101
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Marotta D, Tinelli E, Mole SE. NCLs and ER: A stressful relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1273-1281. [PMID: 28390949 PMCID: PMC5479446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs, Batten disease) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders with variable age of onset, characterized by the lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigments. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle for normal cell function. Alteration of ER homeostasis leads to accumulation of misfolded protein in the ER and to activation of the unfolded protein response. ER stress and the UPR have recently been linked to the NCLs. In this review, we will discuss the evidence for UPR activation in the NCLs, and address its connection to disease pathogenesis. Further understanding of ER-stress response involvement in the NCLs may encourage development of novel therapeutical agents targeting these pathogenic pathways. ER-stress activation has been linked to various neurodegenerative diseases. ER-stress is a common patho-mechanism in four forms of NCL. Pharmacological modulation of UPR could provide new treatment for NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marotta
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Tinelli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT; UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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102
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Chitramuthu BP, Kay DG, Bateman A, Bennett HPJ. Neurotrophic effects of progranulin in vivo in reversing motor neuron defects caused by over or under expression of TDP-43 or FUS. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174784. [PMID: 28358904 PMCID: PMC5373598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein with multiple roles in normal and disease states. Mutations within the GRN gene cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). The affected neurons display distinctive TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) inclusions. How partial loss of PGRN causes TDP-43 neuropathology is poorly understood. TDP-43 inclusions are also found in affected neurons of patients with other neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease. In ALS, TDP-43 inclusions are typically also immunoreactive for fused in sarcoma (FUS). Mutations within TDP-43 or FUS are themselves neuropathogenic in ALS and some cases of FTLD. We used the outgrowth of caudal primary motor neurons (MNs) in zebrafish embryos to investigate the interaction of PGRN with TDP-43 and FUS in vivo. As reported previously, depletion of zebrafish PGRN-A (zfPGRN-A) is associated with truncated primary MNs and impaired motor function. Here we found that depletion of zfPGRN-A results in primary MNs outgrowth stalling at the horizontal myoseptum, a line of demarcation separating the myotome into dorsal and ventral compartments that is where the final destination of primary motor is assigned. Successful axonal outgrowth beyond the horizontal myoseptum depends in part upon formation of acetylcholine receptor clusters and this was found to be disorganized upon depletion of zfPGRN-A. PGRN reversed the effects of zfPGRN-A knockdown, but a related gene, zfPGRN-1, was without effect. Both knockdown of TDP-43 or FUS, as well as expression of humanTDP-43 and FUS mutants results in MN abnormalities that are reversed by co-expression of hPGRN mRNA. Neither TDP-43 nor FUS reversed MN phenotypes caused by the depletion of PGRN. Thus TDP-43 and FUS lie upstream of PGRN in a gene complementation pathway. The ability of PGRN to override TDP-43 and FUS neurotoxicity due to partial loss of function or mutation in the corresponding genes may have therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babykumari P. Chitramuthu
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- * E-mail: (BPC); (HPJB)
| | - Denis G. Kay
- Neurodyn Inc., Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hugh P. J. Bennett
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail: (BPC); (HPJB)
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103
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Progranulin and Its Related MicroRNAs after Status Epilepticus: Possible Mechanisms of Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030490. [PMID: 28245590 PMCID: PMC5372506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current knowledge about neuroprotective mechanisms in humans after status epilepticus is scarce. One reason is the difficulty to measure possible mediators of these neuroprotective mechanisms. The dawn of microRNA detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the recent advancements in measuring proteins in the CSF such as progranulin, which is, e.g., responsible for neurite outgrowth and limiting exceeding neuroinflammatory responses, have given us new insights into putative neuroprotective mechanisms following status epilepticus. This should complement the animal data. In this review, we cover what is known about the role of progranulin as well as the links between microRNA changes and the progranulin pathway following status epilepticus in humans and animals hypothesizing neuroprotective and neurorehabilitative effects. Progranulin has also been found to feature prominently in the neuroprotective processes under hypoxic conditions and initiating neurorehabilitative processes. These properties may be used therapeutically, e.g., through drugs that raise the progranulin levels and therefore the cerebral progranulin levels as well with the goal of improving the outcome after status epilepticus.
