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Mathee A, de Jager P, Naidoo S, Naicker N. Exposure to lead in South African shooting ranges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 153:93-98. [PMID: 27918983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead exposure in shooting ranges has been under scrutiny for decades, but no information in this regard is available in respect of African settings, and in South Africa specifically. The aim of this study was to determine the blood lead levels in the users of randomly selected private shooting ranges in South Africa's Gauteng province. METHODS An analytical cross sectional study was conducted, with participants recruited from four randomly selected shooting ranges and three archery ranges as a comparator group. RESULTS A total of 118 (87 shooters and 31 archers) were included in the analysis. Shooters had significantly higher blood lead levels (BLL) compared to archers with 36/85 (42.4%) of shooters versus 2/34 (5.9%) of archers found to have a BLL ≥10μg/dl (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Shooting ranges may constitute an import site of elevated exposure to lead. Improved ventilation, low levels of awareness of lead hazards, poor housekeeping, and inadequate personal hygiene facilities and practices at South African shooting ranges need urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mathee
- South African Medical Research Council (Environment & Health Research Unit), PO Box 87373, Houghton 2041, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand (School of Public Health), PO Box Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; University of Johannesburg (Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences), PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Pieter de Jager
- University of the Witwatersrand (School of Public Health), PO Box Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service (Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, National Institute for Occupational Health), PO Box 4788, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Shan Naidoo
- University of the Witwatersrand (School of Public Health), PO Box Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Nisha Naicker
- South African Medical Research Council (Environment & Health Research Unit), PO Box 87373, Houghton 2041, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand (School of Public Health), PO Box Wits, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; University of Johannesburg (Environmental Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences), PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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La-Llave-León O, Salas Pacheco JM, Estrada Martínez S, Esquivel Rodríguez E, Castellanos Juárez FX, Sandoval Carrillo A, Lechuga Quiñones AM, Vázquez Alanís F, García Vargas G, Méndez Hernández EM, Duarte Sustaita J. The relationship between blood lead levels and occupational exposure in a pregnant population. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:1231. [PMID: 27927239 PMCID: PMC5142354 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnant women exposed to lead are at risk of suffering reproductive damages, such as miscarriage, preeclampsia, premature delivery and low birth weight. Despite that the workplace offers the greatest potential for lead exposure, there is relatively little information about occupational exposure to lead during pregnancy. This study aims to assess the association between blood lead levels and occupational exposure in pregnant women from Durango, Mexico. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in a population of 299 pregnant women. Blood lead was measured in 31 women who worked in jobs where lead is used (exposed group) and 268 who did not work in those places (control group). Chi-square test was applied to compare exposed and control groups with regard to blood lead levels. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Multivariable regression analysis was applied to determine significant predictors of blood lead concentrations in the exposed group. Results Exposed women had higher blood lead levels than those in the control group (4.00 ± 4.08 μg/dL vs 2.65 ± 1.75 μg/dL, p = 0.002). Furthermore, women in the exposed group had 3.82 times higher probability of having blood lead levels ≥ 5 μg/dL than those in the control group. Wearing of special workwear, changing clothes after work, living near a painting store, printing office, junkyard or rubbish dump, and washing the workwear together with other clothes resulted as significant predictors of elevated blood lead levels in the exposed group. Conclusions Pregnant working women may be at risk of lead poisoning because of occupational and environmental exposure. The risk increases if they do not improve the use of protective equipment and their personal hygiene. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3902-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmel La-Llave-León
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad esq. con Volantín, Zona Centro, C.P. 34000, Durango, DGO, Mexico.
| | - José Manuel Salas Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad esq. con Volantín, Zona Centro, C.P. 34000, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad esq. con Volantín, Zona Centro, C.P. 34000, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Eloísa Esquivel Rodríguez
- Facultad de Enfermería y Obstetricia, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Ave. Cuauhtémoc, 223 norte, CP 34 000, Durango, Mexico
| | - Francisco X Castellanos Juárez
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad esq. con Volantín, Zona Centro, C.P. 34000, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Ada Sandoval Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad esq. con Volantín, Zona Centro, C.P. 34000, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Angélica María Lechuga Quiñones
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad esq. con Volantín, Zona Centro, C.P. 34000, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | | | - Gonzalo García Vargas
- Facultad de Medicina de Gómez Palacio, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, La Salle 1 y Sixto Ugalde, S/N. Col. Revolución, CP. 35050, Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico
| | - Edna Madai Méndez Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad esq. con Volantín, Zona Centro, C.P. 34000, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Jaime Duarte Sustaita
- Facultad de Medicina de Gómez Palacio, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, La Salle 1 y Sixto Ugalde, S/N. Col. Revolución, CP. 35050, Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico
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Shen XF, Huang P, Fox DA, Lin Y, Zhao ZH, Wang W, Wang JY, Liu XQ, Chen JY, Luo WJ. Adult lead exposure increases blood-retinal permeability: A risk factor for retinal vascular disease. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:145-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fralick M, Thomspson A, Mourad O. Lead toxicity from glazed ceramic cookware. CMAJ 2016; 188:E521-E524. [PMID: 27754890 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.160182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fralick
- Department of Medicine (Fralick, Thompson, Mourad), University of Toronto; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine (Fralick, Mourad); Division of Occupational and Environmental Health (Thompson), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Thompson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
| | - Aaron Thomspson
- Department of Medicine (Fralick, Thompson, Mourad), University of Toronto; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine (Fralick, Mourad); Division of Occupational and Environmental Health (Thompson), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Thompson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Ophyr Mourad
- Department of Medicine (Fralick, Thompson, Mourad), University of Toronto; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine (Fralick, Mourad); Division of Occupational and Environmental Health (Thompson), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Thompson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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Alarcon WA. Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Employed Adults - United States, 1994-2013. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2016; 63:59-65. [PMID: 27736830 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6355a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and state health departments collect data on laboratory-reported adult blood lead levels (BLLs). This report presents data on elevated BLLs among employed adults (defined as persons aged ≥16 years) in the United States for 1994-2013. This report is a part of the Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks - United States, which encompasses various surveillance years but is being published in 2016 (1). The Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks appears in the same volume of the Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) as the annual Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases (2).
