101
|
Cell Polarity-Dependent Regulation of Cell Allocation and the First Lineage Specification in the Preimplantation Mouse Embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 128:11-35. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
102
|
Abstract
During the very first days of mammalian development, the embryo forms a structure called the blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of two cell types: the trophectoderm (TE), which implants the embryo in the uterus and the inner cell mass (ICM), which gives rise to all cells of the mammalian body. Previous works identified how cells differentiate according to their position within the embryo: TE for surface cells and ICM for internal cells. It is therefore essential to understand how cells acquire their position in the first place. During the formation of the blastocyst, cells distort and relocate as a consequence of forces that are generated by the cells themselves. Recently, several important studies have identified the forces and cellular mechanisms leading to the shaping of the ICM. Here, I describe how these studies led us to understand how contractile forces shape the mammalian embryo to position and differentiate the ICM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Léon Maître
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215 Inserm U934, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris, France - Équipe mécanique du développement mammifère, Unité Génétique et Biologie du Développement, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Bissiere S, Gasnier M, Alvarez YD, Plachta N. Cell Fate Decisions During Preimplantation Mammalian Development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 128:37-58. [PMID: 29477170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The early mouse embryo offers a phenomenal system to dissect how changes in the mechanisms controlling cell fate are integrated with morphogenetic events at the single-cell level. New technologies based on live imaging have enabled the discovery of dynamic changes in the regulation of single genes, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms directing early cell fate decision in the early embryo. Here, we review recent progress in linking molecular dynamic events occurring at the level of the single cell in vivo, to some of the key morphogenetic changes regulating early mouse development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxime Gasnier
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanina D Alvarez
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Plachta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore; National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Xu B, Ge H, Zhang Z. An efficient and assumption-free method to approximate protein level distribution in the two-states gene expression model. J Theor Biol 2017; 433:1-7. [PMID: 28842224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic fluctuations at each step of gene expression might influence protein levels distributions across cell populations. However, current methods to model protein distribution of intrinsic gene expression dynamics are either computationally inefficient or rely on ad hoc assumptions, e.g., that the gene is always active. Taking advantage of the simple form of lower-order moments of distribution, we developed an efficient and assumption-free protein distribution approximation method (EFPD), for the two state gene expression model to accurately approximate the distribution. By EFPD, we computed nearly identical intensity of gene expression regulation at mRNA and protein level, implying a profound link between transcription and translation. Finally, by extending EFPD to approximate the distribution of protein level at any arbitrary temporal state, we proposed an explanation for the role of stochastic noise in gene expression in the context of a continuously changing environment. EFPD can be a powerful tool for modeling the particular molecular mechanisms of targeted gene expression pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ge
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research (BICMR) and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Plasticity of the inner cell mass in mouse blastocyst is restricted by the activity of FGF/MAPK pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15136. [PMID: 29123210 PMCID: PMC5680175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to ensure successful development, cells of the early mammalian embryo must differentiate to either trophectoderm (TE) or inner cell mass (ICM), followed by epiblast (EPI) or primitive endoderm (PE) specification within the ICM. Here, we deciphered the mechanism that assures the correct order of these sequential cell fate decisions. We revealed that TE-deprived ICMs derived from 32-cell blastocysts are still able to reconstruct TE during in vitro culture, confirming totipotency of ICM cells at this stage. ICMs isolated from more advanced blastocysts no longer retain totipotency, failing to form TE and generating PE on their surface. We demonstrated that the transition from full potency to lineage priming is prevented by inhibition of the FGF/MAPK signalling pathway. Moreover, we found that after this first restriction step, ICM cells still retain fate flexibility, manifested by ability to convert their fate into an alternative lineage (PE towards EPI and vice versa), until peri-implantation stage.
Collapse
|
106
|
Rhee C, Kim J, Tucker HO. Transcriptional Regulation of the First Cell Fate Decision. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY & REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 1:102. [PMID: 29658952 PMCID: PMC5897107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the first cell fate decision has chosen is a fascinating biological question that was received consider attention over the last decade. Numerous transcription factors are required, and many have been shown to have essential roles in this process. Here we reexamine the function that transcription factors play primarily in the mouse-the model system most thoroughly examined in this process. We address how the first embryonic lineage is established and maintained, with a particular emphasis on subsequent trophectoderm development and the role of the recently established Arid3a transcription factor in this process. In addition, we review relevant aspects of embryonic stem cell reprogramming into trophoblast stem cells -the equivalent of the epiblast (inner cell mass) and the establishment of induced trophoblast stem cells-the in vitro equivalent of the trophectoderm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rhee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Haley O. Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Abulaiti X, Zhang H, Wang A, Li N, Li Y, Wang C, Du X, Li L. Phosphorylation of Threonine 343 Is Crucial for OCT4 Interaction with SOX2 in the Maintenance of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1630-1641. [PMID: 28988986 PMCID: PMC5829306 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OCT4 is required to maintain the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs); yet, overdose-expression of OCT4 induces ESC differentiation toward primitive endoderm. The molecular mechanism underlying this differentiation switch is not fully understood. Here, we found that substitution of threonine343 by alanine (T343A), but not aspartic acid (T343D), caused a significant loss of OCT4-phosphorylation signal in ESCs. Loss of such OCT4-phosphorylation compromises its interaction with SOX2 but promotes interaction with SOX17. We therefore propose that threonine343-based OCT4-phosphorylation is crucial for the maintenance of ESC pluripotency. This OCT4-phosphorylation-based mechanism may provide insight into the regulation of lineage specification during early embryonic development. Phosphorylation of threonine343 mediates global OCT4-phosphorylation (phos-OCT4T343) Phos-OCT4T343 is crucial for OCT4 to protect embryonic stem cell pluripotency Phos-OCT4T343 binds to SOX2 but non-phos-OCT4T343 binds to SOX17 in cell fate decision Phos-OCT4T343 may regulate lineage commitment in early embryonic development
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianmixinuer Abulaiti
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Aifang Wang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lingsong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Jaber M, Sebban S, Buganim Y. Acquisition of the pluripotent and trophectoderm states in the embryo and during somatic nuclear reprogramming. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 46:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
109
|
Symmons O, Raj A. What's Luck Got to Do with It: Single Cells, Multiple Fates, and Biological Nondeterminism. Mol Cell 2017; 62:788-802. [PMID: 27259209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The field of single-cell biology has morphed from a philosophical digression at its inception, to a playground for quantitative biologists, to a major area of biomedical research. The last several years have witnessed an explosion of new technologies, allowing us to apply even more of the modern molecular biology toolkit to single cells. Conceptual progress, however, has been comparatively slow. Here, we provide a framework for classifying both the origins of the differences between individual cells and the consequences of those differences. We discuss how the concept of "random" differences is context dependent, and propose that rigorous definitions of inputs and outputs may bring clarity to the discussion. We also categorize ways in which probabilistic behavior may influence cellular function, highlighting studies that point to exciting future directions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Symmons
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Arjun Raj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Maître JL. Mechanics of blastocyst morphogenesis. Biol Cell 2017; 109:323-338. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Léon Maître
- Institut Curie; PSL Research University; CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934; Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Mohammed H, Hernando-Herraez I, Savino A, Scialdone A, Macaulay I, Mulas C, Chandra T, Voet T, Dean W, Nichols J, Marioni JC, Reik W. Single-Cell Landscape of Transcriptional Heterogeneity and Cell Fate Decisions during Mouse Early Gastrulation. Cell Rep 2017; 20:1215-1228. [PMID: 28768204 PMCID: PMC5554778 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse inner cell mass (ICM) segregates into the epiblast and primitive endoderm (PrE) lineages coincident with implantation of the embryo. The epiblast subsequently undergoes considerable expansion of cell numbers prior to gastrulation. To investigate underlying regulatory principles, we performed systematic single-cell RNA sequencing (seq) of conceptuses from E3.5 to E6.5. The epiblast shows reactivation and subsequent inactivation of the X chromosome, with Zfp57 expression associated with reactivation and inactivation together with other candidate regulators. At E6.5, the transition from epiblast to primitive streak is linked with decreased expression of polycomb subunits, suggesting a key regulatory role. Notably, our analyses suggest elevated transcriptional noise at E3.5 and within the non-committed epiblast at E6.5, coinciding with exit from pluripotency. By contrast, E6.5 primitive streak cells became highly synchronized and exhibit a shortened G1 cell-cycle phase, consistent with accelerated proliferation. Our study systematically charts transcriptional noise and uncovers molecular processes associated with early lineage decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mohammed
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Aurora Savino
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Single-Cell Genomics Centre, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Iain Macaulay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Single-Cell Genomics Centre, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Carla Mulas
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Tamir Chandra
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Thierry Voet
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Single-Cell Genomics Centre, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Human Genetics, Human Genome Laboratory, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wendy Dean
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
| | - John C Marioni
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Single-Cell Genomics Centre, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 ORE, UK.
