101
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Lu E, Cyster JG. G-protein coupled receptors and ligands that organize humoral immune responses. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:158-172. [PMID: 30977196 PMCID: PMC6464390 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B-cell responses are dynamic processes that depend on multiple types of interactions. Rare antigen-specific B cells must encounter antigen and specialized systems are needed-unique to each lymphoid tissue type-to ensure this happens efficiently. Lymphoid tissue barrier cells act to ensure that pathogens, while being permitted entry for B-cell recognition, are blocked from replication or dissemination. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells often need to be primed by dendritic cells before supporting B-cell responses. For most responses, antigen-specific helper T cells and B cells need to interact, first to initiate clonal expansion and the plasmablast response, and later to support the germinal center (GC) response. Newly formed plasma cells need to travel to supportive niches. GC B cells must become confined to the follicle center, organize into dark and light zones, and interact with Tfh cells. Memory B cells need to be positioned for rapid responses following reinfection. Each of these events requires the actions of multiple G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their ligands, including chemokines and lipid mediators. This review will focus on the guidance cue code underlying B-cell immunity, with an emphasis on findings from our laboratory and on newer advances in related areas. We will discuss our recent identification of geranylgeranyl-glutathione as a ligand for P2RY8. Our goal is to provide the reader with a focused knowledge about the GPCRs guiding B-cell responses and how they might be therapeutic targets, while also providing examples of how multiple types of GPCRs can cooperate or act iteratively to control cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Lu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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102
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Sant AJ, DiPiazza AT, Nayak JL, Rattan A, Richards KA. CD4 T cells in protection from influenza virus: Viral antigen specificity and functional potential. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:91-105. [PMID: 29944766 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells convey a number of discrete functions to protective immunity to influenza, a complexity that distinguishes this arm of adaptive immunity from B cells and CD8 T cells. Although the most well recognized function of CD4 T cells is provision of help for antibody production, CD4 T cells are important in many aspects of protective immunity. Our studies have revealed that viral antigen specificity is a key determinant of CD4 T cell function, as illustrated both by mouse models of infection and human vaccine responses, a factor whose importance is due at least in part to events in viral antigen handling. We discuss research that has provided insight into the diverse viral epitope specificity of CD4 T cells elicited after infection, how this primary response is modified as CD4 T cells home to the lung, establish memory, and after challenge with a secondary and distinct influenza virus strain. Our studies in human subjects point out the challenges facing vaccine efforts to facilitate responses to novel and avian strains of influenza, as well as strategies that enhance the ability of CD4 T cells to promote protective antibody responses to both seasonal and potentially pandemic strains of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anthony T DiPiazza
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L Nayak
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ajitanuj Rattan
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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103
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Finney J, Yeh CH, Kelsoe G, Kuraoka M. Germinal center responses to complex antigens. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:42-50. [PMID: 29944756 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the primary sites of antibody affinity maturation, sites where B-cell antigen-receptor (BCR) genes rapidly acquire mutations and are selected for increasing affinity for antigen. This process of hypermutation and affinity-driven selection results in the clonal expansion of B cells expressing mutated BCRs and acts to hone the antibody repertoire for greater avidity and specificity. Remarkably, whereas the process of affinity maturation has been confirmed in a number of laboratories, models for how affinity maturation in GCs operates are largely from studies of genetically restricted B-cell populations competing for a single hapten epitope. Much less is known about GC responses to complex antigens, which involve both inter- and intraclonal competition for many epitopes. In this review, we (i) compare current methods for analysis of the GC B-cell repertoire, (ii) describe recent studies of GC population dynamics in response to complex antigens, discussing how the observed repertoire changes support or depart from the standard model of clonal selection, and (iii) speculate on the nature and potential importance of the large fraction of GC B cells that do not appear to interact with native antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chen-Hao Yeh
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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104
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Wan Z, Lin Y, Zhao Y, Qi H. T
FH
cells in bystander and cognate interactions with B cells. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:28-36. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zurong Wan
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Yihan Lin
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Yongshan Zhao
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Hai Qi
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesTsinghua University Beijing China
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105
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BCR affinity differentially regulates colonization of the subepithelial dome and infiltration into germinal centers within Peyer's patches. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:482-492. [PMID: 30833793 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gut-derived antigens trigger immunoglobulin A (IgA) immune responses that are initiated by cognate B cells in Peyer's patches (PPs). These cells colonize the subepithelial domes (SEDs) of the PPs and subsequently infiltrate pre-existing germinal centers (GCs). Here we defined the pre-GC events and the micro-anatomical site at which affinity-based B cell selection occurred in PPs. Using whole-organ imaging, we showed that the affinity of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) regulated the infiltration of antigen-specific B cells into GCs but not clonal competition in the SED. Follicular helper-like T cells resided in the SED and promoted its B cell colonization, independently of the magnitude of BCR affinity. Imaging and immunoglobulin sequencing indicated that selective clonal expansion ensued during infiltration into GCs. Thus, in contrast to the events in draining lymph nodes and spleen, in PPs, T cells promoted mainly the population expansion of B cells without clonal selection during pre-GC events. These findings have major implications for the design of oral vaccines.
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106
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Mlynarczyk C, Fontán L, Melnick A. Germinal center-derived lymphomas: The darkest side of humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:214-239. [PMID: 30874354 PMCID: PMC6518944 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the unusual features of germinal center (GC) B cells is that they manifest many hallmarks of cancer cells. Accordingly, most B-cell neoplasms originate from the GC reaction, and characteristically display abundant point mutations, structural genomic lesions, and clonal diversity from the genetic and epigenetic standpoints. The dominant biological theme of GC-derived lymphomas is mutation of genes involved in epigenetic regulation and immune receptor signaling, which come into play at critical transitional stages of the GC reaction. Hence, mechanistic studies of these mutations reveal fundamental insight into the biology of the normal and malignant GC B cell. The BCL6 transcription factor plays a central role in establishing the GC phenotype in B cells, and most lymphomas are dependent on BCL6 to maintain survival, proliferation, and perhaps immune evasion. Many lymphoma mutations have the commonality of enhancing the oncogenic functions of BCL6, or overcoming some of its tumor suppressive effects. Herein, we discuss how unique features of the GC reaction create vulnerabilities that select for particular lymphoma mutations. We examine the interplay between epigenetic programming, metabolism, signaling, and immune regulatory mechanisms in lymphoma, and discuss how these are leading to novel precision therapy strategies to treat lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Lorena Fontán
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of MedicineDivision of Hematology & Medical OncologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew York CityNew York
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107