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107
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Breyre A, Green-McKenzie J. Case of acute lead toxicity associated with Ayurvedic supplements. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2016-215041. [PMID: 27364782 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-215041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of traditional folkloric remedies not disclosed to the physician may be difficult to identify as a source of lead toxicity. This report illustrates the presentation of a 26-year-old man who, during his 1 month vacation in India, was treated for low back pain with Ayurvedic herbal medicine. On his return to the USA, he presented to the emergency department with epigastric pain, weight loss, dark stools, nausea and vomiting. He was admitted and noted to be anaemic with a blood lead level (BLL) of 94.8 µg/dL. Peripheral blood smear demonstrated basophilic stippling. Chelation therapy with succimer was initiated. The patient became asymptomatic within months. Three years later, he remained asymptomatic with BLL <20 µg/dL. Physicians should be cognisant of potential toxicity from these Ayurvedic medications and have a heightened level of suspicion for lead toxicity in the face of anaemia and abdominal pain without obvious cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Breyre
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Judith Green-McKenzie
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nischkauer W, Vanhaecke F, Limbeck A. Self-aliquoting micro-grooves in combination with laser ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry for the analysis of challenging liquids: quantification of lead in whole blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5671-5676. [PMID: 27363841 PMCID: PMC4958394 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a technique for the fast screening of the lead concentration in whole blood samples using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The whole blood sample is deposited on a polymeric surface and wiped across a set of micro-grooves previously engraved into the surface. The engraving of the micro-grooves was accomplished with the same laser system used for LA-ICP-MS analysis. In each groove, a part of the liquid blood is trapped, and thus, the sample is divided into sub-aliquots. These aliquots dry quasi instantly and are then investigated by means of LA-ICP-MS. For quantification, external calibration against aqueous standard solutions was relied on, with iron as an internal standard to account for varying volumes of the sample aliquots. The (208)Pb/(57)Fe nuclide ratio used for quantification was obtained via a data treatment protocol so far only used in the context of isotope ratio determination involving transient signals. The method presented here was shown to provide reliable results for Recipe ClinChek® Whole Blood Control levels I-III (nos. 8840-8842), with a repeatability of typically 3 % relative standard deviation (n = 6, for Pb at 442 μg L(-1)). Spiked and non-spiked real whole blood was analysed as well, and the results were compared with those obtained via dilution and sectorfield ICP-MS. A good agreement between both methods was observed. The detection limit (3 s) for lead in whole blood was established to be 10 μg L(-1) for the laser ablation method presented here. Graphical Abstract Micro-grooves are filled with whole blood, dried, and analyzed by laser ablation ICP-mass spectrometry. Notice that the laser moves in perpendicular direction with regard to the micro-grooves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Nischkauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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Lee W, Yoon JH, Roh J, Lee S, Seok H, Lee JH, Jung PK, Rhie J, Won JU. The association between low blood lead levels and the prevalence of prehypertension among nonhypertensive adults in Korea. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 28:729-35. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wanhyung Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine; The Institute for Occupational Health; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jin-ha Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine; The Institute for Occupational Health; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jaehoon Roh
- Department of Preventive Medicine; The Institute for Occupational Health; Seoul South Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine; The Institute for Occupational Health; Seoul South Korea
| | - Hongdeok Seok
- Department of Preventive Medicine; The Institute for Occupational Health; Seoul South Korea
| | - June-hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine; The Institute for Occupational Health; Seoul South Korea
| | - Pil Kyun Jung
- Department of Preventive Medicine; The Institute for Occupational Health; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jeongbae Rhie
- Department of Preventive Medicine; The Institute for Occupational Health; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jong-uk Won
- Department of Preventive Medicine; The Institute for Occupational Health; Seoul South Korea
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Bustamante ND, Macias-Konstantopoulos WL. Retained Lumbar Bullet: A Case Report of Chronic Lead Toxicity and Review of the Literature. J Emerg Med 2016; 51:45-9. [PMID: 27071317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead toxicity from retained bullet fragments is difficult to both predict and diagnose, but important to treat early, given the potential severity of disease. Blood lead levels > 25 μg/dL and 40 μg/dL are considered toxic in children and adults, respectively. Symptoms may range from nonspecific constitutional symptoms to seizures and coma. Chelation is the mainstay therapy for lead poisoning and levels to treat depend on patient age, blood lead levels, and the presence of symptoms. CASE REPORT We present the case of a woman with symptoms of severe lead toxicity from 20-year-old retained bullet fragments. She had been seen by multiple providers for evaluation of each symptom, but a unifying diagnosis had not been found. After identifying this complication, she was treated appropriately and more serious complications were prevented. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: We present this case to increase awareness among emergency physicians of lead toxicity in patients with a seemingly unrelated constellation of symptoms and a history of a previous gunshot wound with retained bullet or bullet fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirma D Bustamante
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wendy L Macias-Konstantopoulos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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111
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Levin R. The attributable annual health costs of U.S. occupational lead poisoning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 22:107-20. [PMID: 27173488 PMCID: PMC4984972 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2016.1173945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND U.S. occupational lead standards have not changed for decades, while knowledge about lead's health effects has grown substantially. OBJECTIVE The objective of this analysis was twofold: to estimate the attributable annual societal costs of health damages associated with occupationally lead-exposed U.S. workers and, more broadly, to develop methods for a fuller valuation of health damages. METHODS I combined data voluntarily reported to NIOSH on the number of highly exposed workers with published literature on the health effects of lead in adults to estimate the potential health benefits of lowering the U.S. occupational limit. I developed simple algorithms for monetizing more fully both the direct medical and indirect (productivity) damages associated with those high lead exposures. RESULTS I estimated direct medical costs of $141 million (2014US$) per year for 16 categories of health endpoints, and combined direct and indirect costs of over $392 million (2014US$) per year for the 10,000 or so U.S. workers with high occupational lead exposures. CONCLUSIONS Reducing allowable occupational lead limits produces annual societal benefits of almost $40,000 per highly exposed worker. Given underreporting of actual exposures and the omission of important health effects, this is likely a severe underestimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Levin
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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112
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Wu Y, Gu JM, Huang Y, Duan YY, Huang RX, Hu JA. Dose-Response Relationship between Cumulative Occupational Lead Exposure and the Associated Health Damages: A 20-Year Cohort Study of a Smelter in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030328. [PMID: 26999177 PMCID: PMC4808991 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term airborne lead exposure, even below official occupational limits, has been found to cause lead poisoning at higher frequencies than expected, which suggests that China's existing occupational exposure limits should be reexamined. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 1832 smelting workers from 1988 to 2008 in China. These were individuals who entered the plant and came into continuous contact with lead at work for longer than 3 months. The dose-response relationship between occupational cumulative lead exposure and lead poisoning, abnormal blood lead, urinary lead and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) were analyzed and the benchmark dose lower bound confidence limits (BMDLs) were calculated. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between cumulative lead dust and lead fumes exposures and workplace seniority, blood lead, urinary lead and ZPP values. A dose-response relationship was observed between cumulative lead dust or lead fumes exposure and lead poisoning (p < 0.01). The BMDLs of the cumulative occupational lead dust and fumes doses were 0.68 mg-year/m³ and 0.30 mg-year/m³ for lead poisoning, respectively. The BMDLs of workplace airborne lead concentrations associated with lead poisoning were 0.02 mg/m³ and 0.01 mg/m³ for occupational exposure lead dust and lead fume, respectively. In conclusion, BMDLs for airborne lead were lower than occupational exposure limits, suggesting that the occupational lead exposure limits need re-examination and adjustment. Occupational cumulative exposure limits (OCELs) should be established to better prevent occupational lead poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Central South University, 110# Xiang-ya Rd., Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Jun-Ming Gu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Central South University, 110# Xiang-ya Rd., Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