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Single-Cell Genomics Centre, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Korotkevich E, Niwayama R, Courtois A, Friese S, Berger N, Buchholz F, Hiiragi T. The Apical Domain Is Required and Sufficient for the First Lineage Segregation in the Mouse Embryo. Dev Cell 2017; 40:235-247.e7. [PMID: 28171747 PMCID: PMC5300053 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian development begins with segregation of the extra-embryonic trophectoderm from the embryonic lineage in the blastocyst. While cell polarity and adhesion play key roles, the decisive cue driving this lineage segregation remains elusive. Here, to study symmetry breaking, we use a reduced system in which isolated blastomeres recapitulate the first lineage segregation. We find that in the 8-cell stage embryo, the apical domain recruits a spindle pole to ensure its differential distribution upon division. Daughter cells that inherit the apical domain adopt trophectoderm fate. However, the fate of apolar daughter cells depends on whether their position within the embryo facilitates apical domain formation by Cdh1-independent cell contact. Finally, we develop methods for transplanting apical domains and show that acquisition of this domain is not only required but also sufficient for the first lineage segregation. Thus, we provide mechanistic understanding that reconciles previous models for symmetry breaking in mouse development. A reduced system was established to study symmetry breaking in mouse development 8-cell stage blastomeres acquire the capacity to self-organize the apical domain The apical domain is required and sufficient for the first lineage segregation Contact asymmetry specifies cell fate, leading to self-organized embryo patterning
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Korotkevich
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ritsuya Niwayama
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurélien Courtois
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Friese
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Berger
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, UCC, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Takashi Hiiragi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Durruthy-Durruthy J, Wossidlo M, Pai S, Takahashi Y, Kang G, Omberg L, Chen B, Nakauchi H, Reijo Pera R, Sebastiano V. Spatiotemporal Reconstruction of the Human Blastocyst by Single-Cell Gene-Expression Analysis Informs Induction of Naive Pluripotency. Dev Cell 2017; 38:100-15. [PMID: 27404362 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human preimplantation embryo development involves complex cellular and molecular events that lead to the establishment of three cell lineages in the blastocyst: trophectoderm, primitive endoderm, and epiblast. Owing to limited resources of biological specimens, our understanding of how the earliest lineage commitments are regulated remains narrow. Here, we examined gene expression in 241 individual cells from early and late human blastocysts to delineate dynamic gene-expression changes. We distinguished all three lineages and further developed a 3D model of the inner cell mass and trophectoderm in which individual cells were mapped into distinct expression domains. We identified in silico precursors of the epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages and revealed a role for MCRS1, TET1, and THAP11 in epiblast formation and their ability to induce naive pluripotency in vitro. Our results highlight the potential of single-cell gene-expression analysis in human preimplantation development to instruct human stem cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Durruthy-Durruthy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark Wossidlo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sunil Pai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gugene Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Bertha Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Renee Reijo Pera
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Vittorio Sebastiano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Molotkov A, Mazot P, Brewer JR, Cinalli RM, Soriano P. Distinct Requirements for FGFR1 and FGFR2 in Primitive Endoderm Development and Exit from Pluripotency. Dev Cell 2017; 41:511-526.e4. [PMID: 28552557 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the FGF signaling pathway during preimplantation development of the mouse embryo is known to be essential for differentiation of the inner cell mass and the formation of the primitive endoderm (PrE). We now show using fluorescent reporter knockin lines that Fgfr1 is expressed in all cell populations of the blastocyst, while Fgfr2 expression becomes restricted to extraembryonic lineages, including the PrE. We further show that loss of both receptors prevents the development of the PrE and demonstrate that FGFR1 plays a more prominent role in this process than FGFR2. Finally, we document an essential role for FGFRs in embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation, with FGFR1 again having a greater influence than FGFR2 in ESC exit from the pluripotent state. Collectively, these results identify mechanisms through which FGF signaling regulates inner cell mass lineage restriction and cell commitment during preimplantation development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Molotkov
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pierre Mazot
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - J Richard Brewer
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ryan M Cinalli
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Zhou H, Neelakantan D, Ford HL. Clonal cooperativity in heterogenous cancers. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 64:79-89. [PMID: 27582427 PMCID: PMC5330947 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a major obstacle to the development of effective therapies and is thus an important focus of cancer research. Genetic and epigenetic alterations, as well as altered tumor microenvironments, result in tumors made up of diverse subclones with different genetic and phenotypic characteristics. Intratumor heterogeneity enables competition, but also supports clonal cooperation via cell-cell contact or secretion of factors, resulting in enhanced tumor progression. Here, we summarize recent findings related to interclonal interactions within a tumor and the therapeutic implications of such interactions, with an emphasis on how different subclones collaborate with each other to promote proliferation, metastasis and therapy-resistance. Furthermore, we propose that disruption of clonal cooperation by targeting key factors (such as Wnt and Hedgehog, amongst others) can be an alternative approach to improving clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengbo Zhou
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Deepika Neelakantan
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Heide L Ford
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Mouse blastomeres acquire ability to divide asymmetrically before compaction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175032. [PMID: 28362853 PMCID: PMC5376319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse preimplantation embryo generates the precursors of trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) during the 8- to 16-cell stage transition, when the apico-basal polarized blastomeres undergo divisions that give rise to cells with different fate. Asymmetric segregation of polar domain at 8–16 cell division generate two cell types, polar cells which adopt an outer position and develop in TE and apolar cells which are allocated to inner position as the precursors of ICM. It is still not know when the blastomeres of 8-cell stage start to be determined to undergo asymmetric division. Here, we analyze the frequency of symmetric and asymmetric divisions of blastomeres isolated from 8-cell stage embryo before and after compaction. Using p-Ezrin as the polarity marker we found that size of blastomeres in 2/16 pairs cannot be used as a criterion for distinguishing symmetric and asymmetric divisions. Our results showed that at early 8-cell stage, before any visible signs of cortical polarity, a subset of blastomeres had been already predestined to divide asymmetrically. We also showed that almost all of 8-cell stage blastomeres isolated from compacted embryo divide asymmetrically, whereas in intact embryos, the frequency of asymmetric divisions is significantly lower. Therefore we conclude that in intact embryo the frequency of symmetric and asymmetric division is regulated by cell-cell interactions.
