting. Methods After 9 hours from LPS infusion and 6 hours of CPFA treatment, histologic and biochemical changes were analyzed in pigs. Apoptosis and endothelial dysfunction were assessed on renal biopsies. The levels of LPS-binding protein (LBP) were quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Endothelial cells (ECs) were stimulated in vitro with LPS and cultured in the presence of swine sera and were analyzed with FACS and real-time RT-PCR. Results In a swine model of LPS-induced AKI, we observed that acute tubulointerstitial fibrosis occurred within 9 hours from LPS injection. Acute fibrosis was associated with dysfunctional alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+ ECs characterized by active proliferation (Ki-67+) without apoptosis (caspase-3-). LPS led to EC dysfunction in vitro with significant vimentin and N-cadherin expression and increased collagen I mRNA synthesis. Therapeutic intervention by citrate-based CPFA significantly prevented acute fibrosis in endotoxemic animals, by preserving the EC phenotype in both peritubular capillaries and renal arteries. We found that the removal of LBP from plasma was crucial to eliminate the effects of LPS on EC dysfunction, by blocking LPS-induced collagen I production. Conclusions Our data indicate that EC dysfunction might be pivotal in the acute development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in LPS-induced AKI. Selective removal of the LPS adaptor protein LBP might represent a future therapeutic option to prevent EC dysfunction and tissue fibrosis in endotoxemia-induced AKI.
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Linden K, Stewart IJ, Kreyer SF, Scaravilli V, Cannon JW, Cancio LC, Batchinsky AI, Chung KK. Extracorporeal blood purification in burns: A review. Burns 2014; 40:1071-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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In vivo antibiotic removal during coupled plasma filtration adsorption: a retrospective study. ASAIO J 2014; 60:70-5. [PMID: 24270228 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) is a blood purification therapy aimed at modulating the host inflammatory response involved in sepsis pathogenesis. One potential drawback of this technique is the unexpected elimination of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to assess the elimination of several antibiotics with CPFA. We performed a retrospective analysis of the serum and ultrafiltrate concentrations of different antibiotics routinely measured during CPFA sessions in five patients experiencing septic shock. The adsorbent extraction ratio (AER) for piperacillin and vancomycin 2 h into the CPFA session were high: 95.4 ± 6.9% and 99.6 ± 0.9%, respectively. These AER decreased significantly by 8 h (at 8 h: 6.3 ± 51.8% and -30.2 ± 25.6%, respectively), suggesting saturation of the resin cartridge. Conversely, the tazobactam AER was low (7.2 ± 15% after 2 h of CPFA). No significant changes in the mean serum concentrations of piperacillin, tazobactam, and vancomycin were observed. Thus, as opposed to tazobactam, we report high adsorption of piperacillin and vancomycin on the CPFA resin but with no reduction in serum concentrations.
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Böhmer AB, Just KS, Lefering R, Paffrath T, Bouillon B, Joppich R, Wappler F, Gerbershagen MU. Factors influencing lengths of stay in the intensive care unit for surviving trauma patients: a retrospective analysis of 30,157 cases. Crit Care 2014; 18:R143. [PMID: 25001201 PMCID: PMC4227082 DOI: 10.1186/cc13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There are many potential influencing factors that affect the duration of intensive care treatment for patients who have survived multiple trauma. Yet the respective factors’ relevance to ICU length of stay (LOS) has been rarely studied. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate to what extent specific factors influence ICU LOS in surviving trauma patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed a dataset of 30,157 surviving trauma patients from the TraumaRegister DGU® who were older than six years of age and received subsequent intensive care treatment for more than one day, from 2002 to 2011. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine 25 categorical pre- and post-trauma parameters. Results Univariate analysis confirmed the impact of all analyzed factors. In subsequent multiple linear regression analyses, coefficients ranged from -1.3 to +8.2 days. The factors that influenced the prolongation of ICU LOS most were renal failure (+8.1 days), sepsis (+7.8 days) and respiratory failure (+4.9 days). Patients spent one additional day in the ICU for every 5 additional points on the Injury Severity Score (regression coefficient +0.2 per point). Furthermore, massive transfusion (+3.3 days), invasive ventilation (+3.1 days), and an initial Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8 (+3.0 days) had a significant impact on ICU LOS. The coefficient of determination for the model was 44% (R2). Conclusions Treatment regimens, as well as secondary effects and complications of trauma and intensive care treatment, prolong ICU LOS more than the mechanism of trauma or pre-trauma patient conditions. Successful prevention of complicated courses of illness, such as sepsis and renal and respiratory failure, could significantly abbreviate the ICU stay in trauma patients. Therefore, the staff’s attention should be focused on preventive strategies.
