101
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Richter S, Müller LM, Stierhof YD, Mayer U, Takada N, Kost B, Vieten A, Geldner N, Koncz C, Jürgens G. Polarized cell growth in Arabidopsis requires endosomal recycling mediated by GBF1-related ARF exchange factors. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 14:80-6. [PMID: 22138577 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polarized tip growth is a fundamental cellular process in many eukaryotic organisms, mediating growth of neuronal axons and dendrites or fungal hyphae. In plants, pollen and root hairs are cellular model systems for analysing tip growth. Cell growth depends on membrane traffic. The regulation of this membrane traffic is largely unknown for tip-growing cells, in contrast to cells exhibiting intercalary growth. Here we show that in Arabidopsis, GBF1-related exchange factors for the ARF GTPases (ARF GEFs) GNOM and GNL2 play essential roles in polar tip growth of root hairs and pollen, respectively. When expressed from the same promoter, GNL2 (in contrast to the early-secretory ARF GEF GNL1) is able to replace GNOM in polar recycling of the auxin efflux regulator PIN1 from endosomes to the basal plasma membrane in non-tip growing cells. Thus, polar recycling facilitates polar tip growth, and GNL2 seems to have evolved to meet the specific requirement of fast-growing pollen in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Richter
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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102
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103
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Ashtiyani RK, Moghaddam AMB, Schubert V, Rutten T, Fuchs J, Demidov D, Blattner FR, Houben A. AtHaspin phosphorylates histone H3 at threonine 3 during mitosis and contributes to embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:443-54. [PMID: 21749502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational histone modifications regulate many aspects of chromosome activity. Threonine 3 of histone H3 is highly conserved, but the significance of its phosphorylation is unclear, and the identity of the corresponding kinase in plants is unknown. Therefore, we characterized the candidate kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana, called AtHaspin. Recombinant AtHaspin in vitro phosphorylates histone H3 at threonine 3. Reduction of H3 threonine 3 phosphorylation level and reduced chromatin condensation in interphase nuclei by AtHaspin RNAi supports the proposition that this kinase is involved in histone H3 phosphorylation in vivo in mitotic cells. In addition, we provide a developmental function for a Haspin kinase. At the whole plant level, altered expression of the kinase induced pleiotropic phenotypes with defects in floral organs and vascular tissue. It reduced fertility and modified adventitious shoot apical meristems that then gave rise to plants with multi-rosettes and multi-shoots. Haspin mutant embryos frequently showed alteration in division plane orientation that could be traced back to the earliest divisions of embryo development, thus Haspin contributes to embryonic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Karimi Ashtiyani
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstr. 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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104
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Moriwaki T, Miyazawa Y, Kobayashi A, Uchida M, Watanabe C, Fujii N, Takahashi H. Hormonal regulation of lateral root development in Arabidopsis modulated by MIZ1 and requirement of GNOM activity for MIZ1 function. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1209-20. [PMID: 21940997 PMCID: PMC3252132 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.186270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ development is important for adaptation to a changing environment. Genetic and physiological studies have revealed that plant hormones play key roles in lateral root formation. In this study, we show that MIZU-KUSSEI1 (MIZ1), which was identified originally as a regulator of hydrotropism, functions as a novel regulator of hormonally mediated lateral root development. Overexpression of MIZ1 (MIZ1OE) in roots resulted in a reduced number of lateral roots being formed; however, this defect could be recovered with the application of auxin. Indole-3-acetic acid quantification analyses showed that free indole-3-acetic acid levels decreased in MIZ1OE roots, which indicates that alteration of auxin level is critical for the inhibition of lateral root formation in MIZ1OE plants. In addition, MIZ1 negatively regulates cytokinin sensitivity on root development. Application of cytokinin strongly induced the localization of MIZ1-green fluorescent protein to lateral root primordia, which suggests that the inhibition of lateral root development by MIZ1 occurs downstream of cytokinin signaling. Surprisingly, miz2, a weak allele of gnom, suppressed developmental defects in MIZ1OE plants. Taken together, these results suggest that MIZ1 plays a role in lateral root development by maintaining auxin levels and that its function requires GNOM activity. These data provide a molecular framework for auxin-dependent organ development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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105
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Yao HY, Xue HW. Signals and mechanisms affecting vesicular trafficking during root growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:571-579. [PMID: 21764358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking is mediated by distinct exocytic and endocytic routes in eukaryotic cells. These pathways involve RAB family proteins, ADP-ribosylation factor, RHO proteins of the Ras superfamily, and SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor adaptors). Studies have shown that vesicular trafficking plays a crucial role in protein localization and movement, signal transduction, and multiple developmental processes. Here we summarize the role of vesicular trafficking in root and root hair growth and in auxin-mediated root development, focusing on the regulation of the polarized subcellular distribution of the PIN proteins (auxin efflux carriers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300, Fenglin Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
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106
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Rakusová H, Gallego-Bartolomé J, Vanstraelen M, Robert HS, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA, Benková E, Friml J. Polarization of PIN3-dependent auxin transport for hypocotyl gravitropic response in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:817-26. [PMID: 21569134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism aligns plant growth with gravity. It involves gravity perception and the asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin. Here we provide insights into the mechanism for hypocotyl gravitropic growth. We show that the Arabidopsis thaliana PIN3 auxin transporter is required for the asymmetric auxin distribution for the gravitropic response. Gravistimulation polarizes PIN3 to the bottom side of hypocotyl endodermal cells, which correlates with an increased auxin response at the lower hypocotyl side. Both PIN3 polarization and hypocotyl bending require the activity of the trafficking regulator GNOM and the protein kinase PINOID. Our data suggest that gravity-induced PIN3 polarization diverts the auxin flow to mediate the asymmetric distribution of auxin for gravitropic shoot bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Rakusová
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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107
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Dhonukshe P. PIN polarity regulation by AGC-3 kinases and ARF-GEF: a recurrent theme with context dependent modifications for plant development and response. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1333-7. [PMID: 21852755 PMCID: PMC3258062 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.9.16611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of cell polarity in plants is fueled by the discovery and analysis of auxin efflux carrier PIN proteins that show polar localizations in various plant cell types in line with their roles in directional cell to cell auxin transport. As this asymmetry in cellular PIN localization drives directional auxin fluxes, abnormalities in PIN localizations modify auxin transport culminating into range of auxin distribution defective phenotypes. Because of this influence of PIN localization on plant development via changes in auxin distribution, mechanisms establishing, maintaining and altering PIN polarity are of intense interest in the plant field during the recent years. Recent findings suggest that two categories of molecules, namely AGC-3 kinase family members PINOID, WAG1, WAG2 and ARF-GEF family member GNOM predominantly influence the polar localization of PINs. The emerging mechanism for AGC-3 kinases and ARF-GEF action suggest that AGC-3 kinases predominantly phosphorylate PINs at the plasma membrane for eventual PIN internalization and PIN sorting into ARF-GEF GNOM independent polar recycling pathways. In case of mutant for AGC-3 kinases or mutations in AGC-3 kinase-targeted PIN residues, much less phosphorylated PINs are recruited into ARFGEF GNOM-dependent polar recycling pathway. When ARF-GEF GNOM is inactive, the bias is shifted for rerouting less efficiently phosphorylated PINs into GNOM-independent polar recycling pathways that generally prefer efficiently phosphorylated PINs. Thus, balance shifts between the extent of AGC-3 kinase mediated PIN phosphorylation and the functioning of ARFGEF instruct PIN polarity establishment and/or PIN polarity alterations. Recent studies report utilization of this AGC-3 kinase and ARF-GEF PIN polarity regulation module during diverse developmental and response programs including shoot patterning, root growth, phototropism, gravitropism, organogenesis, leaf epidermal cell indentations and fruit valve margin formation. Based on these findings the same theme of phosphorylated PIN sorting into differential polar recycling pathways for PIN polarity establishment and alteration seems to be employed in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhonukshe
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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108