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Louie DAP, Liao S. Lymph Node Subcapsular Sinus Macrophages as the Frontline of Lymphatic Immune Defense. Front Immunol 2019; 10:347. [PMID: 30891035 PMCID: PMC6413714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels collect and transport lymph and pathogens to the draining lymph node (LN) to generate proper immune protection. A layer of macrophages that strategically line the LN subcapsular sinus (SCS) is directly exposed to the afferent lymph and are denoted as SCS macrophages. These macrophages are the frontline of immune defense that interact with lymph-borne antigens. The importance of these macrophages in limiting the spread of pathogens has been demonstrated in both viral and bacterial infection. In anti-microbial responses, these macrophages can directly or indirectly activate other LN innate immune cells to fight against pathogens, as well as activate T cells or B cells for adaptive immunity. As the first layer of immune cells embracing the tumor-derived antigens, SCS macrophages also actively participate in cancer immune regulation. Recent studies have shown that the LNs' SCS macrophage layer is interrupted in disease models. Despite their importance in fighting the spread of pathogens and in activating anti-tumor immunity, the mechanism and the immunological functional consequences for their disruption are not well-understood. Understanding the mechanism of these macrophages will enhance their capability for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Alexander Patrick Louie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shan Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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108
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can be viewed as translators between innate and adaptive immunity. They integrate signals derived from tissue infection or damage and present processed antigen from these sites to naive T cells in secondary lymphoid organs while also providing multiple soluble and surface-bound signals that help to guide T cell differentiation. DC-mediated tailoring of the appropriate T cell programme ensures a proper cascade of immune responses that adequately targets the insult. Recent advances in our understanding of the different types of DC subsets along with the cellular organization and orchestration of DC and lymphocyte positioning in secondary lymphoid organs over time has led to a clearer understanding of how the nature of the T cell response is shaped. This Review discusses how geographical organization and ordered sequences of cellular interactions in lymph nodes and the spleen regulate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Immunobiology, Section of Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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109
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Kotov JA, Jenkins MK. Cutting Edge: T Cell-Dependent Plasmablasts Form in the Absence of Single Differentiated CD4 + T Cell Subsets. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:401-405. [PMID: 30552165 PMCID: PMC6324993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The T follicular helper (Tfh) cell subset of CD4+ Th cells promotes affinity maturation by B cells in germinal centers. The contribution of other Th cell subsets to B cell responses has not been fully explored in vivo. We addressed this issue by analyzing the T cell-dependent B cell response to the protein Ag PE in mice lacking specific Th cell subsets. As expected, PE-specific germinal center B cell production required Tfh cells. However, Tfh, Th1, or Th17 cell-deficient mice produced as many PE-specific, isotype-switched plasmablasts as wild-type mice. This response depended on Th cell expression of CD154 and Ag presentation by B cells. These results indicate that many Th cell subsets can promote plasmablast formation by providing CD40 signals to naive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kotov
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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110
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Stebegg M, Kumar SD, Silva-Cayetano A, Fonseca VR, Linterman MA, Graca L. Regulation of the Germinal Center Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2469. [PMID: 30410492 PMCID: PMC6209676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which can provide protection against reinfection. Within the GC, B cells undergo somatic mutation of the genes encoding their B cell receptors which, following successful selection, can lead to the emergence of B cell clones that bind antigen with high affinity. However, this mutation process can also be dangerous, as it can create autoreactive clones that can cause autoimmunity. Because of this, regulation of GC reactions is critical to ensure high affinity antibody production and to enforce self-tolerance by avoiding emergence of autoreactive B cell clones. A productive GC response requires the collaboration of multiple cell types. The stromal cell network orchestrates GC cell dynamics by controlling antigen delivery and cell trafficking. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide specialized help to GC B cells through cognate T-B cell interactions while Foxp3+ T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are key mediators of GC regulation. However, regulation of GC responses is not a simple outcome of Tfh/Tfr balance, but also involves the contribution of other cell types to modulate the GC microenvironment and to avoid autoimmunity. Thus, the regulation of the GC is complex, and occurs at multiple levels. In this review we outline recent developments in the biology of cell subsets involved in the regulation of GC reactions, in both secondary lymphoid tissues, and Peyer's patches (PPs). We discuss the mechanisms which enable the generation of potent protective humoral immunity whilst GC-derived autoimmunity is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya D Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Valter R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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111
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Osuna CE, Lim SY, Kublin JL, Apps R, Chen E, Mota TM, Huang SH, Ren Y, Bachtel ND, Tsibris AM, Ackerman ME, Jones RB, Nixon DF, Whitney JB. Evidence that CD32a does not mark the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Nature 2018; 561:E20-E28. [PMID: 30232424 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Osuna
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - So-Yon Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Kublin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Apps
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elsa Chen
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Talia M Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Bachtel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Athe M Tsibris
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - James B Whitney
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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112
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Burbage M, Keppler SJ. Shaping the humoral immune response: Actin regulators modulate antigen presentation and influence B-T interactions. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:370-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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113
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Zheng S, Li H, Lai K, Chen M, Fu G, Liu WH, Fu G, Nie L. Noninvasive photoacoustic and fluorescent tracking of optical dye labeled T cellular activities of diseased sites at new depth. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800073. [PMID: 29701012 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The migration of immune cells is crucial to the immune response. Visualization of these processes has previously been limited because of the imaging depth. We developed a deep-penetrating, sensitive and high-resolution method to use fast photoacoustic tomography (PAT) to image the dynamic changes of T cells in lymph node and diseases at new depth (up to 9.5 mm). T cells labeled with NIR-797-isothiocyanate, an excellent near-infrared photoacoustic and fluorescent agent, were intravenously injected to the mice. We used fluorescence imaging to determine the location of T cells roughly and photoacoustic imaging is used to observe T-cell responses in diseased sites deeply and carefully. The dynamic changes of T cells in lymph node, acute disease (bacterial infection) and chronic disease (tumor) were observed noninvasively by photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging at different time points. T cells accumulated gradually and reached a maximum at 4 hours and declined afterwards in lymph node and bacterial infection site. At tumor model, T cells immigrated to the tumor with a maximum at 12 hours. Our study can not only provide a new observing method for immune activities tracking, but also enable continuous monitoring for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Honghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kejiong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Maomao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guofeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen-Hsien Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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114
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Petersone L, Edner NM, Ovcinnikovs V, Heuts F, Ross EM, Ntavli E, Wang CJ, Walker LSK. T Cell/B Cell Collaboration and Autoimmunity: An Intimate Relationship. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1941. [PMID: 30210496 PMCID: PMC6119692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-ordinated interaction between distinct cell types is a hallmark of successful immune function. A striking example of this is the carefully orchestrated cooperation between helper T cells and B cells that occurs during the initiation and fine-tuning of T-cell dependent antibody responses. While these processes have evolved to permit rapid immune defense against infection, it is becoming increasingly clear that such interactions can also underpin the development of autoimmunity. Here we discuss a selection of cellular and molecular pathways that mediate T cell/B cell collaboration and highlight how in vivo models and genome wide association studies link them with autoimmune disease. In particular, we emphasize how CTLA-4-mediated regulation of CD28 signaling controls the engagement of secondary costimulatory pathways such as ICOS and OX40, and profoundly influences the capacity of T cells to provide B cell help. While our molecular understanding of the co-operation between T cells and B cells derives from analysis of secondary lymphoid tissues, emerging evidence suggests that subtly different rules may govern the interaction of T and B cells at ectopic sites during autoimmune inflammation. Accordingly, the phenotype of the T cells providing help at these sites includes notable distinctions, despite sharing core features with T cells imparting help in secondary lymphoid tissues. Finally, we highlight the interdependence of T cell and B cell responses and suggest that a significant beneficial impact of B cell depletion in autoimmune settings may be its detrimental effect on T cells engaged in molecular conversation with B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucy S. K. Walker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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115
