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Ogawa S, Parhar IS. Biological Significance of Kisspeptin-Kiss 1 Receptor Signaling in the Habenula of Teleost Species. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:222. [PMID: 29867758 PMCID: PMC5949316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide, encoded by kisspeptin 1 (KISS1)/Kiss1 gene, which primarily acts as the regulator of reproductive functions via its receptor, kisspeptin receptor (KissR) in vertebrates. In the brain, Kiss1 gene is mainly expressed in the hypothalamic region, but KissR gene is widely distributed throughout the brain, suggesting that kisspeptin-KissR system may be involved in not only reproductive, but also non-reproductive functions. In non-mammalian vertebrates, there are two or more kisspeptin and KissR types. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) possess two kisspeptin (Kiss1 and Kiss2) and their respective receptors [Kiss1 receptor (KissR1) and KissR2]. In the brain of zebrafish, while Kiss2 is expressed in the preoptic-hypothalamic area, Kiss1 is predominantly expressed in the habenula, an evolutionarily conserved epithalamic structure. Similarly, KissR1 is expressed only in the habenula, while KissR2 is widely distributed in the brain, suggesting that the two kisspeptin systems play specific roles in the brain. The habenular Kiss1 is involved in the modulation of the raphe nuclei and serotonin-related behaviors such as fear response in the zebrafish. This review summarizes the roles of multiple kisspeptin-KissR systems in reproductive and non-reproductive functions and neuronal mechanism, and debates the biological and evolutional significance of habenular kisspeptin-KissR systems in teleost species.
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102
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Spexin Suppress Food Intake in Zebrafish: Evidence from Gene Knockout Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14643. [PMID: 29116147 PMCID: PMC5677112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Spexin1 (SPX1) is a newly discovered neuropeptide in vertebrates. Its biological function remains to be elucidated. In this study, we have generated the zebrafish spx1 -/- mutant lines using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Phenotypes of the spx1 -/- mutant zebrafish were analyzed in order to understand the effects on reproduction and food intake. The reproductive capability is not impaired in spx1 mutant zebrafish. However, we found that the spx1 -/- mutant fish had a higher food intake than the wild type (WT) fish. Real-time PCR revealed that the expression level of agouti-relate protein 1 (AgRP1), a significant appetite stimulant, was significantly higher in spx1 -/- mutant fish after feeding. Intracranial administration of SPX1 could also reduce the mRNA expression of the AgRP1. These data suggest that SPX1 might decrease the food intake by down regulating the expression level of agrp1. Furthermore, spx1 -/- mutant fish exhibited higher glucose, triacylglycerol and cholesterol in the serum than WT fish. However, the hyperphagia did not lead to a higher growth rate or body fat percentage. Taken together, our study suggests that SPX1 may serve as a satiety signal molecular by suppressing the AgRP1 in the brain.
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103
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Tovar Bohórquez MO, Mechaly AS, Elisio M, Chalde T, Canosa LF, Miranda LA, Somoza GM. Kisspeptins and their receptors in the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis of Odonthestes bonariensis: Their relationship with gametogenesis along the reproductive cycle. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 252:209-218. [PMID: 28673514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the reproduction is controlled by the brain-pituitary-gonadal (BPG) axis and kisspeptin has emerged as a key player of this axis. In this study, we analyzed changes in the expression levels of kiss1, kiss2, and their receptors, kissr2 and kissr3 during gametogenesis in the BPG axis of feral Odontesthes bonariensis. In females, levels of brain kiss1 showed an increase at final maturation (Fm), while kiss2 levels were shown to be high at primary growth (Pg) stage, with no differences in the expression of their receptors. In the pituitary, kiss1 and kiss2 peaked at the cortical alveoli (Ca) stage, and kissr3 at initial vitellogenesis. In parallel, there was an increase of kiss1, kissr2 and kissr3 in the ovary during the Ca stage and both receptors again at Fm stage. In males, the four genes were highly expressed in the brain at the arrested (A) stage. In the pituitary, kiss2 peaked at spermatogonial (SG) and spermatocytary (SC) stages; while kissr3 reached a peak at the spermiogenic stage (SP). In testes, kiss1 and kiss2 significantly increased during the SG and SC stages; meanwhile, kissr2 increased at SG and SC, whereas kissr3 levels were significantly high at SC and SP stages. Taken together these results showed that the kisspeptin system in pejerrey is expressed in the three levels of the BPG axis with different expression profiles during the gonadal cycle. These findings pointed that kisspeptins have different roles in gametogenesis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oswaldo Tovar Bohórquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro S Mechaly
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Elisio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Chalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis F Canosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro A Miranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús "Dr. Raúl Alfonsín" (IIB-INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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104
