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Jiang G, Hong J, Shao F, Wen Q, Cheng F, Yu T, Zhu J. Evolution of Immunotherapy for Ovarian Cancer from a Bird's-Eye Perspective: A Text-Mining Analysis of Publication Trends and Topics. Front Oncol 2022; 12:795129. [PMID: 35280816 PMCID: PMC8907843 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.795129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ovarian tumors are among the most prominent gynecological malignancies and have a poor prognosis. Immunotherapy has undergone incredible progress in the past two decades. Our study aimed to use a bibliometric approach to identify research trends in ovarian cancer immunotherapy. Methods Literature on this topic published from 2000-2020 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Citation database and analyzed using the bibliometric analysis software VOSviewer and CiteSpace. Results A total of 1729 articles on ovarian cancer immunotherapy published from January 2000 to December 2020 were identified. The number of published articles increased each year, from 40 in 2000 to 209 in 2020. These publications were from 61 countries, and the USA showed a dominant position in publication output, total citations, and average number of citations per paper. Co-citation networks revealed 14 subtopics. 'PD-L1 expression,' 'tumor reactive til,' and 'parp inhibitor' are the current potential subtopics. Furthermore, we determined research trends according to the timeline analysis. Conclusion Our study exhaustively describes the development and summarizes the research trends of ovarian cancer immunotherapy over the past 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Jiang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Hong
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Tunan Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqing Zhu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
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Taina-González L, de la Fuente M. The Potential of Nanomedicine to Unlock the Limitless Applications of mRNA. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:460. [PMID: 35214191 PMCID: PMC8879057 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2020 was a turning point in the way society perceives science. Messenger RNA (mRNA) technology finally showed and shared its potential, starting a new era in medicine. However, there is no doubt that commercialization of these vaccines would not have been possible without nanotechnology, which has finally answered the long-term question of how to deliver mRNA in vivo. The aim of this review is to showcase the importance of this scientific milestone for the development of additional mRNA therapeutics. Firstly, we provide a full description of the marketed vaccine formulations and disclose LNPs' pharmaceutical properties, including composition, structure, and manufacturing considerations Additionally, we review different types of lipid-based delivery technologies currently in preclinical and clinical development, namely lipoplexes and cationic nanoemulsions. Finally, we highlight the most promising clinical applications of mRNA in different fields such as vaccinology, immuno-oncology, gene therapy for rare genetic diseases and gene editing using CRISPR Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taina-González
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María de la Fuente
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Cancer Network Research (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- DIVERSA Technologies, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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103
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Long Noncoding RNA TUG1 Inhibits Tumor Progression through Regulating Siglec-15-Related Anti-Immune Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9557859. [PMID: 35237695 PMCID: PMC8885264 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9557859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death, and its biology remains poorly understood, especially in regards to the immunosuppression induced by immune checkpoints, such as Siglec-15. Most cancer treatments composed of immune checkpoint inhibitors and oncogene-targeted drugs display a better therapeutic effect in the clinic, including tumor progression inhibition and immunosuppression breaks. However, two or more drugs will result in a greater possibility of adverse effects. Thus, a double-function target is necessary for developing antitumor drugs, such as RNAi therapy. Methods The expression of TUG1, Siglec-15, and miRNAs was evaluated by qPCR, and protein expression was analyzed by western blotting. The immune responses were evaluated by a Jurkat-reporter gene assay, a T cell-induced cytotoxicity assay, and IFN-γ/IL-2 release. The interactions among TUG1, Siglec-15, and miRNAs were verified by dual-luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull-down assays. CCK-8 and Transwell assays were used to determine tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Results In HCC patients and cells, increased TUG1 levels were observed, positively regulating Siglec-15 expression. TUG1-induced Siglec-15 upregulation resulted in the suppression of the immune response of HCC cells. hsa-miR-582-5p directly targeted TUG1 and Siglec-15 mRNA, and ihsa-miR-582-5p knockout prevented the regulation of Siglec-15 induced by THU1. Changes in hsa-miR-582-5p expression negatively regulated Siglec-15 levels and immunosuppression but had no influence on TUG1 levels. siRNA knockdown of TUG1 effectively led to tumor progression inhibition and immune response improvement in HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion TUG1 increases the Siglec-15 level in HCC cells as a sponge to hsa-miR-582-5p, resulting in enhanced immunosuppression. TUG1 knockdown induced by siRNA not only reduces immunosuppression but also suppresses tumor progression both in vitro and in vivo. These novel findings may provide a potential and appropriate target for RNAi therapy to develop drugs with dual antitumor activity.
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Aru B, Soltani M, Pehlivanoglu C, Gürlü E, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, Yanikkaya Demirel G. Comparison of Laboratory Methods for the Clinical Follow Up of Checkpoint Blockade Therapies in Leukemia: Current Status and Challenges Ahead. Front Oncol 2022; 12:789728. [PMID: 35155232 PMCID: PMC8829140 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.789728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the monoclonal antibodies that modulate the interaction between immune checkpoint molecules or their ligands on the immune cells or tumor tissue has revolutionized cancer treatment. While there are various studies proving their efficacy in hematological malignancies, there is also a body of accumulating evidence indicating that immune checkpoint inhibitors’ clinical benefits are limited in such diseases. In addition, due to their regulatory nature that balances the immune responses, blockade of immune checkpoints may lead to toxic side effects and autoimmune responses, and even primary or acquired resistance mechanisms may restrict their success. Thus, the need for laboratory biomarkers to identify and monitor patient populations who are more likely respond to this type of therapy and the management of side effects seem critical. However, guidelines regarding the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hematological cancers and during follow-up are limited while there is no consensus on the laboratory parameters to be investigated for safety and efficacy of the treatment. This review aims to provide an insight into recent information on predictive and prognostic value of biomarkers and laboratory tests for the clinical follow up of hematological malignancies, with an emphasis on leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Aru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mojdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cemil Pehlivanoglu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hatay Training and Research Hospital, Antakya, Turkey
| | - Ege Gürlü
- Faculty of Medicine 4thYear Student, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yu J, Sun H, Cao W, Song Y, Jiang Z. Research progress on dendritic cell vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:3. [PMID: 35074008 PMCID: PMC8784280 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines induce specific immune responses that can selectively eliminate target cells. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to explore DC vaccination in the treatment of hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, as well as other nonleukemia malignancies. There are at least two different strategies that use DCs to promote antitumor immunity: in situ vaccination and canonical vaccination. Monocyte-derived DCs (mo-DCs) and leukemia-derived DCs (DCleu) are the main types of DCs used in vaccines for AML and MDS thus far. Different cancer-related molecules such as peptides, recombinant proteins, apoptotic leukemic cells, whole tumor cells or lysates and DCs/DCleu containing a vaster antigenic repertoire with RNA electroporation, have been used as antigen sources to load DCs. To enhance DC vaccine efficacy, new strategies, such as combination with conventional chemotherapy, monospecific/bispecific antibodies and immune checkpoint-targeting therapies, have been explored. After a decade of trials and tribulations, much progress has been made and much promise has emerged in the field. In this review we summarize the recent advances in DC vaccine immunotherapy for AML/MDS as well as other nonleukemia malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Gene Regulation, Henan University College of Medicine, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Hao Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Weijie Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China.