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Coudert Y, Bès M, Le TVA, Pré M, Guiderdoni E, Gantet P. Transcript profiling of crown rootless1 mutant stem base reveals new elements associated with crown root development in rice. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:387. [PMID: 21806801 PMCID: PMC3163228 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In rice, the major part of the post-embryonic root system is made of stem-derived roots named crown roots (CR). Among the few characterized rice mutants affected in root development, crown rootless1 mutant is unable to initiate crown root primordia. CROWN ROOTLESS1 (CRL1) is induced by auxin and encodes an AS2/LOB-domain transcription factor that acts upstream of the gene regulatory network controlling CR development. Results To identify genes involved in CR development, we compared global gene expression profile in stem bases of crl1 mutant and wild-type (WT) plants. Our analysis revealed that 250 and 236 genes are down- and up-regulated respectively in the crl1 mutant. Auxin induces CRL1 expression and consequently it is expected that auxin also alters the expression of genes that are early regulated by CRL1. To identify genes under the early control of CRL1, we monitored the expression kinetics of a selected subset of genes, mainly chosen among those exhibiting differential expression, in crl1 and WT following exogenous auxin treatment. This analysis revealed that most of these genes, mainly related to hormone, water and nutrient, development and homeostasis, were likely not regulated directly by CRL1. We hypothesized that the differential expression for these genes observed in the crl1 mutant is likely a consequence of the absence of CR formation. Otherwise, three CRL1-dependent auxin-responsive genes: FSM (FLATENNED SHOOT MERISTEM)/FAS1 (FASCIATA1), GTE4 (GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GROUP E4) and MAP (MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN) were identified. FSM/FAS1 and GTE4 are known in rice and Arabidopsis to be involved in the maintenance of root meristem through chromatin remodelling and cell cycle regulation respectively. Conclusion Our data showed that the differential regulation of most genes in crl1 versus WT may be an indirect consequence of CRL1 inactivation resulting from the absence of CR in the crl1 mutant. Nevertheless some genes, FAS1/FSM, GTE4 and MAP, require CRL1 to be induced by auxin suggesting that they are likely directly regulated by CRL1. These genes have a function related to polarized cell growth, cell cycle regulation or chromatin remodelling. This suggests that these genes are controlled by CRL1 and involved in CR initiation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Coudert
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR DAP, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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109
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Na X, Hu Y, Yue K, Lu H, Jia P, Wang H, Wang X, Bi Y. Narciclasine modulates polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1149-1156. [PMID: 21511360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant development displays an exceptional plasticity and adaptability that involves the dynamic, asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin. Polar auxin flow, which requires transport facilitators of the PIN family, largely contributes to the establishment and maintenance of auxin gradients and mediates multiple developmental processes. Here, we report the effects of narciclasine (NCS), an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid isolated from Narcissus tazetta bulbs, on postembryonic development of Arabidopsis roots. Arabidopsis seedlings grown on NCS showed defects in root gravitropism which correlates with a reduction in auxin transport in roots. Expressions of auxin transport genes were affected and the polar localization of PIN2 protein was altered under NCS treatment. Taken together, we propose that NCS modulates auxin transport gene expression and PIN2 localization, and thus affects auxin transport and auxin distribution necessary for postembryonic development of Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Na
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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110
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Kitakura S, Vanneste S, Robert S, Löfke C, Teichmann T, Tanaka H, Friml J. Clathrin mediates endocytosis and polar distribution of PIN auxin transporters in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1920-31. [PMID: 21551390 PMCID: PMC3123958 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a crucial mechanism by which eukaryotic cells internalize extracellular and plasma membrane material, and it is required for a multitude of cellular and developmental processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms. In animals and yeast, the best characterized pathway for endocytosis depends on the function of the vesicle coat protein clathrin. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis has recently been demonstrated also in plant cells, but its physiological and developmental roles remain unclear. Here, we assessed the roles of the clathrin-mediated mechanism of endocytosis in plants by genetic means. We interfered with clathrin heavy chain (CHC) function through mutants and dominant-negative approaches in Arabidopsis thaliana and established tools to manipulate clathrin function in a cell type-specific manner. The chc2 single mutants and dominant-negative CHC1 (HUB) transgenic lines were defective in bulk endocytosis as well as in internalization of prominent plasma membrane proteins. Interference with clathrin-mediated endocytosis led to defects in constitutive endocytic recycling of PIN auxin transporters and their polar distribution in embryos and roots. Consistent with this, these lines had altered auxin distribution patterns and associated auxin transport-related phenotypes, such as aberrant embryo patterning, imperfect cotyledon specification, agravitropic growth, and impaired lateral root organogenesis. Together, these data demonstrate a fundamental role for clathrin function in cell polarity, growth, patterning, and organogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Kitakura
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Löfke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Teichmann
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, 37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Address correspondence to
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111
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Bayle V, Arrighi JF, Creff A, Nespoulous C, Vialaret J, Rossignol M, Gonzalez E, Paz-Ares J, Nussaume L. Arabidopsis thaliana high-affinity phosphate transporters exhibit multiple levels of posttranslational regulation. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1523-35. [PMID: 21521698 PMCID: PMC3101552 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (PHT1) family encodes the high-affinity phosphate transporters. They are transcriptionally induced by phosphate starvation and require PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER TRAFFIC FACILITATOR (PHF1) to exit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), indicating intracellular traffic as an additional level of regulation of PHT1 activity. Our study revealed that PHF1 acts on PHT1, upstream of vesicle coat protein COPII formation, and that additional regulatory events occur during PHT1 trafficking and determine its ER exit and plasma membrane stability. Phosphoproteomic and mutagenesis analyses revealed modulation of PHT1;1 ER export by Ser-514 phosphorylation status. Confocal microscopy analysis of root tip cells showed that PHT1;1 is localized to the plasma membrane and is present in intracellular endocytic compartments. More precisely, PHT1;1 was localized to sorting endosomes associated with prevacuolar compartments. Kinetic analysis of PHT1;1 stability and targeting suggested a modulation of PHT1 internalization from the plasma membrane to the endosomes, followed by either subsequent recycling (in low Pi) or vacuolar degradation (in high Pi). For the latter condition, we identified a rapid mechanism that reduces the pool of PHT1 proteins present at the plasma membrane. This mechanism is regulated by the Pi concentration in the medium and appears to be independent of degradation mechanisms potentially regulated by the PHO2 ubiquitin conjugase. We propose a model for differential trafficking of PHT1 to the plasma membrane or vacuole as a function of phosphate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bayle
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique Cadarache, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie-Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Arrighi
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique Cadarache, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie-Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Audrey Creff
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique Cadarache, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie-Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Claude Nespoulous
- Laboratoire de Protéomique Fonctionnelle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UR1199, Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Jérôme Vialaret
- Laboratoire de Protéomique Fonctionnelle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UR1199, Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Michel Rossignol
- Laboratoire de Protéomique Fonctionnelle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UR1199, Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Esperanza Gonzalez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Javier Paz-Ares
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique Cadarache, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie-Service de Biologie Végétale et de Microbiologie Environnementales, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Aix-Marseille II, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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112
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Ding Z, Galván-Ampudia CS, Demarsy E, Łangowski Ł, Kleine-Vehn J, Fan Y, Morita MT, Tasaka M, Fankhauser C, Offringa R, Friml J. Light-mediated polarization of the PIN3 auxin transporter for the phototropic response in Arabidopsis. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:447-52. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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113