Collapse
|
117
|
Hu Z, Sun R, Curtis C. A population genetics perspective on the determinants of intra-tumor heterogeneity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1867:109-126. [PMID: 28274726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer results from the acquisition of somatic alterations in a microevolutionary process that typically occurs over many years, much of which is occult. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics that are operative at different stages of progression in individual tumors might inform the earlier detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Although these processes cannot be directly observed, the resultant spatiotemporal patterns of genetic variation amongst tumor cells encode their evolutionary histories. Such intra-tumor heterogeneity is pervasive not only at the genomic level, but also at the transcriptomic, phenotypic, and cellular levels. Given the implications for precision medicine, the accurate quantification of heterogeneity within and between tumors has become a major focus of current research. In this review, we provide a population genetics perspective on the determinants of intra-tumor heterogeneity and approaches to quantify genetic diversity. We summarize evidence for different modes of evolution based on recent cancer genome sequencing studies and discuss emerging evolutionary strategies to therapeutically exploit tumor heterogeneity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Evolutionary principles - heterogeneity in cancer?, edited by Dr. Robert A. Gatenby.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruping Sun
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina Curtis
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Posfai E, Petropoulos S, de Barros FRO, Schell JP, Jurisica I, Sandberg R, Lanner F, Rossant J. Position- and Hippo signaling-dependent plasticity during lineage segregation in the early mouse embryo. eLife 2017; 6:22906. [PMID: 28226240 PMCID: PMC5370188 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The segregation of the trophectoderm (TE) from the inner cell mass (ICM) in the mouse blastocyst is determined by position-dependent Hippo signaling. However, the window of responsiveness to Hippo signaling, the exact timing of lineage commitment and the overall relationship between cell commitment and global gene expression changes are still unclear. Single-cell RNA sequencing during lineage segregation revealed that the TE transcriptional profile stabilizes earlier than the ICM and prior to blastocyst formation. Using quantitative Cdx2-eGFP expression as a readout of Hippo signaling activity, we assessed the experimental potential of individual blastomeres based on their level of Cdx2-eGFP expression and correlated potential with gene expression dynamics. We find that TE specification and commitment coincide and occur at the time of transcriptional stabilization, whereas ICM cells still retain the ability to regenerate TE up to the early blastocyst stage. Plasticity of both lineages is coincident with their window of sensitivity to Hippo signaling. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22906.001 In female mammals, conception is a complex process that involves several stages. First, an egg is released from the ovary and travels along a tube called the oviduct, where sperm from a male may fertilize it. If the egg is fertilized, the newly formed embryo moves into the womb, where it will then implant into the walls. In mice, it takes around four days for the embryo to implant and during this time, the cells in the embryo divide several times and start to specialize to form distinct cell types called lineages. The first two lineages to form are known as the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. The inner cell mass forms a ball of cells within the embryo and contains the precursors of all cells that build the animal’s body. The trophectoderm forms a layer that surrounds the inner cell mass and will become part of the placenta (the organ that supplies the embryo with nutrients while it is in the womb). The embryo can organize these lineages without any instructions from the mother. However, it is still not clear when the cells start to differ from each other, and when they ‘commit’ to stay in these lineages. Cells in the inner cell mass and trophectoderm have different gene expression profiles, meaning that many genes display different levels of activity in these two lineages. Posfai et al. use a technique called single-cell RNA sequencing to analyse gene activity as the inner cell mass and trophectoderm form in mouse embryos. By measuring changes in gene activity, it is possible to track their development and show which genes change expression levels when each lineage specifies and commits. The experiments reveal that the inner cell mass and trophectoderm lineages develop at different times. As the inner cell mass forms, cells adopt the inner cell mass ‘identity’ before they commit to remaining in this lineage, revealing a window of time where different signals could still change the fate of the cells. However, when the early trophectoderm cells show the first signs of specialization, they also commit to their new identity at the same time. These findings suggest that the different timings at which these cell lineages form might provide embryos with the means to organize their own cells. An important future challenge is to understand exactly how the cells commit to their fate. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22906.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Posfai
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sophie Petropoulos
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - John Paul Schell
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Bou G, Liu S, Sun M, Zhu J, Xue B, Guo J, Zhao Y, Qu B, Weng X, Wei Y, Lei L, Liu Z. CDX2 is essential for cell proliferation and polarity in porcine blastocysts. Development 2017; 144:1296-1306. [PMID: 28219949 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of CDX2 in trophectoderm (TE) cells has been extensively studied, yet the results are contradictory and species specific. Here, CDX2 expression and function were explored in early porcine embryos. Notably, siRNA-mediated gene knockdown and lentivirus-mediated TE-specific gene regulation demonstrated that CDX2 is essential for the maintenance of blastocyst integrity by regulating the BMP4-mediated blastocyst niche and classic protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated TE polarity in mammalian embryos. Mechanistically, CDX2-depleted porcine embryos stalled at the blastocyst stage and exhibited apoptosis and inactive cell proliferation, possibly resulting from BMP4 downregulation. Moreover, TE cells in CDX2-depleted blastocysts displayed defective F-actin apical organization associated with downregulation of PKCα (PRKCA). Collectively, these results provide further insight into the functional diversity of CDX2 in early mammalian embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerelchimeg Bou
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| | - Shichao Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingju Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Binghua Xue
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jia Guo
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yueming Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Life Science and Biotechnique Research Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanchang Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China .,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Rhee C, Edwards M, Dang C, Harris J, Brown M, Kim J, Tucker HO. ARID3A is required for mammalian placenta development. Dev Biol 2017; 422:83-91. [PMID: 27965054 PMCID: PMC5540318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in the mouse indicated that ARID3A plays a critical role in the first cell fate decision required for generation of trophectoderm (TE). Here, we demonstrate that ARID3A is widely expressed during mouse and human placentation and essential for early embryonic viability. ARID3A localizes to trophoblast giant cells and other trophoblast-derived cell subtypes in the junctional and labyrinth zones of the placenta. Conventional Arid3a knockout embryos suffer restricted intrauterine growth with severe defects in placental structural organization. Arid3a null placentas show aberrant expression of subtype-specific markers as well as significant alteration in cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory response-related genes, including previously established markers of human placentation disorders. BMP4-mediated induction of trophoblast stem (TS)-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells results in ARID3A up-regulation and cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation. Overexpression of ARID3A in BMP4-mediated TS-like cells up-regulates TE markers, whereas pluripotency markers are down-regulated. Our results reveal an essential, conserved function for ARID3A in mammalian placental development through regulation of both intrinsic and extrinsic developmental programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rhee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Christine Dang
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - June Harris
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Mark Brown