- Worker Hospital, Guangdong Shaoguan Smelter, Shaoguan 512024, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Central South University, 110# Xiang-ya Rd., Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Yan-Ying Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Central South University, 110# Xiang-ya Rd., Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Rui-Xue Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Central South University, 110# Xiang-ya Rd., Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
| | - Jian-An Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Central South University, 110# Xiang-ya Rd., Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
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Patil R, Jaiswal G, Gupta TK. Gunshot wound causing complete spinal cord injury without mechanical violation of spinal axis: Case report with review of literature. JOURNAL OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION AND SPINE 2015; 6:149-57. [PMID: 26692690 PMCID: PMC4660489 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8237.167855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Penetrating spine injury (PSI) forms the third most common cause of spine injury, only next to road traffic accidents and fall. Gunshot wound (GSW) forms the major bulk of PSI. Due to easy availability of firearms and antisocial behavior, GSW which were predominant in military population is now increasingly seen in civilized society. Here, we present a detail case review of unique case of civilian GSW indirectly causing complete spinal cord injury due to shock wave generated by the bullet, along with its systematic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gaurav Jaiswal
- Department of Neurosurgery, R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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115
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Dórea JG. Maternal risk factors associated with lead, mercury and cadmium. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:3187-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1118042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José G. Dórea
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade De Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Abdel Aziz AM, Sh Hamed S, Gaballah MA. Possible Relationship between Chronic Telogen Effluvium and Changes in Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, and Iron Total Blood Levels in Females: A Case-Control Study. Int J Trichology 2015; 7:100-6. [PMID: 26622152 PMCID: PMC4639951 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.167465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hair loss is a common and distressing problem that can affect both males and females of all ages. Chronic telogen effluvium (CTE) is idiopathic diffuse scalp hair shedding of at least 6 months duration. Hair loss can be one of the symptoms of metal toxicity. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are highly toxic metals that can cause acute and chronic health problems in human. The aim of the present study is to determine if there is a relationship between these metals and CTE in women and if CTE is also associated with changes in zinc (Zn) or iron (Fe) blood levels. Materials and Methods: Pb, Cd, Fe and Zn total blood levels were determined in 40 female patients fulfilling the criteria of CTH and compared with total blood levels of same elements in 30 well-matched healthy women. Results: Quantitative analysis of total blood Fe, Zn, Pb and Cd revealed that there were no significant differences between patients and controls regarding Fe, Zn, and Pb. Yet, Cd level was significantly higher in patients than controls. In addition, Cd level showed significant positive correlation with the patient's body weight. Conclusion: Estimation of blood Pb and Cd levels can be important in cases of CTE as Cd toxicity can be the underlying hidden cause of such idiopathic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Abdel Aziz
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sameera Sh Hamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Gaballah
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria St., Mansoura, Egypt
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118
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Alarcon WA. Summary of Notifiable Noninfectious Conditions and Disease Outbreaks: Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Employed Adults - United States, 1994-2012. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2015; 62:52-75. [PMID: 26517207 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6254a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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119
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Kim MG, Ryoo JH, Chang SJ, Kim CB, Park JK, Koh SB, Ahn YS. Blood Lead Levels and Cause-Specific Mortality of Inorganic Lead-Exposed Workers in South Korea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140360. [PMID: 26469177 PMCID: PMC4607363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the association of blood lead level (BLL) with mortality in inorganic lead-exposed workers of South Korea. A cohort was compiled comprising 81,067 inorganic lead exposed workers working between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2004. This cohort was merged with the Korean National Statistical Office to follow-up for mortality between 2000 and 2008. After adjusting for age and other carcinogenic metal exposure, all-cause mortality (Relative risk [RR] 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.79), digestive disease (RR 3.23, 95% CI 1.33-7.86), and intentional self-harm (RR 2.92, 95% CI 1.07-7.81) were statistically significantly higher in males with BLL >20 μg/dl than of those with BLL ≤10μg/dl. The RR of males with BLL of 10-20 μg/dl was statistically higher than of those with BLL ≤10μg/dl in infection (RR 3.73. 95% CI, 1.06-13.06). The RRs of females with 10-20 μg/dl BLL was statistically significantly greater than those with BLL <10μg/dl in all-cause mortality (RR 1.93, 95% CI 1.16-3.20) and colon and rectal cancer (RR 13.42, 95% CI 1.21-149.4). The RRs of females with BLL 10-20 μg/dl (RR 10.45, 95% CI 1.74-62.93) and BLL ≥20 μg/dl (RR 12.68, 95% CI 1.69-147.86) was statistically significantly increased in bronchus and lung cancer. The increased suicide of males with ≥20 μg/dl BLLs, which might be caused by major depression, might be associated with higher lead exposure. Also, increased bronchus and lung cancer mortality in female workers with higher BLL might be related to lead exposure considering low smoking rate in females. The kinds of BLL-associated mortality differed by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gi Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
- Departments of Occupational Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Ryoo
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Jin Chang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Chun-Bae Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Ku Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sang-Baek Koh
- Graduate School of Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Korea
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Gonçalves-Rizzi VH, Nascimento RA, Possomato-Vieira JS, Dias-Junior CA. Sodium Nitrite Prevents both Reductions in Circulating Nitric Oxide and Hypertension in 7-Day Lead-Treated Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 118:225-30. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Gonçalves-Rizzi
- Department of Pharmacology; Biosciences Institute of Botucatu; Sao Paulo State University - UNESP; Botucatu Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Regina Aparecida Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacology; Biosciences Institute of Botucatu; Sao Paulo State University - UNESP; Botucatu Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Jose Sergio Possomato-Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology; Biosciences Institute of Botucatu; Sao Paulo State University - UNESP; Botucatu Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Dias-Junior
- Department of Pharmacology; Biosciences Institute of Botucatu; Sao Paulo State University - UNESP; Botucatu Sao Paulo Brazil
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Autophagy plays a protective role in cell death of osteoblasts exposure to lead chloride. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:131-40. [PMID: 26383630 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal widespreadly used in industrial field. Prior studies showed that Pb exposure had detrimental effects on osteoblasts. The mechanisms underlying Pb-induced damage are complex. Autophagy can protect cells from various cytotoxic stimuli. In the present study, the aim of our research was to investigate whether Pb could activate autophagy to play a protective role against osteoblasts apoptosis. Our results indicated that PbCl2 induced autophagy and autophagic flux in MC3T3-E1 murine osteoblastic cell by RT-PCR, western blot, as well as fluorescence microscopy analysis of GFP-LC3, AO and MDC staining. Pb increased the apoptosis of osteoblasts, evidenced by western blot and Hoechst 33258 staining assessment. In addition, inhibiting autophagy by 3-MA further increased the osteoblasts apoptosis after Pb exposure, showed by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining. Furthermore, phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6K was inhibited by Pb exposure, indicating that Pb might induce autophagy in osteoblasts via inhibiting mTOR pathway. Altogether, these evidence suggested that Pb exporsure promoted autophagy flux in osteoblasts. The activation of autophagy by Pb played a protective role in osteoblasts apoptosis, which might be mediated through the mTOR pathway.