| | - Zhongxing Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Yi M, Zheng X, Niu M, Zhu S, Ge H, Wu K. Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:28. [PMID: 35062949 PMCID: PMC8780712 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 262.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 rescue T cells from exhausted status and revive immune response against cancer cells. Based on the immense success in clinical trials, ten α-PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, sintilimab, camrelizumab, toripalimab, tislelizumab, zimberelimab, prolgolimab, and dostarlimab) and three α-PD-L1 antibodies (atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab) have been approved for various types of cancers. Nevertheless, the low response rate of α-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy remains to be resolved. For most cancer patients, PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is not the sole speed-limiting factor of antitumor immunity, and it is insufficient to motivate effective antitumor immune response by blocking PD-1/PD-L1 axis. It has been validated that some combination therapies, including α-PD-1/PD-L1 plus chemotherapy, radiotherapy, angiogenesis inhibitors, targeted therapy, other immune checkpoint inhibitors, agonists of the co-stimulatory molecule, stimulator of interferon genes agonists, fecal microbiota transplantation, epigenetic modulators, or metabolic modulators, have superior antitumor efficacies and higher response rates. Moreover, bifunctional or bispecific antibodies containing α-PD-1/PD-L1 moiety also elicited more potent antitumor activity. These combination strategies simultaneously boost multiple processes in cancer-immunity cycle, remove immunosuppressive brakes, and orchestrate an immunosupportive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarized the synergistic antitumor efficacies and mechanisms of α-PD-1/PD-L1 in combination with other therapies. Moreover, we focused on the advances of α-PD-1/PD-L1-based immunomodulatory strategies in clinical studies. Given the heterogeneity across patients and cancer types, individualized combination selection could improve the effects of α-PD-1/PD-L1-based immunomodulatory strategies and relieve treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Hong Ge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
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Wu L, Wang W, Tian J, Qi C, Cai Z, Yan W, Xuan S, Shang A. Combination therapy with Nab-paclitaxel and the interleukin-15 fused with anti-human serum albumin nanobody as a synergistic treatment for colorectal cancer. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1942-1951. [PMID: 35019820 PMCID: PMC8805949 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2023997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determines the effect of Nab-paclitaxel in combination with IL-15 fusion protein, containing IL-15 and an anti-HSA nanobody domain, on colorectal cancer bearing mice. In vitro binding test of IL15 fusion protein to HSA and Nab-paclitaxel, as well as CTLL-2 cell stimulation assay were performed. The tumor inhibitory effects of Nab-paclitaxel in combination with IL-15 fusion protein was evaluated in the HCT116 bearing murine model. Moreover, the population and function of cytotoxic T cells and M1 macrophages, as well as MDSCs and Treg cells, were also further examined. As a result, combination therapy of Nab-paclitaxel and IL-15 fusion protein effectively inhibits the tumor growth and produced a 78% reduction in tumor size for HCT116, as compared to vehicle group. In the TDLN for the combination group, there were 18% of CD8+ IFN-γ + T-cells and 0.47% CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells, as opposed to 5.0% and 5.1%, respectively, for the model control group. Combination therapy further exhibited enhanced suppressive effects on the accumulation of CD11b+GR-1+ MDSC in spleen and bone marrow. Furthermore, Nab-paclitaxel and IL-15 fusion protein showed a significant suppression of NF-κB-mediated immune suppressive markers and increased expression of CD8, Granzyme B, CD62L, CD49b, and CD86 without obvious organ toxicity. In conclusion, combination therapy of Nab-paclitaxel and IL-15 fusion protein can effectively stimulate the antitumor activity of immune effector cells, thereby inhibiting immunosuppressive cells within the TME of colorectal cancer, and the overall therapeutic effect has a significant advantage over monotherapy.AbbreviationsInterleukin 15, IL-15; Human serum albumin, HSA; Myeloid-derived suppressor cells, MDSC; Albumin binding domain, ABD; Tumor drainage lymph node, TDLN; Natural killer (NK); Tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN); Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte, TIL; Immunogenic cell death, ICD; Enhanced permeability retention, EPR; Liposomal doxorubicin, Doxil; 5-fluorouracil, 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipei Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongtai People's Hospital & Dongtai Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tinghu People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Jiale Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunrun Qi
- Department of Pathology, Tinghu People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tinghu People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Wenhui Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tinghu People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China
| | - Shihai Xuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongtai People's Hospital & Dongtai Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, China
| | - Anquan Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Michielin O, Lalani AK, Robert C, Sharma P, Peters S. Defining unique clinical hallmarks for immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e003024. [PMID: 35078922 PMCID: PMC8796265 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionImmuno-oncology therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have transformed cancer care and have brought into question whether classic oncology efficacy assessments adequately describe the distinctive responses observed with these agents. With more ICI-based therapies being approved across multiple tumor types, it is essential to define unique clinical hallmarks of these agents and their associated assessments to better reflect the therapeutic impact for both patients and physicians. Long-term survival and objective responses, such as depth and durability of responses, treatment-free survival, efficacy in brain metastases, improved health-related quality of life, and unique safety profiles, are among the hallmarks that have emerged for ICI therapies. An established clinical hallmark is a sustained long-term survival, as evidenced by a delayed separation of Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and a plateau at ~3 years. Combination ICI therapies provide the opportunity to raise this plateau, thereby affording durable survival benefits to more patients. Deepening of responses over time is a unique clinical ICI hallmark, with patients responding long term and with more durable complete responses. Depth of response has demonstrated prognostic value for long-term survival in some cancers, and several ICI studies have shown sustained responses even after discontinuing ICI therapy, offering the potential for treatment-free intervals. Although clinical evidence supporting efficacy in brain metastases is limited, favorable ICI intracranial responses have been seen that are largely concordant with extracranial responses. While patient outcomes can be significantly improved with ICIs, they are associated with unique immune-mediated adverse reactions (IMARs), including delayed ICI toxicities, and may require multidisciplinary management for optimal care. Interestingly, patients discontinuing ICIs for IMARs may maintain responses similar to patients who did not discontinue for an IMAR, whether they restarted ICI therapy or not.ConclusionHerein, we comprehensively review and refine the clinical hallmarks uniquely associated with ICI therapies, which not only will rejuvenate our assessment of ICI therapeutic outcomes but also will lead to a greater appreciation of the effectiveness of ICI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aly-Khan Lalani
- Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline Robert
- Department of Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Solange Peters
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Motofei IG. Nobel Prize for immune checkpoint inhibitors, understanding the immunological switching between immunosuppression and autoimmunity. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:599-612. [PMID: 34937484 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a revolutionary form of immunotherapy in cancer. However, the percentage of patients responding to therapy is relatively low, while adverse effects occur in a large number of patients. In addition, the therapeutic mechanisms of ICIs are not yet completely described. AREAS COVERED The initial view (articles published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, etc.) was that ICIs increase tumor-specific immunity. Recent data (collected from the same databases) suggest that the ICIs pharmacotherapy actually extends beyond the topic of immune reactivity, including additional immune pathways, such as disrupting immunosuppression and increasing tumor-specific autoimmunity. Unfortunately, there is no clear delimitation between these specific autoimmune reactions that are therapeutically beneficial, and nonspecific autoimmune reactions/toxicity that can be extremely severe side effects. EXPERT OPINION Immune checkpoint mechanisms perform a non-selective immune regulation, maintaining a dynamic balance between immunosuppression and autoimmunity. By blocking these mechanisms, ICIs actually perform an immunological reset, decreasing immunosuppression and increasing tumor-specific immunity and predisposition to autoimmunity. The predisposition to autoimmunity induces both side effects and beneficial autoimmunity. Consequently, further studies are necessary to maximize the beneficial tumor-specific autoimmunity, while reducing the counterproductive effect of associated autoimmune toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion G Motofei
- Department of Surgery/ Oncology, Carol Davila University, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Surgery/ Oncology, St. Pantelimon Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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Zeng H, Shen Y, Hirachan S, Bhandari A, Zhang X. Pan-cancer investigation of CENPK gene: clinical significance and oncogenic immunology. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:13336-13355. [PMID: 35035680 PMCID: PMC8748151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have confirmed that the CENPK gene regulates the progression of cancers, but its specific molecular mechanism remains unidentified, as does its significance in the analysis of human cancers. We specify a comprehensive genomic architecture of the CENPK gene associated with the tumor immune microenvironment and its clinical relevance across a broad spectrum of solid tumors. Statistics from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) of over 30 solid tumors were examined. CENPK was expressed differentially in several cancers and is significantly associated in survival outcomes, with higher CENPK signifying a worse prognosis for ACC, KICH, KIRC, KIRP, LGG, LIHC, LUAD, MESO, and SARC. We further examined its clinical relevance with tumor immunogenic features. The expression level of CENPK was not only strongly linked to the tumor infiltration, such as tumor-infiltrating immune cells and immune scores but also linked to microsatellite instability and tumor mutation burden in diverse cancers (P<0.05). I mmune markers such as TNFRSF14 and VSIR were highly expressed on over 20 kinds of human cancer and mismatch repair genes like MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 were positively related with CENPK expression. Moreover, the methyltransferases and functional pathways also seem to have a relationship with the CENPK. CENPK is expected to be a guiding marker gene for clinical prognosis and tumor personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqian Zeng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suzita Hirachan
- Department of General Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Unit, Tribhuvan University Teaching HospitalKathmandu, Nepal
| | - Adheesh Bhandari
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Wenzhou Central HospitalWenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