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Wang B, Yang G, Liu Q, Qin J, Xu Y, Li W, Liu X, Shi B. Inhibitory action of tongue sole LPXRFa, the piscine ortholog of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone, on the signaling pathway induced by tongue sole kisspeptin in COS-7 cells transfected with their cognate receptors. Peptides 2017; 95:62-67. [PMID: 28754347 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss) acts as a positive regulator of reproduction by acting on gonadotropes and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Despite its functional significance, the intricate web of intracellular signal transduction pathways in response to Kiss is still far from being fully understood in teleosts. Accordingly, we investigated the molecular mechanism of Kiss action and its possible interaction with LPXRFa signaling in this study. In vitro functional analysis revealed that synthetic tongue sole Kiss2 decapeptide increased the cAMP responsive element-dependent luciferase (CRE-luc) activity in COS-7 cells transfected with its cognate receptor, while this stimulatory effect was markedly reduced by two inhibitors of the adenylate cyclase (AC)/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Similarly, Kiss2 also significantly stimulated serum responsive element-dependent luciferase (SRE-luc) activity, whereas this stimulatory effect was evidently attenuated by two inhibitors of the phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. In addition, LPXRFa-2 suppressed Kiss2-elicited CRE-luc activity in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, Kiss2 utilizes both AC/PKA and PLC/PKC pathways to exert its functions via its cognate receptor and LPXRFa may antagonize the action of Kiss2 by inhibiting kisspeptin signaling. As far as we know, this study is the first to characterize the half-smooth tongue sole kisspeptin and LPXRFa signaling pathway in COS-7 cells transfected with their cognate receptors and provides novel information on the interaction between LPXRFa system and kisspeptin system in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guokun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jingkai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuezhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Bao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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105
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Tang H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Yin Y, Li G, Guo Y, Liu X, Lin H. New Insights Into the Role of Estrogens in Male Fertility Based on Findings in Aromatase-Deficient Zebrafish. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3042-3054. [PMID: 28911176 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that estrogens are indispensable for male fertility in mammals. Aromatase (encoded by CYP19) catalyzes the final step of estradiol biosynthesis. However, less is known about the role of aromatase in male fertility in nonmammalian species. Fish aromatase is encoded by two separate genes: the gonad-specific cyp19a1a and the brain-specific cyp19a1b. In a recent study, we used transcription activatorlike effector nucleases to systematically generate cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b mutant lines and a cyp19a1a;cyp19a1b double-mutant line in zebrafish and demonstrated that cyp19a1a was indispensable for sex differentiation. In this study, we focused on male fertility in these aromatase-deficient zebrafish. Our results showed that all aromatase-deficient male fish had normal fertility even at 1 year after fertilization. Interestingly, we observed more spermatozoa in the cyp19a1a and double-mutant males than in the wild-type and cyp19a1b mutant males. The whole-body androgen levels, follicle-stimulating hormone β and luteinizing hormone β protein levels in the pituitary, and transcript levels of genes known to be involved in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in the testes were significantly higher in the cyp19a1a mutant and aromatase double-mutant males than in the wild-type and cyp19a1b mutant males. These results might explain why more spermatozoa were observed in these fish. Collectively, our findings indicate that estrogens are not needed to achieve and maintain normal fertility in male zebrafish. This finding challenges the traditional view that estrogens are indispensable for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yike Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
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106
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Yin Y, Tang H, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li G, Liu X, Lin H. Targeted Disruption of Aromatase Reveals Dual Functions of cyp19a1a During Sex Differentiation in Zebrafish. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3030-3041. [PMID: 28575219 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase (encoded by the cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b genes) plays a central role in sex differentiation in fish, but its precise roles during sex differentiation are still largely unknown. Here, we systematically generated cyp19a1a and cyp19a1b mutant lines as well as a cyp19a1a;cyp19a1b double mutant line in zebrafish using transcription activatorlike effector nucleases. Our results showed that cyp19a1a mutants and cyp19a1a;cyp19a1b double mutants, but not cyp19a1b mutants, had impaired sex differentiation, and all cyp19a1a mutants and cyp19a1a;cyp19a1b double mutants were males. During sex differentiation, the ovary-like gonads were not observed and the male sex differentiation program was delayed in the cyp19a1a-null fish, and these phenotypes could be partially rescued by 17β-estradiol treatment. Gene expression analysis indicated that male and female sex differentiation-related genes were significantly decreased in the cyp19a1a mutant. Collectively, our results revealed dual functions of the cyp19a1a gene during sex differentiation: cyp19a1a is not only indispensable for female sex differentiation but also required for male sex differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haipei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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107
