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Chapman KL, Kelly JW, Lee R, Goodwin EH, Kadhim MA. Tracking genomic instability within irradiated and bystander populations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:959-68. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our understanding of radiation biology has undergone a fundamental shift in paradigms away from deterministic ‘hit-effect’ relationships and towards complex ongoing ‘cellular responses’. These responses include now familiar, but still poorly understood, phenomena associated with radiation exposure such as genomic instability and bystander effects. Although these responses share some common features (e.g. they occur at high frequency following very low doses, are heterogeneous in their induction and are observed at time points far removed from the initial radiation exposure), the precise relationship between genomic instability and bystander effects remains to be elucidated. This review will provide a synthesis of the known, and proposed, interrelationships among irradiated and bystander cellular responses to radiation. It also discusses our current experimental approach for gaining a clearer understanding of the relationship between damage induction and long-term effects in both irradiated and bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Chapman
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - James W Kelly
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Ryonfa Lee
- Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI), Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Edwin H Goodwin
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS M-888, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Munira A Kadhim
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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102
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Träutlein D, Deibler M, Leitenstorfer A, Ferrando-May E. Specific local induction of DNA strand breaks by infrared multi-photon absorption. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:e14. [PMID: 19906733 PMCID: PMC2817483 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly confined DNA damage by femtosecond laser irradiation currently arises as a powerful tool to understand DNA repair in live cells as a function of space and time. However, the specificity with respect to damage type is limited. Here, we present an irradiation procedure based on a widely tunable Er/Yb : fiber femtosecond laser source that favors the formation of DNA strand breaks over that of UV photoproducts by more than one order of magnitude. We explain this selectivity with the different power dependence of the reactions generating strand breaks, mainly involving reactive radical intermediates, and the direct photochemical process leading to UV-photoproducts. Thus, localized multi-photon excitation with a wavelength longer than 1 µm allows for the selective production of DNA strand breaks at sub-micrometer spatial resolution in the absence of photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Träutlein
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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103
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Shuryak I, Brenner DJ. A model of interactions between radiation-induced oxidative stress, protein and DNA damage in Deinococcus radiodurans. J Theor Biol 2009; 261:305-17. [PMID: 19679136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation triggers oxidative stress, which can have a variety of subtle and profound biological effects. Here we focus on mathematical modeling of potential synergistic interactions between radiation damage to DNA and oxidative stress-induced damage to proteins involved in DNA repair/replication. When sensitive sites on these proteins are attacked by radiation-induced radicals, correct repair of dangerous DNA lesions such as double strand breaks (DSBs) can be compromised. In contrast, if oxidation of important proteins is prevented by strong antioxidant defenses, DNA repair may function more efficiently. These processes probably occur to some extent even at low doses of radiation/oxidative stress, but they are easiest to investigate at high doses, where both DNA and protein damage are extensive. As an example, we use data on survival of Deinococcus radiodurans after high doses (thousands of Gy) of acute and chronic irradiation. Our model of radiogenic oxidative stress is consistent with these data and can potentially be generalized to other organisms and lower radiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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104
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Somodi Z, Zyuzikov NA, Kashino G, Trott KR, Prise KM. Radiation-induced genomic instability in repair deficient mutants of Chinese hamster cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 81:929-36. [PMID: 16524848 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600570446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the role of single (SSB) and double strand break (DSB) repair in the induction and propagation of radiation-induced instability. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two defined hamster cell lines with known DNA repair deficiencies in DSB repair (XR-C1) and base excision repair (EM-C11) and the parental wild-type line (CHO-9) were used. The rate of micronucleus formation, apoptosis and survival were measured at 0, 7 and 14 days after X-ray radiation. RESULTS An enhanced rate of production of damaged cells was observed in wild type and the repair deficient mutants after irradiation. This was cell type, dose and time-dependent. All cells demonstrated delayed death up to day 14 after irradiation along with an elevated apoptosis frequency. The yield of micronuclei was not significantly increased in the wild-type cells, but was in the mutant cells, over the dose and time range studied. For all three endpoints the increase in damage was most pronounced in the SSB deficient cell line. CONCLUSIONS SSB and/or oxidized base damage play a major role, rather than DSB, in radiation induced instability.