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Xu H, Ziani W, Shao J, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Wang X. Impaired Development and Expansion of Germinal Center Follicular Th Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Neonatal Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1994-2003. [PMID: 30104244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) CD4+ follicular Th (Tfh) cells are critical for cognate B cell help in humoral immune responses to pathogenic infections. Although Tfh cells are expanded or depleted in HIV/SIV-infected adults, the effects of pediatric HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells remain unclear. In this study, we examined changes in lymphoid follicle formation in lymph nodes focusing on GC Tfh cells, B cell development, and differentiation in SIV-infected neonatal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) compared with age-matched cohorts. Our data showed that follicles and GCs of normal infants rapidly formed in the first few weeks of age, in parallel with increasing GC Tfh cells in various lymphoid tissues. In contrast, GC development and GC Tfh cells were markedly impaired in SIV-infected infants. There was a very low frequency of GC Tfh cells throughout SIV infection in neonates and subsequent infants, accompanied by high viremia, reduction of B cell proliferation/resting memory B cells, and displayed proinflammatory unresponsiveness. These findings indicate neonatal HIV/SIV infection compromises the development of GC Tfh cells, likely contributing to ineffective Ab responses, high viremia, and eventually rapid disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Widade Ziani
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Jiasheng Shao
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
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116
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Lin YC, Pecetta S, Steichen JM, Kratochvil S, Melzi E, Arnold J, Dougan SK, Wu L, Kirsch KH, Nair U, Schief WR, Batista FD. One-step CRISPR/Cas9 method for the rapid generation of human antibody heavy chain knock-in mice. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899243. [PMID: 30087111 PMCID: PMC6138433 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a one-step, in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease-mediated strategy to generate knock-in mice. We produced knock-in (KI) mice wherein a 1.9-kb DNA fragment bearing a pre-arranged human B-cell receptor heavy chain was recombined into the native murine immunoglobulin locus. Our methodology relies on Cas9 nuclease-induced double-stranded breaks directed by two sgRNAs to occur within the specific target locus of fertilized oocytes. These double-stranded breaks are subsequently repaired via homology-directed repair by a plasmid-borne template containing the pre-arranged human immunoglobulin heavy chain. To validate our knock-in mouse model, we examined the expression of the KI immunoglobulin heavy chains by following B-cell development and performing single B-cell receptor sequencing. We optimized this strategy to generate immunoglobulin KI mice in a short amount of time with a high frequency of homologous recombination (30-50%). In the future, we envision that such knock-in mice will provide much needed vaccination models to evaluate immunoresponses against immunogens specific for various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cing Lin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simone Pecetta
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jon M Steichen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Eleonora Melzi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johan Arnold
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Lin Wu
- Genome Modification Facility, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Usha Nair
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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117
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Moysi E, Petrovas C, Koup RA. The role of follicular helper CD4 T cells in the development of HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibody responses. Retrovirology 2018; 15:54. [PMID: 30081906 PMCID: PMC6080353 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of HIV-1-specific antibodies that can neutralize a broad number of isolates is a major goal of HIV-1 vaccination strategies. However, to date no candidate HIV-1 vaccine has successfully elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies of sufficient quality and breadth for protection. In this review, we focus on the role of follicular helper CD4 T-cells (Tfh) in the development of such cross-reactive protective antibodies. We discuss germinal center (GC) formation and the dynamics of Tfh and GC B cells during HIV-1/SIV infection and vaccination. Finally, we consider future directions for the study of Tfh and offer perspective on factors that could be modulated to enhance Tfh function in the context of prophylactic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA
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118
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A human immune system mouse model with robust lymph node development. Nat Methods 2018; 15:623-630. [PMID: 30065364 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) facilitate the cellular interactions that orchestrate immune responses. Human immune system (HIS) mice are powerful tools for interrogation of human immunity but lack secondary lymphoid tissue (SLT) as a result of a deficiency in Il2rg-dependent lymphoid tissue inducer cells. To restore LN development, we induced expression of thymic-stromal-cell-derived lymphopoietin (TSLP) in a Balb/c Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-SirpaNOD (BRGS) HIS mouse model. The resulting BRGST HIS mice developed a full array of LNs with compartmentalized human B and T cells. Compared with BRGS HIS mice, BRGST HIS mice have a larger thymus, more mature B cells, and abundant IL-21-producing follicular helper T (TFH) cells, and show enhanced antigen-specific responses. Using BRGST HIS mice, we demonstrated that LN TFH cells are targets of acute HIV infection and represent a reservoir for latent HIV. In summary, BRGST HIS mice reflect the effects of SLT development on human immune responses and provide a model for visualization and interrogation of regulators of immunity.
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119
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Mechanics of antigen extraction in the B cell synapse. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:319-328. [PMID: 30036798 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B cell encounter with antigen displayed on antigen-presenting cells leads to B cell immune synapse formation, internalisation of the antigen, and stimulation of antibody responses. The sensitivity with which B cells detect antigen, and the quality and quantity of antigen that B cells acquire, depend upon mechanical properties of the immune synapse including interfacial tension, the strength of intermolecular bonds, and the compliance of the molecules and membranes that participate in antigen presentation. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how these various physical parameters influence B cell antigen extraction in the immune synapse and how a more comprehensive understanding of B cell mechanics may promote the development of new approaches to stimulate the production of desired antibodies.
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120
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Drake JR. The immunobiology of ubiquitin-dependent B cell receptor functions. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:146-154. [PMID: 29940407 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation by dendritic cells is necessary for activation of naïve CD4 T cells, whereas class II-restricted antigen presentation by B lymphocytes and macrophages is important for the recruitment of CD4+ helper and regulatory T cells. Antigen presentation by B cells is also important for induction of T cell tolerance. B cells are unique among these three types of MHC class II-expressing antigen presenting cells (APC) as they constitutively express high levels of cell surface class II molecules and express a clonally restricted antigen specific receptor, the B cell receptor (BCR). Here, I review our current understanding of three major steps that underlie the processing and presentation of BCR-bound cognate antigen: (1) endocytosis of antigen-BCR (Ag-BCR) complexes, (2) Ag-BCR trafficking to intracellular antigen processing compartments and (3) generation of antigenic peptide-MHC class II complexes, with a particular focus on the role of BCR ubiquitination in each. I will highlight potential topics for future research and briefly discuss the impact of the cell biology of BCR-mediated antigen processing on the response of the B cell and T cell to the cell-cell interactions mediated by B cell-expressed peptide-class II complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Drake
- Albany Medical College, Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, 47 New Scotland Ave., MC-151, Albany, NY 12208-3479, United States.