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Wang B, Liu Q, Liu X, Xu Y, Song X, Shi B. Molecular characterization of kiss2 and differential regulation of reproduction-related genes by sex steroids in the hypothalamus of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 213:46-55. [PMID: 28822779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss) plays a critical role in mediating gonadal steroid feedback to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in mammals. However, little information regarding the regulation of kisspeptin gene by sex steroids is available in teleosts. In this study, we examined the direct actions of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) on hypothalamic expression of kisspeptin and other key factors involved in reproductive function of half-smooth tongue sole. As a first step, a partial-length cDNA of kiss2 was identified from the brain of tongue sole and kiss2 transcript levels were shown to be widely expressed in various tissues, notably in the ovary. Then, the actions of sex steroids on kiss2 and other reproduction-related genes were evaluated using a primary hypothalamus culture system. Our results showed that neither kiss2 nor its receptor kiss2r mRNA levels were significantly altered by sex steroids. Moreover, sex steroids did not modify hypothalamic expression of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (gnih) and its receptor gnihr mRNAs, either. However, E2 markedly stimulated both gnrh2 and gnrh3 mRNAs levels. Overall, this study provides insights into the role of sex steroids in the reproductive function of Pleuronectiform teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xuezhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xuesong Song
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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108
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Bpifcl modulates kiss2 expression under the influence of 11-ketotestosterone in female zebrafish. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7926. [PMID: 28801581 PMCID: PMC5554142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI) fold-containing (BPIF) superfamily of genes expressed in the brain are purportedly involved in modulating brain function in response to stress, such as inflammation. Kisspeptin, encoded by kiss, is affected by inflammation in the brain; therefore, BPIF family genes might be involved in the modulation of kisspeptin in the brain. In this study, we investigated the expression of BPIF family C, like (bpifcl) in zebrafish brain and its involvement in kiss2 regulation. The identified, full-length sequence of a bpifcl isoform expressed in the zebrafish brain contained the BPI fold shared by BPIF family members. bpifcl mRNA expression in female zebrafish brains was significantly higher than that in males. Exposure of female zebrafish to 11-ketotestosterone decreased bpifcl and kiss2 mRNA expression. bpifcl knockdown by bpifcl-specific small interfering RNA administration to female zebrafish brain decreased kiss2 mRNA expression. bpifcl expression was widely distributed in the brain, including in the dorsal zone of the periventricular hypothalamus (Hd). Furthermore, bpifcl was also expressed in KISS2 neurons in the Hd. These results suggest that the Bpifcl modulates kiss2 mRNA expression under the influence of testosterone in the Hd of female zebrafish.
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109
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Wang P, Wang M, Ji G, Yang S, Zhang S, Liu Z. Demonstration of a Functional Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin Receptor System in Amphioxus With Implications for Origin of Neuroendocrine Regulation. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1461-1473. [PMID: 28324048 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Amphioxus belongs to the Cephalochordata, which is the most basal subphylum of the chordates. Despite many studies on the endocrine system of amphioxus, key information about its regulation remains ambiguous. Here we clearly demonstrate the presence of a functional kisspeptin/kisspeptin receptor (Kiss-Kissr) system, which is involved in the regulation of reproduction in amphioxus. Evolutionary analyses revealed large expansion of Kiss and Kissr (gpr54) genes in amphioxus, and they might represent the ancestral type of the Kiss/gpr54 genes in chordates. Amphioxus Kiss was obviously expression at the cerebral vesicle and the Hatschek pit, whereas amphioxus gpr54 messenger RNA (mRNA) was abundantly present in nerve cord, ovary, and testes. Amphioxus GPR54-Like1 (GPR54L-1) was shown to be located on the cell membrane. The synthetic amphioxus Kiss-like (KissL) peptides were capable of activating the amphioxus GPR54L-1 with different potencies, hinting the interaction between Kiss and GPR54. Moreover, the expression of amphioxus gpr54 mRNA was significantly decreased during low or high temperature extremes. Importantly, the injection of amphioxus KissL could cause an elevation of zebrafish blood luteinizing hormone level and induce the expression of amphioxus gpb5, a gene encoding the ancestral type of vertebrate pituitary glycoprotein hormones. Also, the expression levels of BjkissL-2 or Bjgpr54L-1 were downregulated after spermiation or spawning. Collectively, the amphioxus Kiss-Kissr system has a correlation with the regulation of reproduction. Our studies provide insights into the functional roles and evolutionary history of the Kiss-Kissr system, as well as the origin of the vertebrate neuroendocrine axis for controlling reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guangdong Ji
