101
|
Tse JD, Moore R, Meng Y, Tao W, Smith ER, Xu XX. Dynamic conversion of cell sorting patterns in aggregates of embryonic stem cells with differential adhesive affinity. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 33407086 PMCID: PMC7788919 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian early development comprises the proliferation, differentiation, and self-assembly of the embryonic cells. The classic experiment undertaken by Townes and Holtfreter demonstrated the ability of dissociated embryonic cells to sort and self-organize spontaneously into the original tissue patterns. Here, we further explored the principles and mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of spontaneous tissue organization by studying aggregation and sorting of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with differential adhesive affinity in culture. RESULTS As observed previously, in aggregates of wild-type and E-cadherin-deficient ES cells, the cell assemblies exhibited an initial sorting pattern showing wild-type cells engulfed by less adhesive E-cadherin-deficient ES cells, which fits the pattern predicted by the differential adhesive hypothesis proposed by Malcom Steinberg. However, in further study of more mature cell aggregates, the initial sorting pattern reversed, with the highly adhesive wild-type ES cells forming an outer shell enveloping the less adhesive E-cadherin-deficient cells, contradicting Steinberg's sorting principle. The outer wild-type cells of the more mature aggregates did not differentiate into endoderm, which is known to be able to sort to the exterior from previous studies. In contrast to the naive aggregates, the mature aggregates presented polarized, highly adhesive cells at the outer layer. The surface polarity was observed as an actin cap contiguously spanning across the apical surface of multiple adjacent cells, though independent of the formation of tight junctions. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental findings suggest that the force of differential adhesive affinity can be overcome by even subtle polarity generated from strong bilateral ligation of highly adhesive cells in determining cell sorting patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Tse
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Robert Moore
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Yue Meng
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Wensi Tao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Smith
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Xiang-Xi Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Liebisch T, Drusko A, Mathew B, Stelzer EHK, Fischer SC, Matthäus F. Cell fate clusters in ICM organoids arise from cell fate heredity and division: a modelling approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22405. [PMID: 33376253 PMCID: PMC7772343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the mammalian preimplantation phase, cells undergo two subsequent cell fate decisions. During the first decision, the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass are formed. Subsequently, the inner cell mass segregates into the epiblast and the primitive endoderm. Inner cell mass organoids represent an experimental model system, mimicking the second cell fate decision. It has been shown that cells of the same fate tend to cluster stronger than expected for random cell fate decisions. Three major processes are hypothesised to contribute to the cell fate arrangements: (1) chemical signalling; (2) cell sorting; and (3) cell proliferation. In order to quantify the influence of cell proliferation on the observed cell lineage type clustering, we developed an agent-based model accounting for mechanical cell-cell interaction, i.e. adhesion and repulsion, cell division, stochastic cell fate decision and cell fate heredity. The model supports the hypothesis that initial cell fate acquisition is a stochastically driven process, taking place in the early development of inner cell mass organoids. Further, we show that the observed neighbourhood structures can emerge solely due to cell fate heredity during cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Liebisch
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Armin Drusko
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Biena Mathew
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine C Fischer
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology (CCTB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Campus Hubland Nord 32, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Matthäus
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Xia W, Xie W. Rebooting the Epigenomes during Mammalian Early Embryogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:1158-1175. [PMID: 33035464 PMCID: PMC7724468 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon fertilization, terminally differentiated gametes are transformed to a totipotent zygote, which gives rise to an embryo. How parental epigenetic memories are inherited and reprogrammed to accommodate parental-to-zygotic transition remains a fundamental question in developmental biology, epigenetics, and stem cell biology. With the rapid advancement of ultra-sensitive or single-cell epigenome analysis methods, unusual principles of epigenetic reprogramming begin to be unveiled. Emerging data reveal that in many species, the parental epigenome undergoes dramatic reprogramming followed by subsequent re-establishment of the embryo epigenome, leading to epigenetic "rebooting." Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding epigenetic reprogramming and their functions during mammalian early development. We also highlight the conserved and species-specific principles underlying diverse regulation of the epigenome in early embryos during evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Xia
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Pokrass MJ, Ryan KA, Xin T, Pielstick B, Timp W, Greco V, Regot S. Cell-Cycle-Dependent ERK Signaling Dynamics Direct Fate Specification in the Mammalian Preimplantation Embryo. Dev Cell 2020; 55:328-340.e5. [PMID: 33091369 PMCID: PMC7658051 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the noisy nature of single cells, multicellular organisms robustly generate different cell types from one zygote. This process involves dynamic cross regulation between signaling and gene expression that is difficult to capture with fixed-cell approaches. To study signaling dynamics and fate specification during preimplantation development, we generated a transgenic mouse expressing the ERK kinase translocation reporter and measured ERK activity in single cells of live embryos. Our results show primarily active ERK in both the inner cell mass and trophectoderm cells due to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. Strikingly, a subset of mitotic events results in a short pulse of ERK inactivity in both daughter cells that correlates with elevated endpoint NANOG levels. Moreover, endogenous tagging of Nanog in embryonic stem cells reveals that ERK inhibition promotes enhanced stabilization of NANOG protein after mitosis. Our data show that cell cycle, signaling, and differentiation are coordinated during preimplantation development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pokrass
- Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tianchi Xin
- Genetics Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Brittany Pielstick
- Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Baltimore, MD, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Biomedical Engineering Department, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Valentina Greco
- Genetics Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sergi Regot
- Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Fagotto F. Tissue segregation in the early vertebrate embryo. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 107:130-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
106
|
Tokuoka Y, Yamada TG, Mashiko D, Ikeda Z, Hiroi NF, Kobayashi TJ, Yamagata K, Funahashi A. 3D convolutional neural networks-based segmentation to acquire quantitative criteria of the nucleus during mouse embryogenesis. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2020; 6:32. [PMID: 33082352 PMCID: PMC7575569 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-020-00152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, cells repeatedly divide and dynamically change their positions in three-dimensional (3D) space. A robust and accurate algorithm to acquire the 3D positions of the cells would help to reveal the mechanisms of embryogenesis. To acquire quantitative criteria of embryogenesis from time-series 3D microscopic images, image processing algorithms such as segmentation have been applied. Because the cells in embryos are considerably crowded, an algorithm to segment individual cells in detail and accurately is needed. To quantify the nuclear region of every cell from a time-series 3D fluorescence microscopic image of living cells, we developed QCANet, a convolutional neural network-based segmentation algorithm for 3D fluorescence bioimages. We demonstrated that QCANet outperformed 3D Mask R-CNN, which is currently considered as the best algorithm of instance segmentation. We showed that QCANet can be applied not only to developing mouse embryos but also to developing embryos of two other model species. Using QCANet, we were able to extract several quantitative criteria of embryogenesis from 11 early mouse embryos. We showed that the extracted criteria could be used to evaluate the differences between individual embryos. This study contributes to the development of fundamental approaches for assessing embryogenesis on the basis of extracted quantitative criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tokuoka
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro G Yamada
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mashiko
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Zenki Ikeda
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Noriko F Hiroi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, 756-0884, Japan
| | - Tetsuya J Kobayashi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Akira Funahashi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Oh JN, Lee M, Choe GC, Lee DK, Choi KH, Kim SH, Jeong J, Lee CK. Identification of the Lineage Markers and Inhibition of DAB2 in In Vitro Fertilized Porcine Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197275. [PMID: 33019677 PMCID: PMC7582820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Specification of embryonic lineages is an important question in the field of early development. Numerous studies analyzed the expression patterns of the candidate transcripts and proteins in humans and mice and clearly determined the markers of each lineage. To overcome the limitations of human and mouse embryos, the expression of the marker transcripts in each cell has been investigated using in vivo embryos in pigs. In vitro produced embryos are more accessible, can be rapidly processed with low cost. Therefore, we analyzed the characteristics of lineage markers and the effects of the DAB2 gene (trophectoderm marker) in in vitro fertilized porcine embryos. We investigated the expression levels of the marker genes during embryonic stages and distribution of the marker proteins was assayed in day 7 blastocysts. Then, the shRNA vectors were injected into the fertilized embryos and the differences in the marker transcripts were analyzed. Marker transcripts showed diverse patterns of expression, and each embryonic lineage could be identified with localization of marker proteins. In DAB2-shRNA vectors injected embryos, HNF4A and PDGFRA were upregulated. DAB2 protein level was lower in shRNA-injected embryos without significant differences. Our results will contribute to understanding of the mechanisms of embryonic lineage specification in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Nam Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-N.O.); (M.L.); (G.C.C.); (D.-K.L.); (K.-H.C.); (S.-H.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Mingyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-N.O.); (M.L.); (G.C.C.); (D.-K.L.); (K.-H.C.); (S.-H.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Gyung Cheol Choe
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-N.O.); (M.L.); (G.C.C.); (D.-K.L.); (K.-H.C.); (S.-H.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Dong-Kyung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-N.O.); (M.L.); (G.C.C.); (D.-K.L.); (K.-H.C.); (S.-H.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Kwang-Hwan Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-N.O.); (M.L.); (G.C.C.); (D.-K.L.); (K.-H.C.); (S.-H.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Seung-Hun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-N.O.); (M.L.); (G.C.C.); (D.-K.L.); (K.-H.C.); (S.-H.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Jinsol Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-N.O.); (M.L.); (G.C.C.); (D.-K.L.); (K.-H.C.); (S.-H.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Major and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.-N.O.); (M.L.); (G.C.C.); (D.-K.L.); (K.-H.C.); (S.-H.K.); (J.J.)
- Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Amoushahi M, Sunde L, Lykke-Hartmann K. The pivotal roles of the NOD-like receptors with a PYD domain, NLRPs, in oocytes and early embryo development†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:284-296. [PMID: 31201414 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors with a pyrin domain (PYD), NLRPs, are pattern recognition receptors, well recognized for their important roles in innate immunity and apoptosis. However, several NLRPs have received attention for their new, specialized roles as maternally contributed genes important in reproduction and embryo development. Several NLRPs have been shown to be specifically expressed in oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Interestingly, and in line with divergent functions, NLRP genes reveal a complex evolutionary divergence. The most pronounced difference is the human-specific NLRP7 gene, not identified in rodents. However, mouse models have been extensively used to study maternally contributed NLRPs. The NLRP2 and NLRP5 proteins are components of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), which was recently identified as essential for mouse preimplantation development. The SCMC integrates multiple proteins, including KHDC3L, NLRP5, TLE6, OOEP, NLRP2, and PADI6. The NLRP5 (also known as MATER) has been extensively studied. In humans, inactivating variants in specific NLRP genes in the mother are associated with distinct phenotypes in the offspring, such as biparental hydatidiform moles (BiHMs) and preterm birth. Maternal-effect recessive mutations in KHDC3L and NLRP5 (and NLRP7) are associated with reduced reproductive outcomes, BiHM, and broad multilocus imprinting perturbations. The precise mechanisms of NLRPs are unknown, but research strongly indicates their pivotal roles in the establishment of genomic imprints and post-zygotic methylation maintenance, among other processes. Challenges for the future include translations of findings from the mouse model into human contexts and implementation in therapies and clinical fertility management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lone Sunde
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Virnicchi G, Bora P, Gahurova L, Šušor A, Bruce AW. Wwc2 Is a Novel Cell Division Regulator During Preimplantation Mouse Embryo Lineage Formation and Oogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:857. [PMID: 33042987 PMCID: PMC7527741 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the hatching mouse blastocyst marks the end of preimplantation development, whereby previous cell cleavages culminate in the formation of three distinct cell lineages (trophectoderm, primitive endoderm and epiblast). We report that dysregulated expression of Wwc2, a genetic paralog of Kibra/Wwc1 (a known activator of Hippo-signaling, a key pathway during preimplantation development), is specifically associated with cell autonomous deficits in embryo cell number and cell division abnormalities. Division phenotypes are also observed during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation, as Wwc2 dysregulation blocks progression to the stage of meiosis II metaphase (MII) arrest and is associated with spindle defects and failed Aurora-A kinase (AURKA) activation. Oocyte and embryo cell division defects, each occurring in the absence of centrosomes, are fully reversible by expression of recombinant HA-epitope tagged WWC2, restoring activated oocyte AURKA levels. Additionally, clonal embryonic dysregulation implicates Wwc2 in maintaining the pluripotent epiblast lineage. Thus, Wwc2 is a novel regulator of meiotic and early mitotic cell divisions, and mouse blastocyst cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Virnicchi
- Laboratory of Early Mammalian Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Pablo Bora
- Laboratory of Early Mammalian Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Lenka Gahurova
- Laboratory of Early Mammalian Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Germ Cells, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
| | - Andrej Šušor
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Germ Cells, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
| | - Alexander W. Bruce
- Laboratory of Early Mammalian Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Gambini A, Duque Rodríguez M, Rodríguez MB, Briski O, Flores Bragulat AP, Demergassi N, Losinno L, Salamone DF. Horse ooplasm supports in vitro preimplantation development of zebra ICSI and SCNT embryos without compromising YAP1 and SOX2 expression pattern. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238948. [PMID: 32915925 PMCID: PMC7485800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several equids have gone extinct and many extant equids are currently considered vulnerable to critically endangered. This work aimed to evaluate whether domestic horse oocytes support preimplantation development of zebra embryos obtained by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI, zebroid) and cloning, and to study the Hippo signaling pathway during the lineage specification of trophectoderm cells and inner cell mass cells. We first showed that zebra and horse sperm cells induce porcine oocyte activation and recruit maternal SMARCA4 during pronuclear formation. SMARCA4 recruitment showed to be independent of the genetic background of the injected sperm. No differences were found in blastocyst rate of ICSI hybrid (zebra spermatozoon into horse egg) embryos relative to the homospecific horse control group. Interestingly, zebra cloned blastocyst rate was significantly higher at day 8. Moreover, most ICSI and cloned horse and zebra blastocysts showed a similar expression pattern of SOX2 and nuclear YAP1 with the majority of the nuclei positive for YAP1, and most SOX2+ nuclei negative for YAP1. Here we demonstrated that horse oocytes support zebra preimplantation development of both, ICSI and cloned embryos, without compromising development to blastocyst, blastocyst cell number neither the expression of SOX2 and YAP1. Our results support the use of domestic horse oocytes as a model to study in vitro zebra embryos on behalf of preservation of valuable genetic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gambini
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Producción Equina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Duque Rodríguez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Rodríguez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olinda Briski
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana P. Flores Bragulat
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Cátedra de Producción Equina, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río IV, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Luis Losinno
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Cátedra de Producción Equina, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río IV, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel F. Salamone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Hashimoto M, Sasaki H. Cell competition controls differentiation in mouse embryos and stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 67:1-8. [PMID: 32763500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition is a short-range intercellular communication, in which cells compare their fitness with that of their neighbors and eliminate the cells with relatively lower fitness. It is considered important for the formation and maintenance of healthy tissues; however, its exact role during development, especially in mammals, has been obscure. Recent studies in mouse embryonic epiblast and skin tissues revealed that cell differentiation in early embryos and stem cell proliferation tends to produce suboptimal cells, especially during early developmental stages. Cell competition occurs at multiple stages and via multiple mechanisms during development to ensure elimination of such low-quality cells. Thus, quality control via cell competition supports correct development by overcoming the heterogeneity produced during cell differentiation and stem cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Origin and function of the yolk sac in primate embryogenesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3760. [PMID: 32724077 PMCID: PMC7387521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryogenesis is hallmarked by two phases of yolk sac development. The primate hypoblast gives rise to a transient primary yolk sac, which is rapidly superseded by a secondary yolk sac during gastrulation. Moreover, primate embryos form extraembryonic mesoderm prior to gastrulation, in contrast to mouse. The function of the primary yolk sac and the origin of extraembryonic mesoderm remain unclear. Here, we hypothesise that the hypoblast-derived primary yolk sac serves as a source for early extraembryonic mesoderm, which is supplemented with mesoderm from the gastrulating embryo. We discuss the intricate relationship between the yolk sac and the primate embryo and highlight the pivotal role of the yolk sac as a multifunctional hub for haematopoiesis, germ cell development and nutritional supply.