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De Smet I, Beeckman T. Asymmetric cell division in land plants and algae: the driving force for differentiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:177-88. [PMID: 21346731 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division generates two cells with different fates and has an important role in plant development. It produces distinct cell types and new organs, and maintains stem cell niches. To handle the constraints of having immobile cells, plants possess numerous unique features to obtain asymmetry, such as specific regulators of intrinsic polarity. Although several components have not yet been identified, new findings, together with knowledge from different developmental systems, now allow us to take an important step towards a mechanistic overview of asymmetric cell division in plants and algae. Strikingly, several key regulators are used for different developmental processes, and common mechanisms can be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ive De Smet
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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114
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Wolters H, Anders N, Geldner N, Gavidia R, Jürgens G. Coordination of apical and basal embryo development revealed by tissue-specific GNOM functions. Development 2011; 138:117-26. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.059147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flowering-plant embryogenesis generates the basic body organization, including the apical and basal stem cell niches, i.e. shoot and root meristems, the major tissue layers and the cotyledon(s). gnom mutant embryos fail to initiate the root meristem at the early-globular stage and the cotyledon primordia at the late globular/transition stage. Tissue-specific GNOM expression in the gnom mutant embryo revealed that both apical and basal embryo organization depend on GNOM provascular expression and a functioning apical-basal auxin flux: GNOM provascular expression in gnom mutant background resulted in non-cell-autonomous reconstitution of apical and basal tissues which could be linked to changes in auxin responses in those tissues, stressing the importance of apical-basal auxin flow for overall embryo organization. Although reconstitution of apical-basal auxin flux in gnom results in the formation of single cotyledons (monocots), only additional GNOM epidermal expression is able to induce wild-type apical patterning. We conclude that provascular expression of GNOM is vital for both apical and basal tissue organization, and that epidermal GNOM expression is required for radial-to-bilateral symmetry transition of the embryo. We propose GNOM-dependent auxin sinks as a means to generate auxin gradients across tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Wolters
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Anders
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niko Geldner
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Gavidia
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- ZMBP, Entwicklungsgenetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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115
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Ueda J, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Oka M. Auxin transport and a graviresponse in plants: Relevance to ABC proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.25.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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116
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Gravity-induced PIN transcytosis for polarization of auxin fluxes in gravity-sensing root cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22344-9. [PMID: 21135243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013145107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is an essential plant-specific regulator of patterning processes that also controls directional growth of roots and shoots. In response to gravity stimulation, the PIN3 auxin transporter polarizes to the bottom side of gravity-sensing root cells, presumably redirecting the auxin flux toward the lower side of the root and triggering gravitropic bending. By combining live-cell imaging techniques with pharmacological and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that PIN3 polarization does not require secretion of de novo synthesized proteins or protein degradation, but instead involves rapid, transient stimulation of PIN endocytosis, presumably via a clathrin-dependent pathway. Moreover, gravity-induced PIN3 polarization requires the activity of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ARF GTPases (ARF-GEF) GNOM-dependent polar-targeting pathways and might involve endosome-based PIN3 translocation from one cell side to another. Our data suggest that gravity perception acts at several instances of PIN3 trafficking, ultimately leading to the polarization of PIN3, which presumably aligns auxin fluxes with gravity vector and mediates downstream root gravitropic response.
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Pourcher M, Santambrogio M, Thazar N, Thierry AM, Fobis-Loisy I, Miège C, Jaillais Y, Gaude T. Analyses of sorting nexins reveal distinct retromer-subcomplex functions in development and protein sorting in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3980-91. [PMID: 21156856 PMCID: PMC3027177 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.078451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sorting nexins (SNXs) are conserved eukaryotic proteins that associate with three types of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) proteins to form the retromer complex. How SNXs act in this complex and whether they might work independently of the retromer remains elusive. Here, we show by genetic and cell imaging approaches that the Arabidopsis thaliana SNX1 protein recruits SNX2 at the endosomal membrane, a process required for SNX1-SNX2 dimer activity. We report that, in contrast with the mammalian retromer, SNXs are dispensable for membrane binding and function of the retromer complex. We also show that VPS retromer components can work with or independently of SNXs in the trafficking of seed storage proteins, which reveals distinct functions for subcomplexes of the plant retromer. Finally, we provide compelling evidence that the combined loss of function of SNXs and VPS29 leads to embryo or seedling lethality, underlining the essential role of these proteins in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Pourcher
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Martina Santambrogio
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nelcy Thazar
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne-Marie Thierry
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Fobis-Loisy
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Miège
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thierry Gaude
- Université de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69364 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Address correspondence to
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Benková E, Bielach A. Lateral root organogenesis - from cell to organ. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 13:677-83. [PMID: 20934368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Unlike locomotive organisms capable of actively approaching essential resources, sessile plants must efficiently exploit their habitat for water and nutrients. This involves root-mediated underground interactions allowing plants to adapt to soils of diverse qualities. The root system of plants is a dynamic structure that modulates primary root growth and root branching by continuous integration of environmental inputs, such as nutrition availability, soil aeration, humidity, or salinity. Root branching is an extremely flexible means to rapidly adjust the overall surface of the root system and plants have evolved efficient control mechanisms, including, firstly initiation, when and where to start lateral root formation; secondly lateral root primordia organogenesis, during which the development of primordia can be arrested for a certain time; and thirdly lateral root emergence. Our review will focus on the most recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of lateral root initiation and organogenesis with the main focus on root system of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Benková
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.
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119
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ADP-ribosylation factor machinery mediates endocytosis in plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21890-5. [PMID: 21118984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016260107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is crucial for various cellular functions and development of multicellular organisms. In mammals and yeast, ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPases, key components of vesicle formation, and their regulators ARF-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and ARF-GTPase-activating protein (GAPs) mediate endocytosis. A similar role has not been established in plants, mainly because of the lack of the canonical ARF and ARF-GEF components that are involved in endocytosis in other eukaryotes. In this study, we revealed a regulatory mechanism of endocytosis in plants based on ARF GTPase activity. We identified that ARF-GEF GNOM and ARF-GAP vascular network defective 3 (VAN3), both of which are involved in polar auxin transport-dependent morphogenesis, localize at the plasma membranes as well as in intracellular structures. Variable angle epifluorescence microscopy revealed that GNOM and VAN3 localize to partially overlapping discrete foci at the plasma membranes that are regularly associated with the endocytic vesicle coat clathrin. Genetic studies revealed that GNOM and VAN3 activities are required for endocytosis and internalization of plasma membrane proteins, including PIN-FORMED auxin transporters. These findings identified ARF GTPase-based regulatory mechanisms for endocytosis in plants. GNOM and VAN3 previously were proposed to function solely at the recycling endosomes and trans-Golgi networks, respectively. Therefore our findings uncovered an additional cellular function of these prominent developmental regulators.