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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110
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Guo Y, Wang Q, Li G, He M, Tang H, Zhang H, Yang X, Liu X, Lin H. Molecular mechanism of feedback regulation of 17β-estradiol on two kiss
genes in the protogynous orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides
). Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:495-507. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Gaofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Meng He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Haipei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Haifa Zhang
- Marine Fisheries Development Center of Guangdong Province; Huizhou China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Breeding and Culturing for South China Sea; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center; Guangzhou China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center; Guangzhou China
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111
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Qi X, Zhou W, Wang Q, Guo L, Lu D, Lin H. Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone, the Piscine Ortholog of LPXRFa, Participates in 17β-Estradiol Feedback in Female Goldfish Reproduction. Endocrinology 2017; 158:860-873. [PMID: 28324026 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) plays a critical role in regulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin hormone, and steroidogenesis in teleosts. In the present study, we sought to determine whether 17β-estradiol (E2) acts directly on GnIH neurons to regulate reproduction in goldfish, a seasonal breeder, and we investigated the role of estrogen receptors (ERs) in mediating this process. We found that GnIH neurons coexpress three types of ERs. Ovariectomy and letrozole implantation into female goldfish at the vitellogenic stage elicited a substantial decrease in the expression of GnIH messenger RNA (mRNA), and E2 supplementation abolished this effect. In primary cultured hypothalamus cells, E2 increased GnIH mRNA levels; surprisingly, selective ERα and ERβ agonists showed opposite effects in regulating GnIH mRNA levels. Using genome walking, we isolated a 2329-bp section of the GnIH promoter sequence, and 7 half-estrogen response elements (EREs) were found in the promoter region. Luciferase assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assay results show that the half-ERE element at -2203 is the key site for competitive binding between ERα and ERβ. Ovariectomy and letrozole implantation into female goldfish in the maturating stage did not change the GnIH mRNA expression levels. Taken together, these findings suggest that E2 binds to multiple types of ERs, which competitively bind to the same half-ERE binding site of the GnIH promoter to achieve both positive and negative feedback in response to estrogen to regulate goldfish reproduction at different stages of ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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112
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Shahjahan M, Kitahashi T, Ando H. Temperature affects sexual maturation through the control of kisspeptin, kisspeptin receptor, GnRH and GTH subunit gene expression in the grass puffer during the spawning season. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 243:138-145. [PMID: 27916574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Water temperature is an environmental factor of primary importance that influences reproductive function in fish. To understand the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the regulation of reproduction by temperature, we examined changes in expression of genes encoding kisspeptin (kiss2), kisspeptin receptor (kiss2r) and three gonadotropin-releasing hormones (gnrh1, gnrh2 and gnrh3) in the brain and genes encoding gonadotropin (GTH) subunits (gpa, fshb and lhb) in the pituitary of grass puffer exposed to a low temperature (14°C), normal temperature (21°C) and high temperature (28°C) for 7days. In addition, the plasma levels of cortisol were examined after exposed to three temperature conditions. The gonadosomatic index was significantly decreased in both low and high temperature conditions. The levels of kiss2 and kiss2r mRNAs were significantly decreased at both low and high temperature conditions compared to normal temperature (control) condition. gnrh1 but not gnrh2 were significantly decreased in both temperature conditions, while gnrh3 showed a decreasing tendency in low temperature. Consequently, the levels of fshb and lhb mRNAs were significantly decreased in both low and high temperature conditions. Interestingly, the plasma levels of cortisol were significantly increased in low temperature but remain unchanged in high temperature, suggesting that the fish were under stress in the low temperature conditions but not in the high temperature conditions. Taken together, the present results indicate that anomalous temperature have an inhibitory effect on reproductive function through suppressing kiss2/kiss2r/gnrh1/fshb and lhb expression and these changes may occur in a normal physiological response as well as in a malfunctional stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjahan
- Sado Marine Biological Station, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Sado, Niigata 952-2135, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitahashi
- Sado Marine Biological Station, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Sado, Niigata 952-2135, Japan
| | - Hironori Ando
- Sado Marine Biological Station, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Sado, Niigata 952-2135, Japan.