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Jonghwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Chu BK, Tse MJ, Sato RR, Read EL. Markov State Models of gene regulatory networks. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:14. [PMID: 28166778 PMCID: PMC5294885 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Gene regulatory networks with dynamics characterized by multiple stable states underlie cell fate-decisions. Quantitative models that can link molecular-level knowledge of gene regulation to a global understanding of network dynamics have the potential to guide cell-reprogramming strategies. Networks are often modeled by the stochastic Chemical Master Equation, but methods for systematic identification of key properties of the global dynamics are currently lacking. Results The method identifies the number, phenotypes, and lifetimes of long-lived states for a set of common gene regulatory network models. Application of transition path theory to the constructed Markov State Model decomposes global dynamics into a set of dominant transition paths and associated relative probabilities for stochastic state-switching. Conclusions In this proof-of-concept study, we found that the Markov State Model provides a general framework for analyzing and visualizing stochastic multistability and state-transitions in gene networks. Our results suggest that this framework—adopted from the field of atomistic Molecular Dynamics—can be a useful tool for quantitative Systems Biology at the network scale. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0394-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Margaret J Tse
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Royce R Sato
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Read
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Wang Q, Holmes WR, Sosnik J, Schilling T, Nie Q. Cell Sorting and Noise-Induced Cell Plasticity Coordinate to Sharpen Boundaries between Gene Expression Domains. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005307. [PMID: 28135279 PMCID: PMC5279720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how sharp boundaries of gene expression form precisely in spite of biological variation/noise. Numerous mechanisms position gene expression domains across fields of cells (e.g. morphogens), but how these domains are refined remains unclear. In some cases, domain boundaries sharpen through differential adhesion-mediated cell sorting. However, boundaries can also sharpen through cellular plasticity, with cell fate changes driven by up- or down-regulation of gene expression. In this context, we have argued that noise in gene expression can help cells transition to the correct fate. Here we investigate the efficacy of cell sorting, gene expression plasticity, and their combination in boundary sharpening using multi-scale, stochastic models. We focus on the formation of hindbrain segments (rhombomeres) in the developing zebrafish as an example, but the mechanisms investigated apply broadly to many tissues. Our results indicate that neither sorting nor plasticity is sufficient on its own to sharpen transition regions between different rhombomeres. Rather the two have complementary strengths and weaknesses, which synergize when combined to sharpen gene expression boundaries. In many developing systems, chemical gradients control the formation of segmental domains of gene expression, specifying distinct domains that go on to form different tissues and structures, in a concentration-dependent manner. These gradients are noisy however, raising the question of how sharply delineated boundaries between distinct segments form. It is crucial that developing systems be able to cope with stochasticity and generate well-defined boundaries between different segmented domains. Previous work suggests that cell sorting and cellular plasticity help sharpen boundaries between segments. However, it remains unclear how effective each of these mechanisms is and what their role in sharpening may be. Motivated by recent experimental observations, we construct a hybrid stochastic model to investigate these questions. We find that neither mechanism is sufficient on its own to sharpen boundaries between different segments. Rather, results indicate each has its own strengths and weaknesses, and that they work together synergistically to promote the development of precise, well defined segment boundaries. Formation of segmented rhombomeres in the zebrafish hindbrain, which later form different components of the central nervous system, is a motivating case for this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Wang
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - William R. Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Julian Sosnik
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Schilling
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Qing Nie
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Holmes WR, Reyes de Mochel NS, Wang Q, Du H, Peng T, Chiang M, Cinquin O, Cho K, Nie Q. Gene Expression Noise Enhances Robust Organization of the Early Mammalian Blastocyst. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005320. [PMID: 28114387 PMCID: PMC5293272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical event in mammalian embryo development is construction of an inner cell mass surrounded by a trophoectoderm (a shell of cells that later form extraembryonic structures). We utilize multi-scale, stochastic modeling to investigate the design principles responsible for robust establishment of these structures. This investigation makes three predictions, each supported by our quantitative imaging. First, stochasticity in the expression of critical genes promotes cell plasticity and has a critical role in accurately organizing the developing mouse blastocyst. Second, asymmetry in the levels of noise variation (expression fluctuation) of Cdx2 and Oct4 provides a means to gain the benefits of noise-mediated plasticity while ameliorating the potentially detrimental effects of stochasticity. Finally, by controlling the timing and pace of cell fate specification, the embryo temporally modulates plasticity and creates a time window during which each cell can continually read its environment and adjusts its fate. These results suggest noise has a crucial role in maintaining cellular plasticity and organizing the blastocyst. A critical event in mammalian embryo development is construction of a mass of embryonic stem cells surrounded by a distinct shell that later forms the placenta along with other structures. Despite sustained investigation, multiple hypotheses for what is responsible for this organization persist and it remains unclear what is responsible for the robust organization (remarkable ability for embryos to pattern correctly) of these structures. Here, we utilize multi-scale, stochastic modeling along with fluorescence imaging to investigate the factors that contribute to the incredible robustness of this organizational process. Results point to two factors that contribute to this robustness: 1) the timing and pace of cell fate specification and 2) stochastic gene regulatory effects. The former creates a window of time during which each cell can continually read their environment and adjust their gene expressions (and consequently fate) in response to dynamic rearrangements of cells arising from cell divisions and motions. The latter improves cell plasticity, providing the capability for cells to adjust to changes in their local environment. Fluorescence imaging results demonstrate that the magnitude and structure of gene expression variations match those predicted to promote organizational robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, United States of America
| | - Nabora Soledad Reyes de Mochel
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Qixuan Wang
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Huijing Du
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Tao Peng
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Chiang
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Olivier Cinquin
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Ken Cho
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QN); (KC)
| | - Qing Nie
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QN); (KC)
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Abstract
Recent evidence from embryonic stem cells suggests that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) plays a central role in the regulation of pluripotency, a short-lived property of cells in the early blastula inner cell mass (ICM). Four key observations support this conclusion. The first is the temporal association between upregulation of AHR expression and the onset of cell differentiation, which argues for the AHR as a determinant of cell fate decisions. The second is the repression of the pluripotency factors OCT4 and NANOG by the AHR, which depresses their function and contributes to the cell's exit from pluripotency. The third is the temporal association between changes in global DNA methylation and stage-dependent AHR expression, which parallel each other during embryonic development, suggesting that AHR helps configure a repressive chromatin structure that controls differentiation. The fourth is the incidence of early developmental aberrations that take place in Ahr-null mice and cause the disruption of their embryonic program, which is likely to be a consequence of the loss of pluripotency of the Ahr-/- ICM cells. In this short review, we will focus on the modulation of pluripotency as a novel function of the AHR, and on the potentially detrimental developmental outcomes that may result from exposure to environmental toxicants. This line of enquiry brings us to the tantalizing conclusion that by activating mechanisms that modulate pluripotency, AHR regulates embryonic development. The likelihood that exposure to environmental AHR ligands might disrupt developmental processes is a reasonable corollary to this conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Ko
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| | - Alvaro Puga