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Pedrazza L, Lunardelli A, Luft C, Cruz CU, de Mesquita FC, Bitencourt S, Nunes FB, de Oliveira JR. Mesenchymal stem cells decrease splenocytes apoptosis in a sepsis experimental model. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:719-28. [PMID: 24888322 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potent modulators of immune responses. Sepsis is the association of a systemic inflammatory response with an infection. The aim of this study was to test the ability of MSCs derived from adipose tissue, which have immunomodulatory effects, and to inhibit the septic process in an experimental model of mice. METHODS Three experimental groups (male C57BL/6 mice) were formed for the test: control group, untreated septic group and septic group treated with MSCs (1 × 10(6) cells/animal). RESULTS In the control group, there were no deaths; in the untreated septic group, the mortality rate was 100 % within 26 h; in the septic group treated with MSCs, the mortality rate reached 40 % within 26 h. The group treated with MSCs was able to reduce the markers of tissue damage in the liver and pancreas. The treated group had a reduction of inflammatory markers. Furthermore, the MSCs-treated group was able to inhibit the increase of apoptosis in splenocytes observed in the untreated septic group. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that MSCs ameliorated the immune response with decrease of inflammatory cytokines and increase anti-inflammatory IL-10; moreover, inhibited splenocytes apoptosis and, consequently, inhibited tissue damage during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pedrazza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga 6681, prédio 12, bloco C, sala 221, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619-900, Brazil
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Berlot G, Agbedjro A, Tomasini A, Bianco F, Gerini U, Viviani M, Giudici F. Effects of the volume of processed plasma on the outcome, arterial pressure and blood procalcitonin levels in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock treated with coupled plasma filtration and adsorption. Blood Purif 2014; 37:146-51. [PMID: 24777037 DOI: 10.1159/000360268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To understand how coupled plasma filtration and adsorption (CPFA) could influence the time course of the advanced stages of sepsis, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and norepinephrine dosage. METHODS Patients with severe sepsis and septic shock with ≥2 organ failures not responding to volume resuscitation and vasopressor infusion were treated with CPFA within 8 h of admission to the intensive care unit. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were treated (median age: 63 years, median SAPS II score: 45) and 28 survived advanced sepsis. In the latter, the median MAP increased and the norepinephrine dosage decreased significantly after CPFA, whereas in the nonsurvivors these values did not change significantly. The volume of treated plasma was significantly higher in survivors than nonsurvivors. CONCLUSION These results suggest a possible existence of a dose-response effect for CPFA. Future studies are therefore recommended to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment and to determine its best timing and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Berlot
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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140
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Septic shock secondary to β-hemolytic streptococcus-induced necrotizing fasciitis treated with a novel cytokine adsorption therapy. Int J Artif Organs 2014; 37:422-6. [PMID: 24811308 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous animal studies and preliminary data from a clinical trial in septic patients demonstrated that a decrease in blood cytokine levels using an extracorporeal cytokine filter (CytoSorb) can effectively attenuate the inflammatory response during sepsis and possibly improve outcomes. METHODS A 60-year-old female was admitted to hospital due to a forearm fracture. After surgical wound care by osteosynthesis the patient developed surgical wound infection which progressed to necrotizing fasciitis. All diagnostic criteria for SIRS were evident with additional proven infection from β-hemolytic streptococcus. On admission to the ICU, the patient presented a full picture of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome due to septic shock including kidney failure, lung failure as well as thrombocytopenia, metabolic acidosis, and arterial hypotension. RESULTS After one day on mechanical ventilation and an IL-6 level of 70,000 pg/ml the patient was treated with CytoSorb therapy over a period of four days, resulting in a significant reduction of IL-6 to 66 pg/ml and an overall improvement of the patient's condition. Despite the necessity of enucleation, the patient was successfully stabilized until control of the surgical infectious source was achieved. Importantly, treatment was safe and well-tolerated, without any adverse events. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the clinical application of CytoSorb hemoadsorption in combination with a CRRT in a patient with septic shock. CytoSorb as described was able to significantly reduce IL-6 plasma levels and decrease vasopressor need while no adverse and device-related events occurred. CytoSorb seems to be an interesting and safe extracorporeal therapy to stabilize and bridge septic patients to surgery or recovery.