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113
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Liu Y, Tang H, Xie R, Li S, Liu X, Lin H, Zhang Y, Cheng CHK. Genetic Evidence for Multifactorial Control of the Reproductive Axis in Zebrafish. Endocrinology 2017; 158:604-611. [PMID: 28359084 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that kisspeptin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are required for reproduction in vertebrates. In this study, we generated gnrh3-null zebrafish and found that gnrh3 mutation did not impair gonad development and reproductive capacity. Moreover, zebrafish triple knockout mutant lacking gnrh3 and the 2 kiss1s genes undergo normal puberty and gonad maturation. The expression of follicle-stimulating hormone beta (fshβ) and luteinizing hormone beta (lhβ) was not significantly altered whereas the expression of neuropeptide Y (npy), tachykinin 3 (tac3), and secretogranin-II (sgII) was significantly increased in the triple knockout mutant, suggesting that compensation mechanisms exist to stimulate the reproductive axis in the absence of kiss and gnrh. Our results challenge the prevailing view that GnRH is indispensable for reproduction across species. These data provide genetic evidence that different mechanisms have evolved for the neuroendocrine control of reproduction between mammals and fish: pulsatile release of GnRH to the portal system is the final gateway to stimulate the reproductive axis in mammals, whereas multiple factors act in parallel with GnRH to stimulate the reproductive axis in certain fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haipei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuisheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christopher H K Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences Core Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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114
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Liu Y, Lin H. Genetic analysis of the reproductive axis in fish using genome-editing nucleases. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:302-308. [PMID: 36659358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction in fish is controlled by the brain-pituitary-gonad reproductive axis. Although genes of the reproductive axis are conserved from fish to humans, their in vivo functions are less clear in fish. Mutant lines of the reproductive axis have been systematically investigated in zebrafish and medaka using recently developed genome-editing nucleases. Here, we review recent progress in the genetic analysis of the reproductive axis in fish as well as the opportunities and challenges of applying genome-editing nucleases in fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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115
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Pasquier J, Lafont AG, Denis F, Lefranc B, Dubessy C, Moreno-Herrera A, Vaudry H, Leprince J, Dufour S, Rousseau K. Eel Kisspeptins: Identification, Functional Activity, and Inhibition on both Pituitary LH and GnRH Receptor Expression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:353. [PMID: 29375473 PMCID: PMC5766898 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) presents a blockade of sexual maturation at a prepubertal stage due to a deficient production of gonadotropins. We previously initiated, in the eel, the investigation of the kisspeptin system, one of the major gatekeepers of puberty in mammals, and we predicted the sequence of two Kiss genes. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced Kiss1 and Kiss2 cDNAs from the eel brain. The tissue distributions of Kiss1 and Kiss2 transcripts, as investigated by quantitative real-time PCR, showed that both genes are primarily expressed in the eel brain and pituitary. The two 10-residue long sequences characteristic of kisspeptin, eel Kp1(10) and Kp2(10), as well as two longer sequences, predicted as mature peptides, eel Kp1(15) and Kp2(12), were synthesized and functionally analyzed. Using rat Kiss1 receptor-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, we found that the four synthesized eel peptides were able to induce [Ca2+]i responses, indicating their ability to bind mammalian KissR-1 and to activate second messenger pathways. In primary culture of eel pituitary cells, all four peptides were able to specifically and dose-dependently inhibit lhβ expression, without any effect on fshβ, confirming our previous data with heterologous kisspeptins. Furthermore, in this eel in vitro system, all four peptides inhibited the expression of the type 2 GnRH receptor (gnrh-r2). Our data revealed a dual inhibitory effect of homologous kisspeptins on both pituitary lhβ and gnrh-r2 expression in the European eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Pasquier
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Lafont
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Florian Denis
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Dubessy
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Antonio Moreno-Herrera
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, Rouen, France
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, UA, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Karine Rousseau,
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116
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Takahashi A, Kanda S, Abe T, Oka Y. Evolution of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Regulation in Vertebrates Revealed by Knockout Medaka. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3994-4002. [PMID: 27560548 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction is essential for life, but its regulatory mechanism is diverse. The analysis of this diversity should lead us to understand the evolutionary process of the regulation of reproduction. In mammals, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis plays an essential role in such regulation, and each component, hypothalamic GnRH, and pituitary gonadotropins, LH, and FSH, is indispensable. However, the common principle of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulation among vertebrates remains unclear. Here, we used a teleost medaka, which is phylogenetically distant from mammals, and analyzed phenotypes of gene knockouts (KOs) for GnRH, LH, and FSH. We showed that LH release, which we previously showed to be directly triggered by GnRH, is essential for ovulation in females, because KO medaka of GnRH and LH were anovulatory in spite of the full follicular growth and normal gonadosomatic index, and spawning could be induced by a medaka LH receptor agonist. On the other hand, we showed that FSH is necessary for the folliculogenesis, because the follicular growth of FSH KO medaka was halted at the previtellogenic stage, but FSH release does not necessarily require GnRH. By comparing these results with the previous studies in mammals that both GnRH and LH are necessary for folliculogenesis, we propose a hypothesis as follows. During evolution, LH was originally specialized for ovulation, and regulation of folliculogenesis by GnRH-LH (pulsatile release) was newly acquired in mammals, which enabled fine tuning of reproduction through hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinji Kanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Abe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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117
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Vu M, Trudeau VL. Neuroendocrine control of spawning in amphibians and its practical applications. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 234:28-39. [PMID: 27013378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Across vertebrates, ovulation and sperm release are primarily triggered by the timed surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). These key reproductive events are governed by the action of several brain neuropeptides, pituitary hormones and gonadal steroids which operate to synchronize physiology with behaviour. In amphibians, it has long been recognized that the neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has stimulatory effects to induce spawning. Extensive work in teleosts reveals an inhibitory role of dopamine in the GnRH-regulated release of LH. Preliminary evidence suggests that this may be a conserved function in amphibians. Emerging studies are proposing a growing list of modulators beyond GnRH that are involved in the control of spawning including prolactin, kisspeptins, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and endocannabinoids. Based on these physiological data, spawning induction methods have been developed to test on selective amphibian species. However, several limitations remain to be investigated to strengthen the evidence for future applications. The current state of knowledge regarding the neuroendocrine control of spawning in amphibians will be reviewed in detail, the elements of which will have wide implications towards the captive breeding of endangered amphibian species for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9B4, Canada
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 9B4, Canada.