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Lo Nigro A, de Jaime-Soguero A, Khoueiry R, Cho DS, Ferlazzo GM, Perini I, Abon Escalona V, Aranguren XL, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Koh KP, Conaldi PG, Hu WS, Zwijsen A, Lluis F, Verfaillie CM. PDGFRα + Cells in Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures Represent the In Vitro Equivalent of the Pre-implantation Primitive Endoderm Precursors. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:318-333. [PMID: 28089671 PMCID: PMC5311469 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In early mouse pre-implantation development, primitive endoderm (PrE) precursors are platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) positive. Here, we demonstrated that cultured mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) express PDGFRα heterogeneously, fluctuating between a PDGFRα+ (PrE-primed) and a platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM1)-positive state (epiblast-primed). The two surface markers can be co-detected on a third subpopulation, expressing epiblast and PrE determinants (double-positive). In vitro, these subpopulations differ in their self-renewal and differentiation capability, transcriptional and epigenetic states. In vivo, double-positive cells contributed to epiblast and PrE, while PrE-primed cells exclusively contributed to PrE derivatives. The transcriptome of PDGFRα+ subpopulations differs from previously described subpopulations and shows similarities with early/mid blastocyst cells. The heterogeneity did not depend on PDGFRα but on leukemia inhibitory factor and fibroblast growth factor signaling and DNA methylation. Thus, PDGFRα+ cells represent the in vitro counterpart of in vivo PrE precursors, and their selection from cultured mESCs yields pure PrE precursors. Three subpopulations can be purified from mESC cultures by using PECAM1 and PDGFRα Expression of PDGFRα is associated with a molecular and epigenetic PrE signature PDGFRα+ cells are committed toward PrE derivatives in vitro and in vivo
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lo Nigro
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Ri.Med Foundation, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Anchel de Jaime-Soguero
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dong Seong Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Giorgia Maria Ferlazzo
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Perini
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanesa Abon Escalona
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xabier Lopez Aranguren
- Cell Therapy Program, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kian Peng Koh
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Ri.Med Foundation, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - An Zwijsen
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lluis
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, Onderwijs en Navorsing 4, Box 804, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Cell Fate Specification Based on Tristability in the Inner Cell Mass of Mouse Blastocysts. Biophys J 2017; 110:710-722. [PMID: 26840735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, interactions between transcription factors control the specification of different cell fates. The regulatory networks of genetic interactions often exhibit multiple stable steady states; such multistability provides a common dynamical basis for differentiation. During early murine embryogenesis, cells from the inner cell mass (ICM) can be specified in epiblast (Epi) or primitive endoderm (PrE). Besides the intracellular gene regulatory network, specification is also controlled by intercellular interactions involving Erk signaling through extracellular Fgf4. We previously proposed a model that describes the gene regulatory network and its interaction with Erk signaling in ICM cells. The model displays tristability in a range of Fgf4 concentrations and accounts for the self-organized specification process observed in vivo. Here, we further investigate the origin of tristability in the model and analyze in more detail the specification process by resorting to a simplified two-cell model. We also carry out simulations of a population of 25 cells under various experimental conditions to compare their outcome with that of mutant embryos or of embryos submitted to exogenous treatments that interfere with Fgf signaling. The results are analyzed by means of bifurcation diagrams. Finally, the model predicts that heterogeneities in extracellular Fgf4 concentration play a primary role in the spatial arrangement of the Epi/PrE cells in a salt-and-pepper pattern. If, instead of heterogeneities in extracellular Fgf4 concentration, internal fluctuations in the levels of expression of the transcription factors are considered as a source of randomness, simulations predict the occurrence of unrealistic switches between the Epi and the PrE cell fates, as well as the evolution of some cells toward one of these states without passing through the previous ICM state, in contrast to what is observed in vivo.
Collapse
|
127
|
Baines K, Renaud S. Transcription Factors That Regulate Trophoblast Development and Function. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 145:39-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
128
|
Azami T, Waku T, Matsumoto K, Jeon H, Muratani M, Kawashima A, Yanagisawa J, Manabe I, Nagai R, Kunath T, Nakamura T, Kurimoto K, Saitou M, Takahashi S, Ema M. Klf5 maintains the balance of primitive endoderm to epiblast specification during mouse embryonic development by suppression of Fgf4. Development 2017; 144:3706-3718. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.150755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inner cell mass of the mouse blastocyst gives rise to the pluripotent epiblast (EPI), which forms the embryo proper, and the primitive endoderm (PrE), which forms extra-embryonic yolk sac tissues. All inner cells co-express lineage markers such as Nanog and Gata6 at embryonic day (E) 3.25, and the EPI and PrE precursor cells eventually segregate to exclusively express Nanog and Gata6, respectively. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling is involved in segregation of the EPI and PrE lineages; however, the mechanism involved in Fgf4-regulation is poorly understood. Here, we identified Klf5 as an upstream repressor of Fgf4. While Fgf4 was markedly upregulated in Klf5 knockout (KO) embryos at E3.0, it was downregulated in embryos overexpressing Klf5. Furthermore, Klf5 KO and overexpressing blastocysts showed skewed lineage specification phenotypes, similar to FGF4-treated preimplantation embryos and Fgf4 KO embryos, respectively. Inhibitors of the FGF receptor and ERK pathways reversed the skewed lineage specification of Klf5 KO blastocysts. These data demonstrate that Klf5 suppresses Fgf4-Fgfr-ERK signalling, thus preventing precocious activation of the PrE specification programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Azami
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Waku
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hyojung Jeon
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawashima
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jun Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, Life Science Center, and Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Sasaki H. Roles and regulations of Hippo signaling during preimplantation mouse development. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 59:12-20. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sasaki
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences; Osaka University; 1-3 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Menchero S, Rayon T, Andreu MJ, Manzanares M. Signaling pathways in mammalian preimplantation development: Linking cellular phenotypes to lineage decisions. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:245-261. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Menchero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Teresa Rayon
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Jose Andreu
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel Manzanares
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC); Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Asynchronous fate decisions by single cells collectively ensure consistent lineage composition in the mouse blastocyst. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13463. [PMID: 27857135 PMCID: PMC5120222 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is essential to coordinate the behaviour of individual cells during organismal development. The preimplantation mammalian embryo is a paradigm of tissue self-organization and regulative development; however, the cellular basis of these regulative abilities has not been established. Here we use a quantitative image analysis pipeline to undertake a high-resolution, single-cell level analysis of lineage specification in the inner cell mass (ICM) of the mouse blastocyst. We show that a consistent ratio of epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages is achieved through incremental allocation of cells from a common progenitor pool, and that the lineage composition of the ICM is conserved regardless of its size. Furthermore, timed modulation of the FGF-MAPK pathway shows that individual progenitors commit to either fate asynchronously during blastocyst development. These data indicate that such incremental lineage allocation provides the basis for a tissue size control mechanism that ensures the generation of lineages of appropriate size. Early embryonic cell fate and lineage specification is tightly regulated in the preimplantation mammalian embryo. Here, the authors quantitatively examine the ratio of epiblast to primitive endoderm lineages in the blastocyst and show composition of the inner cell mass is conserved, independent of its size.