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121
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Greczmiel U, Oxenius A. The Janus Face of Follicular T Helper Cells in Chronic Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1162. [PMID: 29887868 PMCID: PMC5982684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections with non-cytopathic viruses constitutively expose virus-specific adaptive immune cells to cognate antigen, requiring their numeric and functional adaptation. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are compromised by various means in their effector functions, collectively termed T cell exhaustion. Alike CD8 T cells, virus-specific CD4 Th1 cell responses are gradually downregulated but instead, follicular T helper (TFH) cell differentiation and maintenance is strongly promoted during chronic infection. Thereby, the immune system promotes antibody responses, which bear less immune-pathological risk compared to cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory T cell responses. This emphasis on TFH cells contributes to tolerance of the chronic infection and is pivotal for the continued maturation and adaptation of the antibody response, leading eventually to the emergence of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which possess the potential to control the established chronic infection. However, sustained high levels of TFH cells can also result in a less stringent B cell selection process in active germinal center reactions, leading to the activation of virus-unspecific B cells, including self-reactive B cells, and to hypergammaglobulinemia. This dispersal of B cell help comes at the expense of a stringently selected virus-specific antibody response, thereby contributing to its delayed maturation. Here, we discuss these opposing facets of TFH cells in chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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122
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Hao Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Yang X, Wang P, Tian Q, Bai Q, Chen X, Li Z, Wu J, Xie Z, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Yin Z, Wu Y, Ye L. The Kinase Complex mTOR Complex 2 Promotes the Follicular Migration and Functional Maturation of Differentiated Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells During Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1127. [PMID: 29875775 PMCID: PMC5974104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cells are critical for optimal B-cell-mediated humoral immunity by initiating, fueling, and sustaining germinal center reactions. The differentiation of TFH cells relies on multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors; however, the details by which these factors are integrated to coordinate TFH differentiation are largely unknown. In this study, using a mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) viral infection, we demonstrate that mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) kinase integrates TCR signaling and ICOS-mediated co-stimulation to promote late differentiation and functional maturation of virus-specific TFH cells. Specifically, mTORC2 functions to maintain TFH lineage specifications, including phenotypes, migratory characteristics, and functional properties. Thus, our results highlight the importance of mTORC2 in guarding TFH phenotypic and functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Hao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Bai
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhunyi Xie
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyang Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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123
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Ikuse T, Ohtsuka Y, Obayashi N, Jimbo K, Aoyagi Y, Kudo T, Asaoka D, Hojo M, Nagahara A, Watanabe S, Blanchard TG, Czinn SJ, Shimizu T. Host response genes associated with nodular gastritis in Helicobacter pylori infection. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:446-454. [PMID: 29415337 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection in children induces lymphoid hyperplasia called nodular gastritis (NG) at the antral gastric mucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate genes in gastric biopsy on microarray analysis, to identify molecules associated with NG on comparison with NG-negative pediatric corpus tissue and with H. pylori-infected adult tissue with atrophic gastritis (AG). METHODS Eight pediatric and six adult H. pylori-infected patients, as well as six pediatric and six adult uninfected patients were evaluated. All infected adults had AG. NG was observed in the antrum of all eight pediatric patients and in the corpus of three patients. Adult and uninfected patients were free of NG; that is, only pediatric H. pylori-infected patients had NG. Total RNA was purified from gastric biopsy, and microarray analysis was performed to compare gene expression between groups. The three infected children with NG in both the antrum and corpus were excluded from analysis of corpus samples. RESULTS The number of genes significantly up- or downregulated (fold change >3, P < 0.01) compared with uninfected controls varied widely: 72 in pediatric antrum, 45 in pediatric corpus, 103 in adult antrum and 71 in adult corpus. Nineteen genes had significantly altered expression in the antrum of NG tissue compared with NG-negative pediatric corpus tissue and adult AG tissue. The CD20 B-cell specific differentiation antigen had the most pronounced increase. Previously described regulators of NG development were not predominantly upregulated in the NG mucosa. CONCLUSIONS CD20 overexpression may play an important role in lymphoid follicle enlargement and NG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Ikuse
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Ohtsuka
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naho Obayashi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Jimbo
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo Aoyagi
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kudo
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Hojo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Nagahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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124
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Abstract
Dynamic imaging analyses of antigen-specific T-B interactions in germinal centers have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying affinity maturation and provided a wealth of information about how follicular helper T cells function in vivo. Here we describe a routine method to visualize fluorescence protein-expressing, antigen-specific T and B cells in germinal centers. The protocol for incorporating functional reporters or genetic perturbation of the T cells by retroviral transduction is also briefly described, using the FRET-based calcium reporter as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Shih
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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125
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Moore JE, Brook BS, Nibbs RJB. Chemokine Transport Dynamics and Emerging Recognition of Their Role in Immune Function. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 5:90-95. [PMID: 30320240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is critically important during all protective and pathological immune and inflammatory responses. Chemokines play fundamental roles in this process, and chemokine concentration gradients stimulate the directional migration of leukocytes. The formation and regulation of these gradients is poorly understood. These are complex processes that depend on the specific properties of each chemokine and interactions between physical, biological and biochemical processes, including production, diffusion, advection, scavenging, post-translational modification, and extracellular matrix (ECM) binding. While some of these mechanisms have been investigated in isolation or limited combinations, more integrative research is required to provide a quantitative knowledge base that explains how chemokine gradients are established and maintained, and how cells respond to, and modify, these gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines Building, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bindi S Brook
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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126
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are organized lymphoid tissue microstructures where B cells proliferate and differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells. A few distinctive subsets of highly specialized T cells gain access to the GCs by expressing the B cell zone–homing C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) while losing the T cell zone–homing chemokine receptor CCR7. Help from T cells is critical to induce B cell proliferation and somatic hyper mutation and to limit GC reactions. CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells required for the formation of GCs and for the generation of long-lived, high-affinity B cells. Regulatory CD4+ (TFR) and CD8+ T cells co-localize with TFH cells and keep their expansion in check, thus limiting GC reactions. A cytotoxic CXCR5pos CD8+ T cell subset has been described in GCs in humans: although low in number, GC CD8+ T cells can expand rapidly during certain viral infections. Because these subsets find their home in secondary lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes and spleen) that are difficult to obtain in humans, GC–homing T cells have been extensively studied in mice. Nevertheless, significant limitations in using this model, such as evolutionary divergences between mice and humans and the lack of an optimal mouse model for certain human diseases, have prompted investigators to characterize GC–homing T cells in macaques instead. This review will focus on discoveries made in macaques, particularly in the non-human primate models of simian immunodeficiency virus and simian–human immunodeficiency virus infection. Indeed, experimental studies in these models have allowed researchers to gain insight into the relative role of follicular T cell subsets in HIV progression, virus persistence, and specific B cell responses induced by HIV vaccines. These discoveries have prompted the testing of novel approaches aimed to manipulate follicular T cells to increase the efficacy of HIV vaccines and to eliminate HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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127
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Yan H, Wu L, Shih C, Hou S, Shi J, Mao T, Chen W, Melvin B, Rigby RJ, Chen Y, Jiang H, Friedel RH, Vinuesa CG, Qi H. Plexin B2 and Semaphorin 4C Guide T Cell Recruitment and Function in the Germinal Center. Cell Rep 2018; 19:995-1007. [PMID: 28467912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper (TFH) cells orchestrate the germinal center (GC) response locally. TFH localization in GCs is controlled by chemo-guidance cues and antigen-specific adhesion. Here. we define an antigen-independent, contact-dependent, adhesive guidance system for TFH cells. Unusual for amoeboid cell migration, the system is composed of transmembrane plexin B2 (PlxnB2) molecule, which is highly expressed by GC B cells, and its transmembrane binding partner semaphorin 4C (Sema4C), which is upregulated on TFH cells. Sema4C on TFH cells serves as a receptor to sense the GC-presented PlxnB2 cue and biases TFH migration inwards at the GC edge to promote GC access. The absence of PlxnB2 from the GC or Sema4C from TFH cells causes TFH accumulation along the GC border, impairs T-B cell interactions in the GC, and is associated with defective plasma cell production and affinity maturation. Therefore, Sema4C and PlxnB2 regulate GC TFH recruitment and function and optimize antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Longyan Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Changming Shih