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118
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Spicer OS, Wong TT, Zmora N, Zohar Y. Targeted Mutagenesis of the Hypophysiotropic Gnrh3 in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Reveals No Effects on Reproductive Performance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158141. [PMID: 27355207 PMCID: PMC4927163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gnrh is the major neuropeptide regulator of vertebrate reproduction, triggering a cascade of events in the pituitary-gonadal axis that result in reproductive competence. Previous research in mice and humans has demonstrated that Gnrh/GNRH null mutations result in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. The goal of this study was to eliminate gnrh3 (the hypophysiotropic Gnrh form) function in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to determine how ontogeny and reproductive performance are affected, as well as factors downstream of Gnrh3 along the reproductive axis. Using the TALEN technology, we developed a gnrh3-/- zebrafish line that harbors a 62 bp deletion in the gnrh3 gene. Our gnrh3-/- zebrafish line represents the first targeted and heritable mutation of a Gnrh isoform in any organism. Using immunohistochemistry, we verified that gnrh3-/- fish do not possess Gnrh3 peptide in any regions of the brain. However, other than changes in mRNA levels of pituitary gonadotropin genes (fshb, lhb, and cga) during early development, which are corrected by adulthood, there were no changes in ontogeny and reproduction in gnrh3-/- fish. The gnrh3-/- zebrafish are fertile, displaying normal gametogenesis and reproductive performance in males and females. Together with our previous results that Gnrh3 cell ablation causes infertility, these results indicate that a compensatory mechanism is being activated, which is probably primed early on upon Gnrh3 neuron differentiation and possibly confined to Gnrh3 neurons. Potential compensation factors and sensitive windows of time for compensation during development and puberty should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Smith Spicer
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ten-Tsao Wong
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nilli Zmora
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yonathan Zohar
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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119
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Gene knockout of nuclear progesterone receptor provides insights into the regulation of ovulation by LH signaling in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28545. [PMID: 27333837 PMCID: PMC4917859 DOI: 10.1038/srep28545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the luteinizing hormone surge triggers ovulation, a dynamic process leading to the release of the mature oocyte from the ovarian follicle. But how this process controlled by LH signaling remains largely unknown in non-mammalian species. In this study, we investigated the roles of nuclear progesterone receptor (npr) in LH-induced ovulation. Our results indicate that the nuclear progesterone receptor serves as an important mediator of LH action on ovulation. This conclusion is based on the following results: (1) the expression level of npr peaks at the full-grown stage of the follicles; (2) the expression of npr is stimulated by LH signaling in vitro and in vivo; and (3) the npr null females are infertile due to ovulation defects. Moreover, we further show that LH signaling could induce ptger4b expression in an npr-dependent manner, and blockage of Ptger4b could also block hCG-induced ovulation. Collectively, our results not only demonstrate that npr serves an indispensable role in mediating the action of LH on ovulation in zebrafish, but also provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of ovulation in fish.