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104
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Tan RH, Ke YD, Ittner LM, Halliday GM. ALS/FTLD: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:177-196. [PMID: 28058507 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is characterised by a loss of upper and lower motor neurons and characteristic muscle weakness and wasting, the most common form being sporadic disease with neuronal inclusions containing the tar DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43). Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is characterised by atrophy of the frontal and/or temporal lobes, the most common clinical form being the behavioural variant, in which neuronal inclusions containing either TDP-43 or 3-repeat tau are most prevalent. Although the genetic mutations associated with these diseases have allowed various experimental models to be developed, the initial genetic forms identified remain the most common models employed to date. It is now known that these first models faithfully recapitulate only some aspects of these diseases and do not represent the majority of cases or the most common overlapping pathologies. Newer models targeting the main molecular pathologies are still rare and in some instances, lack significant aspects of the molecular pathology. However, these diseases are complex and multigenic, indicating that experimental models may need to be targeted to different disease aspects. This would allow information to be gleaned from a variety of different yet relevant models, each of which has the capacity to capture a certain aspect of the disease, and together will enable a more complete understanding of these complex and multi-layered diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Tan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yazi D Ke
- Motor Neuron Disease Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- Dementia Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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105
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Elevated TMEM106B levels exaggerate lipofuscin accumulation and lysosomal dysfunction in aged mice with progranulin deficiency. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:9. [PMID: 28126008 PMCID: PMC5270347 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations resulting in haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43-positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. Accumulating evidence suggest a crucial role of progranulin in maintaining proper lysosomal function during aging. TMEM106B has been identified as a risk factor for frontotemporal lobar degeneration with progranulin mutations and elevated mRNA and protein levels of TMEM106B are associated with increased risk for frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Increased levels of TMEM106B alter lysosomal morphology and interfere with lysosomal degradation. However, how progranulin and TMEM106B interact to regulate lysosomal function and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) disease progression is still unclear. Here we report that progranulin deficiency leads to increased TMEM106B protein levels in the mouse cortex with aging. To mimic elevated levels of TMEM106B in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) cases, we generated transgenic mice expressing TMEM106B under the neuronal specific promoter, CamKII. Surprisingly, we found that the total protein levels of TMEM106B are not altered despite the expression of the TMEM106B transgene at mRNA and protein levels, suggesting a tight regulation of TMEM106B protein levels in the mouse brain. However, progranulin deficiency results in accumulation of TMEM106B protein from the transgene expression during aging, which is accompanied by exaggerated lysosomal abnormalities and increased lipofuscin accumulation. In summary, our mouse model nicely recapitulates the interaction between progranulin and TMEM106B in human patients and supports a critical role of lysosomal dysfunction in the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) disease progression.
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106
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Altmann C, Hardt S, Fischer C, Heidler J, Lim HY, Häussler A, Albuquerque B, Zimmer B, Möser C, Behrends C, Koentgen F, Wittig I, Schmidt MH, Clement AM, Deller T, Tegeder I. Progranulin overexpression in sensory neurons attenuates neuropathic pain in mice: Role of autophagy. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 96:294-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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107
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Jian J, Tian QY, Hettinghouse A, Zhao S, Liu H, Wei J, Grunig G, Zhang W, Setchell KDR, Sun Y, Overkleeft HS, Chan GL, Liu CJ. Progranulin Recruits HSP70 to β-Glucocerebrosidase and Is Therapeutic Against Gaucher Disease. EBioMedicine 2016; 13:212-224. [PMID: 27789271 PMCID: PMC5264254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disease, is caused by mutations in GBA1 encoding of β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Recently it was reported that progranulin (PGRN) insufficiency and deficiency associated with GD in human and mice, respectively. However the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we report that PGRN binds directly to GCase and its deficiency results in aggregation of GCase and its receptor LIMP2. Mass spectrometry approaches identified HSP70 as a GCase/LIMP2 complex-associated protein upon stress, with PGRN as an indispensable adaptor. Additionally, 98 amino acids of C-terminal PGRN, referred to as Pcgin, are required and sufficient for the binding to GCase and HSP70. Pcgin effectively ameliorates the disease phenotype in GD patient fibroblasts and animal models. These findings not only demonstrate that PGRN is a co-chaperone of HSP70 and plays an important role in GCase lysosomal localization, but may also provide new therapeutic interventions for lysosomal storage diseases, in particular GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Qing-Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Helen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, United States