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiyue Hou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingwen Shi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianyang Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bhavani Melvin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert J Rigby
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yingjia Chen
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haochen Jiang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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128
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de Leur K, Clahsen-van Groningen MC, van den Bosch TPP, de Graav GN, Hesselink DA, Samsom JN, Baan CC, Boer K. Characterization of ectopic lymphoid structures in different types of acute renal allograft rejection. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 192:224-232. [PMID: 29319177 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that T cells such as interleukin (IL)-21+ B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6)+ T follicular helper cells can regulate B cell-mediated immunity within the allograft during acute T cell-mediated rejection; this process may feed chronic allograft rejection in the long term. To investigate this mechanism, we determined the presence and activation status of organized T and B cells in so-called ectopic lymphoid structures (ELSs) in different types of acute renal allograft rejection. Biopsies showing the following primary diagnosis were included: acute/active antibody-mediated rejection, C4d+ (a/aABMR), acute T cell-mediated rejection grade I (aTCMRI) and acute T cell-mediated rejection grade II (aTCMRII). Paraffin sections were stained for T cells (CD3 and CD4), B cells (CD20), follicular dendritic cells (FDCs, CD23), activated B cells (CD79A), immunoglobulin (Ig)D, cell proliferation (Ki67) and double immunofluorescent stainings for IL-21 and BCL6 were performed. Infiltrates of T cells were detected in all biopsies. In aTCMRI, B cells formed aggregates surrounded by T cells. In these aggregates, FDCs, IgD and Ki67 were detected, suggesting the presence of ELSs. In contrast, a/aABMR and aTCMRII showed diffuse infiltrates of T and B cells but no FDCs and IgD. IL-21 was present in all biopsies. However, co-localization with BCL6 was observed mainly in aTCMRI biopsies. In conclusion, ELSs with an activated phenotype are found predominantly in aTCMRI where T cells co-localize with B cells. These findings suggest a direct pathway of B cell alloactivation at the graft site during T cell mediated rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K de Leur
- Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of HPB and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - T P P van den Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G N de Graav
- Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D A Hesselink
- Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C C Baan
- Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K Boer
- Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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129
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In Vivo Tracking of Particulate Antigen Localization and Recognition by B Lymphocytes at Lymph Nodes. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29388106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7474-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The development of experimental systems that allow in vivo antigen tracking as well as the study of B cell dynamics in real time and in situ, have transformed our understanding of the "how, when and where" B lymphocytes find antigen at secondary lymphoid organs in the last 10 years. Here, I described one of these experimental models, which uses highly fluorescent particulate antigen and B cell receptor (BCR)-transgenic B cells labeled with long-term fluorescent probes, combined with confocal and multiphoton microscopy.
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130
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Wang X, Xu H. Potential Epigenetic Regulation in the Germinal Center Reaction of Lymphoid Tissues in HIV/SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:159. [PMID: 29449847 PMCID: PMC5799247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of high-affinity and broadly neutralizing antibodies plays a key role in the defense against pathogens. These antibody responses require effective germinal center (GC) reaction within anatomical niches of GCs, where follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide cognate help to B cells for T cell-dependent antibody responses. Emerging evidences indicate that GC reaction in normal state and perhaps establishment of latent Tfh cell reservoir in HIV/SIV infection are tightly regulated by epigenetic histone modifications, which are responsible for activating or silencing chromatin. A better understanding of the mechanisms behind GC responses at cellular and molecular levels thus provides necessary knowledge for vaccination and immunotherapy. In this review, we discussed the epigenetic regulation of GC responses, especially for GC B and Tfh cell under normal state or HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
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131
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Kara EE, Bastow CR, McKenzie DR, Gregor CE, Fenix KA, Babb R, Norton TS, Zotos D, Rodda LB, Hermes JR, Bourne K, Gilchrist DS, Nibbs RJ, Alsharifi M, Vinuesa CG, Tarlinton DM, Brink R, Hill GR, Cyster JG, Comerford I, McColl SR. Atypical chemokine receptor 4 shapes activated B cell fate. J Exp Med 2018; 215:801-813. [PMID: 29386231 PMCID: PMC5839757 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated B cells can initially differentiate into three functionally distinct fates-early plasmablasts (PBs), germinal center (GC) B cells, or early memory B cells-by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here, we identify atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4), a decoy receptor that binds and degrades CCR7 ligands CCL19/CCL21, as a regulator of early activated B cell differentiation. By restricting initial access to splenic interfollicular zones (IFZs), ACKR4 limits the early proliferation of activated B cells, reducing the numbers available for subsequent differentiation. Consequently, ACKR4 deficiency enhanced early PB and GC B cell responses in a CCL19/CCL21-dependent and B cell-intrinsic manner. Conversely, aberrant localization of ACKR4-deficient activated B cells to the IFZ was associated with their preferential commitment to the early PB linage. Our results reveal a regulatory mechanism of B cell trafficking via an atypical chemokine receptor that shapes activated B cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin E Kara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cameron R Bastow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Duncan R McKenzie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carly E Gregor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin A Fenix
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachelle Babb
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Todd S Norton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dimitra Zotos
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren B Rodda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jana R Hermes
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Bourne
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Derek S Gilchrist
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Robert J Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Iain Comerford
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia .,Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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132
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Azimzade Y, Mashaghi A. Search efficiency of biased migration towards stationary or moving targets in heterogeneously structured environments. Phys Rev E 2018; 96:062415. [PMID: 29347391 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.062415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Efficient search acts as a strong selective force in biological systems ranging from cellular populations to predator-prey systems. The search processes commonly involve finding a stationary or mobile target within a heterogeneously structured environment where obstacles limit migration. An open generic question is whether random or directionally biased motions or a combination of both provide an optimal search efficiency and how that depends on the motility and density of targets and obstacles. To address this question, we develop a simple model that involves a random walker searching for its targets in a heterogeneous medium of bond percolation square lattice and used mean first passage time (〈T〉) as an indication of average search time. Our analysis reveals a dual effect of directional bias on the minimum value of 〈T〉. For a homogeneous medium, directionality always decreases 〈T〉 and a pure directional migration (a ballistic motion) serves as the optimized strategy, while for a heterogeneous environment, we find that the optimized strategy involves a combination of directed and random migrations. The relative contribution of these modes is determined by the density of obstacles and motility of targets. Existence of randomness and motility of targets add to the efficiency of search. Our study reveals generic and simple rules that govern search efficiency. Our findings might find application in a number of areas including immunology, cell biology, ecology, and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Azimzade
- Department of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-547, Iran.,Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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133
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Abstract
Live imaging using various microscopic technologies is an indispensable tool for investigating the dynamic nature of immune cells. One of the most powerful techniques is the two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (TP-LSM), which has various advantages in observing deep tissues in vivo. Interstitial T cell migration in the lymph node (LN) is a phenomenon intensively examined using TP-LSM in the field of immunology. Intravital and explant methods have been standards for imaging T cell behaviors in the LN, though there are several limitations. Live imaging of LN slices, an LN explant sliced by a vibratome to expose tissue parenchyma, could provide an alternative approach with technical advantages for an in-depth analysis of interstitial T cell migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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134
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Abstract
B cell responses play a central role in humoral immunity, which protects an individual from invading pathogens by antigen-specific antibodies. Understanding the basic principles of the B cell responses during viral infection is of substantial importance for anti-viral vaccine development. In inbred mice, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection elicits robust and typical T cell-dependent B cell responses, including germinal center reaction, memory B cell formation, and a long-lived plasma cell pool in bone marrow. Therefore, this system represents an ideal model to investigate anti-viral B cell responses. In this protocol, we describe how to propagate and quantify LCMV and successfully establish an acute LCMV infection in mice. This protocol also provides three different techniques to analyze B cell responses specific to an acute LCMV infection: the identification of germinal center (GC) B cells and follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells from the spleens and lymph nodes via flow cytometry, titration of LCMV-specific IgG in the serum after LCMV infection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis, and detection of LCMV-IgG secreted plasma cells from bone marrow with an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay.
