101
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Narbonne-Reveau K, Maurange C. Developmental regulation of regenerative potential in Drosophila by ecdysone through a bistable loop of ZBTB transcription factors. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000149. [PMID: 30742616 PMCID: PMC6386533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many organisms, the regenerative capacity of tissues progressively decreases as development progresses. However, the developmental mechanisms that restrict regenerative potential remain unclear. In Drosophila, wing imaginal discs become unable to regenerate upon damage during the third larval stage (L3). Here, we show that production of ecdysone after larvae reach their critical weight (CW) terminates the window of regenerative potential by acting on a bistable loop composed of two antagonistic Broad-complex/Tramtrack/Bric-à-brac Zinc-finger (ZBTB) genes: chinmo and broad (br). Around mid L3, ecdysone signaling silences chinmo and activates br to switch wing epithelial progenitors from a default self-renewing to a differentiation-prone state. Before mid L3, Chinmo promotes a strong regenerative response upon tissue damage. After mid L3, Br installs a nonpermissive state that represses regeneration. Transient down-regulation of ecdysone signaling or Br in late L3 larvae enhances chinmo expression in damaged cells that regain the capacity to regenerate. This work unveils a mechanism that ties the self-renewing and regenerative potential of epithelial progenitors to developmental progression. This study finds that the loss of regeneration potential in Drosophila wing imaginal discs is induced by the production of the steroid hormone ecdysone after the larva reaches its critical weight. Manipulating ecdysone signaling or the downstream transcription factors can uncouple regenerative properties from developmental progression. While some organisms exhibit remarkable regenerative abilities throughout their life, many animals, including mammals, present limited regenerative potential that progressively decreases during development. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this progressive loss is important to devise therapeutic approaches aiming at facilitating the regeneration of a damaged tissue throughout life. The fruitfly Drosophila is a powerful model organism to address such questions. Indeed, while tissues, such as imaginal discs, can fully regenerate if damaged during early development, they fail to do so upon damages during late development. We show here that restriction of regenerative potential occurring during midlarval stages is due to the production of a steroid hormone, named ecdysone. By genetically manipulating ecdysone signaling, we can uncouple regenerative abilities from developmental progression. In particular, we show that ecdysone signaling triggers a switch in the sequential expression of two transcription factors, Chinmo and Broad, that positively and negatively regulate the competence for imaginal disc regeneration, respectively. Our work therefore identifies a key developmental signal that restricts regenerative potential in insects and opens new perspectives on elucidating how regeneration-permissive transcriptional programs are locked as development progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cédric Maurange
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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102
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Kakebeen AD, Wills AE. More Than Just a Bandage: Closing the Gap Between Injury and Appendage Regeneration. Front Physiol 2019; 10:81. [PMID: 30800076 PMCID: PMC6376490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable regenerative capabilities of amphibians have captured the attention of biologists for centuries. The frogs Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis undergo temporally restricted regenerative healing of appendage amputations and spinal cord truncations, injuries that are both devastating and relatively common in human patients. Rapidly expanding technological innovations have led to a resurgence of interest in defining the factors that enable regenerative healing, and in coupling these factors to human therapeutic interventions. It is well-established that early embryonic signaling pathways are critical for growth and patterning of new tissue during regeneration. A growing body of research now indicates that early physiological injury responses are also required to initiate a regenerative program, and that these differ in regenerative and non-regenerative contexts. Here we review recent insights into the biophysical, biochemical, and epigenetic processes that underlie regenerative healing in amphibians, focusing particularly on tail and limb regeneration in Xenopus. We also discuss the more elusive potential mechanisms that link wounding to tissue growth and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke D Kakebeen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrea E Wills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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103
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Cosolo A, Jaiswal J, Csordás G, Grass I, Uhlirova M, Classen AK. JNK-dependent cell cycle stalling in G2 promotes survival and senescence-like phenotypes in tissue stress. eLife 2019; 8:41036. [PMID: 30735120 PMCID: PMC6389326 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The restoration of homeostasis after tissue damage relies on proper spatial-temporal control of damage-induced apoptosis and compensatory proliferation. In Drosophila imaginal discs these processes are coordinated by the stress response pathway JNK. We demonstrate that JNK signaling induces a dose-dependent extension of G2 in tissue damage and tumors, resulting in either transient stalling or a prolonged but reversible cell cycle arrest. G2-stalling is mediated by downregulation of the G2/M-specific phosphatase String(Stg)/Cdc25. Ectopic expression of stg is sufficient to suppress G2-stalling and reveals roles for stalling in survival, proliferation and paracrine signaling. G2-stalling protects cells from JNK-induced apoptosis, but under chronic conditions, reduces proliferative potential of JNK-signaling cells while promoting non-autonomous proliferation. Thus, transient cell cycle stalling in G2 has key roles in wound healing but becomes detrimental upon chronic JNK overstimulation, with important implications for chronic wound healing pathologies or tumorigenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cosolo