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald L Chan
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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108
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Menzel L, Kleber L, Friedrich C, Hummel R, Dangel L, Winter J, Schmitz K, Tegeder I, Schäfer MKE. Progranulin protects against exaggerated axonal injury and astrogliosis following traumatic brain injury. Glia 2016; 65:278-292. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Menzel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Lisa Kleber
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Carina Friedrich
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Regina Hummel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Larissa Dangel
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Jennifer Winter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Clinical Pharmacology; Goethe-University Hospital; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Clinical Pharmacology; Goethe-University Hospital; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Michael K. E. Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology; University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Germany
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109
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Altmann C, Vasic V, Hardt S, Heidler J, Häussler A, Wittig I, Schmidt MHH, Tegeder I. Progranulin promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and reinnervation: role of notch signaling. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:69. [PMID: 27770818 PMCID: PMC5075406 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral nerve injury is a frequent cause of lasting motor deficits and chronic pain. Although peripheral nerves are capable of regrowth they often fail to re-innervate target tissues. Results Using newly generated transgenic mice with inducible neuronal progranulin overexpression we show that progranulin accelerates axonal regrowth, restoration of neuromuscular synapses and recovery of sensory and motor functions after injury of the sciatic nerve. Oppositely, progranulin deficient mice have long-lasting deficits in motor function tests after nerve injury due to enhanced losses of motor neurons and stronger microglia activation in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Deep proteome and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the proteins upregulated in progranulin overexpressing mice were involved in ‘regulation of transcription’ and ‘response to insulin’ (GO terms). Transcription factor prediction pointed to activation of Notch signaling and indeed, co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that progranulin bound to the extracellular domain of Notch receptors, and this was functionally associated with higher expression of Notch target genes in the dorsal root ganglia of transgenic mice with neuronal progranulin overexpression. Functionally, these transgenic mice recovered normal gait and running, which was not achieved by controls and was stronger impaired in progranulin deficient mice. Conclusion We infer that progranulin activates Notch signaling pathways, enhancing thereby the regenerative capacity of partially injured neurons, which leads to improved motor function recovery. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0132-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Altmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Verica Vasic
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hardt
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juliana Heidler
- Functional Proteomics, SFB815 Core Unit, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annett Häussler
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB815 Core Unit, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.
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110
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Suzuki H, Matsuoka M. The Lysosomal Trafficking Transmembrane Protein 106B Is Linked to Cell Death. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21448-21460. [PMID: 27563066 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A common genetic variation in the transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106B) gene has been suggested to be a risk factor for frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with inclusions of transactive response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) (FTLD-TDP), the most common pathological subtype in FTLD. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that TMEM106B levels are up-regulated in the brains of FTLD-TDP patients, although the significance of this finding remains unknown. In this study, we show that the overexpression of TMEM106B and its N-terminal fragments induces cell death, enhances oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity, and causes the cleavage of TDP-43, which represents TDP-43 pathology, using cell-based models. TMEM106B-induced death is mediated by the caspase-dependent mitochondrial cell death pathways and possibly by the lysosomal cell death pathway. These findings suggest that the up-regulation of TMEM106B may increase the risk of FTLD by directly causing neurotoxicity and a pathological phenotype linked to FTLD-TDP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaaki Matsuoka
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and .,Dermatological Neuroscience, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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111
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Doke M, Matsuwaki T, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Lack of estrogen receptor α in astrocytes of progranulin-deficient mice. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:547-551. [PMID: 27440553 PMCID: PMC5177971 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional growth factor with functions in neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, and neural progenitor cell proliferation. These
functions largely overlap with the actions of estrogen in the brain. Indeed, we have previously shown that PGRN mediates the functions of estrogen, such as