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105
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Ogura A, Oowada S, Kon Y, Hirayama A, Yasui H, Meike S, Kobayashi S, Kuwabara M, Inanami O. Redox regulation in radiation-induced cytochrome c release from mitochondria of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 277:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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106
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Evaluation of chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchange and micronuclei in patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 676:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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107
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Lenarczyk M, Cohen EP, Fish BL, Irving AA, Sharma M, Driscoll CD, Moulder JE. Chronic oxidative stress as a mechanism for radiation nephropathy. Radiat Res 2009; 171:164-72. [PMID: 19267541 DOI: 10.1667/rr1454.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of the renin-angiotensin system has proven efficacy for mitigation and treatment of radiation nephropathy, and it has been hypothesized that this efficacy is due to suppression of radiation-induced chronic oxidative stress. It is known that radiation exposure leads to acute oxidative stress, but direct evidence for radiation-induced chronic renal oxidative stress is sparse. We looked for evidence of oxidative stress after total-body irradiation in a rat model, focusing on the period before there is physiologically significant renal damage. No statistically significant increase in urinary 8-isoprostane (a marker of lipid peroxidation) or carbonylated proteins (a marker of protein oxidation) was found over the first 42 days after irradiation, while a small but statistically significant increase in urinary 8-hydroxydeoxy-guanosine (a marker of DNA oxidation) was detected at 35-55 days. When we examined renal tissue from these animals, we found no significant increase in either DNA or protein oxidation products over the first 89 days after irradiation. Using five different standard methods for detecting oxidative stress in vivo, we found no definitive evidence for radiation-induced renal chronic oxidative stress. If chronic oxidative stress is part of the pathogenesis of radiation nephropathy, it does not leave widespread or easily detectable evidence behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Lenarczyk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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108
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Toyokuni H, Maruo A, Suzuki K, Watanabe M. The Contribution of Radiation-Induced Large Deletion of the Genome to Chromosomal Instability. Radiat Res 2009; 171:198-203. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1464.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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109
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Almeida MR, Lima EDO, da Silva VJD, Campos MG, Antunes LM, Salman AKD, Dias FL. Genotoxic studies in hypertensive and normotensive rats treated with amiodarone. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 657:155-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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110
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Role of l-carnitine in the prevention of seminiferous tubules damage induced by gamma radiation: a light and electron microscopic study. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:735-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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111
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Wohllebe S, Richter R, Richter P, Häder DP. Photodynamic control of human pathogenic parasites in aquatic ecosystems using chlorophyllin and pheophorbid as photodynamic substances. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:593-600. [PMID: 19009310 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When used at low concentrations and added to the water body, water-soluble chlorophyllin (resulting from chlorophyll after removal of the phytol) and pheophorbid (produced from chlorophyllin by acidification) are able to kill mosquito larvae and other small animals within a few hours under exposure of solar radiation. Under laboratory conditions, the use of chlorophyllin/pheophorbid as photodynamic substances for pest control in water bodies promises to be not only effective and ecologically beneficial but also cheap. The LD50 (50% of mortality in the tested organisms) value in Culex sp. larvae was about 6.88 mg/l, in Chaoborus sp. larvae about 24.18 mg/l, and in Daphnia 0.55 mg/l. The LD50 values determined for pheophorbid were 8.44 mg/l in Culex, 1.05 mg/l in Chaoborus, and 0.45 mg/l in Daphnia, respectively. In some cases, chlorophyllin and pheophorbid were also found to be (less) active in darkness. The results presented in this paper show that chlorophyllin is about a factor of 100 more effective than methylene blue or hematoporphyrine, which were tested earlier for the same purpose. It is also much cheaper and, as a substance found in every green plant, it is 100% biodegradable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wohllebe
- Department of Biology, Chair of Ecophysiology of Plants, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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112
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Zhang R, Kang KA, Piao MJ, Ko DO, Wang ZH, Lee IK, Kim BJ, Jeong IY, Shin T, Park JW, Lee NH, Hyun JW. Eckol protects V79-4 lung fibroblast cells against γ-ray radiation-induced apoptosis via the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and inhibiting of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:114-23. [PMID: 18625217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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113