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120
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Liao F, Wang L, Yang LB, Peng X, Sun M. NtGNL1 plays an essential role in pollen tube tip growth and orientation likely via regulation of post-Golgi trafficking. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13401. [PMID: 20976165 PMCID: PMC2955533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco GNOM LIKE 1 (NtGNL1), a new member of the Big/GBF family, is characterized by a sec 7 domain. Thus, we proposed that NtGNL1 may function in regulating pollen tube growth for vesicle trafficking. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To test this hypothesis, we used an RNAi technique to down-regulate NtGNL1 expression and found that pollen tube growth and orientation were clearly inhibited. Cytological observations revealed that both timing and behavior of endocytosis was disrupted, and endosome trafficking to prevacuolar compartments (PVC) or multivesicular bodies (MVB) was altered in pollen tube tips. Moreover, NtGNL1 seemed to partially overlap with Golgi bodies, but clearly colocalized with putative late endosome compartments. We also observed that in such pollen tubes, the Golgi apparatus disassembled and fused with the endoplasmic reticulum, indicating abnormal post-Golgi trafficking. During this process, actin organization was also remodeled. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Thus, we revealed that NtGNL1 is essential for pollen tube growth and orientation and it likely functions via stabilizing the structure of the Golgi apparatus and ensuring post-Golgi trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Biotechnology Department, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li-Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiongbo Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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121
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Dhonukshe P, Huang F, Galvan-Ampudia CS, Mähönen AP, Kleine-Vehn J, Xu J, Quint A, Prasad K, Friml J, Scheres B, Offringa R. Plasma membrane-bound AGC3 kinases phosphorylate PIN auxin carriers at TPRXS(N/S) motifs to direct apical PIN recycling. Development 2010; 137:3245-55. [PMID: 20823065 DOI: 10.1242/dev.052456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polar membrane cargo delivery is crucial for establishing cell polarity and for directional transport processes. In plants, polar trafficking mediates the dynamic asymmetric distribution of PIN FORMED (PIN) carriers, which drive polar cell-to-cell transport of the hormone auxin, thereby generating auxin maxima and minima that control development. The Arabidopsis PINOID (PID) protein kinase instructs apical PIN localization by phosphorylating PINs. Here, we identified the PID homologs WAG1 and WAG2 as new PIN polarity regulators. We show that the AGC3 kinases PID, WAG1 and WAG2, and not other plant AGC kinases, instruct recruitment of PINs into the apical recycling pathway by phosphorylating the middle serine in three conserved TPRXS(N/S) motifs within the PIN central hydrophilic loop. Our results put forward a model by which apolarly localized PID, WAG1 and WAG2 phosphorylate PINs at the plasma membrane after default non-polar PIN secretion, and trigger endocytosis-dependent apical PIN recycling. This phosphorylation-triggered apical PIN recycling competes with ARF-GEF GNOM-dependent basal recycling to promote apical PIN localization. In planta, expression domains of PID, WAG1 and WAG2 correlate with apical localization of PINs in those cell types, indicating the importance of these kinases for apical PIN localization. Our data show that by directing polar PIN localization and PIN-mediated polar auxin transport, the three AGC3 kinases redundantly regulate cotyledon development, root meristem size and gravitropic response, indicating their involvement in both programmed and adaptive plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhonukshe
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Fenby N, Pu H, Pennell R, Praekelt U, Day R, Scott R. An uncoupling screen for autonomous embryo mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 23:255-64. [PMID: 20454908 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-010-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple de novo screens in Arabidopsis thaliana have previously identified mutants that affect endosperm development but viable-embryo mutants have not been identified. Our strategy to identify autonomous embryo development was to uncouple embryo and endosperm fertilisation. This involved a male-sterile mutant population being crossed with a distinct pollen parent--the pollen was needed to initiate endosperm development and because it was distinct, the maternal progeny could be selected from the hybrid population. This process was refined over three stages, resulting in a viable approach to screen for autonomous embryo mutants. From 8,000 screened plants, a mutation was isolated in which the integument cells extended from the ovule and proliferated into a second complete twinned ovule. Some embryos from the mutant were normal but others developed fused cotyledons. In addition, a proportion of the progeny lacked paternal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Fenby
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Bath University, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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123
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Coudert Y, Périn C, Courtois B, Khong NG, Gantet P. Genetic control of root development in rice, the model cereal. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2010; 15:219-26. [PMID: 20153971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cereals possess a fibrous root system that is mainly composed of crown roots that emerge postembryonically from the nodes of the stem. Because the root system is not directly accessible and consequently difficult to study, it remains a target for breeders to improve the ability of plants to exploit the mineral and water resources of the soil. Breeding for root architecture necessitates identifying the genetic determinants of root development. This research is now underway in cereals, particularly in rice, the monocot model species. In this review, we examine recent data identifying genes that govern root development in cereals, such as ARL1/CRL1 in rice and RTCS in maize which encodes a conserved lateral organ boundary domain transcription factor involved in crown root initiation and development in response to auxin. Finally, we discuss the detection and validation of root development quantitative trait loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Coudert
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1098 Développement et Adaptation des Plantes, Bat 15, CC 002, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Sugimoto K, Jiao Y, Meyerowitz EM. Arabidopsis Regeneration from Multiple Tissues Occurs via a Root Development Pathway. Dev Cell 2010; 18:463-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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125
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Forestan C, Meda S, Varotto S. ZmPIN1-mediated auxin transport is related to cellular differentiation during maize embryogenesis and endosperm development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1373-90. [PMID: 20044449 PMCID: PMC2832270 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.150193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the influence of PINFORMED1 (PIN1)-mediated auxin transport during embryogenesis and endosperm development in monocots, the expression pattern of the three identified ZmPIN1 genes was determined at the transcript level. Localization of the corresponding proteins was also analyzed during maize (Zea mays) kernel development. An anti-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) monoclonal antibody was used to visualize IAA distribution and correlate the direction of auxin active transport, mediated by ZmPIN1 proteins, with the actual amount of auxin present in maize kernels at different developmental stages. ZmPIN1 genes are expressed in the endosperm soon after double fertilization occurs; however, unlike other tissues, the ZmPIN1 proteins were never polarly localized in the plasma membrane of endosperm cells. ZmPIN1 transcripts and proteins also colocalize in developing embryos, and the ZmPIN1 proteins are polarly localized in the embryo cell plasma membrane from the first developmental stages, indicating the existence of ZmPIN1-mediated auxin fluxes. Auxin distribution visualization indicates that the aleurone, the basal endosperm transfer layer, and the embryo-surrounding region accumulate free auxin, which also has a maximum in the kernel maternal chalaza. During embryogenesis, polar auxin transport always correlates with the differentiation of embryo tissues and the definition of the embryo organs. On the basis of these reports and of the observations on tissue differentiation and IAA distribution in defective endosperm-B18 mutant and in N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid-treated kernels, a model for ZmPIN1-mediated transport of auxin and the related auxin fluxes during maize kernel development is proposed. Common features between this model and the model previously proposed for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are discussed.