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Gou S, Liu W, Wang S, Chen G, Chen Z, Qiu L, Zhou X, Wu Y, Qi Y, Gao Y. Engineered Nanovaccine Targeting Clec9a + Dendritic Cells Remarkably Enhances the Cancer Immunotherapy Effects of STING Agonist. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9939-9950. [PMID: 34779631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agonists of the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) are considered as promising therapeutics for cancer immunotherapy. However, drug-delivery barriers and adverse effects limit the clinical application of STING agonists. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop an ideal delivery system to deliver STING agonists and avoid side effects. Here, we discovered that STING agonists significantly stimulated type I interferon (IFN) secretion in Clec9a+ dendritic cells (DCs). Then, we designed an engineered peptide-expressed biomimetic cancer cell membrane (EPBM)-coated nanovaccine drug-delivery system (PLGA/STING@EPBM) to deliver STING agonists and tumor antigens to Clec9a+ DCs. The PLGA/STING@EPBM nanovaccine significantly enhanced IFN-stimulated expression of genes and antigen cross-presentation of Clec9a+ DCs, thus eliciting strong antitumor effects in both anti-PD-1-responsive and -resistant tumor models without obvious cytotoxicity. Moreover, the PLGA/STING@EPBM nanovaccine combined with radiotherapy exhibited remarkable synergistic antitumor effects. Our work highlights the great potential of a EPBM-coated nanovaccine for systemic STING agonist delivery as an attractive tool for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Gou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lu Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiuman Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yahong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanming Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Protein and Peptide Drugs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Halma J, Pierce S, McLennan R, Bradley T, Fischer R. Natural killer cells in liver transplantation: Can we harness the power of the immune checkpoint to promote tolerance? Clin Transl Sci 2021; 15:1091-1103. [PMID: 34866338 PMCID: PMC9099129 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles that natural killer (NK) cells play in liver disease and transplantation remain ill‐defined. Reports on the matter are often contradictory, and the mechanisms elucidated are complex and dependent on the context of the model tested. Moreover, NK cell attributes, such as receptor protein expression and function differ among species, make study of primate or rodent transplant models challenging. Recent insights into NK function and NK‐mediated therapy in the context of cancer therapy may prove applicable to transplantation. Of specific interest are immune checkpoint molecules and the mechanisms by which they modulate NK cells in the tumor micro‐environment. In this review, we summarize NK cell populations in the peripheral blood and liver, and we explore the data regarding the expression and function of immune checkpoint molecules on NK cells. We also hypothesize about the roles they could play in liver transplantation and discuss how they might be harnessed therapeutically in transplant sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Halma
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephen Pierce
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ryan Fischer
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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113
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Mc Donald D, Goulden E, Cullen G, Crown J, Crowley RK. Myxoedema coma caused by immunotherapy-related thyroiditis and enteritis. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2021; 2021:EDM210130. [PMID: 34634765 PMCID: PMC8558892 DOI: 10.1530/edm-21-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Thyroid dysfunction is among the most common immune-related adverse reactions associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. It most commonly manifests as painless thyroiditis followed by permanent hypothyroidism. This usually causes mild toxicity that does not interfere with oncological treatment. In rare instances, however, a life-threatening form of decompensated hypothyroidism called myxoedema coma may develop. We present a case of myxoedema coma in a woman in her sixties who was treated with a combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors; for stage four malignant melanoma. She became hypothyroid and required thyroxine replacement after an episode of painless thyroiditis. Six months after the initial diagnosis of malignant melanoma, she presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, profuse diarrhoea, lethargy and confusion. She was drowsy, hypotensive with a BP of 60/40 mmHg, hyponatraemic and hypoglycaemic. Thyroid function tests (TFTs) indicated profound hypothyroidism with a TSH of 19 mIU/L, and undetectable fT3 and fT4, despite the patient being compliant with thyroxine. She was diagnosed with a myxoedema coma caused by immune-related enteritis and subsequent thyroxine malabsorption. The patient was treated with i.v. triiodothyronine (T3) and methylprednisolone in the ICU. While her clinical status improved with T3 replacement, her enteritis was refractory to steroid therapy. A thyroxine absorption test confirmed persistent malabsorption. Attempts to revert to oral thyroxine were unsuccessful. Unfortunately, the patient's malignant melanoma progressed significantly and she passed away four months later. This is the first reported case of myxoedema coma that resulted from two distinct immune-related adverse reactions, namely painless thyroiditis and enterocolitis. LEARNING POINTS Myxoedema coma, a severe form of decompensated hypothyroidism is a rare immunotherapy-related endocrinopathy. Myxedema coma should be treated with either i.v. triiodothyronine (T3) or i.v. thyroxine (T4). Intravenous glucocorticoids should be co-administered with thyroid hormone replacement to avoid precipitating an adrenal crisis. Thyroid function tests (TFTs) should be monitored closely in individuals with hypothyroidism and diarrhoea due to the risk of thyroxine malabsorption. A thyroxine absorption test can be used to confirm thyroxine malabsorption in individuals with persistent hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darran Mc Donald
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eirena Goulden
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Garret Cullen
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Oncology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel K Crowley
- Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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114
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Zhu S, Zhang T, Zheng L, Liu H, Song W, Liu D, Li Z, Pan CX. Combination strategies to maximize the benefits of cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:156. [PMID: 34579759 PMCID: PMC8475356 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) have revolutionized cancer treatment, especially in patients whose disease was otherwise considered incurable. However, primary and secondary resistance to single agent immunotherapy often results in treatment failure, and only a minority of patients experience long-term benefits. This review article will discuss the relationship between cancer immune response and mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy. It will also provide a comprehensive review on the latest clinical status of combination therapies (e.g., immunotherapy with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy), and discuss combination therapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. It will provide an overview of therapies targeting cytokines and other soluble immunoregulatory factors, ACT, virotherapy, innate immune modifiers and cancer vaccines, as well as combination therapies that exploit alternative immune targets and other therapeutic modalities. Finally, this review will include the stimulating insights from the 2020 China Immuno-Oncology Workshop co-organized by the Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), the China National Medical Product Administration (NMPA) and Tsinghua University School of Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoming Zhu
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, DUMC 103861, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA.,The Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA.,University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wenru Song
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA.,Kira Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA.,New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA. .,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA.
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115
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Montisci A, Vietri MT, Palmieri V, Sala S, Donatelli F, Napoli C. Cardiac Toxicity Associated with Cancer Immunotherapy and Biological Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4797. [PMID: 34638281 PMCID: PMC8508330 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy significantly contributed to an improvement in the prognosis of cancer patients. Immunotherapy, including human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T), share the characteristic to exploit the capabilities of the immune system to kill cancerous cells. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against HER2 that prevents HER2-mediated signaling; it is administered mainly in HER2-positive cancers, such as breast, colorectal, biliary tract, and non-small-cell lung cancers. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) inhibit the binding of CTLA-4 or PD-1 to PDL-1, allowing T cells to kill cancerous cells. ICI can be used in melanomas, non-small-cell lung cancer, urothelial, and head and neck cancer. There are two main types of T-cell transfer therapy: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (or TIL) therapy and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cell therapy, mainly applied for B-cell lymphoma and leukemia and mantle-cell lymphoma. HER2-targeted therapies, mainly trastuzumab, are associated with left ventricular dysfunction, usually reversible and rarely life-threatening. PD/PDL-1 inhibitors can cause myocarditis, rare but potentially fulminant and associated with a high fatality rate. CAR-T therapy is associated with several cardiac toxic effects, mainly in the context of a systemic adverse effect, the cytokines release syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Montisci
- Division of Cardiothoracic Intensive Care, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Palmieri
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantation, Ospedali dei Colli Monaldi-Cotugno-CTO, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Silvia Sala
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Donatelli
- Cardiac Surgery, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Istituto Clinico Sant’Ambrogio, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, University Department of Advanced Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Naples, Italy;
- IRCCS SDN, 80143 Naples, Italy
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Modulating Tumor Microenvironment: A Review on STK11 Immune Properties and Predictive vs Prognostic Role for Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2021; 22:96. [PMID: 34524570 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The quest for immunotherapy (IT) biomarkers is an element of highest clinical interest in both solid and hematologic tumors. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, besides PD-L1 expression evaluation with its intrinsic limitations, tissue and circulating parameters, likely portraying the tumor and its stromal/immune counterparts, have been proposed as potential predictors of IT responsiveness. STK11 mutations have been globally labeled as markers of IT resistance. After a thorough literature review, STK11 mutations condition the prognosis of NSCLC patients receiving ICI-containing regimens, implying a relevant biological and clinical significance. On the other hand, waiting for prospective and solid data, the putative negative predictive value of STK11 inactivation towards IT is sustained by less evidence. The physiologic regulation of multiple cellular pathways performed by STK11 likely explains the multifaceted modifications in tumor cells, stroma, and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) observed in STK11 mutant lung cancer, particularly explored in the molecular subgroup of KRAS co-mutation. IT approaches available thus far in NSCLC, mainly represented by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, are not promising in the case of STK11 inactivation. Perceptive strategies aimed at modulating the TIME, regardless of STK11 status or specifically addressed to STK11-mutated cases, will hopefully provide valid therapeutic options to be adopted in the clinical practice.