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janhvi Jaiswal
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Csordás
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabelle Grass
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Classen
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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104
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Sun J, Wang L, Wu Z, Han S, Wang L, Li M, Liu Z, Song L. P38 is involved in immune response by regulating inflammatory cytokine expressions in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:108-114. [PMID: 30385315 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are serine/threonine protein kinases reportedly involved in the innate immunity of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, a P38 homolog (CgP38) was characterized from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The full-length cDNA of CgP38 was of 1515 bp containing a 1101 bp open reading frame. A serine/threonine protein kinase (S_TKc) domain with a conserved Thr-Gly-Tyr motif and an ATRW substrate-binding site was found in the deduced amino acid sequence of CgP38. CgP38 shared a close evolutionary relationship with ChP38 from the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. The transcript levels of CgP38 in hemocytes increased significantly from 12 h to 48 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and from 12 h to 24 h after Vibrio splendidus stimulation. The phosphorylation level of CgP38 in oyster hemocytes increased significantly at 2 h after LPS stimulation. CgP38 positively regulated the expression of interleukins, such as CgIL17-1, CgIL17-2, CgIL17-3, CgIL17-4 and CgIL17-6, and tumor necrosis factor CgTNF after LPS or V. splendidus stimulation. These results suggested that CgP38 participated in oyster immune response by regulating the expressions of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaojun Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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105
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Herrera SC, Bach EA. JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration: from Drosophila to vertebrates. Development 2019; 146:dev167643. [PMID: 30696713 PMCID: PMC6361132 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway is a conserved metazoan signaling system that transduces cues from extracellular cytokines into transcriptional changes in the nucleus. JAK/STAT signaling is best known for its roles in immunity. However, recent work has demonstrated that it also regulates critical homeostatic processes in germline and somatic stem cells, as well as regenerative processes in several tissues, including the gonad, intestine and appendages. Here, we provide an overview of JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration, focusing on Drosophila and highlighting JAK/STAT pathway functions in proliferation, survival and cell competition that are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador C Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erika A Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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106
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Ask1 and Akt act synergistically to promote ROS-dependent regeneration in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007926. [PMID: 30677014 PMCID: PMC6363233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells communicate to initiate a regenerative response after damage has captivated scientists during the last few decades. It is known that one of the main signals emanating from injured cells is the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which propagate to the surrounding tissue to trigger the replacement of the missing cells. However, the link between ROS production and the activation of regenerative signaling pathways is not yet fully understood. We describe here the non-autonomous ROS sensing mechanism by which living cells launch their regenerative program. To this aim, we used Drosophila imaginal discs as a model system due to its well-characterized regenerative ability after injury or cell death. We genetically-induced cell death and found that the Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1) is essential for regenerative growth. Ask1 senses ROS both in dying and living cells, but its activation is selectively attenuated in living cells by Akt1, the core kinase component of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor pathway. Akt1 phosphorylates Ask1 in a secondary site outside the kinase domain, which attenuates its activity. This modulation of Ask1 activity results in moderate levels of JNK signaling in the living tissue, as well as in activation of p38 signaling, both pathways required to turn on the regenerative response. Our findings demonstrate a non-autonomous activation of a ROS sensing mechanism by Ask1 and Akt1 to replace the missing tissue after damage. Collectively, these results provide the basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of communication between dying and living cells that triggers regeneration. One of the early events that occur after tissue damage consists on the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), that signal to the surrounding tissue to initiate wound healing and regeneration. Many signaling pathways, such as JNK and p38, respond to oxidative stress and are necessary for regenerative growth. As the link between ROS and regenerative signaling is not well understood, we decided to explore the mechanism that underlies this process. To do that, we genetically induced cell death in specific areas of Drosophila wing imaginal discs and then studied the mechanism that drives living cells to replace the damage zone until it is completely regenerated. We found that the Drosophila Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1), a protein that is sensitive to oxidative stress, is a key player in this scenario. This protein acts as an intracellular sensor that upon damage activates the JNK and p38 regenerative signaling pathways. However, high activity of Ask1 can be toxic for the cell. This is controlled by Akt, a kinase downstream the insulin pathway, which attenuates the activity of Ask1 in the living cells that will participate in the regeneration process. In consequence, Ask1 and Akt act synergistically to respond to the stress generated after tissue damage and drive regeneration. Our results provide a first overview within the framework of how insulin signaling inputs could modulate the capacity to overcome tissue damage.