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Sindhu KK, Sutherling WW. Role of Lead in the Central Nervous System: Effect on Electroencephlography, Evoked Potentials, Electroretinography, and Nerve Conduction. Neurodiagn J 2015; 55:107-21. [PMID: 26173349 DOI: 10.1080/21646821.2015.1043222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of lead on the brain are well known, but its effects on EEG and evoked potentials (EPs) are not generally known in the neurodiagnostic community. Despite public health efforts, lead is still widely present at low levels in the environment. Even at low concentrations, lead is known to cause biochemical and physiological dysfunction. The present article reviews the effects of lead exposure on the central nervous system, with a special emphasis on the developing brain. Additionally, it describes the effects of lead on EEG, EPs, electroretinography, and nerve conduction studies.
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Porter KA, Kirk C, Fearey D, Castrodale LJ, Verbrugge D, McLaughlin J. Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Fire Assay Workers and Their Children in Alaska, 2010-2011. Public Health Rep 2015; 130:440-6. [PMID: 26327721 DOI: 10.1177/003335491513000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2010, an employee at Facility A in Alaska that performs fire assay analysis, an industrial technique that uses lead-containing flux to obtain metals from pulverized rocks, was reported to the Alaska Section of Epidemiology (SOE) with an elevated blood lead level (BLL) ≥10 micrograms per deciliter (μg/dL). The SOE initiated an investigation; investigators interviewed employees, offered blood lead screening to employees and their families, and observed a visit to the industrial facility by the Alaska Occupational Safety and Health Section (AKOSH). Among the 15 employees with known work responsibilities, 12 had an elevated BLL at least once from October 2010 through February 2011. Of these 12 employees, 10 reported working in the fire assay room. Four children of employees had BLLs ≥5 μg/dL. Employees working in Facility A's fire assay room were likely exposed to lead at work and could have brought lead home. AKOSH inspectors reported that they could not share their consultative report with SOE investigators because of the confidentiality requirements of a federal regulation, which hampered Alaska SOE investigators from fully characterizing the lead exposure standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Porter
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Anchorage, AK ; Current affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global Immunization Division, Atlanta, GA
| | - Cassandra Kirk
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Anchorage, AK
| | - Donna Fearey
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Anchorage, AK
| | - Louisa J Castrodale
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Anchorage, AK
| | - David Verbrugge
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Alaska State Public Health Laboratory, Anchorage, AK
| | - Joseph McLaughlin
- Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Anchorage, AK
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Leem AY, Kim SK, Chang J, Kang YA, Kim YS, Park MS, Kim SY, Kim EY, Chung KS, Jung JY. Relationship between blood levels of heavy metals and lung function based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV-V. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:1559-70. [PMID: 26345298 PMCID: PMC4531039 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s86182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metal exposure may contribute to inflammation in the lungs via increased oxidative stress, resulting in tissue destruction and obstructive lung function (OLF). In this study, we evaluated the relationship between lead and cadmium levels in blood, and lung function in the Korean population. METHODS Pooled cross-sectional data from 5,972 subjects who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2012 were used for this study. OLF was defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) <0.7. Graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to measure levels of lead and cadmium in blood. RESULTS Adjusted means for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status in blood lead and cadmium levels were increased with age and were higher in men and current smokers. The FEV1/FVC ratio was lower in the highest quartile group of lead (78.4% vs 79.0%; P=0.025) and cadmium (78.3% vs 79.2%; P<0.001) concentrations, compared with those in the lowest quartile groups. Multiple linear regression demonstrated an inverse relationship between the FEV1/FVC ratio and concentrations of lead (estimated -0.002; P=0.007) and cadmium (estimated -0.005; P=0.001). Of the 5,972 subjects, 674 (11.3%) were classified into the OLF group. Among current smokers, the risk of OLF was higher in subjects in the highest quartile group of cadmium concentration than in those in the lowest quartile group (odds ratio 1.94; 95% confidence interval 1.06-3.57). CONCLUSION We demonstrated a significant association between the FEV1/FVC ratio and blood concentrations of lead and cadmium in the Korean population. The risk for OLF was elevated with increasing concentrations of cadmium among current smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Young Leem
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Kyu Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Chang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ae Kang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Suk Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yee Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Chung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ye Jung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sullivan M. More evidence of unpublished industry studies of lead smelter/refinery workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2015; 21:308-13. [PMID: 26070220 PMCID: PMC4727590 DOI: 10.1179/2049396715y.0000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead smelter/refinery workers in the US have had significant exposure to lead and are an important occupational group to study to understand the health effects of chronic lead exposure in adults. Recent research found evidence that studies of lead smelter/refinery workers have been conducted but not published. This paper presents further evidence for this contention. OBJECTIVES To present further evidence of industry conducted, unpublished epidemiologic studies of lead smelter/refinery workers and health outcomes. METHODS Historical research relying on primary sources such as internal industry documents and published studies. RESULTS ASARCO smelter/refinery workers were studied in the early 1980s and found to have increased risk of lung cancer and stroke in one study, but not in another. CONCLUSIONS Because occupational lead exposure is an on-going concern for US and overseas workers, all epidemiologic studies should be made available to evaluate and update occupational health and safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Sullivan
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University of New Jersey, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ, USA
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Wani AL, Ara A, Usmani JA. Lead toxicity: a review. Interdiscip Toxicol 2015; 8:55-64. [PMID: 27486361 PMCID: PMC4961898 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected by lead toxicity. Though in countries like US and Canada the use of lead has been controlled up to a certain extent, it is still used vehemently in the developing countries. This is primarily because lead bears unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a large number of applications for which humans have exploited its benefits from historical times and thus it has become a common environmental pollutant. Lead is highly persistent in the environment and because of its continuous use its levels rise in almost every country, posing serious threats. This article reviews the works listed in the literature with recent updates regarding the toxicity of lead. Focus is also on toxic effects of lead on the renal, reproductive and nervous system. Finally the techniques available for treating lead toxicity are presented with some recent updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Latif Wani
- Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Anjum Ara
- Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, India
| | - Jawed Ahmad Usmani
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Utter Pradesh, India