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Richter S, Anders N, Wolters H, Beckmann H, Thomann A, Heinrich R, Schrader J, Singh MK, Geldner N, Mayer U, Jürgens G. Role of the GNOM gene in Arabidopsis apical-basal patterning--From mutant phenotype to cellular mechanism of protein action. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:138-44. [PMID: 20036441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How the apical-basal axis of polarity is established in embryogenesis is still a mystery in plant development. This axis appeared specifically compromised by mutations in the Arabidopsis GNOM gene. Surprisingly, GNOM encodes an ARF guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (ARF-GEF) that regulates the formation of vesicles in membrane trafficking. In-depth functional analysis of GNOM and its closest relative, GNOM-LIKE 1 (GNL1), has provided a mechanistic explanation for the development-specific role of a seemingly mundane trafficking regulator. The current model proposes that GNOM is specifically involved in the endosomal recycling of the auxin-efflux carrier PIN1 to the basal plasma membrane in provascular cells, which in turn is required for the accumulation of the plant hormone auxin at the future root pole through polar auxin transport. Thus, the analysis of GNOM highlights the importance of cell-biological processes for a mechanistic understanding of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Richter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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128
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Kleine-Vehn J, Huang F, Naramoto S, Zhang J, Michniewicz M, Offringa R, Friml J. PIN auxin efflux carrier polarity is regulated by PINOID kinase-mediated recruitment into GNOM-independent trafficking in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3839-49. [PMID: 20040538 PMCID: PMC2814515 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a major role in embryonic and postembryonic plant development. The temporal and spatial distribution of auxin largely depends on the subcellular polar localization of members of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carrier family. The Ser/Thr protein kinase PINOID (PID) catalyzes PIN phosphorylation and crucially contributes to the regulation of apical-basal PIN polarity. The GTP exchange factor on ADP-ribosylation factors (ARF-GEF), GNOM preferentially mediates PIN recycling at the basal side of the cell. Interference with GNOM activity leads to dynamic PIN transcytosis between different sides of the cell. Our genetic, pharmacological, and cell biological approaches illustrate that PID and GNOM influence PIN polarity and plant development in an antagonistic manner and that the PID-dependent PIN phosphorylation results in GNOM-independent polar PIN targeting. The data suggest that PID and the protein phosphatase 2A not only regulate the static PIN polarity, but also act antagonistically on the rate of GNOM-dependent polar PIN transcytosis. We propose a model that includes PID-dependent PIN phosphorylation at the plasma membrane and the subsequent sorting of PIN proteins to a GNOM-independent pathway for polarity alterations during developmental processes, such as lateral root formation and leaf vasculature development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marta Michniewicz
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Remko Offringa
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Tsugeki R, Ditengou FA, Sumi Y, Teale W, Palme K, Okada K. NO VEIN mediates auxin-dependent specification and patterning in the Arabidopsis embryo, shoot, and root. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3133-51. [PMID: 19880797 PMCID: PMC2782279 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.068841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Local efflux-dependent auxin gradients and maxima mediate organ and tissue development in plants. Auxin efflux is regulated by dynamic expression and subcellular localization of the PIN auxin-efflux proteins, which appears to be established not only through a self-organizing auxin-mediated polarization mechanism, but also through other means, such as cell fate determination and auxin-independent mechanisms. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana NO VEIN (NOV) gene, encoding a novel, plant-specific nuclear factor, is required for leaf vascular development, cellular patterning and stem cell maintenance in the root meristem, as well as for cotyledon outgrowth and separation. nov mutations affect many aspects of auxin-dependent development without directly affecting auxin perception. NOV is required for provascular PIN1 expression and region-specific expression of PIN7 in leaf primordia, cell type-specific expression of PIN3, PIN4, and PIN7 in the root, and PIN2 polarity in the root cortex. NOV is specifically expressed in developing embryos, leaf primordia, and shoot and root apical meristems. Our data suggest that NOV function underlies cell fate decisions associated with auxin gradients and maxima, thus establishing cell type-specific PIN expression and polarity. We propose that NOV mediates the acquisition of competence to undergo auxin-dependent coordinated cell specification and patterning, thereby eliciting context-dependent auxin-mediated developmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Tsugeki
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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130
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Carland F, Nelson T. CVP2- and CVL1-mediated phosphoinositide signaling as a regulator of the ARF GAP SFC/VAN3 in establishment of foliar vein patterns. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:895-907. [PMID: 19473324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In foliar organs of dicots, veins are arranged in a highly branched or reticulated pattern for efficient distribution of water, photosynthates and signaling molecules. Recent evidence suggests that the patterns rely in part on regulation of intracellular vesicle transport and cell polarity in selected cells during leaf development. The sorting of vesicle cargos to discrete cellular sites is regulated in yeast and animal cells by the binding of specific phosphoinositides (PIs). We report here that, in the plant Arabidopsis, specific PIs guide the vesicle traffic that is essential for polarized and continuous vein pattern formation. Mutations in SFC/VAN3, an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein (ARF GAP) with a PI-binding pleckstrin homology domain, result in discontinuous vein patterns. Plants with mutations in both CVP2 and CVL1, which encode inositol polyphosphate 5'-phosphatases that generate the specific PI ligand for the pleckstrin homology domain of SFC/VAN3, phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate (PI(4)P), have a discontinuous vein phenotype identical to that of sfc/van3 mutants. Single cvp2 or cvl1 mutants show weak and no discontinuous vein phenotypes, respectively, suggesting that they act redundantly. We propose that these two 5'-phosphatases regulate vein continuity and cell polarity by generating a specific PI ligand for SFC/VAN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Carland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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131
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Jia DJ, Cao X, Wang W, Tan XY, Zhang XQ, Chen LQ, Ye D. GNOM-LIKE 2, encoding an adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factor protein homologous to GNOM and GNL1, is essential for pollen germination in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:762-73. [PMID: 19686373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, male gametes are delivered to female gametophytes by pollen tubes. Although it is important for sexual plant reproduction, little is known about the genetic mechanism that controls pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Here we report the identification and characterization of two novel mutants, gnom-like 2-1 (gnl2-1) and gnl2-2 in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which the pollen grains failed to germinate in vitro and in vivo. GNL2 encodes a protein homologous to the adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GNOM and GNL1 that are involved in endosomal recycling and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi vesicular trafficking. It was prolifically expressed in pollen grains and pollen tubes. The results of the present study suggest that GNL2 plays an important role in pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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132
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Péret B, De Rybel B, Casimiro I, Benková E, Swarup R, Laplaze L, Beeckman T, Bennett MJ. Arabidopsis lateral root development: an emerging story. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:399-408. [PMID: 19559642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root formation is a major determinant of root systems architecture. The degree of root branching impacts the efficiency of water uptake, acquisition of nutrients and anchorage by plants. Understanding the regulation of lateral root development is therefore of vital agronomic importance. The molecular and cellular basis of lateral root formation has been most extensively studied in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). Significant progress has recently been made in identifying many new Arabidopsis genes that regulate lateral root initiation, patterning and emergence processes. We review how these studies have revealed that the plant hormone auxin represents a common signal that integrates these distinct yet interconnected developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péret
- Plant Sciences Division and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK.