Collapse
|
113
|
Płusa B, Piliszek A. Common principles of early mammalian embryo self-organisation. Development 2020; 147:147/14/dev183079. [PMID: 32699138 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pre-implantation mammalian development unites extreme plasticity with a robust outcome: the formation of a blastocyst, an organised multi-layered structure ready for implantation. The process of blastocyst formation is one of the best-known examples of self-organisation. The first three cell lineages in mammalian development specify and arrange themselves during the morphogenic process based on cell-cell interactions. Despite decades of research, the unifying principles driving early mammalian development are still not fully defined. Here, we discuss the role of physical forces, and molecular and cellular mechanisms, in driving self-organisation and lineage formation that are shared between eutherian mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berenika Płusa
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health (FBMH), Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anna Piliszek
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Özgüç Ö, Maître JL. Multiscale morphogenesis of the mouse blastocyst by actomyosin contractility. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:123-129. [PMID: 32711300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During preimplantation development, the mouse embryo forms the blastocyst, which consists of a squamous epithelium enveloping a fluid-filled lumen and a cluster of pluripotent cells. The shaping of the blastocyst into its specific architecture is a prerequisite to implantation and further development of the embryo. Recent studies identified the central role of the actomyosin cortex in generating the forces driving the successive steps of blastocyst morphogenesis. As seen in other developing animals, actomyosin functions across spatial scales from the subcellular to the tissue levels. In addition, the slow development of the mouse embryo reveals that actomyosin contractility operates at multiple timescales with periodic cortical waves of contraction every ∼80 s and tissue remodeling over hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özge Özgüç
- Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm - 75248 Paris Cedex 05 - France
| | | |
Collapse
|
115
|
Cinkornpumin JK, Kwon SY, Guo Y, Hossain I, Sirois J, Russett CS, Tseng HW, Okae H, Arima T, Duchaine TF, Liu W, Pastor WA. Naive Human Embryonic Stem Cells Can Give Rise to Cells with a Trophoblast-like Transcriptome and Methylome. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:198-213. [PMID: 32619492 PMCID: PMC7363941 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) readily differentiate to somatic or germ lineages but have impaired ability to form extra-embryonic lineages such as placenta or yolk sac. Here, we demonstrate that naive hESCs can be converted into cells that exhibit the cellular and molecular phenotypes of human trophoblast stem cells (hTSCs) derived from human placenta or blastocyst. The resulting "transdifferentiated" hTSCs show reactivation of core placental genes, acquisition of a placenta-like methylome, and the ability to differentiate to extravillous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Modest differences are observed between transdifferentiated and placental hTSCs, most notably in the expression of certain imprinted loci. These results suggest that naive hESCs can differentiate to extra-embryonic lineage and demonstrate a new way of modeling human trophoblast specification and placental methylome establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sin Young Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yixin Guo
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China
| | - Ishtiaque Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jacinthe Sirois
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Colleen S Russett
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Hsin-Wei Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Hiroaki Okae
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Centre, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Centre, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Thomas F Duchaine
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining 314400, China
| | - William A Pastor
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Epigenetic regulation of mouse preimplantation embryo development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 64:13-20. [PMID: 32563750 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After fertilization, mouse embryos go through preimplantation development to give rise to blastocyst. Two key molecular events, zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and the first cell lineage specification, are essential for the process. Recent advances in low-input epigenomics profiling techniques allow the analysis of these events at a molecular level, which revealed a critical role of epigenetic and chromatin reprogramming in ZGA and the first cell lineage specification. Additionally, the establishment of an in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC) to two-cell embryo-like conversion system have also contributed to the molecular understanding of preimplantation development. In this review, we summarize recent advances in epigenetic regulation of mouse preimplantation development, point out the remaining questions, and propose strategies to tackle these questions.
Collapse
|
117
|
Li R, Zhong C, Yu Y, Liu H, Sakurai M, Yu L, Min Z, Shi L, Wei Y, Takahashi Y, Liao HK, Qiao J, Deng H, Nuñez-Delicado E, Rodriguez Esteban C, Wu J, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Generation of Blastocyst-like Structures from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Cell Cultures. Cell 2020; 179:687-702.e18. [PMID: 31626770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A single mouse blastomere from an embryo until the 8-cell stage can generate an entire blastocyst. Whether laboratory-cultured cells retain a similar generative capacity remains unknown. Starting from a single stem cell type, extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells, we established a 3D differentiation system that enabled the generation of blastocyst-like structures (EPS-blastoids) through lineage segregation and self-organization. EPS-blastoids resembled blastocysts in morphology and cell-lineage allocation and recapitulated key morphogenetic events during preimplantation and early postimplantation development in vitro. Upon transfer, some EPS-blastoids underwent implantation, induced decidualization, and generated live, albeit disorganized, tissues in utero. Single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that EPS-blastoids contained all three blastocyst cell lineages and shared transcriptional similarity with natural blastocysts. We also provide proof of concept that EPS-blastoids can be generated from adult cells via cellular reprogramming. EPS-blastoids provide a unique platform for studying early embryogenesis and pave the way to creating viable synthetic embryos by using cultured cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Li
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cuiqing Zhong
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haisong Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Masahiro Sakurai
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Leqian Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zheying Min
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Universidad Catolica, San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jeronimos, 135, Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yulei Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hsin-Kai Liao
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Universidad Catolica, San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jeronimos, 135, Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jie Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongkui Deng
- University of Peking, 5 Yiheyuan Rd, Haidian Qu, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Estrella Nuñez-Delicado
- Universidad Catolica, San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jeronimos, 135, Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
118
|
High Homology-Directed Repair Using Mitosis Phase and Nucleus Localizing Signal. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113747. [PMID: 32466470 PMCID: PMC7312558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In homology-directed repair, mediated knock-in single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) can be used as a homologous template and present high efficiency, but there is still a need to improve efficiency. Previous studies have mainly focused on controlling double-stranded break size, ssODN stability, and the DNA repair cycle. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on the correlation between the cell cycle and single-strand template repair (SSTR) efficiency. Here, we investigated the relationship between cell cycle and SSTR efficiency. We found higher SSTR efficiency during mitosis, especially in the metaphase and anaphase. A Cas9 protein with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) readily migrated to the nucleus; however, the nuclear envelope inhibited the nuclear import of many nucleotide templates. This seemed to result in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) before the arrival of the homologous template. Thus, we assessed whether NLS-tagged ssODNs and free NLS peptides could circumvent problems posed by the nuclear envelope. NLS-tagging ssODNs enhanced SSTR and indel efficiency by 4-fold compared to the control. Our results suggest the following: (1) mitosis is the optimal phase for SSTR, (2) the donor template needs to be delivered to the nucleus before nuclease delivery, and (3) NLS-tagging ssODNs improve SSTR efficiency, especially high in mitosis.