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Nunes KZ, Nunes DO, Silveira EA, Cruz Pereira CA, Broseghini Filho GB, Vassallo DV, Fioresi M. Chronic lead exposure decreases the vascular reactivity of rat aortas: the role of hydrogen peroxide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120965. [PMID: 25807237 PMCID: PMC4373949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether exposure to small concentrations of lead alters blood pressure and vascular reactivity. Male Wistar rats were sorted randomly into the following two groups: control (Ct) and treatment with 100 ppm of lead (Pb), which was added to drinking water, for 30 days. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly. Following treatment, aortic ring vascular reactivity was assessed. Tissue samples were properly stored for further biochemical investigation. The lead concentration in the blood reached approximately 8 μg/dL. Treatment increased blood pressure and decreased the contractile responses of the aortic rings to phenylephrine (1 nM–100 mM). Following N-nitro-L arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) administration, contractile responses increased in both groups but did not differ significantly between them. Lead effects on Rmax were decreased compared to control subjects following superoxide dismutase (SOD) administration. Catalase, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETCA), and apocynin increased the vasoconstrictor response induced by phenylephrine in the aortas of lead-treated rats but did not increase the vasoconstrictor response in the aortas of untreated rats. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) potentiated the vasoconstrictor response induced by phenylephrine in aortic segments in both groups, but these effects were greater in lead-treated rats. The co-incubation of TEA and catalase abolished the vasodilatory effect noted in the lead group. The present study is the first to demonstrate that blood lead concentrations well below the values established by international legislation increased blood pressure and decreased phenylephrine-induced vascular reactivity. The latter effect was associated with oxidative stress, specifically oxidative stress induced via increases in hydrogen peroxide levels and the subsequent effects of hydrogen peroxide on potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolini Zuqui Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Dieli Oliveira Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Edna Aparecida Silveira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dalton Valentim Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Health Science Centre of Vitória—EMESCAM, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Fioresi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Department of Nursing, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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Simões MR, Aguado A, Fiorim J, Silveira EA, Azevedo BF, Toscano CM, Zhenyukh O, Briones AM, Alonso MJ, Vassallo DV, Salaices M. MAPK pathway activation by chronic lead-exposure increases vascular reactivity through oxidative stress/cyclooxygenase-2-dependent pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 283:127-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bissell DM, Lai JC, Meister RK, Blanc PD. Role of delta-aminolevulinic acid in the symptoms of acute porphyria. Am J Med 2015; 128:313-7. [PMID: 25446301 PMCID: PMC4339446 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attacks of neuropathic pain, usually abdominal, are characteristic of the acute porphyrias and accompanied by overproduction of heme-precursor molecules, specifically delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. The basis for the acute symptoms in these diseases has been speculative. METHODS We review genetic acute porphyria, hereditary tyrosinemia, and an acquired condition, lead poisoning. All perturb heme synthesis and present with a similar pain syndrome. RESULTS Although each of these conditions has characteristic urine biochemistry, all exhibit excess delta-aminolevulinic acid. Moreover, in all, treatment with hemin reduces delta-aminolevulinic acid and relieves symptoms. In contrast, use of recombinant porphobilinogen deaminase to knock down porphobilinogen in acute porphyria was ineffective. CONCLUSIONS There is now convincing evidence that delta-aminolevulinic acid is the cause of pain in the acute porphyrias. The efficacy of hemin infusion is due mainly, if not entirely, to its inhibition of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase-1, the enzyme that catalyzes delta-aminolevulinic acid formation. Delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase-1 is a rational target for additional therapies to control symptoms in acute porphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Montgomery Bissell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
| | - Jennifer C Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Raymond K Meister
- Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond
| | - Paul D Blanc
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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de Almeida Lopes ACB, Navas-Acien A, Zamoiski R, Silbergeld EK, Carvalho MDFH, Buzzo ML, Urbano MR, Martins ADC, Paoliello MMB. Risk factors for lead exposure in adult population in southern Brazil. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:92-108. [PMID: 25424618 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.942125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil there is no systematic evaluation to access blood lead levels (BLL) in the general population and few studies with adults have been published. The aim of this study was to examine the socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle determinants of BLL in the adult Brazilian population. In total, 959 adults, aged 40 years or more, were randomly selected in a city in southern Brazil. Information on socioeconomic, dietary, lifestyle, and occupational background was obtained by interviews. A spatial analysis was conducted to discern whether there were any identifiable sources of exposure. BLL were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. There was an adjustment for gender, age, race, education, income class, smoking status, alcohol consumption, occupation, and red meat or cow milk consumption (Model 1), and for occupation and gender (Model 2). The geometric mean of BLL was 1.97 μg/dl (95% CI: 1.9-2.04 μg/dl). In Model 1, BLL were positively associated with male gender, older age, and drinking and smoking habits, and less frequently with milk consumption. In Model 2, data showed higher BLL in non-white than white participants, in former smokers and individuals with current or former employment in lead (Pb) industries. The participants living in the area with more Pb industries had higher BLL (3.3 μg/dl) compared with those residing in other areas with no or fewer Pb industries (1.95 μg/dl). Despite the low BLL found in adults living in an urban area, Pb industries need to be monitored and regulatory laws implemented to prevent metal contamination in urban settings.
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Lucchini RG, Hashim D. Tremor secondary to neurotoxic exposure: mercury, lead, solvents, pesticides. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 131:241-249. [PMID: 26563793 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead, mercury, solvents, and pesticide exposures are common in certain occupations and may cause nervous system dysfunction. Tremors may be the herald manifestation among a constellation of acute toxicity signs and symptoms. However, since tremors may also be the only sign on clinical presentation and since tremors also occur in other diseases, relating tremors to a specific occupational exposure can be challenging. Diagnosis of tremor etiology must be based on other findings on physical exam, laboratory results, and/or imaging. Discerning whether the tremor resulted from the occupational environment versus other etiologies requires knowledge of potential exposure sources, additional detail in history taking, and support of other health and industrial professionals. Reduction or removal from the exposure source remains the key first step in treating patients suffering from tremor that had resulted from occupational exposure toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Dana Hashim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Ceballos DM, Gong W, Page E. A Pilot Assessment of Occupational Health Hazards in the US Electronic Scrap Recycling Industry. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:482-8. [PMID: 25738822 PMCID: PMC4527159 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1018516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) surveyed a randomly selected sample of electronic scrap (e-scrap) recycling facilities nationwide to characterize work processes, exposures, and controls. Despite multiple attempts to contact 278 facilities, only 47 responded (17% response rate). Surveyed facilities reported recycling a wide variety of electronics. The most common recycling processes were manual dismantling and sorting. Other processes included shredding, crushing, and automated separation. Many facilities reported that they had health and safety programs in place. However, some facilities reported the use of compressed air for cleaning, a practice that can lead to increased employee dust exposures, and some facilities allowed food and drinks in the production areas, a practice that can lead to ingestion of contaminants. Although our results may not be generalizable to all US e-scrap recycling facilities, they are informative regarding health and safety programs in the industry. We concluded that e-scrap recycling has the potential for a wide variety of occupational exposures particularly because of the frequent use of manual processes. On-site evaluations of e-scrap recyclers are needed to determine if reported work processes, practices, and controls are effective and meet current standards and guidelines. Educating the e-scrap recycling industry about health and safety best practices, specifically related to safe handling of metal dust, would help protect employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Ceballos
- a Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati , Ohio