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107
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Valon L, Levayer R. Dying under pressure: cellular characterisation and in vivo functions of cell death induced by compaction. Biol Cell 2019; 111:51-66. [PMID: 30609052 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells and tissues are exposed to multiple mechanical stresses during development, tissue homoeostasis and diseases. While we start to have an extensive understanding of the influence of mechanics on cell differentiation and proliferation, how excessive mechanical stresses can also lead to cell death and may be associated with pathologies has been much less explored so far. Recently, the development of new perturbative approaches allowing modulation of pressure and deformation of tissues has demonstrated that compaction (the reduction of tissue size or volume) can lead to cell elimination. Here, we discuss the relevant type of stress and the parameters that could be causal to cell death from single cell to multicellular systems. We then compare the pathways and mechanisms that have been proposed to influence cell survival upon compaction. We eventually describe the relevance of compaction-induced death in vivo, and its functions in morphogenesis, tissue size regulation, tissue homoeostasis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Valon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
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108
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Suzuki Y, Chou J, Garvey SL, Wang VR, Yanes KO. Evolution and Regulation of Limb Regeneration in Arthropods. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:419-454. [PMID: 31598866 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration has fascinated both scientists and non-scientists for centuries. Many organisms can regenerate, and arthropod limbs are no exception although their ability to regenerate is a product shaped by natural and sexual selection. Recent studies have begun to uncover cellular and molecular processes underlying limb regeneration in several arthropod species. Here we argue that an evo-devo approach to the study of arthropod limb regeneration is needed to understand aspects of limb regeneration that are conserved and divergent. In particular, we argue that limbs of different species are comprised of cells at distinct stages of differentiation at the time of limb loss and therefore provide insights into regeneration involving both stem cell-like cells/precursor cells and differentiated cells. In addition, we review recent studies that demonstrate how limb regeneration impacts the development of the whole organism and argue that studies on the link between local tissue damage and the rest of the body should provide insights into the integrative nature of development. Molecular studies on limb regeneration are only beginning to take off, but comparative studies on the mechanisms of limb regeneration across various taxa should not only yield interesting insights into development but also answer how this remarkable ability evolved across arthropods and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Sarah L Garvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Victoria R Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Katherine O Yanes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
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109
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Two Sides of the Same Coin - Compensatory Proliferation in Regeneration and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:65-85. [PMID: 31520349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has long been regarded as a tumor suppressor mechanism and evasion from apoptosis is considered to be one hallmark of cancer. However, this principle is not always consistent with clinical data which often illustrate a correlation between apoptosis and poor prognosis. Work in the last 15 years has provided an explanation for this apparent paradox. Apoptotic cells communicate with their environment and can produce signals which promote compensatory proliferation of surviving cells. This behavior of apoptotic cells is important for tissue regeneration in several model organisms, ranging from hydra to mammals. However, it may also play an important feature for tumorigenesis and tumor relapse. Several distinct forms of apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation (AiP) have been identified, many of which involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) and immune cells. One type of AiP, "undead" AiP, in which apoptotic cells are kept in an immortalized state and continuously divide, may have particular relevance for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, given that chemo- and radiotherapy often aim to kill tumor cells, an improved understanding of the effects of apoptotic cells on the tumor and the tumor environment is of critical importance for the well-being of the patient. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AiP and focus our attention on recent findings obtained in Drosophila and other model organisms, and relate them to tumorigenesis.