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135
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Greczmiel U, Kräutler NJ, Pedrioli A, Bartsch I, Agnellini P, Bedenikovic G, Harker J, Richter K, Oxenius A. Sustained T follicular helper cell response is essential for control of chronic viral infection. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/18/eaam8686. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam8686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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136
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Hipp N, Symington H, Pastoret C, Caron G, Monvoisin C, Tarte K, Fest T, Delaloy C. IL-2 imprints human naive B cell fate towards plasma cell through ERK/ELK1-mediated BACH2 repression. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1443. [PMID: 29129929 PMCID: PMC5682283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cell differentiation is a tightly regulated process that requires appropriate T cell helps to reach the induction threshold. To further understand mechanisms by which T cell inputs regulate B cell fate decision, we investigate the minimal IL-2 stimulation for triggering human plasma cell differentiation in vitro. Here we show that the timed repression of BACH2 through IL-2-mediated ERK/ELK1 signalling pathway directs plasma cell lineage commitment. Enforced BACH2 repression in activated B cells unlocks the plasma cell transcriptional program and induces their differentiation into immunoglobulin M-secreting cells. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq results further identify BACH2 target genes involved in this process. An active regulatory region within the BACH2 super-enhancer, under ELK1 control and differentially regulated upon B-cell activation and cellular divisions, helps integrate IL-2 signal. Our study thus provides insights into the temporal regulation of BACH2 and its targets for controlling the differentiation of human naive B cells. T cells help B cells to differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. Here the authors show that T cells produce interleukin-2 to activate ERK/ELK1 and suppress BACH2 expression by modulating the BACH2 super-enhancer, thereby altering BACH2 downstream transcription programs for plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hipp
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Hannah Symington
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Cédric Pastoret
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes Cedex 9, France
| | - Gersende Caron
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes Cedex 9, France
| | - Céline Monvoisin
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Thérapie Cellulaire et Hématopoïèse (ITeCH), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes Cedex 9, France
| | - Thierry Fest
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France. .,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes Cedex 9, France.
| | - Céline Delaloy
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.
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137
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Zaretsky I, Atrakchi O, Mazor RD, Stoler-Barak L, Biram A, Feigelson SW, Gitlin AD, Engelhardt B, Shulman Z. ICAMs support B cell interactions with T follicular helper cells and promote clonal selection. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3435-3448. [PMID: 28939548 PMCID: PMC5679169 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism governing affinity-based B cell selection for germinal center colonization is unclear. Zaretsky et al. show that B cell ICAMs promote efficient B cell selection for clonal expansion by supporting sustained interactions with T follicular helper cells. The germinal center (GC) reaction begins with a diverse and expanded group of B cell clones bearing a wide range of antibody affinities. During GC colonization, B cells engage in long-lasting interactions with T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a process that depends on antigen uptake and antigen presentation to the Tfh cells. How long-lasting T–B interactions and B cell clonal expansion are regulated by antigen presentation remains unclear. Here, we use in vivo B cell competition models and intravital imaging to examine the adhesive mechanisms governing B cell selection for GC colonization. We find that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and ICAM-2 on B cells are essential for long-lasting cognate Tfh–B cell interactions and efficient selection of low-affinity B cell clones for proliferative clonal expansion. Thus, B cell ICAMs promote efficient antibody immune response by enhancement of T cell help to cognate B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofir Atrakchi
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roei D Mazor
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sara W Feigelson
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander D Gitlin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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138
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Nguyen MP, Hosking C, McLaughlin S, Lewis MD, Tumwine I, Levy P, Langhorne J. Follicular Helper T Cells are Essential for the Elimination of Plasmodium Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:216-230. [PMID: 28888925 PMCID: PMC5652023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been shown to be critical for the activation of germinal center (GC) B-cell responses. Similar to other infections, Plasmodium infection activates both GC as well as non-GC B cell responses. Here, we sought to explore whether Tfh cells and GC B cells are required to eliminate a Plasmodium infection. A CD4 T cell-targeted deletion of the gene that encodes Bcl6, the master transcription factor for the Tfh program, resulted in complete disruption of the Tfh response to Plasmodium chabaudi in C57BL/6 mice and consequent disruption of GC responses and IgG responses and the inability to eliminate the otherwise self-resolving chronic P. chabaudi infection. On the other hand, and contrary to previous observations in immunization and viral infection models, Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM)-Associated Protein (SAP)-deficient mice were able to activate Tfh cells, GC B cells, and IgG responses to the parasite. This study demonstrates the critical role for Tfh cells in controlling this systemic infection, and highlights differences in the signals required to activate GC B cell responses to this complex parasite compared with those of protein immunizations and viral infections. Therefore, these data are highly pertinent for designing malaria vaccines able to activate broadly protective B-cell responses. Chronic Plasmodium infection cannot be eliminated in the absence of Tfh cell responses. SAP-deficient mice are able to activate GC Tfh and GC B-cell responses to Plasmodium infection. There is a hierarchical requirement for the control of chronic Plasmodium infection following IL-21R > Tfh cells > SAP.
Successful vaccines work through activation of protective B-cell responses. Malaria, caused by Plasmodium infection transmitted by mosquito bites, remains a global threat. Despite substantial efforts, a vaccine able to bring about high levels of protection from Plasmodium infection remains elusive. Here, using an experimental malaria model including natural mosquito transmission, we demonstrate that proper activation of follicular helper CD4+ T cells is essential for the control and eradication of chronic Plasmodium infection through protective B-cell responses. Thus, it is strongly advisable for novel vaccine efforts to monitor the robust activation of this important immune compartment.