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La-Llave-León O, Lugo-Soto R, Aguilar-Durán M, Estrada-Martínez S, Salas-Pacheco JM, Sandoval-Carrillo A, Castellanos-Juárez FX, Barraza-Salas M, Vázquez-Alanís F, García-Vargas G. Relationship Between Blood Lead Levels and Hematological Indices in Pregnant Women. Women Health 2014; 55:90-102. [DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2014.972019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Solenkova NV, Newman JD, Berger JS, Thurston G, Hochman JS, Lamas GA. Metal pollutants and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and consequences of exposure. Am Heart J 2014; 168:812-22. [PMID: 25458643 PMCID: PMC4254412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is epidemiological evidence that metal contaminants may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. Moreover, a recent clinical trial of a metal chelator had a surprisingly positive result in reducing cardiovascular events in a secondary prevention population, strengthening the link between metal exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is, therefore, an opportune moment to review evidence that exposure to metal pollutants, such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury, is a significant risk factor for CVD. METHODS We reviewed the English-speaking medical literature to assess and present the epidemiological evidence that 4 metals having no role in the human body (xenobiotic), mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic, have epidemiologic and mechanistic links to atherosclerosis and CVD. Moreover, we briefly review how the results of the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) strengthen the link between atherosclerosis and xenobiotic metal contamination in humans. CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence that xenobiotic metal contamination is linked to atherosclerotic disease and is a modifiable risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D Newman
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jeffrey S Berger
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - George Thurston
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Judith S Hochman
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Gervasio A Lamas
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Columbia University Division of Cardiology at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach FL
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136
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Nascimento RA, Mendes G, Possomato-Vieira JS, Gonçalves-Rizzi VH, Kushima H, Delella FK, Dias-Junior CA. Metalloproteinase Inhibition Protects against Reductions in Circulating Adrenomedullin during Lead-induced Acute Hypertension. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:508-15. [PMID: 25308714 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intoxication with lead (Pb) results in increased blood pressure by mechanisms involving matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Recent findings have revealed that MMP type two (MMP-2) seems to cleave vasoactive peptides. This study examined whether MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels/activities increase after acute intoxication with low lead concentrations and whether these changes were associated with increases in blood pressure and circulating endothelin-1 or with reductions in circulating adrenomedullin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Here, we expand previous findings and examine whether doxycycline (a MMPs inhibitor) affects these alterations. Wistar rats received intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1st dose 8 μg/100 g of lead (or sodium) acetate, a subsequent dose of 0.1 μg/100 g to cover daily loss and treatment with doxycycline (30 mg/kg/day) or water by gavage for 7 days. Similar whole-blood lead levels (9 μg/dL) were found in lead-exposed rats treated with either doxycycline or water. Lead-induced increases in systolic blood pressure (from 143 ± 2 to 167 ± 3 mmHg) and gelatin zymography of plasma samples showed that lead increased MMP-9 (but not MMP-2) levels. Both lead-induced increased MMP-9 activity and hypertension were blunted by doxycycline. Doxycycline also prevented lead-induced reductions in circulating adrenomedullin. No significant changes in plasma levels of endothelin-1 or CGRP were found. Lead-induced decreases in nitric oxide markers and antioxidant status were not prevented by doxycycline. In conclusion, acute lead exposure increases blood pressure and MMP-9 activity, which were blunted by doxycycline. These findings suggest that MMP-9 may contribute with lead-induced hypertension by cleaving the vasodilatory peptide adrenomedullin, thereby inhibiting adrenomedullin-dependent lowering of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina A Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacology, Biosciences Institute of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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137
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Kim JH, Kim EA, Koh DH, Byun K, Ryu HW, Lee SG. Blood lead levels of Korean lead workers in 2003-2011. Ann Occup Environ Med 2014; 26:30. [PMID: 25379187 PMCID: PMC4209518 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-014-0030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to document the trend in blood lead levels in Korean lead workers from 2003 until 2011 and blood lead levels within each of the main industries. METHODS Nine years (2003-2011) of blood lead level data measured during a special health examination of Korean lead workers and collected by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency were analyzed. Blood lead levels were determined by year, and a geometric mean (GM) was calculated for each industry division. RESULTS The overall GM blood lead level for all years combined (n = 365,331) was 4.35 μg/dL. The GM blood lead level decreased from 5.89 μg/dL in 2003 to 3.53 μg/dL in 2011. The proportion of the results ≥30 μg/dL decreased from 4.3% in 2003 to 0.8% in 2011. In the "Manufacture of Electrical Equipment" division, the GM blood lead level was 7.80 μg/dL, which was the highest among the industry divisions. The GM blood lead levels were 7.35 μg/dL and 6.77 μg/dL in the "Manufacturers of Rubber and Plastic Products" and the "Manufacture of Basic Metal Products" division, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The blood lead levels in Korean lead workers decreased from 2003 to 2011 and were similar to those in the US and UK. Moreover, workers in industries conventionally considered to have a high risk of lead exposure also tended to have relatively high blood lead levels compared to those in other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-A Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Koh
- National Cancer Center, Ilsan-ro 323, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-city 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwhan Byun
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Woo Ryu
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gil Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
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138
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Changing blood lead levels and oxidative stress with duration of residence among Taiwan immigrants. J Immigr Minor Health 2014; 15:1048-56. [PMID: 23558972 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-013-9820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Immigrants lack appropriate health care access and other resources needed to reduce their exposure to preventable environmental health risks. Little is known about the impact of lead exposure and oxidative stress among immigrants. Thus, this study was to examine the differences between the blood lead levels (BLLs) and oxidative stress levels of immigrants and non-immigrants, and to investigate the determinants of increased BLLs or oxidative stress levels among immigrants. We collected demographic data of 239 immigrant women and 189 non-immigrant women who resettled in the central area of Taiwan. Each study participant provided blood samples for genotyping and for measuring blood metal levels and oxidative stress. Recent immigrants were at risk for elevated BLLs. Decreased BLLs, malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased blood selenium levels were significantly associated with duration of residence in Taiwan. Elevated BLLs and MDA in recent immigrants may serve as a warning sign for the health care system. The nation's health will benefit from improved regulation of living environments, thereby improving the health of immigrants.
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139
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Faramawi MF, Delongchamp R, Lin YS, Liu Y, Abouelenien S, Fischbach L, Jadhav S. Environmental lead exposure is associated with visit-to-visit systolic blood pressure variability in the US adults. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014; 88:381-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-014-0970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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140
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Medical toxicology case presentations: to chelate or not to chelate, is that the question? J Med Toxicol 2014; 9:373-9. [PMID: 24243289 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-013-0338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Four case studies described in this article were presented to a panel of physicians participating in the ACMT "Use and Misuse of Metal Chelation Therapy" Symposium in February 2012. The individuals who participated in the panel are listed in the appendix. These cases highlight some of the practical questions facing medical providers when issues of metal toxicity and its treatment arise. Medical toxicologists are valuable resources for information, public debate, consultation, and treatment of patients with concerns about heavy metal exposure.