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110
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Park S, Lim W, Song G. Chrysophanol selectively represses breast cancer cell growth by inducing reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress via AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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111
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Parvaresh Anbar A, Piran T, Farhadi M, Karimi P. Iranian crack induces hepatic injury through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in the liver of Wistar rat. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:1179-1185. [PMID: 30483393 PMCID: PMC6251400 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.23543.5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Iranian crack (IC) is a heroin-based substance manifesting various pathologic side effects. Herein, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of IC-induced liver injuries in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control, and IC (0.9 mg/kg/day/IP, for 30 days). Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured by DCF fluorescence staining. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (c-JNK) were assessed by immunoblotting assay. The intensity of collagen fiber in the liver was also determined by Trichrome-Masson staining. Furthermore, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were measured using colorimetric methods. Results Our results showed that ROS production, p38 MAPK, c-JNK phosphorylation levels, and expression of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly elevated in the liver tissue of IC group as compared to the control group. Moreover, collagen fiber and ALT activity were increased in the liver tissue of IC group compared to the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the levels of ALP between two groups. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the intensity of collagen fiber and the ALT activity, and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β and liver enzymes activities including ALP, ALT, and AST. Conclusion Our findings revealed that IC-induced liver cells injury is partially mediated by MAPK stress kinases. Therefore, regular liver examination in substance abuse is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tayyebeh Piran
- Higher Academic Education Institute of Rab-e Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Farhadi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pouran Karimi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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112
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High Glucose-Induced ROS Production Stimulates Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer via Inactivating the JNK Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6917206. [PMID: 30584464 PMCID: PMC6280312 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6917206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant glucose metabolism of diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia stimulates pancreatic tumorigenesis and progression. Hyperglycemic environment can increase the ROS level of tumors, but the role of upregulation of ROS levels in pancreatic cancer (PC) still remains controversial. Here, the same as other reports, we demonstrate that high glucose promoted pancreatic cancer cell growth and resulted in an increase in the level of ROS. However, it is interesting that the phosphorylation of JNK was reduced. When treating PC cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the intracellular ROS generation is repressed, but the expression of phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun increased. Moreover, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly promoted cell proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells under high glucose conditions. Collectively, high levels of ROS induced by high glucose conditions stimulated the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, and it may be achieved by inactivating the JNK pathway.
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113
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Vizcaya-Molina E, Klein CC, Serras F, Mishra RK, Guigó R, Corominas M. Damage-responsive elements in Drosophila regeneration. Genome Res 2018; 28:1852-1866. [PMID: 30459214 PMCID: PMC6280756 DOI: 10.1101/gr.233098.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important questions in regenerative biology is to unveil how and when genes change expression and trigger regeneration programs. The resetting of gene expression patterns during response to injury is governed by coordinated actions of genomic regions that control the activity of multiple sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. Using genome-wide approaches to interrogate chromatin function, we here identify the elements that regulate tissue recovery in Drosophila imaginal discs, which show a high regenerative capacity after genetically induced cell death. Our findings indicate there is global coregulation of gene expression as well as a regeneration program driven by different types of regulatory elements. Novel enhancers acting exclusively within damaged tissue cooperate with enhancers co-opted from other tissues and other developmental stages, as well as with endogenous enhancers that show increased activity after injury. Together, these enhancers host binding sites for regulatory proteins that include a core set of conserved transcription factors that control regeneration across metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vizcaya-Molina
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cecilia C Klein
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Florenci Serras
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Roderic Guigó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corominas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
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114