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117
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Liu H, Pan C, Song W, Liu D, Li Z, Zheng L. Novel strategies for immuno-oncology breakthroughs with cell therapy. Biomark Res 2021; 9:62. [PMID: 34332618 PMCID: PMC8325826 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has evolved rapidly in the past several years with more than 250 clinical trials ongoing around the world. While more indications of cellular therapy with chimeric antigen receptor - engineered T cells (CAR-T) are approved for hematologic malignancies, new concepts and strategies of cellular therapy for solid tumors are emerging and are discussed. These developments include better selections of targets by shifting from tumor-associated antigens to personalized tumor-specific neoantigens, an enhancement of T cell trafficking by breaking the stromal barriers, and a rejuvenation of exhausted T cells by targeting immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite significant remaining challenges, we believe that cell therapy will once again lead and revolutionize cancer immunotherapy before long because of the maturation of technologies in T cell engineering, target selection and T cell delivery. This review highlighted the recent progresses reported at the 2020 China Immuno-Oncology Workshop co-organized by the Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), the China National Medical Product Administration (NMPA), and Tsinghua University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA.
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Chongxian Pan
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA
- Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenru Song
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA
- Kira Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lei Zheng
- Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network, New York, NY, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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118
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Zhao X, Pan X, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Targeting neoantigens for cancer immunotherapy. Biomark Res 2021; 9:61. [PMID: 34321091 PMCID: PMC8317330 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoantigens, a type of tumor-specific antigens derived from non-synonymous mutations, have recently been characterized as attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. Owing to the development of next-generation sequencing and utilization of machine-learning algorithms, it has become feasible to computationally predict neoantigens by depicting genetic alterations, aberrant post-transcriptional mRNA processing and abnormal mRNA translation events within tumor tissues. Consequently, neoantigen-based therapies such as cancer vaccines have been widely tested in clinical trials and have demonstrated promising safety and efficacy, opening a new era for cancer immunotherapy. We systematically summarize recent advances in the identification of both personalized and public neoantigens, neoantigen formulations and neoantigen-based clinical trials in this review. Moreover, we discuss future techniques and strategies for neoantigen-based cancer treatment either as a monotherapy or as a combination therapy with radiotherapy, chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Pan
- Shenzhen NeoCura Biotechnology Corporation, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Shenzhen NeoCura Biotechnology Corporation, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center & Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
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119
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Singh DD, Yadav DK. TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080876. [PMID: 34440080 PMCID: PMC8389539 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous, recurring cancer associated with a high rate of metastasis, poor prognosis, and lack of therapeutic targets. Although target-based therapeutic options are approved for other cancers, only limited therapeutic options are available for TNBC. Cell signaling and receptor-specific targets are reportedly effective in patients with TNBC under specific clinical conditions. However, most of these cancers are unresponsive, and there is a requirement for more effective treatment modalities. Further, there is a lack of effective biomarkers that can distinguish TNBC from other BC subtypes. ER, PR, and HER2 help identify TNBC and are widely used to identify patients who are most likely to respond to diverse therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the possible treatment options for TNBC based on its inherent subtype receptors and pathways, such as p53 signaling, AKT signaling, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage, and programmed cell death, which play essential roles at multiple stages of TNBC development. We focus on poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1, androgen receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor as well as the application of nanomedicine and immunotherapy in TNBC and discuss their potential applications in drug development for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desh Deepak Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India;
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21924, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-820-4948
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120
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Stern PL, Dalianis T. Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:1234. [PMID: 34202255 PMCID: PMC8310271 DOI: 10.3390/v13071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are marginally decreasing due to the reduction in exposure to the major risk factors, tobacco and alcohol, the incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharynx squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC), especially those in the tonsil and base of tongue subsites, are increasing. Patients with the latter are younger, display a longer overall survival, and show a lower recurrence rate after standard-of-care treatment than those with HPV-negative OPSCC. This may reflect an important role for immune surveillance and control during the natural history of the virally driven tumour development. Immune deviation through acquisition of immune-suppressive factors in the tumour microenvironment (TME) is discussed in relation to treatment response. Understanding how the different immune factors are integrated in the TME battleground offers opportunities for identifying prognostic biomarkers as well as novel therapeutic strategies. OPSCC generally receive surgery or radiotherapy for early-stage tumour treatment, but many patients present with locoregionally advanced disease requiring multimodality therapies which can involve considerable complications. This review focuses on the utilization of newly emerged immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1/PD-L1 pathway) for treatment of HNSCC, in particular HPV-positive OPSCC, since they could be less toxic and more efficacious. PD-1/PD-L1 expression in the TME has been extensively investigated as a biomarker of patient response but is yet to provide a really effective means for stratification of treatment. Extensive testing of combinations of therapeutic approaches by types and sequencing will fuel the next evolution of treatment for OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Stern
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | - Tina Dalianis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum J6:20, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
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121
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Buyansky D, Fallaha C, Gougeon F, Pépin MN, Cailhier JF, Beaubien-Souligny W. Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis in a Patient on Anti-Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Triggered by COVID-19: A Case Report. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2021; 8:20543581211014745. [PMID: 34046182 PMCID: PMC8138284 DOI: 10.1177/20543581211014745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of various
types of cancers. The downside of using such molecules is the potential risk of
developing immune-related adverse events. Factors that trigger these autoimmune side
effects are yet to be elucidated. Although any organ can potentially be affected, kidney
involvement is usually rare. In this case report, we describe the first known instance
of a patient being treated with an inhibitor of programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1, a
checkpoint inhibitor) who develops acute tubulointerstitial nephritis after contracting
the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Presenting concerns of the patient: A 62-year-old patient, on immunotherapy treatment for stage 4 squamous cell carcinoma,
presents to the emergency department with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection.
Severe acute kidney injury is discovered with electrolyte imbalances requiring urgent
dialysis initiation. Further testing reveals that the patient has contracted the severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Diagnosis: A kidney biopsy was performed and was compatible with acute tubulointerstitial
nephritis. Interventions: The patient was treated with high dose corticosteroid therapy followed by progressive
tapering. Outcomes: Rapid and sustained normalization of kidney function was achieved after completion of
the steroid course. Novel findings: We hypothesize that the viral infection along with checkpoint inhibitor use has created
a proinflammatory environment which led to a loss of self-tolerance to renal parenchyma.
Viruses may play a more important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity in this
patient population than was previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - François Gougeon
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Noëlle Pépin
- Division of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Wang YL, Wei MB, Zhao WW, Feng LL, Yin XK, Bai SM, Wan XB, Hung MC, Zou AZ, Wang MH, Zheng J, Qin C, Fan XJ. Glycosylation of Siglec15 promotes immunoescape and tumor growth. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2291-2302. [PMID: 34094685 PMCID: PMC8167674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Siglec15 is a recently characterized immunosuppressive transmembrane protein, which expresses in various types of solid tumors and promotes cancer development. Several studies reported that Siglec15 is a prognostic biomarker of cancer patients, and targeting Siglec15 may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy. However, the regulation of Siglec15 function remains unclear. Here we show that the immunosuppression activity of Siglec15 is largely modulated by N-glycosylation. Through mass spectrum and site mutation analysis, we identified that Siglec15 was extensively glycosylated at N172 (N173 for mouse) in cancer cells. Meanwhile, Siglec15 N172Q had a similar molecular weight with PNGase-F-treated Siglec15, suggesting N172 as the only one glycosylation residue. In xenograft model, glycosylation deficiency of Siglec15 reduced tumor growth in C57BL/6 mice, but had no impact in nude mice, indicating the requirement of N-glycosylation for immunosuppressive function of Siglec15. Furthermore, colorectal cancer patients with high Siglec15 expression had a poor response to neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and short survival time. Interestingly, removal of N-glycosylation enhances the detection of Siglec15, which may be employed in the prediction of immunotherapy response. Together, our results disclose a pivotal role of glycosylated Siglec15 in tumor immune escape, which may be a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ming-Biao Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Wan-Wen Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Li Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Ke Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Mei Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiang-Bo Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas 77030, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research Centers for Cancer Biology and Molecular Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Andrew Z Zou
- American International School of GuangzhouGuangzhou 510663, China
| | - Michael H Wang
- Bloomington High School SouthBloomington, Indiana 47401, USA
| | - Jian Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Caolitao Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xin-Juan Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510655, China
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Cancer neoantigens as potential targets for immunotherapy. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 39:51-60. [PMID: 33950415 PMCID: PMC8097110 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 have increased the survival and cure rates for patients with many cancer types in various disease settings. However, only 10–40% of cancer patients benefited from these ICIs, of whom ~ 20% have treatment interruption or discontinuation due to immune-related adverse events that can be severe and even fatal. Current efforts in precision immunotherapy are focused on improving biomarker-based patient selection for currently available ICIs and exploring rationale combination and novel strategies to expand the benefit of immunotherapy to more cancer patients. Neoantigens arise from ~ 10% of the non-synonymous somatic mutations in cancer cells, are important targets of T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity for individual patients. Advances in next generation sequencing technology and computational bioinformatics have enable the identification of genomic alterations, putative neoantigens, and gene expression profiling in individual tumors for personal oncology in a rapid and cost-effective way. Among the genomic biomarkers, defective mismatch DNA repair (dMMR), microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) and high tumor mutational burden (H-TMB) have received FDA approvals for selecting patients for ICI treatment. All these biomarkers measure high neoantigen load and tumor antigenicity, supporting the current development of neoantigen-based personalized cancer vaccines for patients with high TMB tumor. Several studies have shown neoantigen vaccines are feasible, safe and have promising clinical activity in patients with high TMB tumors in both metastatic and adjuvant settings. This review summarizes the emerging data and technologies for neoantigen-based personalized immunotherapy.