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141
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Batuman V, Wedeen RP. The Persistence of Chronic Lead Nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:1-3. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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142
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Shaban H, Ubaid-Ullah M, Berns JS. Measuring Vitamin, Mineral, and Trace Element Levels in Dialysis Patients. Semin Dial 2014; 27:582-6. [DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Shaban
- Department of Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Muhammad Ubaid-Ullah
- Department of Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey S. Berns
- Department of Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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143
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Chowdhury R, Sarnat SE, Darrow L, McClellan W, Steenland K. Mortality among participants in a lead surveillance program. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:100-104. [PMID: 24769120 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that adult lead exposure increases cancer risk. IARC has classified lead as a 'probable' carcinogen, primarily based on stomach and lung cancer associations. METHODS We studied mortality among men in a lead surveillance program in 11 states,. categorized by their highest blood lead (BL) test (0-<5 µg/dl, 5-<25 µg/dl, 25-<40 µg/dl and 40+ µg/dl). RESULTS There were 58,368 men with a median 12 years of follow-up (6 to 17 years from lowest to higher BL category), and 3337 deaths. Half of the men had only one BL test. There was a strong healthy worker effect (all cause SMR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.66-0.71). The highest BL category had elevated lung and larynx cancer SMRs (1.20, 95% CI: 1.03-1.39, n=174, and 2.11, 95% CI: 1.05-3.77, n=11, respectively); there were no significant excesses of any other cause-specific SMR. Lung cancer RRs by increasing BL category were 1.0, 1.34, 1.88, and 2.79 (test for trend p=<0.0001), unchanged by adjustment for follow-up time. The lung cancer SMR in the highest BL category with 20+ years follow-up was 1.35 (95% CI: 0.92-1.90). CONCLUSIONS We found an association of blood lead level with lung cancer mortality. Our data are limited by lack of work history (precluding analyses by duration of exposure), and smoking data, although the strong positive trend in RRs by increasing blood lead category in internal analysis is unlikely to be caused by smoking differences. Other limitations include different lengths of follow-up in different lead categories, reliance on few blood lead tests to characterize exposure, and few deaths for some causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Chowdhury
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lyndsey Darrow
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William McClellan
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Hore P, Ahmed M, Nagin D, Clark N. Intervention model for contaminated consumer products: a multifaceted tool for protecting public health. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:1377-83. [PMID: 24922141 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.301912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Lead-based paint and occupational lead hazards remain the primary exposure sources of lead in New York City (NYC) children and men, respectively. Lead poisoning has also been associated with the use of certain consumer products in NYC. The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene developed the Intervention Model for Contaminated Consumer Products, a comprehensive approach to identify and reduce exposure to lead and other hazards in consumer products. The model identifies hazardous consumer products, determines their availability in NYC, enforces on these products, and provides risk communication and public education. Implementation of the model has resulted in removal of thousands of contaminated products from local businesses and continues to raise awareness of these hazardous products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Hore
- Paromita Hore, Munerah Ahmed, Deborah Nagin, and Nancy Clark are with the Bureau of Environmental Disease and Injury Prevention, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY
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Beaucham C, Page E, Alarcon WA, Calvert GM, Methner M, Schoonover TM. Indoor firing ranges and elevated blood lead levels - United States, 2002-2013. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2014; 63:347-51. [PMID: 24759656 PMCID: PMC4584776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Indoor firing ranges are a source of lead exposure and elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) among employees, their families, and customers, despite public health outreach efforts and comprehensive guidelines for controlling occupational lead exposure. There are approximately 16,000-18,000 indoor firing ranges in the United States, with tens of thousands of employees. Approximately 1 million law enforcement officers train on indoor ranges. To estimate how many adults had elevated BLLs (≥10 µg/dL) as a result of exposure to lead from shooting firearms, data on elevated BLLs from the Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES) program managed by CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) were examined by source of lead exposure. During 2002-2012, a total of 2,056 persons employed in the categories "police protection" and "other amusement and recreation industries (including firing ranges)" had elevated BLLs reported to ABLES; an additional 2,673 persons had non-work-related BLLs likely attributable to target shooting. To identify deficiencies at two indoor firing ranges linked to elevated BLLs, the Washington State Division of Occupational Safety and Health (WaDOSH) and NIOSH conducted investigations in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The WaDOSH investigation found a failure to conduct personal exposure and biologic monitoring for lead and also found dry sweeping of lead-containing dust. The NIOSH investigation found serious deficiencies in ventilation, housekeeping, and medical surveillance. Public health officials and clinicians should ask about occupations and hobbies that might involve lead when evaluating findings of elevated BLLs. Interventions for reducing lead exposure in firing ranges include using lead-free bullets, improving ventilation, and using wet mopping or high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) vacuuming to clean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Beaucham
- Div of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC,Corresponding contributor: Catherine Beaucham, , 513-841-4259
| | - Elena Page
- Div of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC
| | - Walter A. Alarcon
- Div of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC
| | - Geoffrey M. Calvert
- Div of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC
| | - Mark Methner
- Div of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC
| | - Todd M. Schoonover
- Washington State ABLES Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries
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Silveira EA, Siman FDM, de Oliveira Faria T, Vescovi MVA, Furieri LB, Lizardo JHF, Stefanon I, Padilha AS, Vassallo DV. Low-dose chronic lead exposure increases systolic arterial pressure and vascular reactivity of rat aortas. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:366-76. [PMID: 24308934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lead exposure induces hypertension affecting endothelial function. We investigated whether low-concentration lead exposure alters blood pressure and vascular reactivity, focusing on the roles of NO, oxidative stress, cyclooxygenase-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids, and the local angiotensin-renin system. Aortic rings from 3-month-old Wistar rats were treated daily with lead acetate (first dose 4mg/100g, subsequent doses 0.05mg/100g, im) or vehicle for 30 days. Treatment increased lead blood levels (12μg/dl), blood pressure, and aortic ring contractile response to phenylephrine (1nM-100mM). Contractile response after L-NAME administration increased in both groups but was higher after lead treatment. Lead effects on Rmax decreased more after apocynin and superoxide dismutase administration compared to control. Indomethacin reduced phenylephrine response more after lead treatment than in controls. The selective COX-2 inhibitor NS398, thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor antagonist SQ 29,548, TXA2 synthase inhibitor furegrelate, EP1 receptor antagonist SC 19220, and ACE inhibitor and AT1 receptor antagonist losartan reduced phenylephrine responses only in vessels from lead-treated rats. Basal and stimulated NO release was reduced and local O2(-) liberation increased in the lead-treated group compared to controls. eNOS, iNOS, and AT1 receptor protein expression increased with lead exposure, but COX-2 protein expression decreased. This is the first demonstration that blood Pb(2+) (12µg/dl) concentrations below the WHO-established values increased systolic blood pressure and vascular phenylephrine reactivity. This effect was associated with reduced NO bioavailability, increased reactive oxygen species production, increased participation of COX-derived contractile prostanoids, and increased renin-angiotensin system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Aparecida Silveira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES CEP 29040-091, Brazil.