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Sharma AS, Weerwind PW, Maessen JG. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation in adult patients with refractory septic shock. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147:1441-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Septic shock due to community-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa necrotizing fasciitis: A case report and literature review. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1545-1548. [PMID: 24926341 PMCID: PMC4043593 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare but fatal infection, characterized by the rapid progression of necrosis of the fascia, skin, soft tissue and muscle. The most common bacteria associated with necrotizing fasciitis is group A streptococcus, although other pathogens have also been implicated. In the present study, a case of community-acquired necrotizing fasciitis, complicated with septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is presented. Despite intensive medical treatment, the condition of the patient deteriorated rapidly and the patient subsequently succumbed to multiple organ failure. In view of the rapid progression and high mortality rate of this disease, early surgery, as well as novel therapeutic approaches for septic shock are required to improve the outcome for patients.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to conduct a single-center prospective trial of short-term continuous high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS Patients with acute pancreatitis with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores of greater than 15 on admission between January 2008 and December 2010 were allocated to receive either optimal standard therapy or 72 hours of continuous HVHF on an alternate basis, beginning as soon as possible after admission. Biomarkers and clinical outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS A total of 61 patients received either conventional therapy (n = 29) or HVHF (n = 32). High-volume hemofiltration treatment was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of renal failure (P = 0.013), infected pancreatic necrosis (P = 0.048), length of hospitalization (P = 0.005), mortality (P = 0.033), as well as duration of renal (P < 0.001), respiratory (P = 0.002), and hepatic failure (P = 0.001). Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 levels were significantly reduced after the start of HVHF on days 1, 3, and 7 (all, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that short-term HVHF may reduce local and systemic complications and mortality in patients with SAP with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score of greater than 15.
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High-volume hemofiltration for septic acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2014; 18:R7. [PMID: 24398168 PMCID: PMC4057068 DOI: 10.1186/cc13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction High-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) is an attractive therapy for the treatment of septic acute kidney injury (AKI). Small experimental and uncontrolled studies have suggested hemodynamic and survival benefits at higher doses of HVHF than those used for the high-intensity arms of the RENAL and ATN studies. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF) compared with standard-volume hemofiltration (SVHF) for septic AKI. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of publications between 1966 and 2013 was performed. The review was limited to randomized-controlled trials that compared HVHF (effluent rate greater than 50 ml/kg per hour) versus SVHF in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock. The primary outcome assessed was 28-day mortality. Other outcomes assessed were recovery of kidney function, lengths of ICU and hospital stays, vasopressor dose reduction, and adverse events. Results Four trials, including 470 total participants, were included. Pooled analysis for 28-day mortality did not show any meaningful difference between HVHF compared with SVHF (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.45 to 1.29). No included studies reported statistically significant differences between groups for any of the secondary outcomes. Adverse events, including hypophosphatemia and hypokalemia, were more commonly observed in HVHF-treated patients, although reporting was inconsistent across studies. Conclusions Insufficient evidence exists of a therapeutic benefit for routine use of HVHF for septic AKI, other than on an experimental basis. Given the logistic challenges related to patient recruitment along with an incomplete understanding of the biologic mechanisms by which HVHF may modify outcomes, further trials should focus on alternative extracorporeal therapies as an adjuvant therapy for septic AKI rather than HVHF.