masculinizing the rodent brain and promoting adult neurogenesis. To evaluate the underlying mechanism of PGRN in mediating the actions of estrogen, the
localization of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in the brains of wild-type (WT) and PGRN-deficient (KO) mice was investigated. First, double-labeling
immunofluorescence was performed for ERα with neuronal nuclei (NeuN), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein
(GFAP), as markers for neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, respectively, in female mice in diestrous and estrous stages. ERα-immunoreactive (IR) cells were
widespread and co-localized with NeuN in brain sections analyzed (bregma –1.06 to –3.16 mm) of both WT and KO mice. In contrast, expression of ERα was not
observed in Iba1-IR cells from both genotypes. Interestingly, although ERα was co-localized with GFAP in WT mice, virtually no ERα expression was discernible in
GFAP-IR cells in KO mice. Next, the brains of ovariectomized adult female, adult male, and immature female mice were subjected to immunostaining for ERα and
GFAP. Again, co-localization of ERα with GFAP was observed in WT mice, whereas this co-localization was not detected in KO mice. These results suggest that PGRN
plays a crucial role in the expression of ERα in astrocytes regardless of the estrous cycle stage, sex, and maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Doke
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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112
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Holler CJ, Taylor G, McEachin ZT, Deng Q, Watkins WJ, Hudson K, Easley CA, Hu WT, Hales CM, Rossoll W, Bassell GJ, Kukar T. Trehalose upregulates progranulin expression in human and mouse models of GRN haploinsufficiency: a novel therapeutic lead to treat frontotemporal dementia. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:46. [PMID: 27341800 PMCID: PMC4919863 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted growth factor important for neuronal survival and may do so, in part, by regulating lysosome homeostasis. Mutations in the PGRN gene (GRN) are a common cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and lead to disease through PGRN haploinsufficiency. Additionally, complete loss of PGRN in humans leads to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. Importantly, Grn-/- mouse models recapitulate pathogenic lysosomal features of NCL. Further, GRN variants that decrease PGRN expression increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Together these findings demonstrate that insufficient PGRN predisposes neurons to degeneration. Therefore, compounds that increase PGRN levels are potential therapeutics for multiple neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS Here, we performed a cell-based screen of a library of known autophagy-lysosome modulators and identified multiple novel activators of a human GRN promoter reporter including several common mTOR inhibitors and an mTOR-independent activator of autophagy, trehalose. Secondary cellular screens identified trehalose, a natural disaccharide, as the most promising lead compound because it increased endogenous PGRN in all cell lines tested and has multiple reported neuroprotective properties. Trehalose dose-dependently increased GRN mRNA as well as intracellular and secreted PGRN in both mouse and human cell lines and this effect was independent of the transcription factor EB (TFEB). Moreover, trehalose rescued PGRN deficiency in human fibroblasts and neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from GRN mutation carriers. Finally, oral administration of trehalose to Grn haploinsufficient mice significantly increased PGRN expression in the brain. CONCLUSIONS This work reports several novel autophagy-lysosome modulators that enhance PGRN expression and identifies trehalose as a promising therapeutic for raising PGRN levels to treat multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Holler
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Georgia Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zachary T McEachin
- Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Qiudong Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - William J Watkins
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kathryn Hudson
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Charles A Easley
- Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - William T Hu
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chadwick M Hales
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Wilfried Rossoll
- Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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113
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Possible involvement of the cerebellum in motor-function impairment in progranulin-deficient mice. Neuroreport 2016; 26:877-81. [PMID: 26302163 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional growth factor involved in many physiological and pathological processes in the brain such as sexual differentiation, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Previously, we showed that PGRN was expressed broadly in the brain and the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum were one of the regions with the highest expression level of PGRN. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the possible roles of PGRN in the cerebellum by comparing wild-type (WT) and PGRN-deficient (KO) mice with immunohistochemical staining for calbindin, a marker of Purkinje cells. The results showed that the density of Purkinje cell dendrites in the molecular layer of the cerebellum was significantly higher in KO mice than in WT mice, although the number of cell bodies was comparable between the genotypes. Subsequently, as the cerebellum is the center of the motor function, we performed a rotarod test and found that KO mice remained on the rotating rod for significantly shorter periods than WT mice. However, KO and WT mice did not differ significantly with respect to the diameter of myofibers in a skeletal muscle. These results suggest that PGRN is involved in the development and/or maturation of neuronal networks comprising Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which may be a prerequisite to normal motor function.