Collapse
|
119
|
Xiao L, Ma L, Wang Z, Yu Y, Lye SJ, Shan Y, Wei Y. Deciphering a distinct regulatory network of TEAD4, CDX2 and GATA3 in humans for trophoblast transition from embryonic stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118736. [PMID: 32389642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is an essential organ for the fetus, but its regulatory mechanism for formation of functional trophoblast lineage remains elusive in humans. Although widely known in mice, TEAD4 and its downstream targets CDX2 and GATA3 have not been determined in human models. In this work, we used a human model of trophoblast transition from BAP (BMP4, A83-01 and PD173074)-treated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and performed multiple gain- and loss-of-function tests of TEAD4, CDX2 or GATA3 to study their roles during this process. Although hESCs with TEAD4 deletion maintain pluripotency, their trophoblast transition potentials are attenuated. This impaired trophoblast transition could be rescued by separately overexpressing TEAD4, CDX2 or GATA3. Furthermore, trophoblast transition from hESCs is also attenuated by knockout of CDX2 but remains unaffected with deletion of GATA3. However, CDX2-overexpressed hESCs maintain pluripotency, whereas overexpression of GATA3 in hESCs leads to spontaneous differentiation including trophoblast lineage. In brief, our findings using a human model of trophoblast transition from BAP-treated hESCs reveal transcription roles of TEAD4, CDX2 and GATA in humans that are different from those in mice. We hope that this evidence can aid in understanding the distinct transcriptional network regulating trophoblast development in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Lishi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yanhong Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, M5T 3H7, Canada; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G1L4, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G1L4, Canada
| | - Yongli Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Yanxing Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, M5T 3H7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Neagu A, van Genderen E, Escudero I, Verwegen L, Kurek D, Lehmann J, Stel J, Dirks RAM, van Mierlo G, Maas A, Eleveld C, Ge Y, den Dekker AT, Brouwer RWW, van IJcken WFJ, Modic M, Drukker M, Jansen JH, Rivron NC, Baart EB, Marks H, ten Berge D. In vitro capture and characterization of embryonic rosette-stage pluripotency between naive and primed states. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:534-545. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
121
|
Warzych E, Pawlak P, Lechniak D, Madeja ZE. WNT signalling supported by MEK/ERK inhibition is essential to maintain pluripotency in bovine preimplantation embryo. Dev Biol 2020; 463:63-76. [PMID: 32360193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Capturing stable embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines from domesticated animals still remains one of the challenges of non-rodent embryology. The stake is high, as stable ESCs derived from species such as cattle present high economic and scientific value. Understanding of the processes leading to the embryonic lineage segregation is crucial to provide species-orientated molecular environment capable of supporting self-renewal and pluripotency. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate the action of the two core regulatory pathways (WNT and MEK/ERK) during bovine embryo development. In vitro produced bovine embryos were obtained in the presence of inhibitors (i), which enable activation of the WNT pathway (via GSK3i, CHIR99021) and suppression of MEK signalling by PD0325901 in the 2i system and PD184325 and SU5402 in the 3i system. We have followed the changes in the distribution of the key lineage specific markers both at the transcript and protein level. Our results showed that WNT signalling promotes the expression of key inner cell mass (ICM) specific markers in bovine embryos, regardless of the MEK/ERK inhibitor cocktail used. MEK/ERK downregulation is crucial to maintain OCT4 and NANOG expression within the ICM and to prevent their exclusion from the trophectoderm (TE). At the same time, the classical TE marker (CDX2) was downregulated at the mRNA and protein level. As a follow up for the observed pluripotency stimulating effect of the inhibitors, we have tested the potential of the 2i and the 3i culture conditions (supported by LIF) to derive primary bovine ESC lines. As a result, we propose a model in which all of the primary signalling pathways determining embryonic cell fate are active in bovine embryos, yet the requirement for pluripotency maintenance in cattle may differ from the described standards. WNT activation leads to the formation (and stabilisation of the ICM) and MEK/ERK signalling is maintained at low levels. Unlike in the mouse, GATA6 is expressed in both ICM and TE. MEK/ERK signalling affects HP formation in cattle, but this process is activated at the post-blastocyst stage. With regard to self-renewal, 2i is preferable, as 3i also blocks the FGF receptor, what may prevent PI3K signalling, important for pluripotency and self-renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Warzych
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Pawlak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Dorota Lechniak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Zofia Eliza Madeja
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
He X, Chi G, Li M, Xu J, Zhang L, Song Y, Wang L, Li Y. Characterisation of extraembryonic endoderm-like cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts induced using chemicals alone. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:157. [PMID: 32299508 PMCID: PMC7164364 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of somatic reprogramming, especially purely chemical reprogramming, has significantly advanced biological research. And chemical-induced extraembryonic endoderm-like (ciXEN) cells have been confirmed to be an indispensable intermediate stage of chemical reprogramming. They resemble extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) cells in terms of transcriptome, reprogramming potential, and developmental ability in vivo. However, the other characteristics of ciXEN cells and the effects of chemicals and bFGF on the in vitro culture of ciXEN cells have not been systematically reported. Methods Chemicals and bFGF in combination with Matrigel were used to induce the generation of ciXEN cells derived from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). RNA sequencing was utilised to examine the transcriptome of ciXEN cells, and PCR/qPCR assays were performed to evaluate the mRNA levels of the genes involved in this study. Hepatic functions were investigated by periodic acid-Schiff staining and indocyanine green assay. Lactate production, ATP detection, and extracellular metabolic flux analysis were used to analyse the energy metabolism of ciXEN cells. Results ciXEN cells expressed XEN-related genes, exhibited high proliferative capacity, had the ability to differentiate into visceral endoderm in vitro, and possessed the plasticity allowing for their differentiation into induced hepatocytes (iHeps). Additionally, the upregulated biological processes of ciXEN cells compared to those in MEFs focused on metabolism, but their energy production was independent of glycolysis. Furthermore, without the cocktail of chemicals and bFGF, which are indispensable for the generation of ciXEN cells, induced XEN (iXEN) cells remained the expression of XEN markers, the high proliferative capacity, and the plasticity to differentiate into iHeps in vitro. Conclusions ciXEN cells had high plasticity, and energy metabolism was reconstructed during chemical reprogramming, but it did not change from aerobic oxidation to glycolysis. And the cocktail of chemicals and bFGF were non-essential for the in vitro culture of ciXEN cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia He
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangfan Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinying Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaolin Song
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Paediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Rosàs-Canyelles E, Modzelewski AJ, Geldert A, He L, Herr AE. Assessing heterogeneity among single embryos and single blastomeres using open microfluidic design. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1751. [PMID: 32494630 PMCID: PMC7176412 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The process by which a zygote develops from a single cell into a multicellular organism is poorly understood. Advances are hindered by detection specificity and sensitivity limitations of single-cell protein tools and by challenges in integrating multimodal data. We introduce an open microfluidic tool expressly designed for same-cell phenotypic, protein, and mRNA profiling. We examine difficult-to-study-yet critically important-murine preimplantation embryo stages. In blastomeres dissociated from less well-studied two-cell embryos, we observe no significant GADD45a protein expression heterogeneity, apparent at the four-cell stage. In oocytes, we detect differences in full-length versus truncated DICER-1 mRNA and protein, which are insignificant by the two-cell stage. Single-embryo analyses reveal intraembryonic heterogeneity, differences between embryos of the same fertilization event and between donors, and reductions in the burden of animal sacrifice. Open microfluidic design integrates with existing workflows and opens new avenues for assessing the cellular-to-molecular heterogeneity inherent to preimplantation embryo development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Rosàs-Canyelles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew J. Modzelewski
- Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alisha Geldert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lin He
- Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Amy E. Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Chi F, Sharpley MS, Nagaraj R, Roy SS, Banerjee U. Glycolysis-Independent Glucose Metabolism Distinguishes TE from ICM Fate during Mammalian Embryogenesis. Dev Cell 2020; 53:9-26.e4. [PMID: 32197068 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mouse embryo undergoes compaction at the 8-cell stage, and its transition to 16 cells generates polarity such that the outer apical cells are trophectoderm (TE) precursors and the inner cell mass (ICM) gives rise to the embryo. Here, we report that this first cell fate specification event is controlled by glucose. Glucose does not fuel mitochondrial ATP generation, and glycolysis is dispensable for blastocyst formation. Furthermore, glucose does not help synthesize amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleobases. Instead, glucose metabolized by the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) allows nuclear localization of YAP1. In addition, glucose-dependent nucleotide synthesis by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), along with sphingolipid (S1P) signaling, activates mTOR and allows translation of Tfap2c. YAP1, TEAD4, and TFAP2C interact to form a complex that controls TE-specific gene transcription. Glucose signaling has no role in ICM specification, and this process of developmental metabolism specifically controls TE cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangtao Chi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark S Sharpley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Raghavendra Nagaraj
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shubhendu Sen Roy