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Zhang Z, Lu M, Qin Y, Gao W, Tao L, Su W, Zhong J. Neoantigen: A New Breakthrough in Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672356. [PMID: 33936118 PMCID: PMC8085349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy works by stimulating and strengthening the body’s anti-tumor immune response to eliminate cancer cells. Over the past few decades, immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of cancer, particularly the success of immune checkpoint blockade targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 and PDL1, which has led to a breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy. Tumor neoantigens, a new approach to tumor immunotherapy, include antigens produced by tumor viruses integrated into the genome and antigens produced by mutant proteins, which are abundantly expressed only in tumor cells and have strong immunogenicity and tumor heterogeneity. A growing number of studies have highlighted the relationship between neoantigens and T cells’ recognition of cancer cells. Vaccines developed against neoantigens are now being used in clinical trials in various solid tumors. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the classification of immunotherapy and the process of classification, identification and synthesis of tumor-specific neoantigens, as well as their role in current cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the application prospects and existing problems of neoantigens were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Manman Lu
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wuji Gao
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiateng Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Lin W, Li C, Xu N, Watanabe M, Xue R, Xu A, Araki M, Sun R, Liu C, Nasu Y, Huang P. Dual-Functional PLGA Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Indocyanine Green and Resiquimod for Prostate Cancer Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2775-2787. [PMID: 33880023 PMCID: PMC8052122 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s301552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE With the advance of screening techniques, there is a growing number of low-risk or intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa) cases, remaining a serious threat to men's health. To obtain better efficacy, a growing interest has been attracted to develop such emerging treatments as immunotherapy and focal therapy. However, few studies offer guidance on whether and how to combine these modalities against PCa. This study was designed to develop dual-functional nanoparticles (NPs) which combined photothermal therapy (PTT) with immunotherapy and determine the anti-tumor efficacy for PCa treatment. METHODS By a double emulsion technique, the drug nanocarrier, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) or PLGA, was applied for co-loading of a fluorescent dye, indocyanine green (ICG) and a toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist resiquimod (R848) to synthesize PLGA-ICG-R848 NPs. Next, we determined their characteristic features and evaluated whether they inhibited the cell viability in multiple PCa cell lines. After treatment with PLGA-ICG-R848, the maturation markers of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were detected by flow cytometry. By establishing a subcutaneous xenograft model of mouse PCa, we explored both the anti-tumor effect and immune response following the NPs-based laser ablation. RESULTS With a mean diameter of 157.7 nm, PLGA-ICG-R848 exhibited no cytotoxic effect in PCa cells, but they significantly decreased RM9 cell viability to (3.9±1.0)% after laser irradiation. Moreover, PLGA-ICG-R848 promoted BMDCs maturation with the significantly elevated proportions of CD11c+CD86+ and CD11c+CD80+ cells. Following PLGA-ICG-R848-based laser ablation in vivo, the decreased bioluminescent signals indicated a significant inhibition of PCa growth, while the ratio of splenic natural killer (NK) cells in PLGA-ICG-R848 was (3.96±1.88)% compared with (0.99±0.10)% in PBS group, revealing the enhanced immune response against PCa. CONCLUSION The dual-functional PLGA-ICG-R848 NPs under laser irradiation exhibit the anti-tumor efficacy for PCa treatment by combining PTT with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Lin
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chaoming Li
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Naijin Xu
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ruizhi Xue
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Abai Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Motoo Araki
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ruifen Sun
- Center for Scientific Research, Yunnan University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yasutomo Nasu
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Okayama Medical Innovation Center, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Takahashi N, Higa A, Hiyama G, Tamura H, Hoshi H, Dobashi Y, Katahira K, Ishihara H, Takagi K, Goda K, Okabe N, Muto S, Suzuki H, Shimomura K, Watanabe S, Takagi M. Construction of in vitro patient-derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:406. [PMID: 33841567 PMCID: PMC8020396 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro assay system using patient-derived tumor models represents a promising preclinical cancer model that replicates the disease better than traditional cell culture models. Patient-derived tumor organoid (PDO) and patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models have been previously established from different types of human tumors to recapitulate accurately and efficiently their tissue architecture and function. However, these models have low throughput and are challenging to construct. Thus, the present study aimed to establish a simple in vitro high-throughput assay system using PDO and PDX models. Furthermore, the current study aimed to evaluate different classes of anticancer drugs, including chemotherapeutic, molecular targeted and antibody drugs, using PDO and PDX models. First, an in vitro high-throughput assay system was constructed using PDO and PDX established from solid and hematopoietic tumors cultured in 384-well plates to evaluate anticancer agents. In addition, an in vitro evaluation system of the immune response was developed using PDO and PDX. Novel cancer immunotherapeutic agents with marked efficacy have been used against various types of tumor. Thus, there is an urgent need for in vitro functional potency assays that can simulate the complex interaction of immune cells with tumor cells and can rapidly test the efficacy of different immunotherapies or antibody drugs. An evaluation system for the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic activity of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody and the cytotoxic activity of activated lymphocytes, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, was constructed. Moreover, immune response assay systems with bispecific T-cell engagers were developed using effector cells. The present results demonstrated that in vitro assay systems using PDO and PDX may be suitable for evaluating anticancer agents and immunotherapy potency with high reproducibility and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Takahashi
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.,Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Arisa Higa
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Gen Hiyama
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirosumi Tamura
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Hoshi
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuu Dobashi
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Katahira
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ishihara
- Research and Development, Department of Biological Evaluation Technology 2, Olympus Corporation, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8512, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takagi
- Research and Development, Department of Technology Innovation 3, Olympus Corporation, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Goda
- Research and Development, Department of Biological Evaluation Technology 2, Olympus Corporation, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8512, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Okabe
- Department of Chest Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Muto
- Department of Chest Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Chest Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Motoki Takagi
- Medical-Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Mielgo-Rubio X, Uribelarrea EA, Cortés LQ, Moyano MS. Immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: Update and new insights. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:1-21. [PMID: 34104805 PMCID: PMC8177026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has changed markedly in recent years as a result of two major treatment milestones: Targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Since 2015, immunotherapy has been changing the paradigm of NSCLC treatment in different settings and has contributed to improve the quality of life of these patients. The most widely used immunotherapy strategy in clinical practice is currently PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibition-based immunotherapy. Initial successful results came from an improvement in overall survival for pretreated patients, and immunotherapy subsequently moved to a first-line palliative setting as monotherapy, in combination with chemotherapy or as double-checkpoint inhibition. With regard to earlier stages, consolidation immunotherapy after chemoradiation has also changed the paradigm of unresectable NSCLC, with marked benefits in terms of disease-free and overall survival. During the last few years, efforts have focused on the introduction of immunotherapy in earlier stages as neoadjuvant treatment for potentially resectable tumors and in an adjuvant setting, with some very promising results. AIM In this manuscript, we provide both an agile and thorough review of the role of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer, a critical analysis of the most important studies, current indications, the role of biomarkers, new insights, and future challenges. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients reaching better survival outcomes in first and second palliative setting and in unresectable stage III tumors. Next year's immunotherapy will also introduce in earlier stages. Through an extensive knowledge of the mechanisms of action and of immunotherapy-based studies, the best treatment alternative can be offered to patients, helping to improve their survival and cure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Mielgo-Rubio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - María Sereno Moyano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
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Malik A, Thanekar U, Amarachintha S, Mourya R, Nalluri S, Bondoc A, Shivakumar P. "Complimenting the Complement": Mechanistic Insights and Opportunities for Therapeutics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 10:627701. [PMID: 33718121 PMCID: PMC7943925 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.627701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and a leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. HCC remains a global health problem and is highly aggressive with unfavorable prognosis. Even with surgical interventions and newer medical treatment regimens, patients with HCC have poor survival rates. These limited therapeutic strategies and mechanistic understandings of HCC immunopathogenesis urgently warrant non-palliative treatment measures. Irrespective of the multitude etiologies, the liver microenvironment in HCC is intricately associated with chronic necroinflammation, progressive fibrosis, and cirrhosis as precedent events along with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses. Central to these immunological networks is the complement cascade (CC), a fundamental defense system inherent to the liver which tightly regulates humoral and cellular responses to noxious stimuli. Importantly, the liver is the primary source for biosynthesis of >80% of complement components and expresses a variety of complement receptors. Recent studies implicate the complement system in liver inflammation, abnormal regenerative responses, fibrosis, carcinogenesis, and development of HCC. Although complement activation differentially promotes immunosuppressive, stimulant, and angiogenic microenvironments conducive to HCC development, it remains under-investigated. Here, we review derangement of specific complement proteins in HCC in the context of altered complement regulatory factors, immune-activating components, and their implications in disease pathogenesis. We also summarize how complement molecules regulate cancer stem cells (CSCs), interact with complement-coagulation cascades, and provide therapeutic opportunities for targeted intervention in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Malik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Unmesha Thanekar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Surya Amarachintha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Reena Mourya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shreya Nalluri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Bondoc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Pranavkumar Shivakumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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The construction, expression, and enhanced anti-tumor activity of YM101: a bispecific antibody simultaneously targeting TGF-β and PD-L1. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:27. [PMID: 33593403 PMCID: PMC7885589 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis induce potent and durable anti-tumor responses in multiple types of cancers. However, only a subset of patients benefits from anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. As a negative regulator of anti-tumor immunity, TGF-β impairs the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and induces drug resistance. Developing a novel treatment strategy to simultaneously block PD-1/PD-L1 and TGF-β would be valuable to enhance the effect of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and relieve drug resistance. Methods Based on the Check-BODY™ technology platform, we developed an anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 bispecific antibody YM101. The bioactivity of the anti-TGF-β moiety was determined by Smad-luciferase reporter assay, transwell assay, western blotting, CCK-8, and flow cytometry. The bioactivity of the anti-PD-L1 moiety was measured by T cell activation assays. EMT-6, CT26, and 3LL tumor models were used to investigate the anti-tumor activity of YM101 in vivo. RNA-seq, immunohistochemical staining, and flow cytometry were utilized to analyze the effect of YM101 on the tumor microenvironment. Results YM101 could bind to TGF-β and PD-L1 specifically. In vitro experiments showed that YM101 effectively counteracted the biological effects of TGF-β and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, including activating Smad signaling, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immunosuppression. Besides, in vivo experiments indicated the anti-tumor activity of YM101 was superior to anti-TGF-β and anti-PD-L1 monotherapies. Mechanistically, YM101 promoted the formation of ‘hot tumor’: increasing the numbers of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and dendritic cells, elevating the ratio of M1/M2, and enhancing cytokine production in T cells. This normalized tumor immune microenvironment and enhanced anti-tumor immune response might contribute to the robust anti-tumor effect of YM101. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that YM101 could simultaneously block TGF-β and PD-L1 pathways and had a superior anti-tumor effect compared to the monotherapies.