Collapse
|
132
|
Salehi R, Colazo MG, Tsoi S, Behrouzi A, Tsang BK, Dyck MK, Oba M, Ambrose DJ. Morphologic and transcriptomic assessment of bovine embryos exposed to dietary long-chain fatty acids. Reproduction 2016; 152:715-726. [PMID: 27651519 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to determine the influence of diets enriched in α-linolenic, linoleic or oleic acid on the development and transcriptomic profile of embryos collected from dairy cattle. Non-lactating Holstein cows received one of the three diets supplemented with 8% rolled oilseeds: flax (FLX, n = 8), sunflower (SUN, n = 7) or canola (CAN, n = 8). After a minimum 35-day diet adaptation, cows were superovulated, artificially inseminated and ova/embryos recovered non-surgically after 7.5 days. Cows fed FLX had less degenerated embryos and more viable embryos than those fed CAN or SUN. In total, 175 genes were differentially expressed in blastocysts from cows fed FLX than in cows fed CAN or SUN. These differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in cellular growth and proliferation, cellular development, and cell survival and viability. In conclusion, dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced early embryonic degeneration possibly through improving embryonic cell survival and viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Salehi
- Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Cellular and Molecular MedicineInterdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, and Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcos G Colazo
- Livestock Research BranchAlberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen Tsoi
- Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amir Behrouzi
- Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin K Tsang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology & Cellular and Molecular MedicineInterdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, and Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and HealthState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Michael K Dyck
- Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Masahito Oba
- Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Divakar J Ambrose
- Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada .,Livestock Research BranchAlberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Russell R, Ilg M, Lin Q, Wu G, Lechel A, Bergmann W, Eiseler T, Linta L, Kumar P P, Klingenstein M, Adachi K, Hohwieler M, Sakk O, Raab S, Moon A, Zenke M, Seufferlein T, Schöler HR, Illing A, Liebau S, Kleger A. A Dynamic Role of TBX3 in the Pluripotency Circuitry. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 5:1155-1170. [PMID: 26651606 PMCID: PMC4682344 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency represents a cell state comprising a fine-tuned pattern of transcription factor activity required for embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal. TBX3 is the earliest expressed member of the T-box transcription factor family and is involved in maintenance and induction of pluripotency. Hence, TBX3 is believed to be a key member of the pluripotency circuitry, with loss of TBX3 coinciding with loss of pluripotency. We report a dynamic expression of TBX3 in vitro and in vivo using genetic reporter tools tracking TBX3 expression in mouse ESCs (mESCs). Low TBX3 levels are associated with reduced pluripotency, resembling the more mature epiblast. Notably, TBX3-low cells maintain the intrinsic capability to switch to a TBX3-high state and vice versa. Additionally, we show TBX3 to be dispensable for induction and maintenance of naive pluripotency as well as for germ cell development. These data highlight novel facets of TBX3 action in mESCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus Ilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonhard Linta
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pavan Kumar P
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Moritz Klingenstein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenjiro Adachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Meike Hohwieler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Olena Sakk
- Core Facility Transgenic Mice, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Raab
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Moon
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anett Illing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Gamage TK, Chamley LW, James JL. Stem cell insights into human trophoblast lineage differentiation. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 23:77-103. [PMID: 27591247 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human placenta is vital for fetal development, yet little is understood about how it forms successfully to ensure a healthy pregnancy or why this process is inadequate in 1 in 10 pregnancies, leading to miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction or preeclampsia. Trophoblasts are placenta-specific epithelial cells that maximize nutrient exchange. All trophoblast lineages are thought to arise from a population of trophoblast stem cells (TSCs). However, whilst the isolation of murine TSC has led to an explosion in understanding murine placentation, the isolation of an analogous human TSC has proved more difficult. Consequently, alternative methods of studying human trophoblast lineage development have been employed, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and transformed cell lines; but what do these proxy models tell us about what is happening during early placental development? OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE In this systematic review, we evaluate current approaches to understanding human trophoblast lineage development in order to collate and refine these models and inform future approaches aimed at establishing human TSC lines. SEARCH METHODS To ensure all relevant articles were analysed, an unfiltered search of Pubmed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science was conducted for 25 key terms on the 13th May 2016. In total, 47 313 articles were retrieved and manually filtered based on non-human, non-English, non-full text, non-original article and off-topic subject matter. This resulted in a total of 71 articles deemed relevant for review in this article. OUTCOMES Candidate human TSC populations have been identified in, and isolated from, both the chorionic membrane and villous tissue of the placenta, but further investigation is required to validate these as 'true' human TSCs. Isolating human TSCs from blastocyst trophectoderm has not been successful in humans as it was in mice, although recently the first reported TSC line (USFB6) was isolated from an eight-cell morula. In lieu of human TSC lines, trophoblast-like cells have been induced to differentiate from hESCs and iPS. However, differentiation in these model systems is difficult to control, culture conditions employed are highly variable, and the extent to which they accurately convey the biology of 'true' human TSCs remains unclear, particularly as a consensus has not been met among the scientific community regarding which characteristics a human TSC must possess. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Human TSC models have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of trophoblast differentiation, allowing us to make significant gains in understanding the underlying pathology of pregnancy disorders and to test potential therapeutic interventions on cell function in vitro. In order to do this, a collaborative effort is required to establish the criteria that define a human TSC to confirm the presence of human TSCs in both primary isolates and to determine how accurately trophoblast-like cells derived from current model systems reflect trophoblast from primary tissue. The in vitro systems currently used to model early trophoblast lineage formation have provided insights into early human placental formation but it is unclear whether these trophoblast-like cells are truly representative of primary human trophoblast. Consequently, continued refinement of current models, and standardization of culture protocols is essential to aid our ability to identify, isolate and propagate 'true' human TSCs from primary tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teena Kjb Gamage
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Hadjantonakis AK, Arias A. Single-Cell Approaches: Pandora’s Box of Developmental Mechanisms. Dev Cell 2016; 38:574-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
136
|
Zhou G, Zeng Y, Guo J, Meng Q, Meng Q, Jia G, Cheng K, Zeng C, Zhang M, Liu G, Zhu S. Vitrification transiently alters Oct-4, Bcl2 and P53 expression in mouse morulae but does not affect embryo development in vitro. Cryobiology 2016; 73:120-5. [PMID: 27590081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the impact of vitrification on the expression of genes regulating pluripotency and apoptosis in mouse morulae. The morulae were randomly allocated into three groups: (1) untreated (control), (2) exposed to vitrification solution without freezing (toxicity), or (3) vitrified by open-pulled straw method (vitrification). In vitro development was evaluated by morphology and assessed by the blastocyst rate and the blastocyst total cell number. Gene expression in morulae and blastocysts was assessed by quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. The results showed that at morulae stage, the POU class 5 homeobox1 (Oct-4) and B-cell lymphoma2 (Bcl2) mRNA levels of vitrification group were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of control. Strikingly, the p53 mRNA level was significantly higher in vitrification group. However, the Oct-4, Bcl2 and p53 mRNA levels in mouse blastocysts were not statistically different. Furthermore, western blot results showed that there was no significant difference in Oct-4, Bcl2 and p53 expression at protein level in mouse morulae among three groups. Additionally, the blastocyst rate (96.67%-100.00%) and the average cell number of blastocysts (89.67-92.33) were similar between all groups. The data demonstrate that vitrification transiently changes the mRNA expression of several key genes in mouse morulae regulating early embryo development but does not affect embryo developmental potential in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Zhou
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jiang Guo
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Qinggang Meng
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Gongxue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Adaption and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, PR China
| | - Keren Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Changjun Zeng
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shi'en Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
A developmental coordinate of pluripotency among mice, monkeys and humans. Nature 2016; 537:57-62. [DOI: 10.1038/nature19096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
138
|
White MD, Angiolini JF, Alvarez YD, Kaur G, Zhao ZW, Mocskos E, Bruno L, Bissiere S, Levi V, Plachta N. Long-Lived Binding of Sox2 to DNA Predicts Cell Fate in the Four-Cell Mouse Embryo. Cell 2016; 165:75-87. [PMID: 27015308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor (TF) binding to DNA is fundamental for gene regulation. However, it remains unknown how the dynamics of TF-DNA interactions change during cell-fate determination in vivo. Here, we use photo-activatable FCS to quantify TF-DNA binding in single cells of developing mouse embryos. In blastocysts, the TFs Oct4 and Sox2, which control pluripotency, bind DNA more stably in pluripotent than in extraembryonic cells. By contrast, in the four-cell embryo, Sox2 engages in more long-lived interactions than does Oct4. Sox2 long-lived binding varies between blastomeres and is regulated by H3R26 methylation. Live-cell tracking demonstrates that those blastomeres with more long-lived binding contribute more pluripotent progeny, and reducing H3R26 methylation decreases long-lived binding, Sox2 target expression, and pluripotent cell numbers. Therefore, Sox2-DNA binding predicts mammalian cell fate as early as the four-cell stage. More generally, we reveal the dynamic repartitioning of TFs between DNA sites driven by physiological epigenetic changes. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D White
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Juan F Angiolini
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Yanina D Alvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ziqing W Zhao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Esteban Mocskos
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Bruno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Stephanie Bissiere
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Valeria Levi
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina.