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Sudo H, Garbe J, Stampfer MR, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Kronenberg A. Karyotypic instability and centrosome aberrations in the progeny of finite life-span human mammary epithelial cells exposed to sparsely or densely ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2008; 170:23-32. [PMID: 18582160 DOI: 10.1667/rr1317.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The human breast is sensitive to radiation carcinogenesis, and genomic instability occurs early in breast cancer development. This study tests the hypothesis that ionizing radiation elicits genomic instability in finite life-span human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) and asks whether densely ionizing radiation is a more potent inducer of instability. HMEC in a non-proliferative state were exposed to X rays or 1 GeV/nucleon iron ions followed by delayed plating. Karyotypic instability and centrosome aberrations were monitored in expanded clonal isolates. Severe karyotypic instability was common in the progeny of cells that survived X-ray or iron-ion exposure. There was a lower dose threshold for severe karyotypic instability after iron-ion exposure. More than 90% of X-irradiated colonies and >60% of iron-ion-irradiated colonies showed supernumerary centrosomes at levels above the 95% upper confidence limit of the mean for unirradiated clones. A dose response was observed for centrosome aberrations for each radiation type. There was a statistically significant association between the incidence of karyotypic instability and supernumerary centrosomes for iron-ion-exposed colonies and a weaker association for X-irradiated colonies. Thus genomic instability occurs frequently in finite life-span HMEC exposed to sparsely or densely ionizing radiation and may contribute to radiation-induced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Sudo
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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114
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Karaman A, Binici DN, Kabalar ME, Dursun H, Kurt A. Alteration of sister chromatid exchange frequencies in gastric cancer and chronic atrophic gastritis patients with and without H. pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:2534-9. [PMID: 18442201 PMCID: PMC2708365 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine, by counting sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies, whether genetic impairment and DNA damage have an effect on the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). METHODS Analysis of SCE is a cytogenetic technique used to show DNA damage as a result of an exchange of DNA fragments between sister chromatids. We analyzed SCE frequency in 24 patients with GC, 26 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), and 15 normal controls. The presence of H. pylori was confirmed by urease test, toluidine-blue stain and hematoxylin-eosin stain. RESULTS SCE was significantly increased in H. pylori-negative GC patients, and in H. pylori-negative CAG patients compared with controls (7.41 +/- 1.36 and 6.92 +/- 1.20, respectively, vs 5.54 +/- 0.8, P < 0.001). There was no difference in the SCE frequency between H. pylori-negative GC patients and H. pylori-negative CAG patients (P > 0.05). On other hand, the SCE frequencies in H. pylori-positive GC patients were higher than those in H. pylori-positive CAG patients (9.20 +/- 0.94 vs 7.93 +/- 0.81, P < 0.01). Furthermore, H. pylori-positive GC patients had a higher SCE frequency than H. pylori-negative GC patients (9.20 +/- 0.94 vs 7.41 +/- 1.36, P < 0.001). Similarly, a significant difference was detected between H. pylori-positive CAG patients and H. pylori-negative CAG patients (7.93 +/- 0.81 vs 6.92 +/- 1.20, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION We suggest the increased SCE in patients reflects a genomic instability that may be operative in gastric carcinogenesis.
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115
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Karaman A, Aliağaoğlu C, Pirim I. Sister chromatid exchange analysis in patients with psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:524-9. [PMID: 18177351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease with unknown aetiology. An increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and insufficient antioxidant activity have been determined in psoriatic lesions. The analysis of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is a cytogenetic technique used to show DNA damage caused by an exchange of DNA fragments between sister chromatids. The study aimed to determine the rates of SCE in psoriatic patients (17 female and 19 male) and healthy controls (15 female and 15 male) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP) and catalase (CAT) activity in both groups. We found significantly higher SCE rates in the patients (P < 0.00001). In addition, statistically significant decreased levels of erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities were noted in the patients(P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 respectively). Furthermore, a statistically significant increased erythrocyte GP activity was found in the psoriasis group (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that chromosomal instability may play an important part in the aetiology of psoriasis. In addition, the results support the hypothesis of an imbalance in the oxidant-antioxidant system in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karaman
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
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116
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Properties of grape seed proanthocyanidins and quercetin in human lymphocytes. ARCH BIOL SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0803367s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the in vitro protective effects of proanthocyanidins and quercetin on the frequency of micronuclei with reference to the antioxidant status of cultured human lymphocytes also subjected to 2 Gy of ?-radiation. Treatment of lymphocytes with proanthocyanidins induced a significant decrease in the frequency of micronuclei and reduction of malonyldialdehyde production, as well as increased catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity. Quercetin induces a higher incidence of micronuclei and production of malonyldialdehyde. The seven-fold increase of micronuclei frequency induced by a therapeutic dose of ?-radiation was decreased in the presence of proanthocyanidins. These results demonstrate that proanthocyanidins may be important in the prevention of ROS-induced oxidative lymphocyte damage by decreasing DNA damage, lowering membrane lipid peroxidation, and increasing the activity AOP enzymes, as well as by reducing the level of ?-radiation-induced DNA damage. Our results support the potential benefits of proanthocyanidins as efficient antioxidants and radioprotectors.