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Hadjantonakis AK, Siggia ED, Simunovic M. In vitro modeling of early mammalian embryogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 13:134-143. [PMID: 32440574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic embryology endeavors to use stem cells to recapitulate the first steps of mammalian development that define the body axes and first stages of fate assignment. Well-engineered synthetic systems provide an unparalleled assay to disentangle and quantify the contributions of individual tissues as well as the molecular components driving embryogenesis. Experiments using a mixture of mouse embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cell lines show a surprising degree of self-organization akin to certain milestones in the development of intact mouse embryos. To further advance the field and extend the mouse results to human, it is crucial to develop a better control of the assembly process as well as to establish a deeper understanding of the developmental state and potency of cells used in experiments at each step of the process. We review recent advances in the derivation of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells, and we highlight recent efforts in reconstructing the structural and signaling aspects of embryogenesis in three-dimensional tissue cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric D Siggia
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mijo Simunovic
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Univerisity, 116 and Broadway, New York, NY 10025
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Liu J. The "life code": A theory that unifies the human life cycle and the origin of human tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 60:380-397. [PMID: 31521747 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumors arise from the transformation of normal stem cells or mature somatic cells. Intriguingly, two types of tumors have been observed by pathologists for centuries: well-differentiated tumors and undifferentiated tumors. Well-differentiated tumors are architecturally similar to the tissues from which they originate, whereas undifferentiated tumors exhibit high nuclear atypia and do not resemble their tissue of origin. The relationship between these two tumor types and the human life cycle has not been clear. Here I propose a unifying theory that explains the processes of transformation of both tumor types with our life cycle. Human life starts with fertilization of an egg by a sperm to form a zygote. The zygote undergoes successive rounds of cleavage division to form blastomeres within the zona pellucida, with progressive decreases in cell size, and the cleaved blastomeres then compact to form a 32-cell or a "64n" morula [n = 1 full set of chromosomes]. Thus early embryogenesis can be interpreted as a progressive increase in ploidy, and if the zona pellucida is considered a cell membrane and cleavage is interpreted as endomitosis, then the 32-cell morula can be considered a multinucleated giant cell (or 64n syncytium). The decrease in cell size is accompanied by an increase in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, which then selectively activates a combined set of embryonic transcription factors that dedifferentiate the parental genome to a zygotic genome. This process is associated with a morphologic transition from a morula to a blastocyst and formation of an inner cell mass that gives rise to a new embryonic life. If the subsequent differentiation proceeds to complete maturation, then a normal life results. However, if differentiation is blocked at any point along the continuum of primordial germ cell to embryonic maturation to fetal organ maturation, a well-differentiated tumor will develop. Depending on the level of developmental hierarchy at which the stem cell differentiation is blocked, the resulting tumor can range from highly malignant to benign. Undifferentiated tumors are derived from mature somatic cells through dedifferentiation via a recently described reprogramming mechanism named the giant cell life cycle or the giant cell cycle. This mechanism can initiate "somatic embryogenesis" via an increase in ploidy ranging from 4n to 64n or more, similar to that in normal embryogenesis. This dedifferentiation mechanism is initiated through an endocycle and is followed by endomitosis, which leads to the formation of mononucleated or multinucleated polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs), that is, cancer stem-like cells that mimic the blastomere-stage embryo. The giant cell life cycle leads to progressive increases in the N/C ratio and awakens the suppressed embryonic reprogram, resulting in mature somatic transformation into undifferentiated tumors. Thus, the increase in ploidy explains not only normal embryogenesis for well-differentiated tumors but also "somatic embryogenesis" for undifferentiated tumors. I refer to this ploidy increase as the 'life code". The concept of the "life code" may provide a simple theoretical framework to guide our immense efforts to understand cancer and fight this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Liu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Gu Z, Guo J, Wang H, Wen Y, Gu Q. Bioengineered microenvironment to culture early embryos. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12754. [PMID: 31916359 PMCID: PMC7046478 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormalities of early post-implantation embryos can lead to early pregnancy loss and many other syndromes. However, it is hard to study embryos after implantation due to the limited accessibility. The success of embryo culture in vitro can avoid the challenges of embryonic development in vivo and provide a powerful research platform for research in developmental biology. The biophysical and chemical cues of the microenvironments impart significant spatiotemporal effects on embryonic development. Here, we summarize the main strategies which enable researchers to grow embryos outside of the body while overcoming the implantation barrier, highlight the roles of engineered microenvironments in regulating early embryonic development, and finally discuss the future challenges and new insights of early embryo culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- School of Chemistry and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yongqiang Wen
- School of Chemistry and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology BeijingBeijingChina
| | - Qi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Zylicz JJ. Defined Stem Cell Culture Conditions to Model Mouse Blastocyst Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 52:e105. [PMID: 31971672 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complex program of mouse development entails specification of the embryonic epiblast (Epi) as well as the extra-embryonic trophectoderm (TE) and primitive endoderm (PrE). These three lineages of mouse blastocyst can be modeled in vitro using stem cells derived from primary tissues. In these cultures, cells self-renew while retaining their developmental potential if put back into a developing embryo. Indeed, embryonic stem cells (ESC), when injected into a blastocyst, readily contribute to all embryonic lineages. Similarly, trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) will give rise to all TE-derived trophoblast lineages, and extraembryonic endoderm cells (XEN) will contribute to the PrE-derived yolk sack. These model systems are a powerful tool to study early development, lineage specification, and placenta formation. Only recently reproducible and chemically defined culture systems of these cells have been described. This overview discusses such novel methods for culturing ESC/TSC/XEN, as well as their molecular signatures and developmental potential. Recent strides in expanding the developmental potential of stem cells as well as achieving models more reminiscent of their in vivo counterparts are discussed. Finally, such in vitro stem cells can self-assemble into structures resembling embryos when used in novel 3D-culture systems. This article discusses the strengths and limitations of such "synthetic embryos" in studying developmental processes. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan J Zylicz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France.,University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Ortega MS, Kelleher AM, O’Neil E, Benne J, Cecil R, Spencer TE. NANOG is required to form the epiblast and maintain pluripotency in the bovine embryo. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:152-160. [PMID: 31803983 PMCID: PMC6983337 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During preimplantation development, the embryo undergoes two consecutive lineages specifications. The first cell fate decision determines which cells give rise to the trophectoderm (TE) and the inner cell mass (ICM). Subsequently, the ICM differentiates into hypoblast and epiblast, the latter giving rise to the embryo proper. The transcription factors that govern these cell fate decisions have been extensively studied in the mouse, but are still poorly understood in other mammalian species. In the present study, the role of NANOG in the formation of the epiblast and maintenance of pluripotency in the bovine embryo was investigated. Using a CRISPR-Cas9 approach, guide RNAs were designed to target exon 2, resulting in a functional deletion of bovine NANOG at the zygote stage. Disruption of NANOG resulted in the embryos that form a blastocoel and an ICM composed of hypoblast cells. Furthermore, NANOG-null embryos showed lower expression of epiblast cell markers SOX2 and HA2AFZ, and hypoblast marker GATA6; without affecting the expression of TE markers CDX2 and KRT8. Results indicate that NANOG, has no apparent role in segregation or maintenance of the TE, but it is required to derive and maintain the pluripotent epiblast and during the second lineage commitment in the bovine embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Sofia Ortega
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211
| | - Andrew M. Kelleher
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211
- Current Address: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,75390
| | - Eleanore O’Neil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211
| | - Joshua Benne
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211
| | - Raissa Cecil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211
| | - Thomas E. Spencer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Molè MA, Weberling A, Zernicka-Goetz M. Comparative analysis of human and mouse development: From zygote to pre-gastrulation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 136:113-138. [PMID: 31959285 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of the mammalian embryo begins with formation of the totipotent zygote during fertilization. This initial cell is able to give rise to every embryonic tissue of the developing organism as well as all extra-embryonic lineages, such as the placenta and the yolk sac, which are essential for the initial patterning and support growth of the fetus until birth. As the embryo transits from pre- to post-implantation, major structural and transcriptional changes occur within the embryonic lineage to set up the basis for the subsequent phase of gastrulation. Fine-tuned coordination of cell division, morphogenesis and differentiation is essential to ultimately promote assembly of the future fetus. Here, we review the current knowledge of mammalian development of both mouse and human focusing on morphogenetic processes leading to the onset of gastrulation, when the embryonic anterior-posterior axis becomes established and the three germ layers start to be specified.