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Hémodialyse continue avec membrane super high-flux au cours d’un choc septique : application clinique. Nephrol Ther 2013; 9:497-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2013.07.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wańkowicz Z. The role of technological progress vs. accidental discoveries and clinical experience. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:984-92. [PMID: 24226207 PMCID: PMC3843571 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 50th anniversary of dialysotherapy celebrated by nephrologists around the world in 2012 provided an opportunity for discussion on the role of clinical experience in relation to technological progress in the evolution of dialysis, especially of recently observed inadequate decrease in mortality/morbidity rates of patients on chronic dialysis. My report, based on almost 50 years of career in nephrology, refers the evolution of dialysis, from catharsis to modern dialysotherapy with special attention devoted to nowadays gravely underestimated role of clinical experience and personalized professional care for patients.
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Extracorporeal organ support following trauma: the dawn of a new era in combat casualty critical care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 75:S120-8; discussion S128-9. [PMID: 23883896 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318299d0cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cytokine removal on extracorporeal life support for treatment of acute endotoxemia: a randomized controlled animal study. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:4699-704. [PMID: 23954008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of resin adsorption incorporated in an extracorporeal life support (ELS) circuit in an animal model of sepsis for removal of cytokines and prevention of hemodynamic deterioration during the treatment of septic shock. METHODS Twelve female landrace pigs were randomly assigned to two groups, a study group(n=6), treated with high-flow resin adsorption (300 mL/min) and ELS, and a control group (n=6), treated only with ELS. Septic shock was induced by intravenous 0.02 μg/kg/min infusion was of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Measurements were carried out in the study group at baseline, at the end of LPS injection(t0) at 30(t1), 60(t2), 90(t3) and 120 min (t4) and 60 min after stopping resin-adsorption (t5). In the control group measurements were performed at baseline (t0), t1 and only t2, as no control animal survived beyond this latter experimental timepoint. RESULTS The final population consisted of 9 animals, five in the study group and 4 in the control group. Plasma values of both tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were reduced during resin-adsorption (t1-t4) while these mediators increased in controls undergoing ELS only. With a clearance of TNF-α of 15,233 pg/min and IL-6 of 10,233 pg/min, 79.2% of TNF-α and 95.3% of IL-6 produced were adsorbed. Systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly in both groups at t0. While it further was reduced during the control experiments at t1 and t2, it returned to normal in the study animals. Cardiac output increased at t0, t1 and t2 in the control experiments. In contrast, in study animals after a peak at t0, it returned to the baseline value and did not vary thereafter. CONCLUSIONS Combined resin-adsorption and ELS improved hemodynamics resulting from effective removal of inflammatory mediators in a pig model of septic shock.
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Rimmelé T, Kaynar AM, McLaughlin JN, Bishop JV, Fedorchak MV, Chuasuwan A, Peng Z, Singbartl K, Frederick DR, Zhu L, Carter M, Federspiel WJ, Zeevi A, Kellum JA. Leukocyte capture and modulation of cell-mediated immunity during human sepsis: an ex vivo study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2013; 17:R59. [PMID: 23531333 PMCID: PMC3672497 DOI: 10.1186/cc12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Sepsis remains an important challenge in pediatric critical care medicine. This review provides an appraisal of adjunctive therapies for sepsis and highlights opportunities for meeting selected challenges in the field. Future clinical studies should address long-term and functional outcomes as well as acute outcomes. Potential adjunctive therapies such as corticosteroids, hemofiltration, hemoadsorption, and plasmapheresis may have important roles, but still require formal and more rigorous testing by way of clinical trials. Finally, the design of future clinical trials should consider novel approaches for stratifying outcome risks as a means of improving the risk-to-benefit ratio of experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hanna
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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