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117
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Shuryak I, Sachs RK, Brenner DJ. Biophysical Models of Radiation Bystander Effects: 1. Spatial Effects in Three-Dimensional Tissues. Radiat Res 2007; 168:741-9. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1117.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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118
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhou Q, Wang X, Long J, Dong T, Zhao W. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine attenuates the acute liver injury caused by X-ray in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 575:142-8. [PMID: 17825281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of different doses and administration modes of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against X-ray -induced liver damage in mice. Kun-Ming mice were divided into four groups, each composed of six animals: two control groups and two NAC-treated groups. An acute study was carried out to determine alterations in lipid peroxidation (determined by measuring malondiadehyde (MDA) level), glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (assayed by colorimetric method), and DNA damage (characterized by DNA-single strand break using with comet assay) as well as cell apoptosis (measured by flow cytometry) at 12 h after irradiation. The results showed that there were dose-related decreases in MDA level, DNA damage and cell apoptosis, and dose-dependent increases in GSH content and SOD activity in all NAC-treated groups compared to control groups, indicating that pre-treatment or post-treatment with NAC significantly attenuates the acute liver damage caused by X-ray. In addition, significant positive correlations were observed between MDA level and DNA damage or cell apoptosis, implying that lipid peroxidation plays a major role in X-ray-induced liver injury. The data suggest that NAC exerts its radioprotective effect by counteracting accumulated reactive oxygen species in the liver through its properties as a direct antioxidant and a GSH precursor, when administered before or after X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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119
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Reactive oxygen species, total antioxidant concentration of seminal plasma and their effect on sperm parameters and outcome of IVF/ICSI patients. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2007; 277:515-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-007-0507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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120
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Cho YH, Jeon HK, Chung HW. Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on delayed chromosomal instability induced by bleomycin in normal human fibroblast cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1252-8. [PMID: 17654242 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701429281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the interaction of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on delayed chromosomal instability by bleomycin (BLM) in human fibroblast cells. A micronucleus-centromere assay using DNA probes for chromosomes 1 and 4 was performed and a 60-Hz ELF-EMF of 0.8 mT field strength was applied either alone or with BLM throughout the culture period. The frequencies of micronuclei (MN) and aneuploidy were analyzed at 28, 88, and 240 h after treatment with BLM. The coexposure of cells to BLM and ELF-EMF led to a significant increase in the frequencies of MN and aneuploidy compared to the cells treated with BLM alone. No difference was observed between field-exposed and sham-exposed control cells. The frequency of MN induced by BLM was increased at 28 h, and further analysis showed a persistent increase up to 240 h, but the new levels were not significantly different from the level at 28 h. BLM increased the frequencies of aneuploidy at 28, 88, and 240 h, and significantly higher frequency of aneuploidy was observed in the cells analyzed at 240 h compared to the cells examined at 28 h. No interaction of ELF-EMF on delayed chromosomal instability by BLM was observed. Our results suggest that ELF-EMF enhances the cytotoxicity of BLM. BLM might induce delayed chromosomal instability, but no effect of ELF-EMF was observed on the BLM-induced delayed chromosomal instability in fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Cho
- School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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121