Collapse
|
131
|
Nowotschin S, Hadjantonakis AK. Guts and gastrulation: Emergence and convergence of endoderm in the mouse embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 136:429-454. [PMID: 31959298 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation is a central process in mammalian development in which a spatiotemporally coordinated series of events driven by cross-talk between adjacent embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues results in stereotypical morphogenetic cell behaviors, massive cell proliferation and the acquisition of distinct cell identities. Gastrulation provides the blueprint of the body plan of the embryo, as well as generating extra-embryonic cell types of the embryo to make a connection with its mother. Gastrulation involves the specification of mesoderm and definitive endoderm from pluripotent epiblast, concomitant with a highly ordered elongation of tissue along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. Interestingly, cells with an endoderm identity arise twice during mouse development. Cells with a primitive endoderm identity are specified in the preimplantation blastocyst, and which at gastrulation intercalate with the emergent definitive endoderm to form a mosaic tissue, referred to as the gut endoderm. The gut endoderm gives rise to the gut tube, which will subsequently become patterned along its AP axis into domains possessing unique visceral organ identities, such as thyroid, lung, liver and pancreas. In this way, proper endoderm development is essential for vital organismal functions, including the absorption of nutrients, gas exchange, detoxification and glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Kang Y, Ai Z, Duan K, Si C, Wang Y, Zheng Y, He J, Yin Y, Zhao S, Niu B, Zhu X, Liu L, Xiang L, Zhang L, Niu Y, Ji W, Li T. Improving Cell Survival in Injected Embryos Allows Primed Pluripotent Stem Cells to Generate Chimeric Cynomolgus Monkeys. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2563-2576.e9. [PMID: 30485820 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeys are an optimal model species for developing stem cell therapies. We previously reported generating chimeric cynomolgus monkey fetuses using dome-shaped embryonic stem cells (dESCs). However, conventional primed pluripotent stem cells (pPSCs) lack chimera competency. Here, by altering the media in which injected morulae are cultured, we observed increased survival of cynomolgus monkey primed ESCs, induced PSCs, and somatic cell nuclear transfer-derived ESCs, thereby enabling chimeric contributions with 0.1%-4.5% chimerism into the embryonic and placental tissues, including germ cell progenitors in chimeric monkeys. Mechanically, dESCs and pPSCs belong to different cell types and similarly express epiblast ontogenic genes. The host embryonic microenvironment could reprogram injected PSCs to embryonic-like cells. However, the reprogramming level and chimerism were associated with the cell state of injected PSCs. Our findings provide a method to understand pluripotency and broaden the use of embryonic chimeras for basic developmental biology research and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zongyong Ai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Kunming Enovate Institute of Bioscience, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Kui Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Chenyang Si
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yu Yin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shumei Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Baohua Niu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Kunming Enovate Institute of Bioscience, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Li Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lifeng Xiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Linming Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuyu Niu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Kunming Enovate Institute of Bioscience, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Kunming Enovate Institute of Bioscience, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Tianqing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Kunming Enovate Institute of Bioscience, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Matkarimov BT, Zharkov DO, Saparbaev MK. Mechanistic insight into the role of Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in DNA topology modulation and response to DNA damage. Mutagenesis 2019; 35:107-118. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGenotoxic stress generates single- and double-strand DNA breaks either through direct damage by reactive oxygen species or as intermediates of DNA repair. Failure to detect and repair DNA strand breaks leads to deleterious consequences such as chromosomal aberrations, genomic instability and cell death. DNA strand breaks disrupt the superhelical state of cellular DNA, which further disturbs the chromatin architecture and gene activity regulation. Proteins from the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family, such as PARP1 and PARP2, use NAD+ as a substrate to catalyse the synthesis of polymeric chains consisting of ADP-ribose units covalently attached to an acceptor molecule. PARP1 and PARP2 are regarded as DNA damage sensors that, upon activation by strand breaks, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate themselves and nuclear acceptor proteins. Noteworthy, the regularly branched structure of poly(ADP-ribose) polymer suggests that the mechanism of its synthesis may involve circular movement of PARP1 around the DNA helix, with a branching point in PAR corresponding to one complete 360° turn. We propose that PARP1 stays bound to a DNA strand break end, but rotates around the helix displaced by the growing poly(ADP-ribose) chain, and that this rotation could introduce positive supercoils into damaged chromosomal DNA. This topology modulation would enable nucleosome displacement and chromatin decondensation around the lesion site, facilitating the access of DNA repair proteins or transcription factors. PARP1-mediated DNA supercoiling can be transmitted over long distances, resulting in changes in the high-order chromatin structures. The available structures of PARP1 are consistent with the strand break-induced PAR synthesis as a driving force for PARP1 rotation around the DNA axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry O Zharkov
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Murat K Saparbaev
- Groupe «Réparation de l’ADN», Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Abstract
Early embryogenesis is characterized by the segregation of cell lineages that fulfill critical roles in the establishment of pregnancy and development of the fetus. The formation of the blastocyst marks the emergence of extraembryonic precursors, needed for implantation, and of pluripotent cells, which differentiate toward the major lineages of the adult organism. The coordinated emergence of these cell types shows that these processes are broadly conserved in mammals. However, developmental heterochrony and changes in gene regulatory networks highlight unique evolutionary adaptations that may explain the diversity in placentation and in the mechanisms controlling pluripotency in mammals. The incorporation of new technologies, including single-cell omics, imaging, and gene editing, is instrumental for comparative embryology. Broadening the knowledge of mammalian embryology will provide new insights into the mechanisms driving evolution and development. This knowledge can be readily translated into biomedical and biotechnological applications in humans and livestock, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Alberio
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Fukuda A, Motosugi N, Ando M, Kimura M, Umezawa A, Akutsu H. Imprinted X-chromosome inactivation impacts primitive endoderm differentiation in mouse blastocysts. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:913-923. [PMID: 31721177 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic and transcriptome alterations are essential for lineage specification, represented by imprinted X-chromosome inactivation (iXCI) in female mouse preimplantation embryos. However, how various factors affect transcriptome states and lineage commitment remains unclear. We found that in vitro culture duration strongly influences transcriptional variation compared to iXCI loss. Single-cell analysis of the inner cell mass (ICM) for major transcription and epigenomic factors revealed that sex-specific differences in expression are diminished by loss of iXCI in the primitive endoderm (PrE) but not in the epiblast. Females had a higher proportion of ICM compared to that in males, and PrE development was affected by iXCI states in female embryos. Our findings provide insight into sex differences and iXCI function in lineage specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukuda
- Medical Division, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nami Motosugi
- Medical Division, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ando
- Medical Division, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Minoru Kimura
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Bora P, Thamodaran V, Šušor A, Bruce AW. p38-Mitogen Activated Kinases Mediate a Developmental Regulatory Response to Amino Acid Depletion and Associated Oxidative Stress in Mouse Blastocyst Embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:276. [PMID: 31788473 PMCID: PMC6856562 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal starvation coincident with preimplantation development has profound consequences for placental-fetal development, with various identified pathologies persisting/manifest in adulthood; the ‘Developmental Origin of Health and Disease’ (DOHaD) hypothesis/model. Despite evidence describing DOHaD-related incidence, supporting mechanistic and molecular data relating to preimplantation embryos themselves are comparatively meager. We recently identified the classically recognized stress-related p38-mitogen activated kinases (p38-MAPK) as regulating formation of the extraembryonic primitive endoderm (PrE) lineage within mouse blastocyst inner cell mass (ICM). Thus, we wanted to assay if PrE differentiation is sensitive to amino acid availability, in a manner regulated by p38-MAPK. Although blastocysts appropriately mature, without developmental/morphological or cell fate defects, irrespective of amino acid supplementation status, we found the extent of p38-MAPK inhibition induced phenotypes was more severe in the absence of amino acid supplementation. Specifically, both PrE and epiblast (EPI) ICM progenitor populations remained unspecified and there were fewer cells and smaller blastocyst cavities. Such phenotypes could be ameliorated, to resemble those observed in groups supplemented with amino acids, by addition of the anti-oxidant NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine), although PrE differentiation deficits remained. Therefore, p38-MAPK performs a hitherto unrecognized homeostatic early developmental regulatory role (in addition to direct specification of PrE), by buffering blastocyst cell number and ICM cell lineage specification (relating to EPI) in response to amino acid availability, partly by counteracting induced oxidative stress; with clear implications for the DOHaD model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bora
- Laboratory of Early Mammalian Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Vasanth Thamodaran
- Laboratory of Early Mammalian Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Andrej Šušor
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Germ Cells, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS, v. v. i., Liběchov, Czechia
| | - Alexander W Bruce