| | | | - Thaís de Oliveira Faria
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES CEP 29040-091, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius Altoé Vescovi
- Center for Exact Sciences, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES CEP 29040-091, Brazil
| | - Lorena Barros Furieri
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES CEP 29040-091, Brazil
| | | | - Ivanita Stefanon
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES CEP 29040-091, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Simão Padilha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES CEP 29040-091, Brazil
| | - Dalton Valentim Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES CEP 29040-091, Brazil
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Ahmed MB, Ahmed MI, Meki AR, Abdraboh N. Neurotoxic effect of lead on rats: Relationship to Apoptosis. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2014; 7:192-9. [PMID: 24421747 DOI: 10.12816/0006042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead toxicity has been subjected to intensive research work, but some aspects of its mechanism needs to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES In the current study we aim to investigate the impact of lead toxicity on some different intermediates of apoptotic signaling pathway in experimental rats. DESIGN AND METHODS We measured caspase-8 and caspase-9 [by chemilumenescence], Bax and Bcl-2 [by ELISA] in Experimental rats, injected intraperitoneally with lead acetate for 7days at the dosage of 25, 50 and l00 mg/kg body weight and compared to control rats injected with deionized distilled water instead. instead. RESULTS Lead acetate significantly increased the levels of caspase 8, caspase 9 and Bax in liver, kidney and brain of experimental animals especially those with high doses. Meanwhile, caspase 8 and Bax significantly increased in brain tissue at low dose of lead, while Bcl-2 significantly increased only with advanced toxicity. Furthermore, Bax/bcl2 ratio was significantly high in kidney (p<0.05), liver (p<0.01) and brain (p<0.01) at higher doses of lead toxicity. However, brain tissues showed significant Bax/Bcl2 ratio (p<0.05) at low lead dose. A significant positive correlation was noticed between the blood level of lead and enzymatic level of caspase 8, caspase 9 and Bax in different tissues. CONCLUSION : we concluded that lead might have toxic effect through intrinsic and extrinsic induction of apoptotic pathway with prominent effect on brain tissue even at low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha Imam Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Qassim University, KSA
| | - Abd-Rheem Meki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Qassim University, KSA
| | - Naglaa Abdraboh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
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148
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Chowdhury R, Darrow L, McClellan W, Sarnat S, Steenland K. Incident ESRD among participants in a lead surveillance program. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:25-31. [PMID: 24423781 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very high levels of lead can cause kidney failure; data about renal effects at lower levels are limited. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study, external (vs US population) and internal (by exposure level) comparisons. SETTINGS & PARTICIPANTS 58,307 men in an occupational surveillance system in 11 US states. PREDICTOR Blood lead levels. OUTCOME Incident end-stage renal disease determined by matching the cohort with the US Renal Data System (n=302). MEASUREMENTS Blood lead categories were 0-<5, 5-<25, 25-<40, 40-51, and >51 μg/dL, defined by highest blood lead test result. One analysis for those with data for race (31% of cohort) and another for the whole cohort after imputing race. RESULTS Median follow-up was 12 years. Among those with race information, the end-stage renal disease standardized incidence ratio (SIR; US population as referent) was 1.08 (95% CI, 0.89-1.31) overall. The SIR in the highest blood lead category was 1.47 (95% CI, 0.98-2.11), increasing to 1.56 (95% CI, 1.02-2.29) for those followed up for 5 or more years. For the entire cohort (including those with race imputed), the overall SIR was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.82-1.03), increasing to 1.36 (95% CI, 0.99-1.73) in the highest blood lead category (SIR of 1.43 [95% CI, 1.01-1.85] in those with ≥5 years' follow-up). In internal analyses by Cox regression, rate ratios for those with 5 or more years' follow-up in the entire cohort were 1.0 (0-<5 and 5-<25 μg/dL categories combined) and 0.92, 1.08, and 1.96 for the 25-<40, 40-51, and >51 μg/dL categories, respectively (P for trend=0.003). The effect of lead was strongest in nonwhites. LIMITATIONS Lack of detailed work history, reliance on only a few blood lead tests per person to estimate level of exposure, lack of clinical data at time of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that current US occupational limits on blood lead levels may need to be strengthened to avoid kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Chowdhury
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lyndsey Darrow
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - William McClellan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stefanie Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
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Ettinger AS, Roy A, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Smith D, Lupoli N, Mercado-García A, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Tellez-Rojo MM, Hu H, Hernández-Avila M. Maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk lead: lactational transfer and contribution to infant exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:87-92. [PMID: 24184948 PMCID: PMC3888576 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is a potential source of lead exposure. Yet lactational transfer of lead from maternal blood into breast milk and its contribution to infant lead burden remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We explored the dose-response relationships between maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk to better understand lactational transfer of lead from blood and plasma into milk and, ultimately, to the breastfeeding infant. METHODS We measured lead in 81 maternal blood, plasma, and breast milk samples at 1 month postpartum and in 60 infant blood samples at 3 months of age. Milk-to-plasma (M/P) lead ratios were calculated. Multivariate linear, piecewise, and generalized additive models were used to examine dose-response relationships between blood, plasma, and milk lead levels. RESULTS Maternal lead levels (mean±SD) were as follows: blood: 7.7±4.0 μg/dL; plasma: 0.1±0.1 μg/L; milk: 0.8±0.7 μg/L. The average M/P lead ratio was 7.7 (range, 0.6-39.8) with 97% of the ratios being >1. The dose-response relationship between plasma lead and M/P ratio was nonlinear (empirical distribution function=6.5, p=0.0006) with the M/P ratio decreasing by 16.6 and 0.6 per 0.1 μg/L of plasma lead, respectively, below and above 0.1 μg/L plasma lead. Infant blood lead level (3.4±2.2 μg/dL) increased by 1.8 μg/dL per 1 μg/L milk lead (p<0.0001, R2=0.3). CONCLUSIONS The M/P ratio for lead in humans is substantially higher than previously reported, and transfer of lead from plasma to milk may be higher at lower levels of plasma lead. Breast milk is an important determinant of lead burden among breastfeeding infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne S Ettinger
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Were FH, Moturi MC, Gottesfeld P, Wafula GA, Kamau GN, Shiundu PM. Lead exposure and blood pressure among workers in diverse industrial plants in Kenya. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:706-715. [PMID: 24690073 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.908258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated airborne exposures and blood lead (BPb) levels in 233 production workers at six diverse industrial plants in Kenya. Blood and personal breathing zone air samples were collected and analyzed for lead (Pb) using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Blood pressure (BP) levels were measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. The results indicated mean airborne Pb levels ± standard deviation (SD) as follows: 183.2 ± 53.6 μg/m(3) in battery recycling, 133.5 ± 39.6 μg/m(3) in battery manufacturing, 126.2 ± 39.9 μg/m(3) in scrap metal welding, 76.3 ± 33.2 μg/m(3) in paint manufacturing, 27.3 ± 12.1 μg/m(3) in a leather manufacturing, and 5.5 ± 3.6 μg/m(3) in a pharmaceutical plant. The mean airborne Pb levels exceeded the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for Pb of 50 μg/m(3) in the battery manufacturing, battery recycling, welding, and paint manufacturing plants. Similarly, mean BPb concentrations exceeded the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®) biological exposure index (BEI) for Pb of 30 μg/dl. A significant positive association was observed between BPb and breathing zone air Pb (R(2) = 0.73, P < 0.001). Approximately 30% of the production workers (N = 233) were in the hypertensive range with an average systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) of 134.7 ± 12.7 mmHg and 86.4 ± 8.9 mmHg, respectively. In the multivariate regression analysis, age, duration of work, airborne Pb and BPb levels were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with a change in BP. We recommend improved engineering controls, work practices, and personal hygiene to reduce Pb exposures. In addition, workers should undergo comprehensive medical surveillance to include BPb and BP testing, and airborne Pb assessments in all industries with significant lead exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faridah H Were
- a Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI) , Nairobi , Kenya
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