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Hammadeh ME, Radwan M, Al-Hasani S, Micu R, Rosenbaum P, Lorenz M, Schmidt W. Comparison of reactive oxygen species concentration in seminal plasma and semen parameters in partners of pregnant and non-pregnant patients after IVF/ICSI. Reprod Biomed Online 2007; 13:696-706. [PMID: 17169183 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (i) to determine and compare the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in seminal plasma and sperm parameters of the male partners of patients undergoing IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment and (ii) to establish the relationship between ROS and TAS concentrations and sperm quality and their effect on fertilization and pregnancy rate of patients who achieved a pregnancy and those who were unsuccessful. Twenty-six IVF and 22 ICSI patients were included in this study. The ROS concentration in seminal plasma and sperm concentration, vitality (eosin test), motility, morphology, membrane integrity (HOS test), maturity (chromomycin, CMA3) and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) results and their relationship to fertilization and pregnancy were analysed. ROS concentrations were similar regarding the seminal plasma of male partners of patients who achieved a pregnancy and those who were unsuccessful. The other semen parameters, concentration, motility, vitality, membrane and DNA integrity, were comparable in both groups. However, both groups demonstrated a negative correlation between ROS concentration and sperm vitality, membrane integrity and morphology. Moreover, an inverse correlation was found between TUNEL, vitality, and membrane integrity. In conclusion, ROS concentration in seminal plasma affects the quality of spermatozoa. A negative correlation between the ROS concentration in seminal plasma and fertilization rate in both IVF/ICSI programmes was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Hammadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Saarlandes 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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122
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Hurt EM, Thomas SB, Peng B, Farrar WL. Integrated molecular profiling of SOD2 expression in multiple myeloma. Blood 2006; 109:3953-62. [PMID: 17192397 PMCID: PMC1874573 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-035162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are known to be involved in several cellular processes, including cell signaling. SOD2 is a key enzyme in the conversion of reactive oxygen species and has been implicated in a host of disease states, including cancer. Using an integrated, whole-cell approach encompassing epigenetics, genomics, and proteomics, we have defined the role of SOD2 in multiple myeloma. We show that the SOD2 promoter is methylated in several cell lines and there is a correlative decrease in expression. Furthermore, myeloma patient samples have decreased SOD2 expression compared with healthy donors. Overexpression of SOD2 results in decreased proliferation and altered sensitivity to 2-methoxyestradiol-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Genomic profiling revealed regulation of 65 genes, including genes involved in tumorigenesis, and proteomic analysis identified activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Analysis of nearly 400 activated transcription factors identified 31 transcription factors with altered DNA binding activity, including XBP1, NFAT, forkhead, and GAS binding sites. Integration of data from our gestalt molecular analysis has defined a role for SOD2 in cellular proliferation, JAK/STAT signaling, and regulation of several transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Hurt
- Cancer Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Nasonova EA, Shmakova NL, Komova OV, Mel'nikova LA, Fadeeva TA, Krasavin EA, Ritter S. Cytogenetic effects of low-dose radiation with different LET in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2006; 45:307-12. [PMID: 17031661 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-006-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome damage and the spectrum of aberrations induced by low doses of gamma-irradiation, X-rays and accelerated carbon ions (195 MeV/u, LET 16.6 keV/microm) in peripheral blood lymphocytes of four donors were studied. G0-lymphocytes were exposed to 1-100 cGy, stimulated by PHA, and analyzed for chromosome aberrations at 48 h post-irradiation by the metaphase method. A complex nonlinear dose-effect dependence was observed over the range of 1 to 50 cGy. At 1-7 cGy, the cells showed the highest radiosensitivity per unit dose (hypersensitivity, HRS), which was mainly due to chromatid-type aberration. According to the classical theory of aberration formation, chromatid-type aberrations should not be induced by irradiation of unstimulated lymphocytes. With increasing dose, the frequency of aberrations decreased significantly, and in some cases it even reached the control level. At above 50 cGy the dose-effect curves became linear. In this dose range, the frequency of chromatid aberrations remained at a low constant level, while the chromosome-type aberrations increased linearly with dose. The high yield of chromatid-type aberrations observed in our experiments at low doses confirms the idea that the molecular mechanisms which underlie the HRS phenotype may differ from the classical mechanisms of radiation-induced aberration formation. The data presented, as well as recent literature data on bystander effects and genetic instability expressed as chromatid-type aberrations on a chromosomal level, are discussed with respect to possible common mechanisms underlying all low-dose phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Nasonova
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141980, Russia.