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120
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Sato K, Yamashita T, Haruki Y, Ohuchi H, Kinoshita M, Shichida Y. Two UV-Sensitive Photoreceptor Proteins, Opn5m and Opn5m2 in Ray-Finned Fish with Distinct Molecular Properties and Broad Distribution in the Retina and Brain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155339. [PMID: 27167972 PMCID: PMC4864311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Opn5 is a group within the opsin family of proteins that is responsible for visual and non-visual photoreception in animals. It consists of several subgroups, including Opn5m, the only subgroup containing members found in most vertebrates, including mammals. In addition, recent genomic information has revealed that some ray-finned fishes carry paralogous genes of Opn5m while other fishes have no such genes. Here, we report the molecular properties of the opsin now called Opn5m2 and its distributions in both the retina and brain. Like Opn5m, Opn5m2 exhibits UV light-sensitivity when binding to 11-cis-retinal and forms a stable active state that couples with Gi subtype of G protein. However, Opn5m2 does not bind all-trans-retinal and exhibits exclusive binding to 11-cis-retinal, whereas many bistable opsins, including fish Opn5m, can bind directly to all-trans-retinal as well as 11-cis-retinal. Because medaka fish has lost the Opn5m2 gene from its genome, we compared the tissue distribution patterns of Opn5m in medaka fish, zebrafish, and spotted gar, in addition to the distribution patterns of Opn5m2 in zebrafish and spotted gar. Opn5m expression levels showed a gradient along the dorsal–ventral axis of the retina, and preferential expression was observed in the ventral retina in the three fishes. The levels of Opn5m2 showed a similar gradient with preferential expression observed in the dorsal retina. Opn5m expression was relatively abundant in the inner region of the inner nuclear layer, while Opn5m2 was expressed in the outer edge of the inner nuclear layer. Additionally, we could detect Opn5m expression in several brain regions, including the hypothalamus, of these fish species. Opn5m2 expression could not be detected in zebrafish brain, but was clearly observed in limited brain regions of spotted gar. These results suggest that ray-finned fishes can generally utilize UV light information for non-image-forming photoreception in a wide range of cells in the retina and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sato
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Haruki
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Shichida
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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121
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Bédécarrats GY, Baxter M, Sparling B. An updated model to describe the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 227:58-63. [PMID: 26414126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in quail 15 years ago, gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) has become a central regulator of reproduction in avian species. In this review, we have revisited our original model published in 2009 to incorporate recent experimental evidence suggesting that GnIH acts as a molecular switch during the integration of multiple external and internal cues that allow sexual maturation to proceed in chickens. Furthermore, we discuss the regulation of a dual inhibitory/stimulatory control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis involving the interaction between GnIH and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Finally, beyond seasonality, we also propose that GnIH along with this dual control may be responsible for the circadian control of ovulation in chickens, allowing eggs to be laid in a synchronized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoy Y Bédécarrats
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada.
| | - Mikayla Baxter
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada.
| | - Brandi Sparling
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada.
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122
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Qiu W, Zhao Y, Yang M, Farajzadeh M, Pan C, Wayne NL. Actions of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S on the Reproductive Neuroendocrine System During Early Development in Zebrafish. Endocrinology 2016; 157:636-47. [PMID: 26653335 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known environmental, endocrine-disrupting chemical, and bisphenol S (BPS) has been considered a safer alternative for BPA-free products. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of BPA and BPS on the reproductive neuroendocrine system during zebrafish embryonic and larval development and to explore potential mechanisms of action associated with estrogen receptor (ER), thyroid hormone receptor (THR), and enzyme aromatase (AROM) pathways. Environmentally relevant, low levels of BPA exposure during development led to advanced hatching time, increased numbers of GnRH3 neurons in both terminal nerve and hypothalamus, increased expression of reproduction-related genes (kiss1, kiss1r, gnrh3, lhβ, fshβ, and erα), and a marker for synaptic transmission (sv2). Low levels of BPS exposure led to similar effects: increased numbers of hypothalamic GnRH3 neurons and increased expression of kiss1, gnrh3, and erα. Antagonists of ER, THRs, and AROM blocked many of the effects of BPA and BPS on reproduction-related gene expression, providing evidence that those three pathways mediate the actions of BPA and BPS on the reproductive neuroendocrine system. This study demonstrates that alternatives to BPA used in the manufacture of BPA-free products are not necessarily safer. Furthermore, this is the first study to describe the impact of low-level BPA and BPS exposure on the Kiss/Kiss receptor system during development. It is also the first report of multiple cellular pathways (ERα, THRs, and AROM) mediating the effects of BPA and BPS during embryonic development in any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qiu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering (W.Q., M.Y., C.P.), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; and Department of Physiology (W.Q., Y.Z., M.F., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Yali Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering (W.Q., M.Y., C.P.), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; and Department of Physiology (W.Q., Y.Z., M.F., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering (W.Q., M.Y., C.P.), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; and Department of Physiology (W.Q., Y.Z., M.F., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Matthew Farajzadeh
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering (W.Q., M.Y., C.P.), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; and Department of Physiology (W.Q., Y.Z., M.F., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Chenyuan Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering (W.Q., M.Y., C.P.), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; and Department of Physiology (W.Q., Y.Z., M.F., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Nancy L Wayne