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133
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Adventitious root formation in rice requires OsGNOM1 and is mediated by the OsPINs family. Cell Res 2009; 19:1110-9. [PMID: 19546891 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrous root system in cereals comprises primarily adventitious roots (ARs), which play important roles in nutrient and water uptake. Current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism underlying AR development is still limited. We report here the isolation of four rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutants, from different genetic backgrounds, all of which were defective in AR formation. These mutants exhibited reduced numbers of lateral roots (LRs) and partial loss of gravitropism. The mutants also displayed enhanced sensitivity to N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, an inhibitor of polar auxin transport (PAT), indicating that the mutations affected auxin transport. Positional cloning using one of the four mutants revealed that it was caused by loss-of-function of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ADP-ribosylation factor (OsGNOM1). RT-PCR and analysis of promoter::GUS transgenic plants showed that OsGNOM1 is expressed in AR primordia, vascular tissues, LRs, root tips, leaves, anthers and lemma veins, with a distribution pattern similar to that of auxin. In addition, the expressions of OsPIN2, OsPIN5b and OsPIN9 were altered in the mutants. Taken together, these findings indicate that OsGNOM1 affects the formation of ARs through regulating PAT.
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134
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Shirakawa M, Ueda H, Shimada T, Nishiyama C, Hara-Nishimura I. Vacuolar SNAREs Function in the Formation of the Leaf Vascular Network by Regulating Auxin Distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:1319-28. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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135
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Peer WA, Hosein FN, Bandyopadhyay A, Makam SN, Otegui MS, Lee GJ, Blakeslee JJ, Cheng Y, Titapiwatanakun B, Yakubov B, Bangari B, Murphy AS. Mutation of the membrane-associated M1 protease APM1 results in distinct embryonic and seedling developmental defects in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:1693-721. [PMID: 19531600 PMCID: PMC2714933 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.059634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase M1 (APM1), a single copy gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, encodes a metallopeptidase originally identified via its affinity for, and hydrolysis of, the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Mutations in this gene result in haploinsufficiency. Loss-of-function mutants show irregular, uncoordinated cell divisions throughout embryogenesis, affecting the shape and number of cotyledons and the hypophysis, and is seedling lethal at 5 d after germination due to root growth arrest. Quiescent center and cell cycle markers show no signals in apm1-1 knockdown mutants, and the ground tissue specifiers SHORTROOT and SCARECROW are misexpressed or mislocalized. apm1 mutants have multiple, fused cotyledons and hypocotyls with enlarged epidermal cells with cell adhesion defects. apm1 alleles show defects in gravitropism and auxin transport. Gravistimulation decreases APM1 expression in auxin-accumulating root epidermal cells, and auxin treatment increases expression in the stele. On sucrose gradients, APM1 occurs in unique light membrane fractions. APM1 localizes at the margins of Golgi cisternae, plasma membrane, select multivesicular bodies, tonoplast, dense intravacuolar bodies, and maturing metaxylem cells. APM1 associates with brefeldin A-sensitive endomembrane structures and the plasma membrane in cortical and epidermal cells. The auxin-related phenotypes and mislocalization of auxin efflux proteins in apm1 are consistent with biochemical interactions between APM1 and NPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ann Peer
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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136
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Local auxin biosynthesis modulates gradient-directed planar polarity in Arabidopsis. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:731-8. [PMID: 19448626 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of cell polarity within the plane of a single tissue layer (planar polarity) is a crucial task during development of multicellular organisms. Mechanisms underlying establishment of planar polarity, however, differ substantially between plants and animals. In Arabidopsis thaliana, planar polarity of root-hair positioning along epidermal cells is coordinated towards maximum concentration of an auxin gradient in the root tip. This gradient has been hypothesized to be sink-driven and computational modelling suggests that auxin efflux carrier activity may be sufficient to generate the gradient in the absence of auxin biosynthesis in the root. Here, we demonstrate that the Raf-like kinase CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1; Refs 8, 9) acts as a concentration-dependent repressor of a biosynthesis-dependent auxin gradient that modulates planar polarity in the root tip. We analysed auxin biosynthesis and concentration gradients in a variety of root-hair-position mutants affected in CTR1 activity, auxin biosynthesis and transport. Our results reveal that planar polarity relies on influx- and efflux-carrier-mediated auxin redistribution from a local biosynthesis maximum. Thus, a local source of auxin biosynthesis contributes to gradient homeostasis during long-range coordination of cellular morphogenesis.
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137
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Chen H, Xiong L. The short-rooted vitamin B6-deficient mutant pdx1 has impaired local auxin biosynthesis. PLANTA 2009; 229:1303-1310. [PMID: 19306104 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin often acts distantly from the site of its biosynthesis and this long-distance-transported auxin is well known to play a critical role in eliciting physiological responses including regulating root development. Auxin can be produced in roots, yet the function of locally synthesized auxin in root growth is unclear. The major auxin in plants, indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), is mainly synthesized through tryptophan (Trp)-dependent pathways that require pyridoxal phosphate (an active form of vitamin B(6))-dependent enzymes. We previously reported that the Arabidopsis vitamin B(6) biosynthesis mutant pdx1 has stunted root growth although the underlying cause is unknown. Here we showed that the pdx1 root is deficient in auxin biosynthesis. By reciprocal grafting of pdx1 and the wild type, we demonstrated that the stunted root growth in pdx1 is caused by a locally generated signal(s) in roots. To test whether auxin might be one such signal, the auxin responsive DR5::GUS reporter was introduced into the mutant. The DR5::GUS activity in pdx1 root tips was greatly reduced compared with that in the wild type although the auxin response was unaltered. pdx1 also suppresses the root hair growth defects in the auxin overproduction mutant yucca. These data indicate that pdx1 is impaired in Trp-dependent auxin biosynthesis, which may contribute to the short-root phenotype of pdx1. We suggest that locally synthesized auxin may play a critical role in postembryonic root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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138
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Fukaki H, Tasaka M. Hormone interactions during lateral root formation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 69:437-49. [PMID: 18982413 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root (LR) formation, the production of new roots from parent roots, is a hormone- and environmentally-regulated developmental process in higher plants. Physiological and genetic studies using Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species have revealed the roles of several plant hormones in LR formation, particularly the role of auxin in LR initiation and primordium development, resulting in much progress toward understanding the mechanisms of auxin-mediated LR formation. However, hormone interactions during LR formation have been relatively underexamined. Recent studies have shown that the plant hormones, cytokinin and abscisic acid negatively regulate LR formation whereas brassinosteroids positively regulate LR formation. On the other hand, ethylene has positive and negative roles during LR formation. This review summarizes recent findings on hormone-regulated LR formation in higher plants, focusing on auxin as a trigger and on the other hormones in LR formation, and discusses the possible interactions among plant hormones in this developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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139