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He J, Zhong W, Zhang M, Zhang R, Hu W. P38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Parkinson's Disease. Transl Neurosci 2018; 9:147-153. [PMID: 30473884 PMCID: PMC6234472 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2018-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the second major neurodegenerative disease, has created a great impact on the elder people. Although the mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease are not fully understood, considerable evidence suggests that neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis are involved in the disease. p38MAPK, an important member of the mitogen-activated protein family, controls several important functions in the cell, suggesting a potential pathogenic role in PD. This review provides a brief description of the role and mechanism of p38MAPK in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenwen Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Weiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Monash Immune Regeneration and Neuroscience Laboratories, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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115
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Rampon C, Volovitch M, Joliot A, Vriz S. Hydrogen Peroxide and Redox Regulation of Developments. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E159. [PMID: 30404180 PMCID: PMC6262372 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were originally classified as exclusively deleterious compounds, have gained increasing interest in the recent years given their action as bona fide signalling molecules. The main target of ROS action is the reversible oxidation of cysteines, leading to the formation of disulfide bonds, which modulate protein conformation and activity. ROS, endowed with signalling properties, are mainly produced by NADPH oxidases (NOXs) at the plasma membrane, but their action also involves a complex machinery of multiple redox-sensitive protein families that differ in their subcellular localization and their activity. Given that the levels and distribution of ROS are highly dynamic, in part due to their limited stability, the development of various fluorescent ROS sensors, some of which are quantitative (ratiometric), represents a clear breakthrough in the field and have been adapted to both ex vivo and in vivo applications. The physiological implication of ROS signalling will be presented mainly in the frame of morphogenetic processes, embryogenesis, regeneration, and stem cell differentiation. Gain and loss of function, as well as pharmacological strategies, have demonstrated the wide but specific requirement of ROS signalling at multiple stages of these processes and its intricate relationship with other well-known signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rampon
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75231 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, Biology Department, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France.
| | - Michel Volovitch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75231 Paris, France.
- École Normale Supérieure, Department of Biology, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Alain Joliot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75231 Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Vriz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75231 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, Biology Department, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France.
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116
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Hunter MV, Willoughby PM, Bruce AE, Fernandez-Gonzalez R. Oxidative Stress Orchestrates Cell Polarity to Promote Embryonic Wound Healing. Dev Cell 2018; 47:377-387.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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117
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Dwaraka VB, Smith JJ, Woodcock MR, Voss SR. Comparative transcriptomics of limb regeneration: Identification of conserved expression changes among three species of Ambystoma. Genomics 2018; 111:1216-1225. [PMID: 30092345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome studies are revealing the complex gene expression basis of limb regeneration in the primary salamander model - Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl). To better understand this complexity, there is need to extend analyses to additional salamander species. Using microarray and RNA-Seq, we performed a comparative transcriptomic study using A. mexicanum and two other ambystomatid salamanders: A. andersoni, and A. maculatum. Salamanders were administered forelimb amputations and RNA was isolated and analyzed to identify 405 non-redundant genes that were commonly, differentially expressed 24 h post amputation. Many of the upregulated genes are predicted to function in wound healing and developmental processes, while many of the downregulated genes are typically expressed in muscle. The conserved transcriptional changes identified in this study provide a high-confidence dataset for identifying factors that simultaneous orchestrate wound healing and regeneration processes in response to injury, and more generally for identifying genes that are essential for salamander limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun B Dwaraka
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Jeramiah J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - M Ryan Woodcock
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States
| | - S Randal Voss
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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118
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Diwanji N, Bergmann A. An unexpected friend - ROS in apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation: Implications for regeneration and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 80:74-82. [PMID: 28688927 PMCID: PMC5756134 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation (AiP) is a form of compensatory proliferation that is triggered by apoptotic cell death to maintain tissue homeostasis. As such, AiP is essential for many tissue repair processes including regeneration. The apoptotic effectors, termed caspases, not only execute apoptosis, but are also directly involved in the generation of the signals required for AiP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role for regenerative processes. Recently, it was shown in Drosophila that apoptotic caspases can mediate the generation of ROS for promoting AiP. This review summarizes and discusses these findings in the context of regenerative processes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Diwanji