- Laboratory of Early Mammalian Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Fiorenza MT, Rava A. The TCL1 function revisited focusing on metabolic requirements of stemness. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3055-3063. [PMID: 31564197 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1672465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic ability of the T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 gene, TCL1, has captured the attention in the field of prolymphocytic T-cell and B-cell chronic leukemias for more than two decades. However, the finding that TCL1 is also expressed in totipotent cells of the mouse preimplantation embryos and that it is among the 10 genes, including the transcription factors Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, Tbx3, and Esrrb, that are required for maintaining the mitotic self-renewal state of embryonic stem cells, raises a great interest. In this review, we highlight newly acquired evidence pinpointing TCL1 as a crucial regulator of metabolic pathways that dictate somatic cell reprogramming toward pluripotency. In our opinion, this feature provides a relevant hint for reframing the role that this factor plays at early stages of mammalian embryo development and in tumorigenesis. Hence, the TCL1-dependent enhancement of serine/threonine AKT/PKB kinase activity favoring cell proliferation appears to be associated to the promotion of glucose transport and activation of glycolytic pathways. This is also consistent with the TCL1 ability to suppress mitochondrial biogenesis and oxygen consumption, downplaying the contribution of oxidative phosphorylation to energy metabolism. It thus appears that TCL1 masters the direction of energy metabolism toward the glycolytic pathway to meet a critical metabolic requirement that goes beyond the mere ATP production. For instance, the synthesis of glycolytic intermediates that are required for DNA synthesis likely represents the most pressing cellular need for both cleavage-stage embryos and rapidly proliferating tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuroscience and "Daniel Bovet" Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandro Rava
- Department of Psychology, Division of Neuroscience and "Daniel Bovet" Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Frum T, Watts JL, Ralston A. TEAD4, YAP1 and WWTR1 prevent the premature onset of pluripotency prior to the 16-cell stage. Development 2019; 146:dev.179861. [PMID: 31444221 PMCID: PMC6765126 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mice, pluripotent cells are thought to derive from cells buried inside the embryo around the 16-cell stage. Sox2 is the only pluripotency gene known to be expressed specifically within inside cells at this stage. To understand how pluripotency is established, we therefore investigated the mechanisms regulating the initial activation of Sox2 expression. Surprisingly, Sox2 expression initiated normally in the absence of both Nanog and Oct4 (Pou5f1), highlighting differences between embryo and stem cell models of pluripotency. However, we observed precocious ectopic expression of Sox2 prior to the 16-cell stage in the absence of Yap1, Wwtr1 and Tead4. Interestingly, the repression of premature Sox2 expression was sensitive to LATS kinase activity, even though LATS proteins normally do not limit activity of TEAD4, YAP1 and WWTR1 during these early stages. Finally, we present evidence for direct transcriptional repression of Sox2 by YAP1, WWTR1 and TEAD4. Taken together, our observations reveal that, while embryos are initially competent to express Sox2 as early as the four-cell stage, transcriptional repression prevents the premature expression of Sox2, thereby restricting the pluripotency program to the stage when inside cells are first created. Highlighted Article: The pluripotency marker SOX2 is not initially regulated by OCT4 and NANOG, but by HIPPO pathway members during the first 2 days of mouse embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Frum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jennifer L Watts
- Physiology Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Reproductive and Developmental Biology Training Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Amy Ralston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA .,Reproductive and Developmental Biology Training Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Bai L, Yang L, Zhao C, Song L, Liu X, Bai C, Su G, Wei Z, Li G. Histone Demethylase UTX is an Essential Factor for Zygotic Genome Activation and Regulates Zscan4 Expression in Mouse Embryos. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2363-2372. [PMID: 31595154 PMCID: PMC6775313 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.34635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Following fertilization, the zygotic genome is activated through a process termed zygotic genome activation (ZGA), which enables zygotic gene products to replace the maternal products and initiates early embryonic development. During the ZGA period, the embryonic epigenome experiences extensive recodifications. The H3K27me3 demethylase UTX is essential for post-implantation embryonic development. However, it remains unclear whether UTX participates in preimplantation development, especially during the ZGA process. In the present study, we showed that either knockdown or overexpression of UTX led to embryonic development retardation, whereas simultaneous depletion of UTX and overexpression of ZSCAN4D rescued the embryonic development, indicating that UTX positively regulated Zscan4d expression. Using a transgenic mice model, we also found that UTX was required for preimplantation embryonic development. In conclusion, these results indicate that UTX functions as a novel regulator and plays critical roles during ZGA in addition to early embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lige Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Caiquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lishuang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chunling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guanghua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhuying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.,College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Kresoja-Rakic J, Santoro R. Nucleolus and rRNA Gene Chromatin in Early Embryo Development. Trends Genet 2019; 35:868-879. [PMID: 31327501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the largest substructure in the nucleus and forms around the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which comprise hundreds of rRNA genes. Recent evidence highlights further functions of the nucleolus that go beyond ribosome biogenesis. Data indicate that the nucleolus acts as a compartment for the location and regulation of repressive genomic domains and, together with the nuclear lamina, represents the hub for the organization of the inactive heterochromatin. In this review, we discuss recent findings that have revealed how nucleolar structure and rRNA gene chromatin states are regulated during early mammalian development and their contribution to the higher-order spatial organization of the genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kresoja-Rakic
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Santoro
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, DMMD, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Hashimoto M, Sasaki H. Epiblast Formation by TEAD-YAP-Dependent Expression of Pluripotency Factors and Competitive Elimination of Unspecified Cells. Dev Cell 2019; 50:139-154.e5. [PMID: 31204175 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The epiblast is a pluripotent cell population first formed in preimplantation embryos, and its quality is important for proper development. Here, we examined the mechanisms of epiblast formation and found that the Hippo pathway transcription factor TEAD and its coactivator YAP regulate expression of pluripotency factors. After specification of the inner cell mass, YAP accumulates in the nuclei and activates TEAD. TEAD activity is required for strong expression of pluripotency factors and is variable in the forming epiblast. Cells showing low TEAD activity are eliminated from the epiblast through cell competition. Pluripotency factor expression and MYC control cell competition downstream of TEAD activity. Cell competition eliminates unspecified cells and is required for proper organization of the epiblast. These results suggest that induction of pluripotency factors by TEAD activity and elimination of unspecified cells via cell competition ensure the production of an epiblast with naive pluripotency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Nowotschin S, Hadjantonakis AK, Campbell K. The endoderm: a divergent cell lineage with many commonalities. Development 2019; 146:146/11/dev150920. [PMID: 31160415 PMCID: PMC6589075 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoderm is a progenitor tissue that, in humans, gives rise to the majority of internal organs. Over the past few decades, genetic studies have identified many of the upstream signals specifying endoderm identity in different model systems, revealing them to be divergent from invertebrates to vertebrates. However, more recent studies of the cell behaviours driving endodermal morphogenesis have revealed a surprising number of shared features, including cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), collective cell migration, and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions (METs). In this Review, we highlight how cross-organismal studies of endoderm morphogenesis provide a useful perspective that can move our understanding of this fascinating tissue forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kyra Campbell
- Bateson Centre, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK .,Department of Biomedical Science, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Yandım C, Karakülah G. Expression dynamics of repetitive DNA in early human embryonic development. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:439. [PMID: 31151386 PMCID: PMC6545021 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The last decade witnessed a number of genome-wide studies on human pre-implantation, which mostly focused on genes and provided only limited information on repeats, excluding the satellites. Considering the fact that repeats constitute a large portion of our genome with reported links to human physiology and disease, a thorough understanding of their spatiotemporal regulation during human embryogenesis will give invaluable clues on chromatin dynamics across time and space. Therefore, we performed a detailed expression analysis of all repetitive DNA elements including the satellites across stages of human pre-implantation and embryonic stem cells. RESULTS We uncovered stage-specific expressions of more than a thousand repeat elements whose expressions fluctuated with a mild global decrease at the blastocyst stage. Most satellites were highly expressed at the 4-cell level and expressions of ACRO1 and D20S16 specifically peaked at this point. Whereas all members of the SVA elements were highly upregulated at 8-cell and morula stages, other transposons and small RNA repeats exhibited a high level of variation among their specific subtypes. Our repeat enrichment analysis in gene promoters coupled with expression correlations highlighted potential links between repeat expressions and nearby genes, emphasising mostly 8-cell and morula specific genes together with SVA_D, LTR5_Hs and LTR70 transposons. The DNA methylation analysis further complemented the understanding on the mechanistic aspects of the repeatome's regulation per se and revealed critical stages where DNA methylation levels are negatively correlating with repeat expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study shows that specific expression patterns are not exclusive to genes and long non-coding RNAs but the repeatome also exhibits an intriguingly dynamic pattern at the global scale. Repeats identified in this study; particularly satellites, which were historically associated with heterochromatin, and those with potential links to nearby gene expression provide valuable insights into the understanding of key events in genomic regulation and warrant further research in epigenetics, genomics and developmental biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Yandım