| | - Nicolas Plachta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Sakurai N, Takahashi K, Emura N, Fujii T, Hirayama H, Kageyama S, Hashizume T, Sawai K. The Necessity of OCT-4 and CDX2 for Early Development and Gene Expression Involved in Differentiation of Inner Cell Mass and Trophectoderm Lineages in Bovine Embryos. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:309-318. [PMID: 27500421 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of POU class 5 transcription factor 1 (Oct-4) and caudal-type homeobox 2 (Cdx2) in the differentiation of the murine inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) have been described in detail. However, little is known about the roles of OCT-4 and CDX2 in preimplantation bovine embryos. To elucidate their functions during early development in bovine embryos, we performed OCT-4 and CDX2 downregulation using RNA interference. We injected OCT-4- or CDX2-specific short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into bovine zygotes. The rate of blastocyst development of OCT-4-downregulated embryos was lower compared with uninjected or control siRNA-injected embryos. Gene expression analysis revealed decreased CDX2 and fibroblast growth factor 4 expression in OCT-4-downregulated embryos. CDX2-downregulated embryos developed to the blastocyst stage; however, in most cases, blastocoel formation was delayed. Gene expression analysis revealed decreased GATA3 expression and elevated NANOG expression in CDX2-downregulated embryos. In conclusion, OCT-4 and CDX2 are essential for early development and gene expression involved in differentiation of ICM and TE lineages in bovine embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Sakurai
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takahashi
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Natsuko Emura
- 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujii
- 3 Animal Research Center , Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hirayama
- 3 Animal Research Center , Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Soichi Kageyama
- 3 Animal Research Center , Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hashizume
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan .,2 Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ken Sawai
- 1 United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan .,2 Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Asymmetric division of contractile domains couples cell positioning and fate specification. Nature 2016; 536:344-348. [PMID: 27487217 PMCID: PMC4998956 DOI: 10.1038/nature18958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During pre-implantation development, the mammalian embryo self-organizes into the blastocyst, which consists of an epithelial layer encapsulating the inner-cell mass (ICM) giving rise to all embryonic tissues. In mice, oriented cell division, apicobasal polarity and actomyosin contractility are thought to contribute to the formation of the ICM. However, how these processes work together remains unclear. Here we show that asymmetric segregation of the apical domain generates blastomeres with different contractilities, which triggers their sorting into inner and outer positions. Three-dimensional physical modelling of embryo morphogenesis reveals that cells internalize only when differences in surface contractility exceed a predictable threshold. We validate this prediction using biophysical measurements, and successfully redirect cell sorting within the developing blastocyst using maternal myosin (Myh9)-knockout chimaeric embryos. Finally, we find that loss of contractility causes blastomeres to show ICM-like markers, regardless of their position. In particular, contractility controls Yap subcellular localization, raising the possibility that mechanosensing occurs during blastocyst lineage specification. We conclude that contractility couples the positioning and fate specification of blastomeres. We propose that this ensures the robust self-organization of blastomeres into the blastocyst, which confers remarkable regulative capacities to mammalian embryos.
Collapse
|
141
|
Ko CI, Fan Y, de Gannes M, Wang Q, Xia Y, Puga A. Repression of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Is Required to Maintain Mitotic Progression and Prevent Loss of Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2825-2839. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Ko
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Yunxia Fan
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Matthew de Gannes
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Alvaro Puga
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
de Medeiros G, Balázs B, Hufnagel L. Light-sheet imaging of mammalian development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 55:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
143
|
Rayon T, Menchero S, Rollán I, Ors I, Helness A, Crespo M, Nieto A, Azuara V, Rossant J, Manzanares M. Distinct mechanisms regulate Cdx2 expression in the blastocyst and in trophoblast stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27139. [PMID: 27256674 PMCID: PMC4891713 DOI: 10.1038/srep27139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The first intercellular differences during mammalian embryogenesis arise in the blastocyst, producing the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. The trophectoderm is the first extraembryonic tissue and does not contribute to the embryo proper, its differentiation instead forming tissues that sustain embryonic development. Crucial roles in extraembryonic differentiation have been identified for certain transcription factors, but a comprehensive picture of the regulation of this early specification is still lacking. Here, we investigated whether the regulatory mechanisms involved in Cdx2 expression in the blastocyst are also utilized in the postimplantation embryo. We analyzed an enhancer that is regulated through Hippo and Notch in the blastocyst trophectoderm, unexpectedly finding that it is inactive in the extraembryonic structures at postimplantation stages. Further analysis identified other Cdx2 regulatory elements including a stem-cell specific regulatory sequence and an element that drives reporter expression in the trophectoderm, a subset of cells in the extraembryonic region of the postimplantation embryo and in trophoblast stem cells. The cross-comparison in this study of cis-regulatory elements employed in the blastocyst, stem cell populations and the postimplantation embryo provides new insights into early mammalian development and suggests a two-step mechanism in Cdx2 regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rayon
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Menchero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Rollán
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ors
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Helness
- Epigenetics and Development Group; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London, W12 ONN UK
| | - Miguel Crespo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Nieto
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Véronique Azuara
- Epigenetics and Development Group; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology; Faculty of Medicine; Imperial College London; London, W12 ONN UK
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Miguel Manzanares
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Garg V, Morgani S, Hadjantonakis AK. Capturing Identity and Fate Ex Vivo: Stem Cells from the Mouse Blastocyst. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 120:361-400. [PMID: 27475857 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During mouse preimplantation development, three molecularly, morphologically, and spatially distinct lineages are formed, the embryonic epiblast, the extraembryonic primitive endoderm, and the trophectoderm. Stem cell lines representing each of these lineages have now been derived and can be indefinitely maintained and expanded in culture, providing an unlimited source of material to study the interplay of tissue-specific transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in these fundamental cell fate decisions. Here we outline our current understanding of the derivation, maintenance, and properties of these in vitro stem cell models representing the preimplantation embryonic lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States