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, 364 Plantation Street - LRB419, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, 364 Plantation Street - LRB419, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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119
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Chi J, Li Z, Hong X, Zhao T, Bie Y, Zhang W, Yang J, Feng Z, Yu Z, Xu Q, Zhao L, Liu W, Gao Y, Yang H, Yang J, Liu J, Yang W. Inhalation of Hydrogen Attenuates Progression of Chronic Heart Failure via Suppression of Oxidative Stress and P53 Related to Apoptosis Pathway in Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1026. [PMID: 30108516 PMCID: PMC6079195 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Continuous damage from oxidative stress and apoptosis are the important mechanisms that facilitate chronic heart failure (CHF). Molecular hydrogen (H2) has potentiality in the aspects of anti-oxidation. The objectives of this study were to investigate the possible mechanism of H2 inhalation in delaying the progress of CHF. Methods and Results: A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham, Sham treated with H2, CHF and CHF treated with H2. Rats from CHF and CHF treated with H2 groups were injected isoprenaline subcutaneously to establish the rat CHF model. One month later, the rat with CHF was identified by the echocardiography. After inhalation of H2, cardiac function was improved vs. CHF (p < 0.05), whereas oxidative stress damage and apoptosis were significantly attenuated (p < 0.05). In this study, the mild oxidative stress was induced in primary cardiomyocytes of rats, and H2 treatments significantly reduced oxidative stress damage and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Finally, as a pivotal transcription factor in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-apoptosis signaling pathway, the expression and phosphorylation of p53 were significantly reduced by H2 treatment in this rat model and H9c2 cells (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Conclusion: As a safe antioxidant, molecular hydrogen mitigates the progression of CHF via inhibiting apoptosis modulated by p53. Therefore, from the translational point of view and speculation, H2 is equipped with potential therapeutic application as a novel antioxidant in protecting CHF in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zizhuo Li
- Department of Abdominal Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojian Hong
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yueyue Bie
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaxing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ziming Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhouqi Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiannan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Luqi Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weifan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxiao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiemei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaren Liu
- Department of Clinical Lab, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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120
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Abstract
Polyploid cells, which contain multiple copies of the typically diploid genome, are widespread in plants and animals. Polyploidization can be developmentally programmed or stress induced, and arises from either cell-cell fusion or a process known as endoreplication, in which cells replicate their DNA but either fail to complete cytokinesis or to progress through M phase entirely. Polyploidization offers cells several potential fitness benefits, including the ability to increase cell size and biomass production without disrupting cell and tissue structure, and allowing improved cell longevity through higher tolerance to genomic stress and apoptotic signals. Accordingly, recent studies have uncovered crucial roles for polyploidization in compensatory cell growth during tissue regeneration in the heart, liver, epidermis and intestine. Here, we review current knowledge of the molecular pathways that generate polyploidy and discuss how polyploidization is used in tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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121
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Kim JH, Nam B, Choi YJ, Kim SY, Lee JE, Sung KJ, Kim WS, Choi CM, Chang EJ, Koh JS, Song JS, Yoon S, Lee JC, Rho JK, Son J. Enhanced Glycolysis Supports Cell Survival in EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma by Inhibiting Autophagy-Mediated EGFR Degradation. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4482-4496. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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122
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La Fortezza M, Grigolon G, Cosolo A, Pindyurin A, Breimann L, Blum H, van Steensel B, Classen AK. DamID profiling of dynamic Polycomb-binding sites in Drosophila imaginal disc development and tumorigenesis. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:27. [PMID: 29871666 PMCID: PMC5987561 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tracking dynamic protein–chromatin interactions in vivo is key to unravel transcriptional and epigenetic transitions in development and disease. However, limited availability and heterogeneous tissue composition of in vivo source material impose challenges on many experimental approaches. Results Here we adapt cell-type-specific DamID-seq profiling for use in Drosophila imaginal discs and make FLP/FRT-based induction accessible to GAL driver-mediated targeting of specific cell lineages. In a proof-of-principle approach, we utilize ubiquitous DamID expression to describe dynamic transitions of Polycomb-binding sites during wing imaginal disc development and in a scrib tumorigenesis model. We identify Atf3 and Ets21C as novel Polycomb target genes involved in scrib tumorigenesis and suggest that target gene regulation by Atf3 and AP-1 transcription factors, as well as modulation of insulator function, plays crucial roles in dynamic Polycomb-binding at target sites. We establish these findings by DamID-seq analysis of wing imaginal disc samples derived from 10 larvae. Conclusions Our study opens avenues for robust profiling of small cell population in imaginal discs in vivo and provides insights into epigenetic changes underlying transcriptional responses to tumorigenic transformation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0196-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco La Fortezza