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Singh AP, Chen W, Zheng X, Mody H, Carpenter TJ, Zong A, Heald DL. Bench-to-bedside translation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells using a multiscale systems pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model: A case study with anti-BCMA CAR-T. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:362-376. [PMID: 33565700 PMCID: PMC8099446 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in clinical oncology, the dose-exposure-response relationship of CAR-T cells in patients is poorly understood. Moreover, the key drug-specific and system-specific determinants leading to favorable clinical outcomes are also unknown. Here we have developed a multiscale mechanistic pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model for anti-B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) CAR-T cell therapy (bb2121) to characterize (i) in vitro target cell killing in multiple BCMA expressing tumor cell lines at varying effector to target cell ratios, (ii) preclinical in vivo tumor growth inhibition and blood CAR-T cell expansion in xenograft mice, and (iii) clinical PK and PD biomarkers in patients with multiple myeloma. Our translational PK-PD relationship was able to effectively describe the commonly observed multiphasic CAR-T cell PK profile in the clinic, consisting of the rapid distribution, expansion, contraction, and persistent phases, and accounted for the categorical individual responses in multiple myeloma to effectively calculate progression-free survival rates. Preclinical and clinical data analysis revealed comparable parameter estimates pertaining to CAR-T cell functionality and suggested that patient baseline tumor burden could be more sensitive than dose levels toward overall extent of exposure after CAR-T cell infusion. Virtual patient simulations also suggested a very steep dose-exposure-response relationship with CAR-T cell therapy and indicated the presence of a "threshold" dose, beyond which a flat dose-response curve could be observed. Our simulations were concordant with multiple clinical observations discussed in this article. Moving forward, this framework could be leveraged a priori to explore multiple infusions and support the preclinical/clinical development of future CAR-T cell therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Pharmacological/analysis
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Computer Simulation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Models, Theoretical
- Multiple Myeloma/therapy
- Pharmacokinetics
- Progression-Free Survival
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman P. Singh
- Discovery and Translational ResearchBiologics Development SciencesJanssen BiotherapeuticsSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Discovery and Translational ResearchBiologics Development SciencesJanssen BiotherapeuticsSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Xirong Zheng
- Discovery and Translational ResearchBiologics Development SciencesJanssen BiotherapeuticsSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hardik Mody
- Discovery and Translational ResearchBiologics Development SciencesJanssen BiotherapeuticsSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Thomas J. Carpenter
- Discovery and Translational ResearchBiologics Development SciencesJanssen BiotherapeuticsSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Alice Zong
- Discovery and Translational ResearchBiologics Development SciencesJanssen BiotherapeuticsSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Donald L. Heald
- Discovery and Translational ResearchBiologics Development SciencesJanssen BiotherapeuticsSpring HousePennsylvaniaUSA
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131
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Abstract
In persistent high-risk HPV infection, viral gene expression can trigger some important early changes to immune capabilities which act to protect the lesion from immune attack and subsequently promote its growth and ability for sustained immune escape. This includes immune checkpoint-inhibitor ligand expression (e.g. PD-L1) by tumour or associated immune cells that can block any anti-tumour T-cell effectors. While there are encouraging signs of efficacy for cancer immunotherapies including with immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines and adoptive cell therapies, overall response and survival rates remain relatively low. HPV oncogene vaccination has shown some useful efficacy in treatment of patients with high-grade lesions but was unable to control later stage cancers. To maximally exploit anti-tumour immune responses, the suppressive factors associated with HPV carcinogenesis must be countered. Importantly, a combination of chemotherapy, reducing immunosuppressive myeloid cells, with therapeutic HPV vaccination significantly improves impact on cancer treatment. Many clinical trials are investigating checkpoint inhibitor treatments in HPV associated cancers but response rates are limited; combination with vaccination is being tested. Further investigation of how chemo- and/or radio-therapy can influence the recovery of effective anti-tumour immunity is warranted. Understanding how to optimally deploy and sequence conventional and immunotherapies is the challenge.