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340, İnciraltı, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, İzmir University of Economics, Faculty of Engineering, 35330, Balçova, İzmir, Turkey.,Department of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340, İnciraltı, İzmir, Turkey. .,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, 35340, İnciraltı, İzmir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
West JD, Tang PC, Everett CA, MacKay GE, Flockhart JH, Keighren MA. Re-evaluation of the causes of variation among mouse aggregation chimaeras. Biol Open 2019; 8:8/5/bio042804. [PMID: 31147312 PMCID: PMC6550066 DOI: 10.1242/bio.042804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of adult mouse aggregation chimaeras is much more variable than X-inactivation mosaics. An early theoretical model proposed that almost all the extra variation in chimaeras arises, before X-inactivation occurs, by spatially constrained, geometrical allocation of inner cell mass (ICM) cells to the epiblast and primitive endoderm (PrE). However, this is inconsistent with more recent embryological evidence. Analysis of published results for chimaeric blastocysts and mid-gestation chimaeras suggested that some variation exists among chimaeric morulae and more variation arises both when morula cells are allocated to the ICM versus the trophectoderm (TE) and when ICM cells are allocated to the epiblast versus the PrE. Computer simulation results were also consistent with the conclusion that stochastic allocation of cells to blastocyst lineages in two steps, without the type of geometrical sampling that was originally proposed, could cause a wide variation in chimaeric epiblast composition. Later allocation events will cause additional variation among both chimaeras and X-inactivation mosaics. We also suggest that previously published U-shaped frequency distributions for chimaeric placenta composition might be explained by how TE cells are allocated to the polar TE and/or the subsequent movement of cells from polar TE to mural TE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D West
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Pin-Chi Tang
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Clare A Everett
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Gillian E MacKay
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jean H Flockhart
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Margaret A Keighren
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Nowotschin S, Setty M, Kuo YY, Liu V, Garg V, Sharma R, Simon CS, Saiz N, Gardner R, Boutet SC, Church DM, Hoodless PA, Hadjantonakis AK, Pe'er D. The emergent landscape of the mouse gut endoderm at single-cell resolution. Nature 2019; 569:361-367. [PMID: 30959515 PMCID: PMC6724221 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we delineate the ontogeny of the mammalian endoderm by generating 112,217 single-cell transcriptomes, which represent all endoderm populations within the mouse embryo until midgestation. We use graph-based approaches to model differentiating cells, which provides a spatio-temporal characterization of developmental trajectories and defines the transcriptional architecture that accompanies the emergence of the first (primitive or extra-embryonic) endodermal population and its sister pluripotent (embryonic) epiblast lineage. We uncover a relationship between descendants of these two lineages, in which epiblast cells differentiate into endoderm at two distinct time points-before and during gastrulation. Trajectories of endoderm cells were mapped as they acquired embryonic versus extra-embryonic fates and as they spatially converged within the nascent gut endoderm, which revealed these cells to be globally similar but retain aspects of their lineage history. We observed the regionalized identity of cells along the anterior-posterior axis of the emergent gut tube, which reflects their embryonic or extra-embryonic origin, and the coordinated patterning of these cells into organ-specific territories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manu Setty
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Kuo
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Liu
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vidur Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire S Simon
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nestor Saiz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rui Gardner
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Moore EL, Wang S, Larina IV. Staging mouse preimplantation development in vivo using optical coherence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800364. [PMID: 30578614 PMCID: PMC6470020 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, preimplantation development primarily occurs in the oviduct (or fallopian tube) where fertilized oocytes migrate through, develop and divide as they prepare for implantation in the uterus. Studies of preimplantation development currently rely on ex vivo experiments with the embryos cultured outside of the oviduct, neglecting the native environment for embryonic growth. This prevents the understanding of the natural process of preimplantation development and the roles of the oviduct in early embryonic health. Here, we report an in vivo optical imaging approach enabling high-resolution visualizations of developing embryos in the mouse oviduct. By combining optical coherence microscopy (OCM) and a dorsal imaging window, the subcellular structures and morphologies of unfertilized oocytes, zygotes and preimplantation embryos can be well resolved in vivo, allowing for the staging of development. We present the results together with bright-field microscopy images to show the comparable imaging quality. As the mouse is a well-established model with a variety of genetic engineering strategies available, the in vivo imaging approach opens great opportunities to investigate how the oviduct and early embryos interact to prepare for successful implantation. This knowledge could have beneficial impact on understanding infertility and improving in vitro fertilization. OCM through a dorsal imaging window enables high-resolution imaging and staging of mouse preimplantation embryos in vivo in the oviduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Moore
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Irina V. Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
The N-end rule pathway enzyme Naa10 supports epiblast specification in mouse embryonic stem cells by modulating FGF/MAPK. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:355-367. [PMID: 30993557 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation) refers to the acetylation of the free α-amino group at the N-terminus of a polypeptide. While the effects of Nt-acetylation are multifaceted, its most known function is in the acetylation-dependent N-end rule protein degradation pathway (Ac/N-end rule pathway), where Nt-acetylation is recognized as a degron by designated E3 ligases, eventually leading to target degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Naa10 is the catalytic subunit of the major Nt-acetylation enzyme NatA, which Nt-acetylates proteins whose second amino acid has a small side chain. In humans, NAA10 is the responsible mutated gene in Ogden syndrome and is thought to play important roles in development. However, it is unclear how the Ac/N-end rule pathway affects the differentiation ability of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We hypothesized that the balance of pluripotency factors may be maintained by the Ac/N-end rule pathway. Thus, we established Naa10 knockout mESCs to test this hypothesis. We found that Naa10 deficiency attenuated differentiation towards the epiblast lineage, deviating towards primitive endoderm. However, this was not caused by disturbing the balance of pluripotency factors, rather by augmenting FGF/MAPK signaling.
Collapse
|
148
|
Bessonnard S, Vandormael-Pournin S, Coqueran S, Cohen-Tannoudji M, Artus J. PDGF Signaling in Primitive Endoderm Cell Survival Is Mediated by PI3K-mTOR Through p53-Independent Mechanism. Stem Cells 2019; 37:888-898. [PMID: 30913328 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways are key regulators for the formation of the primitive endoderm (PrE) and the epiblast (Epi) from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the mouse preimplantation embryo. Among them, FGF signaling is critical for PrE cell specification, whereas PDGF signaling is critical for the survival of committed PrE cells. Here, we investigated possible functional redundancies among FGF, PDGF, and KIT signaling and showed that only PDGF signaling is involved in PrE cell survival. In addition, we analyzed the effectors downstream of PDGFRα. Our results suggest that the role of PDGF signaling in PrE cell survival is mediated through PI3K-mTOR and independently from p53. Lastly, we uncovered a role for PI3K-mTOR signaling in the survival of Epi cells. Taken together, we propose that survival of ICM cell lineages relies on the regulation of PI3K-mTOR signaling through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. Stem Cells 2019;37:888-898.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Bessonnard
- Early Mammalian Development and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | | | - Sabrina Coqueran
- Early Mammalian Development and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Michel Cohen-Tannoudji
- Early Mammalian Development and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Artus
- Early Mammalian Development and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Saykali B, Mathiah N, Nahaboo W, Racu ML, Hammou L, Defrance M, Migeotte I. Distinct mesoderm migration phenotypes in extra-embryonic and embryonic regions of the early mouse embryo. eLife 2019; 8:42434. [PMID: 30950395 PMCID: PMC6450669 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse embryo gastrulation, epiblast cells delaminate at the primitive streak to form mesoderm and definitive endoderm, through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mosaic expression of a membrane reporter in nascent mesoderm enabled recording cell shape and trajectory through live imaging. Upon leaving the streak, cells changed shape and extended protrusions of distinct size and abundance depending on the neighboring germ layer, as well as the region of the embryo. Embryonic trajectories were meandrous but directional, while extra-embryonic mesoderm cells showed little net displacement. Embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm transcriptomes highlighted distinct guidance, cytoskeleton, adhesion, and extracellular matrix signatures. Specifically, intermediate filaments were highly expressed in extra-embryonic mesoderm, while live imaging for F-actin showed abundance of actin filaments in embryonic mesoderm only. Accordingly, Rhoa or Rac1 conditional deletion in mesoderm inhibited embryonic, but not extra-embryonic mesoderm migration. Overall, this indicates separate cytoskeleton regulation coordinating the morphology and migration of mesoderm subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wallis Nahaboo
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Latifa Hammou
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Defrance
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
De Caluwé J, Tosenberger A, Gonze D, Dupont G. Signalling-modulated gene regulatory networks in early mammalian development. J Theor Biol 2019; 463:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|