| | - S Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - A-K Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Lokken AA, Ralston A. The Genetic Regulation of Cell Fate During Preimplantation Mouse Development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 120:173-202. [PMID: 27475852 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adult body is estimated to contain several hundred distinct cell types, each with a specialized physiological function. Failure to maintain cell fate can lead to devastating diseases and cancer, but understanding how cell fates are assigned and maintained during animal development provides new opportunities for human health intervention. The mouse is a premier model for evaluating the genetic regulation of cell fate during development because of the wide variety of tools for measuring and manipulating gene expression levels, the ability to access embryos at desired developmental stages, and the similarities between mouse and human development, particularly during the early stages of development. During the first 3 days of mouse development, the preimplantation embryo sets aside cells that will contribute to the extraembryonic tissues. The extraembryonic tissues are essential for establishing pregnancy and ensuring normal fetal development in both mice and humans. Genetic analyses of mouse preimplantation development have permitted identification of genes that are essential for specification of the extraembryonic lineages. In this chapter, we review the tools and concepts of mouse preimplantation development. We describe genes that are essential for cell fate specification during preimplantation stages, and we describe diverse models proposed to account for the mechanisms of cell fate specification during early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Lokken
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - A Ralston
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Abstract
Compaction is a critical first morphological event in the preimplantation development of the mammalian embryo. Characterized by the transformation of the embryo from a loose cluster of spherical cells into a tightly packed mass, compaction is a key step in the establishment of the first tissue-like structures of the embryo. Although early investigation of the mechanisms driving compaction implicated changes in cell-cell adhesion, recent work has identified essential roles for cortical tension and a compaction-specific class of filopodia. During the transition from 8 to 16 cells, as the embryo is compacting, it must also make fundamental decisions regarding cell position, polarity, and fate. Understanding how these and other processes are integrated with compaction requires further investigation. Emerging imaging-based techniques that enable quantitative analysis from the level of cell-cell interactions down to the level of individual regulatory molecules will provide a greater understanding of how compaction shapes the early mammalian embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D White
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Bissiere
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y D Alvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Plachta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Goto S, Cao F, Kono T, Ogawa H. Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Inner Cell Mass and Trophectoderm of Parthenogenetic Embryos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1274/032.033.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
148
|
Choi I, Carey TS, Wilson CA, Knott JG. Transcription factor AP-2γ is a core regulator of tight junction biogenesis and cavity formation during mouse early embryogenesis. Development 2016; 139:4623-32. [PMID: 23136388 DOI: 10.1242/dev.086645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The trophectoderm epithelium is the first differentiated cell layer to arise during mammalian development. Blastocyst formation requires the proper expression and localization of tight junction, polarity, ion gradient and H2O channel proteins in the outer cell membranes. However, the underlying transcriptional mechanisms that control their expression are largely unknown. Here, we report that transcription factor AP-2γ (Tcfap2c) is a core regulator of blastocyst formation in mice. Bioinformatics, chromatin immunoprecipitation and transcriptional analysis revealed that Tcfap2c binds and regulates a diverse group of genes expressed during blastocyst formation. RNA interference experiments demonstrated that Tcfap2c regulates genes important for tight junctions, cell polarity and fluid accumulation. Functional and ultrastructural studies revealed that Tcfap2c is necessary for tight junction assembly and paracellular sealing in trophectoderm epithelium. Aggregation of control eight-cell embryos with Tcfap2c knockdown embryos rescued blastocyst formation via direct contribution to the trophectoderm epithelium. Finally, we found that Tcfap2c promotes cellular proliferation via direct repression of p21 transcription during the morula-to-blastocyst transition. We propose a model in which Tcfap2c acts in a hierarchy to facilitate blastocyst formation through transcriptional regulation of core genes involved in tight junction assembly, fluid accumulation and cellular proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inchul Choi
- Developmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
149
|
Chazaud C, Yamanaka Y. Lineage specification in the mouse preimplantation embryo. Development 2016; 143:1063-74. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.128314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During mouse preimplantation embryo development, totipotent blastomeres generate the first three cell lineages of the embryo: trophectoderm, epiblast and primitive endoderm. In recent years, studies have shown that this process appears to be regulated by differences in cell-cell interactions, gene expression and the microenvironment of individual cells, rather than the active partitioning of maternal determinants. Precisely how these differences first emerge and how they dictate subsequent molecular and cellular behaviours are key questions in the field. As we review here, recent advances in live imaging, computational modelling and single-cell transcriptome analyses are providing new insights into these questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Chazaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire GReD, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
- Inserm, UMR1103, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France
- CNRS, UMR6293, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France
| | - Yojiro Yamanaka
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, rm419, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A3
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Xue B, Li Y, He Y, Wei R, Sun R, Yin Z, Bou G, Liu Z. Porcine Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from IVF Embryos Contribute to Chimeric Development In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151737. [PMID: 26991423 PMCID: PMC4798268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the pig is considered an important model of human disease and an ideal animal for the preclinical testing of cell transplantation, the utility of this model has been hampered by a lack of genuine porcine embryonic stem cells. Here, we derived a porcine pluripotent stem cell (pPSC) line from day 5.5 blastocysts in a newly developed culture system based on MXV medium and a 5% oxygen atmosphere. The pPSCs had been passaged more than 75 times over two years, and the morphology of the colony was similar to that of human embryonic stem cells. Characterization and assessment showed that the pPSCs were alkaline phosphatase (AKP) positive, possessed normal karyotypes and expressed classic pluripotent markers, including OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG. In vitro differentiation through embryonic body formation and in vivo differentiation via teratoma formation in nude mice demonstrated that the pPSCs could differentiate into cells of the three germ layers. The pPSCs transfected with fuw-DsRed (pPSC-FDs) could be passaged with a stable expression of both DsRed and pluripotent markers. Notably, when pPSC-FDs were used as donor cells for somatic nuclear transfer, 11.52% of the reconstructed embryos developed into blastocysts, which was not significantly different from that of the reconstructed embryos derived from porcine embryonic fibroblasts. When pPSC-FDs were injected into day 4.5 blastocysts, they became involved in the in vitro embryonic development and contributed to the viscera of foetuses at day 50 of pregnancy as well as the developed placenta after the chimeric blastocysts were transferred into recipients. These findings indicated that the pPSCs were porcine pluripotent cells; that this would be a useful cell line for porcine genetic engineering and a valuable cell line for clarifying the molecular mechanism of pluripotency regulation in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binghua Xue
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yilong He
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Renyue Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ruizhen Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhi Yin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|