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132
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Parlato S, Grisanti G, Sinibaldi G, Peruzzi G, Casciola CM, Gabriele L. Tumor-on-a-chip platforms to study cancer-immune system crosstalk in the era of immunotherapy. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:234-253. [PMID: 33315027 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00799d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a powerful therapeutic approach able to re-educate the immune system to fight cancer. A key player in this process is the tumor microenvironment (TME), which is a dynamic entity characterized by a complex array of tumor and stromal cells as well as immune cell populations trafficking to the tumor site through the endothelial barrier. Recapitulating these multifaceted dynamics is critical for studying the intimate interactions between cancer and the immune system and to assess the efficacy of emerging immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell-based products. Microfluidic devices offer a unique technological approach to build tumor-on-a-chip reproducing the multiple layers of complexity of cancer-immune system crosstalk. Here, we seek to review the most important biological and engineering developments of microfluidic platforms for studying cancer-immune system interactions, in both solid and hematological tumors, highlighting the role of the vascular component in immune trafficking. Emphasis is given to image processing and related algorithms for real-time monitoring and quantitative evaluation of the cellular response to microenvironmental dynamic changes. The described approaches represent a valuable tool for preclinical evaluation of immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Parlato
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
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Lawlor R, Wilsdon T, Darquennes E, Hemelsoet D, Huismans J, Normand R, Roediger A. Accelerating patient access to oncology medicines with multiple indications in Europe. JOURNAL OF MARKET ACCESS & HEALTH POLICY 2021; 9:1964791. [PMID: 34436506 PMCID: PMC8381976 DOI: 10.1080/20016689.2021.1964791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: In recent years, innovation in oncology has created new challenges for pricing and reimbursement systems. Oncology medicines with multiple indications face a number of access challenges: (1) the number of assessments and administrative burden; (2) aligning price to different values of the same product; (3) managing clinical uncertainty at time of launch; and (4) managing budget uncertainty. These challenges impact a range of stakeholders and can result in delayed patient access to life-saving treatments. Consequently, countries have taken steps to facilitate patient access. Methods: Drawing on the experience across Europe we have reviewed different mechanisms countries have adopted that address these challenges. These include approaches aimed directly at the issue, multi-year-multi-indication (MYMI) agreements (BE, NL), and other approaches to manage access: flexible access agreements for new indications with clinical uncertainty (UK); development of a new agreement for each new indication (IT); and immediate access for new indications and bundled assessments (DE). Results: MYMI agreements are valuable where existing rules mean that every indication faces the same upfront evaluation process that delays patient access. They are also useful in managing budget impact and uncertainty. Other approaches that adopt an indication-specific approach helps manage clinical uncertainty at the time of launch and realise different values for the same product. They can help align price to value, even though indication-based pricing does not exist. Bundled assessments reduce the administrative burden for stakeholders, and the benefits of immediate reimbursement is that patient access is not delayed. Conclusion: The challenges for medicines with multiple indications impact a range of stakeholders and can result in delayed patient access to life-saving treatments. MYMI agreements have created a more pragmatic approach to HTA for medicines with multiple indications to ensure both fast and broad patient access. Continued innovation in oncology will require further innovative approaches in pricing and reimbursement. It is important that policymakers, payers and manufacturers engage in early discussions and are willing to find new solutions to help accelerate patient access to innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lawlor
- Life Sciences, Charles River Associates, London, UK
- CONTACT R. Lawlor Life Sciences, Charles River Associates, LondonEC2M 7EA, UK
| | - T. Wilsdon
- Life Sciences, Charles River Associates, London, UK
| | - E. Darquennes
- MSD Belgium, Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. Hemelsoet
- MSD Belgium, Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Huismans
- MSD Netherlands, Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R. Normand
- Merck Canada, Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp, Montreal, Canada
| | - A. Roediger
- Oncology Policy Europe, MSD International Business GmbH, Lucerne, Switzerland
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Cess CG, Finley SD. Multi-scale modeling of macrophage-T cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008519. [PMID: 33362239 PMCID: PMC7790427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, macrophages exist in an immunosuppressive state, preventing T cells from eliminating the tumor. Due to this, research is focusing on immunotherapies that specifically target macrophages in order to reduce their immunosuppressive capabilities and promote T cell function. In this study, we develop an agent-based model consisting of the interactions between macrophages, T cells, and tumor cells to determine how the immune response changes due to three macrophage-based immunotherapeutic strategies: macrophage depletion, recruitment inhibition, and macrophage reeducation. We find that reeducation, which converts the macrophages into an immune-promoting phenotype, is the most effective strategy and that the macrophage recruitment rate and tumor proliferation rate (tumor-specific properties) have large impacts on therapy efficacy. We also employ a novel method of using a neural network to reduce the computational complexity of an intracellular signaling mechanistic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. Cess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey D. Finley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Quantitative and Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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135
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Drakes ML, Czerlanis CM, Stiff PJ. Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Gynecologic Cancers: State of Affairs. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113301. [PMID: 33182298 PMCID: PMC7695253 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Most endometrial cancer patients are diagnosed at an early stage, receive standard treatment, and survive well. Ovarian cancer has no specific symptoms and usually escapes diagnosis until the patient has advanced disease. This disease results in the highest number of deaths of gynecologic cancers. Current treatments for gynecologic cancers in the advanced stage are not sufficiently effective for good outcome in most patients. This review discusses two novel treatments, which are immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies that block immune checkpoint molecules cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) in patients. The antibody blocking of CTLA-4 or PD-1 alone is promising treatment for some categories of advanced disease endometrial cancer, but it has little effect against ovarian cancer. Our study primarily discusses the status of clinical trials for these two diseases and the biological parameters governing the different outcomes to these therapies. We also propose mechanisms whereby blocking CTLA-4 and PD-1 may be used in combination with other agents to give much better survival in advanced disease ovarian cancer patients. Abstract This review provides an update on the current use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in female gynecologic cancers, and it addresses the potential of these agents to provide therapy options for disease management and long-term remission in advanced disease patients, where surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation fail to meet this goal. The topic of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) blocking cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed death-1 (PD-1) axis has come to the forefront of translational medicine over the last decade for several malignancies. The text will focus primarily on a discussion of ovarian cancer, which is the most frequent cause of death of gynecologic cancers; endometrial cancer, which is the most often diagnosed gynecologic cancer; and cervical cancer, which is the third most common female gynecologic malignancy, all of which unfavorably alter the lives of many women. We will address the critical factors that regulate the outcome of these cancer types to ICI therapy, the ongoing clinical trials in this area, as well as the adverse immune responses that impact the outcome of patients given ICI regimens.
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Lantier L, Poupée-Beaugé A, di Tommaso A, Ducournau C, Epardaud M, Lakhrif Z, Germon S, Debierre-Grockiego F, Mévélec MN, Battistoni A, Coënon L, Deluce-Kakwata-Nkor N, Velge-Roussel F, Beauvillain C, Baranek T, Lee GS, Kervarrec T, Touzé A, Moiré N, Dimier-Poisson I. Neospora caninum: a new class of biopharmaceuticals in the therapeutic arsenal against cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001242. [PMID: 33257408 PMCID: PMC7705568 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms that can be used for their lytic activity against tumor cells as well as inducing or reactivating antitumor immune responses are a relevant part of the available immunotherapy strategies. Viruses, bacteria and even protozoa have been largely explored with success as effective human antitumor agents. To date, only one oncolytic virus-T-VEC-has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in biological cancer therapy in clinical trials. The goal of our study is to evaluate the potential of a livestock pathogen, the protozoan Neospora caninum, non-pathogenic in humans, as an effective and safe antitumorous agent. METHODS/RESULTS We demonstrated that the treatment of murine thymoma EG7 by subcutaneous injection of N. caninum tachyzoites either in or remotely from the tumor strongly inhibits tumor development, and often causes their complete eradication. Analysis of immune responses showed that N. caninum had the ability to 1) lyze infected cancer cells, 2) reactivate the immunosuppressed immune cells and 3) activate the systemic immune system by generating a protective antitumor response dependent on natural killer cells, CD8-T cells and associated with a strong interferon (IFN)-γ secretion in the tumor microenvironment. Most importantly, we observed a total clearance of the injected agent in the treated animals: N. caninum exhibited strong anticancer effects without persisting in the organism of treated mice. We also established in vitro and an in vivo non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model that N. caninum infected and induced a strong regression of human Merkel cell carcinoma. Finally, we engineered a N. caninum strain to secrete human interleukin (IL)-15, associated with the alpha-subunit of the IL-15 receptor thus strengthening the immuno-stimulatory properties of N. caninum. Indeed, this NC1-IL15hRec strain induced both proliferation of and IFN-γ secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as improved efficacy in vivo in the EG7 tumor model. CONCLUSION These results highlight N. caninum as a potential, extremely effective and non-toxic anticancer agent, capable of being engineered to either express at its surface or to secrete biodrugs. Our work has identified the broad clinical possibilities of using N. caninum as an oncolytic protozoan in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lantier
- Université de Tours, INRAE, ISP, F-37000, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Zineb Lakhrif
- Université de Tours, INRAE, ISP, F-37000, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Loïs Coënon
- Université de Tours, INRAE, ISP, F-37000, Tours, France
| | - Nora Deluce-Kakwata-Nkor
- EA 4245 Cellules Dendritiques, Immuno-Modulation et Greffes, F-37000, Universite de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florence Velge-Roussel
- EA 4245 Cellules Dendritiques, Immuno-Modulation et Greffes, F-37000, Universite de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Céline Beauvillain
- Inserm U1232, Faculté des Sciences, CRCINA, CHU d'Angers, Université Angers, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR, 1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Thibault Kervarrec
- Université de Tours, INRAE, ISP, F-37000, Tours, France
- Department of Pathology, Université de Tours, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Touzé
- Université de Tours, INRAE, ISP, F-37000, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Moiré
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
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Lapenta C, Gabriele L, Santini SM. IFN-Alpha-Mediated Differentiation of Dendritic Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy: Advances and Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040617. [PMID: 33086492 PMCID: PMC7711454 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen tremendous developments in novel cancer therapies through targeting immune-checkpoint molecules. However, since increasing the presentation of tumor antigens remains one of the major issues for eliciting a strong antitumor immune response, dendritic cells (DC) still hold a great potential for the development of cancer immunotherapy. A considerable body of evidence clearly demonstrates the importance of the interactions of type I IFN with the immune system for the generation of a durable antitumor response through its effects on DC. Actually, highly active DC can be rapidly generated from blood monocytes in vitro in the presence of IFN-α (IFN-DC), suitable for therapeutic vaccination of cancer patients. Here we review how type I IFN can promote the ex vivo differentiation of human DC and orientate DC functions towards the priming and expansion of protective antitumor immune responses. New epigenetic elements of control on activation of the type I IFN signal will be highlighted. We also review a few clinical trials exploiting IFN-DC in cancer vaccination and discuss how IFN-DC could be exploited for the design of effective strategies of cancer immunotherapy as a monotherapy or in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors or immunomodulatory drugs.