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139
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Chen T, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yang J, Li M, Wang K, Cui M, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. Recombinant rabies virus expressing IL-15 enhances immunogenicity through promoting the activation of dendritic cells in mice. Virol Sin 2017; 32:317-327. [PMID: 28861771 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains a public health threat that kills approximately 59,000 people worldwide each year, most of which are from the developing countries of Africa and Asia where dog rabies are endemic. Therefore, developing an affordable and efficacious vaccine is crucial for rabies control in these countries. Interleukin (IL)-15, an immunoregulatory cytokine, is a pluripotent molecule with therapeutic potential, which targets many cell types and links the innate and adaptive immune system. In this study, IL-15 gene was cloned and inserted into the genome of a recombinant rabies virus (RABV) strain LBNSE (designated as LBNSE-IL15), and the effect of over-expression of IL-15 on the immunogenicity of RABV was investigated. It was found that mice vaccinated with LBNSE-IL15 could induce significantly higher level of virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) than those immunized with LBNSE, resulting in the higher protection after challenge. Further investigation was performed to find out the possible role of IL-15 plays in the process of antibody induction, and it was found that LBNSE-IL15 could enhance the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in immunized mice. Furthermore, the mice immunized with LBNSE-IL15 could promote the TFH cells differentiation and the generation of germinal center B cells and plasma cells. Together, these data indicated that IL-15 could be a potential adjuvant in enhancing the immunogenicity of RABV, contributing to the development of more-efficacious rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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140
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Jafarnejad M, Zawieja DC, Brook BS, Nibbs RJB, Moore JE. A Novel Computational Model Predicts Key Regulators of Chemokine Gradient Formation in Lymph Nodes and Site-Specific Roles for CCL19 and ACKR4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2291-2304. [PMID: 28807994 PMCID: PMC5602158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR7 drives leukocyte migration into and within lymph nodes (LNs). It is activated by chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, which are scavenged by the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR4. CCR7-dependent navigation is determined by the distribution of extracellular CCL19 and CCL21, which form concentration gradients at specific microanatomical locations. The mechanisms underpinning the establishment and regulation of these gradients are poorly understood. In this article, we have incorporated multiple biochemical processes describing the CCL19–CCL21–CCR7–ACKR4 network into our model of LN fluid flow to establish a computational model to investigate intranodal chemokine gradients. Importantly, the model recapitulates CCL21 gradients observed experimentally in B cell follicles and interfollicular regions, building confidence in its ability to accurately predict intranodal chemokine distribution. Parameter variation analysis indicates that the directionality of these gradients is robust, but their magnitude is sensitive to these key parameters: chemokine production, diffusivity, matrix binding site availability, and CCR7 abundance. The model indicates that lymph flow shapes intranodal CCL21 gradients, and that CCL19 is functionally important at the boundary between B cell follicles and the T cell area. It also predicts that ACKR4 in LNs prevents CCL19/CCL21 accumulation in efferent lymph, but does not control intranodal gradients. Instead, it attributes the disrupted interfollicular CCL21 gradients observed in Ackr4-deficient LNs to ACKR4 loss upstream. Our novel approach has therefore generated new testable hypotheses and alternative interpretations of experimental data. Moreover, it acts as a framework to investigate gradients at other locations, including those that cannot be visualized experimentally or involve other chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafarnejad
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Bindi S Brook
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;
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Wennhold K, Thelen M, Schlößer HA, Haustein N, Reuter S, Garcia-Marquez M, Lechner A, Kobold S, Rataj F, Utermöhlen O, Chakupurakal G, Theurich S, Hallek M, Abken H, Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, von Bergwelt-Baildon M. Using Antigen-Specific B Cells to Combine Antibody and T Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:730-743. [PMID: 28778961 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy by therapeutic activation of T cells has demonstrated clinical potential. Approaches include checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Here, we report the development of an alternative strategy for cellular immunotherapy that combines induction of a tumor-directed T-cell response and antibody secretion without the need for genetic engineering. CD40 ligand stimulation of murine tumor antigen-specific B cells, isolated by antigen-biotin tetramers, resulted in the development of an antigen-presenting phenotype and the induction of a tumor antigen-specific T-cell response. Differentiation of antigen-specific B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells was achieved by stimulation with IL21, IL4, anti-CD40, and the specific antigen. Combined treatment of tumor-bearing mice with antigen-specific CD40-activated B cells and antigen-specific plasma cells induced a therapeutic antitumor immune response resulting in remission of established tumors. Human CEA or NY-ESO-1-specific B cells were detected in tumor-draining lymph nodes and were able to induce antigen-specific T-cell responses in vitro, indicating that this approach could be translated into clinical applications. Our results describe a technique for the exploitation of B-cell effector functions and provide the rationale for their use in combinatorial cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(9); 730-43. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wennhold
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Martin Thelen
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Anton Schlößer
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalie Haustein
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Reuter
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Garcia-Marquez
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Lechner
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Felicitas Rataj
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Department for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Geothy Chakupurakal
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Theurich
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Laboratory for Cancer-Immuno-Metabolism, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Shimabukuro-Vornhagen
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Cologne Interventional Immunology (CII), Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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142
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Mass spectrometry imaging identifies palmitoylcarnitine as an immunological mediator during Salmonella Typhimurium infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2786. [PMID: 28584281 PMCID: PMC5459799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium causes a self-limiting gastroenteritis that may lead to systemic disease. Bacteria invade the small intestine, crossing the intestinal epithelium from where they are transported to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) within migrating immune cells. MLNs are an important site at which the innate and adaptive immune responses converge but their architecture and function is severely disrupted during S. Typhimurium infection. To further understand host-pathogen interactions at this site, we used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to analyse MLN tissue from a murine model of S. Typhimurium infection. A molecule, identified as palmitoylcarnitine (PalC), was of particular interest due to its high abundance at loci of S. Typhimurium infection and MLN disruption. High levels of PalC localised to sites within the MLNs where B and T cells were absent and where the perimeter of CD169+ sub capsular sinus macrophages was disrupted. MLN cells cultured ex vivo and treated with PalC had reduced CD4+CD25+ T cells and an increased number of B220+CD19+ B cells. The reduction in CD4+CD25+ T cells was likely due to apoptosis driven by increased caspase-3/7 activity. These data indicate that PalC significantly alters the host response in the MLNs, acting as a decisive factor in infection outcome.
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143
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Ayala VI, Deleage C, Trivett MT, Jain S, Coren LV, Breed MW, Kramer JA, Thomas JA, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Ott DE. CXCR5-Dependent Entry of CD8 T Cells into Rhesus Macaque B-Cell Follicles Achieved through T-Cell Engineering. J Virol 2017; 91:e02507-16. [PMID: 28298605 PMCID: PMC5432868 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02507-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4 T cells, TFH, residing in B-cell follicles within secondary lymphoid tissues, are readily infected by AIDS viruses and are a major source of persistent virus despite relative control of viral replication. This persistence is due at least in part to a relative exclusion of effective antiviral CD8 T cells from B-cell follicles. To determine whether CD8 T cells could be engineered to enter B-cell follicles, we genetically modified unselected CD8 T cells to express CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), the chemokine receptor implicated in cellular entry into B-cell follicles. Engineered CD8 T cells expressing human CXCR5 (CD8hCXCR5) exhibited ligand-specific signaling and chemotaxis in vitro Six infected rhesus macaques were infused with differentially fluorescent dye-labeled autologous CD8hCXCR5 and untransduced CD8 T cells and necropsied 48 h later. Flow cytometry of both spleen and lymph node samples revealed higher frequencies of CD8hCXCR5 than untransduced cells, consistent with preferential trafficking to B-cell follicle-containing tissues. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of thin-sectioned lymphoid tissues demonstrated strong preferential localization of CD8hCXCR5 T cells within B-cell follicles with only rare cells in extrafollicular locations. CD8hCXCR5 T cells were present throughout the follicles with some observed near infected TFH In contrast, untransduced CD8 T cells were found in the extrafollicular T-cell zone. Our ability to direct localization of unselected CD8 T cells into B-cell follicles using CXCR5 expression provides a strategy to place highly effective virus-specific CD8 T cells into these AIDS virus sanctuaries and potentially suppress residual viral replication.IMPORTANCE AIDS virus persistence in individuals under effective drug therapy or those who spontaneously control viremia remains an obstacle to definitive treatment. Infected follicular helper CD4 T cells, TFH, present inside B-cell follicles represent a major source of this residual virus. While effective CD8 T-cell responses can control viral replication in conjunction with drug therapy or in rare cases spontaneously, most antiviral CD8 T cells do not enter B-cell follicles, and those that do fail to robustly control viral replication in the TFH population. Thus, these sites are a sanctuary and a reservoir for replicating AIDS viruses. Here, we demonstrate that engineering unselected CD8 T cells to express CXCR5, a chemokine receptor on TFH associated with B-cell follicle localization, redirects them into B-cell follicles. These proof of principle results open a pathway for directing engineered antiviral T cells into these viral sanctuaries to help eliminate this source of persistent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor I Ayala
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew T Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sumiti Jain
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lori V Coren
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew W Breed
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua A Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James A Thomas
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David E Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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144
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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145
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Ley K, Gerdes N, Winkels H. ATVB Distinguished Scientist Award: How Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Pathways Shape Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:764-777. [PMID: 28360089 PMCID: PMC5424816 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.308611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune cells play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD28 immunoglobulin superfamilies not only shape T-cell and B-cell responses but also have a major effect on antigen-presenting cells and nonimmune cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Pharmacological inhibition or activation of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules and genetic deletion demonstrated their involvement in atherosclerosis. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways shape the immune response in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Insights gained from costimulatory and coinhibitory molecule function in atherosclerosis may inform future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.).