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Miyazawa Y, Takahashi A, Kobayashi A, Kaneyasu T, Fujii N, Takahashi H. GNOM-mediated vesicular trafficking plays an essential role in hydrotropism of Arabidopsis roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:835-40. [PMID: 19052151 PMCID: PMC2633850 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.131003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Roots respond not only to gravity but also to moisture gradient by displaying gravitropism and hydrotropism, respectively, to control their growth orientation, which helps plants obtain water and become established in the terrestrial environment. As gravitropism often interferes with hydrotropism, however, the mechanisms of how roots display hydrotropism and differentiate it from gravitropism are not understood. We previously reported MIZU-KUSSEI1 (MIZ1) as a gene required for hydrotropism but not for gravitropism, although the function of its protein was not known. Here, we found that a mutation of GNOM encoding guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for ADP-ribosylation factor-type G proteins was responsible for the ahydrotropism of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), miz2. Unlike other gnom alleles, miz2 showed no apparent morphological defects or reduced gravitropism. Instead, brefeldin A (BFA) treatment inhibited both hydrotropism and gravitropism in Arabidopsis roots. In addition, a BFA-resistant GNOM variant, GNM696L, showed normal hydrotropic response in the presence of BFA. Furthermore, a weak gnom allele, gnomB/E, showed defect in hydrotropic response. These results indicate that GNOM-mediated vesicular trafficking plays an essential role in hydrotropism of seedling roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Miyazawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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140
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Geldner N. Cell polarity in plants: a PARspective on PINs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 12:42-8. [PMID: 18993110 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have acquired the ability for organized multicellular development independent from animals. Because of this, they represent an independent example in nature for the development of coordinated, complex cell polarity from the simple polarity found in unicellular eukaryotes. Plants display a striking array of polarized cell types, with different axes of polarity being defined in one cell. The most investigated and best understood aspect of plant polarity is the apical-basal polarity of the PIN family of auxin efflux facilitators, which are of crucial importance for the organization of the entire plant body. Striking differences exist between the PAR-polarity modules known in animals and the ways PINs polarize plant cells. Nonetheless, a common regulatory logic probably applies to all polarizing eukaryotic cells, which includes self-reinforcing, positive feedback loops, intricate interactions between membrane-attached proteins, lipid signatures, and the targeting of transmembrane proteins to the correct domains of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, UNIL-Sorge, Biophore Building, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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141
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Atta R, Laurens L, Boucheron-Dubuisson E, Guivarc'h A, Carnero E, Giraudat-Pautot V, Rech P, Chriqui D. Pluripotency of Arabidopsis xylem pericycle underlies shoot regeneration from root and hypocotyl explants grown in vitro. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:626-44. [PMID: 18980654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have established a detailed framework for the process of shoot regeneration from Arabidopsis root and hypocotyl explants grown in vitro. Using transgenic plant lines in which the GUS or GFP genes were fused to promoters of developmental genes (WUS, CLV1, CLV3, STM, CUC1, PLT1, RCH1, QC25), or to promoters of genes encoding indicators of the auxin response (DR5) or transport (PIN1), cytokinin (CK) response (ARR5) or synthesis (IPT5), or mitotic activity (CYCB1), we showed that regenerated shoots originated directly or indirectly from the pericycle cells adjacent to xylem poles. In addition, shoot regeneration appeared to be partly similar to the formation of lateral root meristems (LRMs). During pre-culture on a 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)-rich callus-inducing medium (CIM), xylem pericycle reactivation established outgrowths that were not true calli but had many characteristics of LRMs. Transfer to a CK-rich shoot-inducing medium (SIM) resulted in early LRM-like primordia changing to shoot meristems. Direct origin of shoots from the xylem pericycle occurred upon direct culture on CK-containing media without prior growth on CIM. Thus, it appeared that the xylem pericycle is more pluripotent than previously thought. This pluripotency was accompanied by the ability of pericycle derivatives to retain diploidy, even after several rounds of cell division. In contrast, the phloem pericycle did not display such developmental plasticity, and responded to CKs with only periclinal divisions. Such observations reinforce the view that the pericycle is an 'extended meristem' that comprises two types of cell populations. They also suggest that the founder cells for LRM initiation are not initially fully specified for this developmental pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzy Atta
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, CEMV-EA3494, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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142
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Kleine-Vehn J, Friml J. Polar targeting and endocytic recycling in auxin-dependent plant development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2008; 24:447-73. [PMID: 18837671 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant development is characterized by a profound phenotypic plasticity that often involves redefining of the developmental fate and polarity of cells within differentiated tissues. The plant hormone auxin and its directional intercellular transport play a major role in these processes because they provide positional information and link cell polarity with tissue patterning. This plant-specific mechanism of transport-dependent auxin gradients depends on subcellular dynamics of auxin transport components, in particular on endocytic recycling and polar targeting. Recent insights into these cellular processes in plants have revealed important parallels to yeast and animal systems, including clathrin-dependent endocytosis, retromer function, and transcytosis, but have also emphasized unique features of plant cells such as diversity of polar targeting pathways; integration of environmental signals into subcellular trafficking; and the link between endocytosis, cell polarity, and cell fate specification. We review these advances and focus on the translation of the subcellular dynamics to the regulation of whole-plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Molecular Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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143
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De Smet I, Vassileva V, De Rybel B, Levesque MP, Grunewald W, Van Damme D, Van Noorden G, Naudts M, Van Isterdael G, De Clercq R, Wang JY, Meuli N, Vanneste S, Friml J, Hilson P, Jürgens G, Ingram GC, Inzé D, Benfey PN, Beeckman T. Receptor-like kinase ACR4 restricts formative cell divisions in the Arabidopsis root. Science 2008; 322:594-7. [PMID: 18948541 DOI: 10.1126/science.1160158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the development of multicellular organisms, organogenesis and pattern formation depend on formative divisions to specify and maintain pools of stem cells. In higher plants, these activities are essential to shape the final root architecture because the functioning of root apical meristems and the de novo formation of lateral roots entirely rely on it. We used transcript profiling on sorted pericycle cells undergoing lateral root initiation to identify the receptor-like kinase ACR4 of Arabidopsis as a key factor both in promoting formative cell divisions in the pericycle and in constraining the number of these divisions once organogenesis has been started. In the root tip meristem, ACR4 shows a similar action by controlling cell proliferation activity in the columella cell lineage. Thus, ACR4 function reveals a common mechanism of formative cell division control in the main root tip meristem and during lateral root initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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144
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Kleine-Vehn J, Langowski L, Wisniewska J, Dhonukshe P, Brewer PB, Friml J. Cellular and molecular requirements for polar PIN targeting and transcytosis in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:1056-1066. [PMID: 19825603 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The polar, sub-cellular localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers determines the direction of intercellular auxin flow, thus defining the spatial aspect of auxin signalling. Dynamic, transcytosis-like relocalizations of PIN proteins occur in response to external and internal signals, integrating these signals into changes in auxin distribution. Here, we examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of polar PIN delivery and transcytosis. The mechanisms of the ARF-GEF-dependent polar targeting and transcytosis are well conserved and show little variations among diverse Arabidopsis ecotypes consistent with their fundamental importance in regulating plant development. At the cellular level, we refine previous findings on the role of the actin cytoskeleton in apical and basal PIN targeting, and identify a previously unknown role for microtubules, specifically in basal targeting. PIN protein delivery to different sides of the cell is mediated by ARF-dependent trafficking with a previously unknown complex level of distinct ARF-GEF vesicle trafficking regulators. Our data suggest that alternative recruitment of PIN proteins by these distinct pathways can account for cell type- and cargo-specific aspects of polar targeting, as well as for polarity changes in response to different signals. The resulting dynamic PIN positioning to different sides of cells defines a three-dimensional pattern of auxin fluxes within plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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145