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138
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Manspeaker MP, Thomas SN. Lymphatic immunomodulation using engineered drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:19-35. [PMID: 33058931 PMCID: PMC7736326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Though immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer to improve disease outcomes, an array of challenges remain that limit wider clinical success, including low rate of response and immune-related adverse events. Targeting immunomodulatory drugs to therapeutically relevant tissues offers a way to overcome these challenges by potentially enabling enhanced therapeutic efficacy and decreased incidence of side effects. Research highlighting the importance of lymphatic tissues in the response to immunotherapy has increased interest in the application of engineered drug delivery systems (DDSs) to enable specific targeting of immunomodulators to lymphatic tissues and cells that they house. To this end, a variety of DDS platforms have been developed that enable more efficient uptake into lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes to provide targeted modulation of the immune response to cancer. This can occur either by delivery of immunotherapeutics to lymphatics tissues or by direct modulation of the lymphatic vasculature itself due to their direct involvement in tumor immune processes. This review will highlight DDS platforms that, by enabling the activities of cancer vaccines, chemotherapeutics, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies, and anti- or pro-lymphangiogenic factors to lymphatic tissues through directed delivery and controlled release, augment cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret P Manspeaker
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Susan N Thomas
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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139
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Jorgovanovic D, Song M, Wang L, Zhang Y. Roles of IFN-γ in tumor progression and regression: a review. Biomark Res 2020; 8:49. [PMID: 33005420 PMCID: PMC7526126 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays a key role in activation of cellular immunity and subsequently, stimulation of antitumor immune-response. Based on its cytostatic, pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative functions, IFN-γ is considered potentially useful for adjuvant immunotherapy for different types of cancer. Moreover, it IFN-γ may inhibit angiogenesis in tumor tissue, induce regulatory T-cell apoptosis, and/or stimulate the activity of M1 proinflammatory macrophages to overcome tumor progression. However, the current understanding of the roles of IFN-γ in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may be misleading in terms of its clinical application. MAIN BODY Some researchers believe it has anti-tumorigenic properties, while others suggest that it contributes to tumor growth and progression. In our recent work, we have shown that concentration of IFN-γ in the TME determines its function. Further, it was reported that tumors treated with low-dose IFN-γ acquired metastatic properties while those infused with high dose led to tumor regression. Pro-tumorigenic role may be described through IFN-γ signaling insensitivity, downregulation of major histocompatibility complexes, upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and checkpoint inhibitors such as programmed cell death ligand 1. CONCLUSION Significant research efforts are required to decipher IFN-γ-dependent pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects. This review discusses the current knowledge concerning the roles of IFN-γ in the TME as a part of the complex immune response to cancer and highlights the importance of identifying IFN-γ responsive patients to improve their sensitivity to immuno-therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Jorgovanovic
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Mengjia Song
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Liping Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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140
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Li B, Zhang B, Wang X, Zeng Z, Huang Z, Zhang L, Wei F, Ren X, Yang L. Expression signature, prognosis value, and immune characteristics of Siglec-15 identified by pan-cancer analysis. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1807291. [PMID: 32939323 PMCID: PMC7480813 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1807291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) is considered a novel anti-tumor target comparable to programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(PD-L1). However, little is known about Siglec-15. Our study aims to understand its expression signature, prognosis value, immune infiltration pattern, and biological function using multi-omic bioinformatics from public databases and verify them in lung cancer patients. Integrated analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression portals showed Siglec-15 was overexpressed across cancers. Genetic and epigenetic alteration analysis was performed using cBioportal and UALCAN, showed Siglec-15 was regulated at the genetic and epigenetic levels. Survival estimated using Kaplan-Meier plotter indicated high Siglec-15 expression correlated with favorable or unfavorable outcomes depending on the different type and subtype of cancer. Components of immune microenvironment were analyzed using CIBERSORT, and the correlation between immune cells and Siglec-15 was found to be distinct across cancer types. Based on Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Siglec-15 was implicated in pathways involved in immunity, metabolism, cancer, and infectious diseases. Lung cancer patients with positive Siglec-15 expression showed significantly short survival rates in progression-free survival concomitant with reduced infiltration of CD20 + B, and dendritic cells by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time PCR results indicated the overexpression of Siglec-15 was correlated with activation of the chemokine signaling pathway. In conclusion, Siglec-15 could serve as a vital prognostic biomarker and play an immune-regulatory role in tumors. These results provide us with clues to better understand Siglec-15 from the perspective of bioinformatics and highlight the importance of Siglec-15 in many types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Li
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Bailu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuezhou Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziqing Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziqi Huang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Bailey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Wendy Philips
- Department of Medical Physics, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Clive Baldock
- Research and Innovation Division, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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Lin WY, Chen YW, Lin CF, Yang YP, Wang ML, Hung KF, Huang PI, Lee YY, Chiou SH. Emerging trends in gene-modified-based chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cellular therapy for malignant tumors: The lesson from leukemia to pediatric brain tumors. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:719-724. [PMID: 32773642 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017 and 2018, Food and Drug Administration has approved YESCARTA (axicabtagene ciloleucel) and KYMRIAH (tisagenlecleucel), two chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T-cell products, for B-cell malignancies. It also marked a watershed moment in the development of immunotherapies for cancer. Despite the successes in adults, it remains clinically applicable only in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in pediatrics. Notably, multiple clinical trials and recent case reports about childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors, the leading cause of deaths in children, have emerged and granted promising results. With the growing consideration of the biological responses in the interaction of human immunity, the major technical obstacles such as on-target off-tumor toxicity in widespread solid tumors, antigenic heterogeneity, adaptive resistance, difficult T-cell (CD4/CD8) trafficking, and immunosuppressive environments in CNS are gradually approached and ameliorated. The new spotlights of this review are focusing on current development, and emerging treatments for pediatric CNS tumors integrating molecular research with the mainstream of CAR-T therapeutic strategies to sketch a main axis and pathway forward in the improvement of novel gene-modified-based cellular platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Wei Chen
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Fu Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-I Huang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Yen Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Kotsafti A, Scarpa M, Castagliuolo I, Scarpa M. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antitumor Immunity-From Surveillance to Evasion. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1748. [PMID: 32630174 PMCID: PMC7409327 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a crucial regulator of tumor biology with the capacity to support or inhibit cancer development, growth, invasion and metastasis. Emerging evidence show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only mediators of oxidative stress but also players of immune regulation in tumor development. This review intends to discuss the mechanism by which ROS can affect the anti-tumor immune response, with particular emphasis on their role on cancer antigenicity, immunogenicity and shaping of the tumor immune microenvironment. Given the complex role that ROS play in the dynamics of cancer-immune cell interaction, further investigation is needed for the development of effective strategies combining ROS manipulation and immunotherapies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromachi Kotsafti
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | - Marco Scarpa
- General Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy;
| | | | - Melania Scarpa
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy;
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Long Q, Ma AH, Zhang H, Cao Z, Xia R, Lin TY, Sonpavde GP, de Vere White R, Guo J, Pan CX. Combination of cyclin-dependent kinase and immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of bladder cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:2305-2317. [PMID: 32506263 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbation of the CDK4/6 pathway is frequently observed in advanced bladder cancer. We investigated the potential of targeting this pathway alone or in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of bladder cancer METHODS: The genetic alterations of the CDK4/6 pathway in bladder cancer were first analyzed with The Cancer Genome Atlas database and validated in our bladder cancer patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs). Bladder cancer cell lines and mice carrying PDXs with the CDK4/6 pathway perturbations were treated with a CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib to determine its anticancer activity and the underlying mechanisms. The combination index method was performed to assess palbociclib and gemcitabine drug-drug interactions. Syngeneic mouse bladder cancer model BBN963 was used to assess whether palbociclib could potentiate anti-PD1 immunotherapy. RESULTS Of the 413 bladder cancer specimens, 79.2% harbored pertubations along the CDK4/6 pathway. Palbociclib induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest but with minimal apoptosis in vitro. In mice carrying PDXs, palbociclib treatment reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival from 14 to 32 days compared to vehicle only controls (p = 0.0001). Palbociclib treatment was associated with a decrease in Rb phosphorylation in both cell lines and PDXs. Palbociclib and gemcitabine exhibited antagonistic cytotoxicity in vitro (CI > 3) and in vivo, but palbociclib significantly enhanced the treatment efficacy of anti-PD1 immunotherapy and induced CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration in syngeneic mouse models. CONCLUSIONS The CDK4/6 pathway is feasible as a potential target for the treatment of bladder cancer, especially in combination with immunotherapy. A CDK4/6 inhibitor should not be combined with gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilai Long
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Zhixiu Cao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Roger Xia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Davis Senior High School, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tzu-Yin Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Guru P Sonpavde
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph de Vere White
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,Department of Urology, University of California Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, 95655, USA. .,Medicine, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA.
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