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114
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Wes PD, Sayed FA, Bard F, Gan L. Targeting microglia for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Glia 2016; 64:1710-32. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Wes
- Neuroinflammation Department; Lundbeck Research USA; Paramus New Jersey
| | - Faten A. Sayed
- Gladstone Institute for Neurodegeneration; San Francisco California
| | | | - Li Gan
- Gladstone Institute for Neurodegeneration; San Francisco California
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115
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Sargeant TJ. Commentary: Possible involvement of lysosomal dysfunction in pathological changes of the brain in aged progranulin-deficient mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:11. [PMID: 26869920 PMCID: PMC4737912 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Sargeant
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide, SA, Australia
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116
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West RJH. Eyeing up Drosophila models of frontotemporal dementia: identifying conserved mechanisms in disease pathology. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.15.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan JH West
- Department of Biology, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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117
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Biasiotto G, Di Lorenzo D, Archetti S, Zanella I. Iron and Neurodegeneration: Is Ferritinophagy the Link? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5542-74. [PMID: 26468157 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that the lysosome-autophagy pathway plays a critical role in iron release from ferritin, the main iron storage cellular protein, hence in the distribution of iron to the cells. The recent identification of nuclear receptor co-activator 4 as the receptor for ferritin delivery to selective autophagy sheds further light on the understanding of the mechanisms underlying this pathway. The emerging view is that iron release from ferritin through the lysosomes is a general mechanism in normal and tumour cells of different tissue origins, but it has not yet been investigated in brain cells. Defects in the lysosome-autophagy pathway are often involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and brain iron homeostasis disruption is a hallmark of many of these diseases. However, in most cases, it has not been established whether iron dysregulation is directly involved in the pathogenesis of the diseases or if it is a secondary effect derived from other pathogenic mechanisms. The recent evidence of the crucial involvement of autophagy in cellular iron handling offers new perspectives about the role of iron in neurodegeneration, suggesting that autophagy dysregulation could cause iron dyshomeostasis. In this review, we recapitulate our current knowledge on the routes through which iron is released from ferritin, focusing on the most recent advances. We summarise the current evidence concerning lysosome-autophagy pathway dysfunctions and those of iron metabolism and discuss their potential interconnections in several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; and frontotemporal lobar dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Biasiotto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Civic Hospital of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Diego Di Lorenzo
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Civic Hospital of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvana Archetti
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Civic Hospital of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Civic Hospital of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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118
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Cell biology of the NCL proteins: What they do and don't do. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2242-55. [PMID: 25962910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fatal, primarily childhood neurodegenerative disorders, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), are currently associated with mutations in 13 genes. The protein products of these genes (CLN1 to CLN14) differ in their function and their intracellular localization. NCL-associated proteins have been localized mostly in lysosomes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN7, CLN10, CLN12 and CLN13) but also in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (CLN6 and CLN8), or in the cytosol associated to vesicular membranes (CLN4 and CLN14). Some of them such as CLN1 (palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1), CLN2 (tripeptidyl-peptidase 1), CLN5, CLN10 (cathepsin D), and CLN13 (cathepsin F), are lysosomal soluble proteins; others like CLN3, CLN7, and CLN12, have been proposed to be lysosomal transmembrane proteins. In this review, we give our views and attempt to summarize the proposed and confirmed functions of each NCL protein and describe and discuss research results published since the last review on NCL proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
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119
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Alquezar C, Esteras N, de la Encarnación A, Moreno F, López de Munain A, Martín-Requero Á. Increasing progranulin levels and blockade of the ERK1/2 pathway: upstream and downstream strategies for the treatment of progranulin deficient frontotemporal dementia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:386-403. [PMID: 25624003 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by mild-life onset and progressive changes in behavior, social cognition, and language. Loss-of-function progranulin gene (GRN) mutations are the major cause of FTLD with TDP-43 protein inclusions (FTLD-TDP). Disease-modifying treatments for FTLD-TDP are not available yet. Mounting evidence indicates that cell cycle dysfunction may play a pathogenic role in neurodegenerative disorders including FTLD. Since cell cycle re-entry of posmitotic neurons seems to precede neuronal death, it was hypothesized that strategies aimed at preventing cell cycle progression would have neuroprotective effects. Recent research in our laboratory revealed cell cycle alterations in lymphoblasts from FTLD-TDP patients carrying a null GRN mutation, and in PGRN deficient SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, involving overactivation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. In this work, we have investigated the effects of PGRN enhancers drugs and ERK1/2 inhibitors, in these cellular models of PGRN-deficient FTLD. We report here that both restoring the PGRN content, by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) or chloroquine (CQ), as blocking ERK1/2 activation by selumetinib (AZD6244) or MEK162 (ARRY-162), normalized the CDK6/pRb pathway and the proliferative activity of PGRN deficient cells. Moreover, we found that SAHA and selumetinib prevented the cytosolic TDP-43 accumulation in PGRN-deficient lymphoblasts. Considering that these drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and assuming that the alterations in cell cycle and signaling observed in lymphoblasts from FTLD patients could be peripheral signs of the disease, our results suggest that these treatments may serve as novel therapeutic drugs for FTLD associated to GRN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alquezar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Esteras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de la Encarnación
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Neuroscience Area-Institute Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Donostia, san sebastian, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuroscience Area-Institute Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Donostia, san sebastian, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
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