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Mathesius U. Auxin: at the root of nodule development? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:651-668. [PMID: 32688821 DOI: 10.1071/fp08177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root nodules are formed as a result of an orchestrated exchange of chemical signals between symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria and certain plants. In plants that form nodules in symbiosis with actinorhizal bacteria, nodules are derived from lateral roots. In most legumes, nodules are formed de novo from pericycle and cortical cells that are re-stimulated for division and differentiation by rhizobia. The ability of plants to nodulate has only evolved recently and it has, therefore, been suggested that nodule development is likely to have co-opted existing mechanisms for development and differentiation from lateral root formation. Auxin is an important regulator of cell division and differentiation, and changes in auxin accumulation and transport are essential for lateral root development. There is growing evidence that rhizobia alter the root auxin balance as a prerequisite for nodule formation, and that nodule numbers are regulated by shoot-to-root auxin transport. Whereas auxin requirements appear to be similar for lateral root and nodule primordium activation and organ differentiation, the major difference between the two developmental programs lies in the specification of founder cells. It is suggested that differing ratios of auxin and cytokinin are likely to specify the precursors of the different root organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Mathesius
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Email
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146
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Kleine-Vehn J, Dhonukshe P, Sauer M, Brewer PB, Wiśniewska J, Paciorek T, Benková E, Friml J. ARF GEF-dependent transcytosis and polar delivery of PIN auxin carriers in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2008; 18:526-31. [PMID: 18394892 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity manifested by the polar cargo delivery to different plasma-membrane domains is a fundamental feature of multicellular organisms. Pathways for polar delivery have been identified in animals; prominent among them is transcytosis, which involves cargo movement between different sides of the cell [1]. PIN transporters are prominent polar cargoes in plants, whose polar subcellular localization determines the directional flow of the signaling molecule auxin [2, 3]. In this study, we address the cellular mechanisms of PIN polar targeting and dynamic polarity changes. We show that apical and basal PIN targeting pathways are interconnected but molecularly distinct by means of ARF GEF vesicle-trafficking regulators. Pharmacological or genetic interference with the Arabidopsis ARF GEF GNOM leads specifically to apicalization of basal cargoes such as PIN1. We visualize the translocation of PIN proteins between the opposite sides of polarized cells in vivo and show that this PIN transcytosis occurs by endocytic recycling and alternative recruitment of the same cargo molecules by apical and basal targeting machineries. Our data suggest that an ARF GEF-dependent transcytosis-like mechanism is operational in plants and provides a plausible mechanism to trigger changes in PIN polarity and hence auxin fluxes during embryogenesis and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology VIB, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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147
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Guo K, Xia K, Yang ZM. Regulation of tomato lateral root development by carbon monoxide and involvement in auxin and nitric oxide. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:3443-52. [PMID: 18653694 PMCID: PMC2529230 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous gaseous molecule in organisms. Despite its reputation as a lethal gas, recent studies have shown that it is one of the most essential cellular components regulating a variety of biological processes. However, whether CO regulates physiological processes of morphological or developmental patterns in plants is largely unknown. In this paper, the observation that exogenous CO was able to promote the formation of tomato lateral roots (LR) is described. The CO stimulation of LR development was supported by analysis of tomato haem oxygenase-1 (LeHO-1), an enzymatic source of intracellular CO. It is shown that the amount of LeHO-1 proteins and transcripts increased parallel to the LR development. In addition, LeHO-1 loss-of-function tomato mutant yg-2 showed a phenotype of impaired LR development. The phenotype of yg-2 could be restored by treatment with CO. Since auxin is required for LR initiation and NO is shown to be a mediator for LR development, the correlation of CO with auxin and NO was tested. Our analysis revealed that the action of CO was blocked by the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid and the NO scavenger cPTIO, respectively. Furthermore, the whole seedling assays of IAA show that treatment with CO increased the overall IAA levels in various tissues of tomato. Exposure of tomato roots to CO also enhanced intracellular NO generation. These results indicate that CO plays a critical role in controlling architectural change in tomato roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Weigang No. 1, Outside the Zhongshan Men, Building of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Xia
- Department of Plant Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Min Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Weigang No. 1, Outside the Zhongshan Men, Building of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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148
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Sawchuk MG, Donner TJ, Scarpella E. Auxin transport-dependent, stage-specific dynamics of leaf vein formation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:286-9. [PMID: 19513220 PMCID: PMC2634260 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.5.5345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, the formation of vein patterns in the leaf has intrigued biologists, mathematicians and philosophers. In leaf development, files of vein-forming procambial cells emerge from seemingly homogeneous subepidermal tissue through the selection of anatomically inconspicuous preprocambial cells. Although the molecular details underlying the orderly differentiation of veins in the leaf remain elusive, gradually restricted transport paths of the plant hormone auxin have long been implicated in defining sites of vein formation. Several recent advances now appear to converge on a more precise definition of the role of auxin flow at different stages of vascular development. The picture that emerges is that of vein formation as a self-organizing, reiterative, auxin transport-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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149
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Abstract
In yeast and animal cells, the sterol composition of membranes is a key factor that controls the polarity of membrane proteins by regulating their intracellular trafficking or lateral diffusion. A recent study in Nature Cell Biology demonstrates that plant sterols play a major role in the acquisition of cell polarity by modulating endocytosis after cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Jaillais
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 128, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie F-69364 Lyon, France
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Wang L, Liao FL, Zhu L, Peng XB, Sun MX. NtGNL1 is involved in embryonic cell division patterning, root elongation, and pollen tube growth in tobacco. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:81-93. [PMID: 18399932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The function of the ARF-GEF family has drawn great attention recently, especially GNOM and GNL1, owing to their important role in plant development. A homolog of GBF was identified in Nicotiana tabacum, named NtGNL1, which is ubiquitously expressed throughout the tobacco life cycle. In NtGNL1 RNAi plants, irregular orientation of cell division and asynchronous cell development during early embryogenesis disrupted the symmetry of the developing embryo. In addition, root growth in transgenic lines was significantly slower than that in wild-type plants, although the structure of the root tip was largely intact. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were also inhibited in the transgenic lines, and the tip of the pollen tube presented various aberrant morphologies in one of the transgenic lines. The phenotypes of different NtGNL1 RNAi transgenic lines suggest that the NtGNL1 is likely to be involved not only in embryogenesis and postembryonic development, but also in sexual reproduction; thus, NtGNL1 may play multiple and critical roles in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiong-Bo Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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