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering (W.Q., M.Y., C.P.), Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; and Department of Physiology (W.Q., Y.Z., M.F., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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De Loof A, Schoofs L, Huybrechts R. The endocrine system controlling sexual reproduction in animals: Part of the evolutionary ancient but well conserved immune system? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 226:56-71. [PMID: 26707056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drastic changes in hormone titers, in particular of steroid hormones, are intuitively interpreted as necessary and beneficial for optimal functioning of animals. Peaks in progesterone- and estradiol titers that accompany the estrus cycle in female vertebrates as well as in ecdysteroids at each molt and during metamorphosis of holometabolous insects are prominent examples. A recent analysis of insect metamorphosis yielded the view that, in general, a sharp rise in sex steroid hormone titer signals that somewhere in the body some tissue(s) is undergoing programmed cell death/apoptosis. Increased steroid production is part of this process. Typical examples are ovarian follicle cells in female vertebrates and invertebrates and the prothoracic gland cells, the main production site of ecdysteroids in larval insects. A duality emerges: programmed cell death-apoptosis is deleterious at the cellular level, but it may yield beneficial effects at the organismal level. Reconciling both opposites requires reevaluating the probable evolutionary origin and role of peptidic brain hormones that direct steroid hormone synthesis. Do e.g. Luteinizing Hormone in vertebrates and Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH: acting through the Torso receptor) in insects still retain an ancient role as toxins in the early immune system? Does the functional link of some neuropeptides with Ca(2+)-induced apoptosis make sense in endocrine archeology? The endocrine system as a remnant of the ancient immune system is undoubtedly counterintuitive. Yet, we will argue that such paradigm enables the logical framing of many aspects, the endocrine one inclusive of both male and female reproductive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold De Loof
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Belgium
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Parhar IS, Ogawa S, Ubuka T. Reproductive Neuroendocrine Pathways of Social Behavior. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:28. [PMID: 27065948 PMCID: PMC4814763 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behaviors are key components of reproduction, because they are essential for successful fertilization. Social behaviors, such as courtship, mating, and aggression, are strongly associated with sex steroids, such as testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone. Secretion of sex steroids from the gonads is regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in vertebrates. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a pivotal hypothalamic neuropeptide that stimulates gonadotropin release from the pituitary. In recent years, the role of neuropeptides containing the C-terminal Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide peptides) has been emphasized in vertebrate reproduction. In particular, two key RFamide peptides, kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), emerged as critical accelerator and suppressor of gonadotropin secretion. Kisspeptin stimulates GnRH release by directly acting on GnRH neurons, whereas GnIH inhibits gonadotropin release by inhibiting kisspeptin, GnRH neurons, or pituitary gonadotropes. These neuropeptides can regulate social behavior by regulating the HPG axis. However, distribution of neuronal fibers of GnRH, kisspeptin, and GnIH neurons is not limited within the hypothalamus, and the existence of extrahypothalamic neuronal fibers suggests direct control of social behavior within the brain. It has traditionally been shown that central administration of GnRH can stimulate female sexual behavior in rats. Recently, it was shown that Kiss1, one of the paralogs of kisspeptin peptide family, regulates fear responses in zebrafish and GnIH inhibits sociosexual behavior in birds. Here, we highlight recent findings regarding the role of GnRH, kisspeptin, and GnIH in the regulation of social behaviors in fish, birds, and mammals and discuss their importance in future biological and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar S. Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Ishwar S. Parhar,
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Takayoshi Ubuka
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Felip A, Espigares F, Zanuy S, Gómez A. Differential activation of kiss receptors by Kiss1 and Kiss2 peptides in the sea bass. Reproduction 2015; 150:227-43. [PMID: 26047834 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two forms of kiss gene (kiss1 and kiss2) have been described in the teleost sea bass. This study assesses the cloning and characterization of two Kiss receptor genes, namely kissr2 and kissr3 (known as gpr54-1b and gpr54-2b, respectively), and their signal transduction pathways in response to Kiss1 and Kiss2 peptides. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses indicate that these paralogs originated by duplication of an ancestral gene before teleost specific duplication. The kissr2 and kissr3 mRNAs encode proteins of 368 and 378 amino acids, respectively, and share 53.1% similarity in amino acid sequences. In silico analysis of the putative promoter regions of the sea bass Kiss receptor genes revealed conserved flanking regulatory sequences among teleosts. Both kissr2 and kissr3 are predominantly expressed in brain and gonads of sea bass, medaka and zebrafish. In the testis, the expression levels of sea bass kisspeptins and Kiss receptors point to a significant variation during the reproductive cycle. In vitro functional analyses revealed that sea bass Kiss receptor signals are transduced both via the protein kinase C and protein kinase A pathway. Synthetic sea bass Kiss1-15 and Kiss2-12 peptides activated Kiss receptors with different potencies, indicating a differential ligand selectivity. Our data suggest that Kissr2 and Kissr3 have a preference for Kiss1 and Kiss2 peptides, respectively, thus providing the basis for future studies aimed at establishing their physiologic roles in sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Felip
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS), Ribera de Cabanes s/n Torre la Sal, 12595 Castellón, Spain
| | - Felipe Espigares
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS), Ribera de Cabanes s/n Torre la Sal, 12595 Castellón, Spain
| | - Silvia Zanuy
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS), Ribera de Cabanes s/n Torre la Sal, 12595 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS), Ribera de Cabanes s/n Torre la Sal, 12595 Castellón, Spain
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Trudeau VL. Kiss and tell: Deletion of kisspeptins and receptors reveal surprising results see article in Endocrinology February 2015;156: 589-599. Endocrinology 2015; 156:769-71. [PMID: 25679870 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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