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
| | - Holger Winkels
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
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146
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Transiently antigen-primed B cells return to naive-like state in absence of T-cell help. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15072. [PMID: 28429719 PMCID: PMC5413946 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The perspective that naive B-cell recognition of antigen in the absence of T-cell help causes cell death or anergy is supported by in vivo studies of B cells that are continuously exposed to self-antigens. However, intravital imaging suggests that early B-cell recognition of large foreign antigens may be transient. Whether B cells are tolerized or can be recruited into humoural immune responses following such encounters is not clear. Here we show that in the presence of T-cell help, single transient antigen acquisition is sufficient to recruit B cells into the germinal centre and induce memory and plasma cell responses. In the absence of T-cell help, transiently antigen-primed B cells do not undergo apoptosis in vivo; they return to quiescence and are recruited efficiently into humoural responses upon reacquisition of antigen and T-cell help.
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147
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Deconstructing the germinal center, one cell at a time. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 45:112-118. [PMID: 28319730 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Successful vaccination relies on driving the immune response towards high specificity, affinity and longevity. Germinal centers facilitate the evolution of antigen-specific B cells by iterative rounds of diversification, selection, and differentiation to memory and plasma cells. Experimental evidence points to B cell receptor affinity and amount of antigen presented to follicular helper T cells as main drivers of clonal evolution. Concurrent studies suggest that modifiers of cognate contact, temporal mechanisms, and stochastic factors can also shape diversity and influence differentiation to memory and plasma cells, but molecular pathways driving these selection decisions are unresolved. Due to rapid cycles of transcriptional change in the germinal center, single-cell resolution is imperative to dissect mechanisms dictating the mature antigen-specific repertoire. Future studies linking high-resolution analysis of this diverse evolving population with cellular outcome are needed to fully understand the complex mechanisms of selection driving antigen-specific humoral immunity.
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148
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Denton AE, Linterman MA. Stromal networking: cellular connections in the germinal centre. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 45:103-111. [PMID: 28319729 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs are organized into distinct zones, governed by different types of mesenchymal stromal cells. These stromal cell subsets are critical for the generation of protective humoral immunity because they direct the migration of, and interaction between, multiple immune cell types to form the germinal centre. The germinal centre response generates long-lived antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells which can provide long-term protection against re-infection. Stromal cell subsets mediate this response through control of immune cell trafficking, activation, localization and antigen access within the secondary lymphoid organ. Further, distinct populations of stromal cells underpin the delicate spatial organization of immune cells within the germinal centre. Because of this, the interactions between immune cells and stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs are fundamental to the germinal centre response. Herein we review how this unique relationship leads to effective germinal centre responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Denton
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
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149
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Overexpression of Interleukin-7 Extends the Humoral Immune Response Induced by Rabies Vaccination. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02324-16. [PMID: 28100620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02324-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies continues to present a public health threat in most countries of the world. The most efficient way to prevent and control rabies is to implement vaccination programs for domestic animals. However, traditional inactivated vaccines used in animals are costly and have relatively low efficiency, which impedes their extensive use in developing countries. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop single-dose and long-lasting rabies vaccines. However, little information is available regarding the mechanisms underlying immunological memory, which can broaden humoral responses following rabies vaccination. In this study, a recombinant rabies virus (RABV) that expressed murine interleukin-7 (IL-7), referred to here as rLBNSE-IL-7, was constructed, and its effectiveness was evaluated in a mouse model. rLBNSE-IL-7 induced higher rates of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal center (GC) B cells from draining lymph nodes (LNs) than the parent virus rLBNSE. Interestingly, rLBNSE-IL-7 improved the percentages of long-lived memory B cells (Bmem) in the draining LNs and plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow (BM) for up to 360 days postimmunization (dpi). As a result of the presence of the long-lived PCs, it also generated prolonged virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs), resulting in better protection against a lethal challenge than that seen with rLBNSE. Moreover, consistent with the increased numbers of Bmem and PCs after a boost with rLBNSE, rLBNSE-IL-7-immunized mice promptly produced a more potent secondary anti-RABV neutralizing antibody response than rLBNSE-immunized mice. Overall, our data suggest that overexpressing IL-7 improved the induction of long-lasting primary and secondary antibody responses post-RABV immunization.IMPORTANCE Extending humoral immune responses using adjuvants is an important method to develop long-lasting and efficient vaccines against rabies. However, little information is currently available regarding prolonged immunological memory post-RABV vaccination. In this study, a novel rabies vaccine that expressed murine IL-7 was developed. This vaccine enhanced the numbers of Tfh cells and the GC responses, resulting in upregulated quantities of Bmem and PCs. Moreover, we found that the long-lived PCs that were elicited by the IL-7-expressing recombinant virus (rLBNSE-IL-7) were able to sustain VNA levels much longer than those elicited by the parent rLBNSE virus. Upon reexposure to the pathogen, the longevous Bmem, which maintained higher numbers for up to 360 dpi with rLBNSE-IL-7 compared to rLBNSE, could differentiate into antibody-secreting cells, resulting in rapid and potent secondary production of VNAs. These results suggest that the expression of IL-7 is beneficial for induction of potent and long-lasting humoral immune responses.
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150
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Moran I, Phan TG. Fate Mapping and Transcript Profiling of Germinal Center Cells by Two-Photon Photoconversion. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1623:59-72. [PMID: 28589347 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7095-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is the key process for the generation of high affinity antibodies to foreign antigen. Standard experimental techniques such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting and histology have provided numerous insights into the composition and function of the GC. However, these approaches are limited to a "snapshot" in time and are unable to fully capture the dynamic nature of the GC. Intravital two-photon microscopy overcomes these disadvantages and has led to several major advances in the field but is restricted by practical and technical limits that prevent long-range mapping and molecular studies. Here we describe procedures for optical marking or "tagging" of cells in precise microanatomical compartments by two-photon photoconversion that can be used for long-term fate mapping and transcript profiling of GC T and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Moran
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School,, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School,, UNSW Australia, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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