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124
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Oztas S, Gullulu G, Tatar A, Astam N, Akyol I, Karakuzu A, Aktas A, Odabas AR. Chromosome and sister chromatid exchange studies in Behcet's patients. J Dermatol 2006; 33:406-10. [PMID: 16700831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Behcet's disease is a chronic multisystemic disease of unknown pathogenesis characterized by four major symptoms: oral aphthous ulcers, skin lesions, ocular symptoms and genital ulcerations. The disease is spread throughout the world, but it is most frequent in Turkey, Japan, Korea and China. Although HLA-Bw51 has been found to predominate in Behcet's cases, the genetic etiology has not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigated the chromosomal abnormalities and sister chromatid exchange rates in patients with Behcet's diseases. Thirty-eight patients with Behcet's disease (diagnosed for the first time) and 30 healthy subjects (as controls) were included in this study. Although numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities were not detected in our patients, we found an increased rate of sister chromatid exchange in patients over the control groups (P < 0.01). On the basis of these results, we discuss the genetic etiology of Behcet's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitki Oztas
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ataturk University Medical Faculty, Erzurum, Turkey.
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125
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Kim R. Unknotting the roles of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:336-43. [PMID: 15922292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL play important roles in inhibiting mitochondria-dependent extrinsic and intrinsic cell death pathways. It seems that these two proteins have distinct functions for inhibiting extrinsic and intrinsic cell death pathways. The overexpression of Bcl-2 is able to inhibit not only apoptotic cell death but also in part nonapoptotic cell death, which has the role of cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, which may promote cellular senescence. The overexpression of Bcl-2 may also have the ability to enhance cell death in the interaction of Bcl-xL with other factors. The overexpression of Bcl-xL enhances autophagic cell death when apoptotic cell death is inhibited in Bax(-/-)/Bak(-/-) double knockout cells. This review discusses the previously unexplained aspects of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL functions associated with cell death, for better understanding of their functions in the regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- International Radiation Information Center, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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126
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Sakamoto W, Isomura H, Fujie K, Deyama Y, Kato A, Nishihira J, Izumi H. Homocysteine attenuates the expression of osteocalcin but enhances osteopontin in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1740:12-6. [PMID: 15878736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been pointed out that very high plasma levels of homocysteine are characteristic of homocystinuria, a rare autosomal recessive disease accompanied by the early onset of generalized osteoporosis. However, it is unclear by which mechanism hyperhomocysteine induces osteoporosis, although it is known to interfere with the formation of cross-links in collagen, an essential process in bone formation. Therefore, we investigated the effect of homcysteine on expression of osteocalcin and osteopontin in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells. Confluent cells were grown in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum with or without homocysteine in an atmosphere of 95% humidified air, 5% CO2 at 37 degrees C. The secretion of osteocalcin from the cells increased time-dependently until the end of culture (day 34), but 500 microM homocysteine led to an approximately 61% decrease for osteocalcin after 19 days of culture as compared with the control. On the other hand, osteopontin was not inhibited by 500 microM homocysteine but rather activated, and ranged from 134%-209% of the control level in the period from 10 days until the end of culture. From analysis of RT-PCR for mRNA of osteocalcin and osteopontin at the end of the culture, homocysteine levels of 100 and 500 microM significantly increased the expression of osteopontin mRNA with the control (p < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of osteopontin mRNA was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner, showing a mirror image of the effect on osteopontin mRNA. These findings suggest that hyperhomocystenemia appears to be an independent risk factor for osteoporosis by disturbing osteoblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Hokkaido, Japan.
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127
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Feril LB, Kondo T. Biological effects of low intensity ultrasound: the mechanism involved, and its implications on therapy and on biosafety of ultrasound. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2004; 45:479-489. [PMID: 15635256 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.45.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects of low intensity ultrasound (US) in vitro; the mechanisms involved; and the factors that can enhance or inhibit these effects are reviewed. The lowest possible US intensities required to induce cell killing or to produce free radicals were determined. Following sonication in the region of these intensities, the effects of US in combination with either hyperthermia, hypotonia, echo-contrast agents (ECA), CO2, incubation time, high cell density or various agents were examined. The results showed that hyperthermia, hypotonia and microbubbles are good enhancers of the bioeffects, while CO2, incubation time and high cell density are good inhibitors. Cellular membrane damage is pivotal in the events leading to cell death, with the cellular damage-and-repair mechanism as an important determinant of the fate of the damaged cells. The optimal level of apoptosis (with minimal lysis) and optimal gene transfection efficiency were attained using a pulsed low intensity US. In summary, the findings suggest that low intensity US is potentially useful in therapy, while on the other hand, they also call for further investigation of such clinical scenarios as high-grade fever, edema or use of ECA which may lead to the lowering of the threshold for bioeffects with diagnostic US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto B Feril
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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