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Grigolon
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cosolo
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany.,Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexey Pindyurin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. 8/2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Laura Breimann
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bas van Steensel
- Division Gene Regulation, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Kathrin Classen
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany. .,Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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123
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Ahmed-de-Prado S, Diaz-Garcia S, Baonza A. JNK and JAK/STAT signalling are required for inducing loss of cell fate specification during imaginal wing discs regeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2018; 441:31-41. [PMID: 29870691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative process after tissue damage relies on a variety of cellular responses that includes compensatory cell proliferation and cell fate re-specification. The identification of the signalling networks regulating these cellular events is a central question in regenerative biology. Tissue regeneration models in Drosophila have shown that two of the signals that play a fundamental role during the early stages of regeneration are the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and JAK/STAT signalling pathways. These pathways have been shown to be required for controlling regenerative proliferation, however their contribution to the processes of cellular reprogramming and cell fate re-specification that take place during regeneration are largely unknown. Here, we present evidence for a previously unrecognised function of the cooperative activities of JNK and JAK/STAT signalling pathways in inducing loss of cell fate specification in imaginal discs. We show that co-activation of these signalling pathways induces both the cell fate changes in injured areas, as well as in adjacent cells. We have also found that this function relies on the activity of the Caspase initiator encoded by the gene dronc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmed-de-Prado
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC/UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Sandra Diaz-Garcia
- University of California, San Diego Section of Cell&Developmental Biology, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Antonio Baonza
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC/UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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124
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Amcheslavsky A, Wang S, Fogarty CE, Lindblad JL, Fan Y, Bergmann A. Plasma Membrane Localization of Apoptotic Caspases for Non-apoptotic Functions. Dev Cell 2018; 45:450-464.e3. [PMID: 29787709 PMCID: PMC5972739 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are best characterized for their function in apoptosis. However, they also have non-apoptotic functions such as apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP), where caspases release mitogens for compensatory proliferation independently of their apoptotic role. Here, we report that the unconventional myosin, Myo1D, which is known for its involvement in left/right development, is an important mediator of AiP in Drosophila. Mechanistically, Myo1D translocates the initiator caspase Dronc to the basal side of the plasma membrane of epithelial cells where Dronc promotes the activation of the NADPH-oxidase Duox for reactive oxygen species generation and AiP in a non-apoptotic manner. We propose that the basal side of the plasma membrane constitutes a non-apoptotic compartment for caspases. Finally, Myo1D promotes tumor growth and invasiveness of the neoplastic scrib RasV12 model. Together, we identified a new function of Myo1D for AiP and tumorigenesis, and reveal a mechanism by which cells sequester apoptotic caspases in a non-apoptotic compartment at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Amcheslavsky
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shiuan Wang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Program in Developmental Biology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Caitlin E Fogarty
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jillian L Lindblad
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yun Fan
- University of Birmingham, School of Biosciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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125
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West C, Silverman N. p38b and JAK-STAT signaling protect against Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 infection in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007020. [PMID: 29746571 PMCID: PMC5963806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system for the study of innate immunity in vector insects as well as mammals. For vector insects, it is particularly important to understand all aspects of their antiviral immune defenses, which could eventually be harnessed to control the transmission of human pathogenic viruses. The immune responses controlling RNA viruses in insects have been extensively studied, but the response to DNA virus infections is poorly characterized. Here, we report that infection of Drosophila with the DNA virus Invertebrate iridescent Virus 6 (IIV-6) triggers JAK-STAT signaling and the robust expression of the Turandots, a gene family encoding small secreted proteins. To drive JAK-STAT signaling, IIV-6 infection more immediately induced expression of the unpaireds, a family of IL-6-related cytokine genes, via a pathway that required one of the three Drosophila p38 homologs, p38b. In fact, both Stat92E and p38b were required for the survival of IIV-6 infected flies. In addition, in vitro induction of the unpaireds required an NADPH-oxidase, and in vivo studies demonstrated Nox was required for induction of TotA. These results argue that ROS production, triggered by IIV-6 infection, leads to p38b activation and unpaired expression, and subsequent JAK-STAT signaling, which ultimately protects the fly from IIV-6 infection. Mosquitoes and other biting insects transmit many harmful pathogens to humans, including parasites and viruses. In order to better protect humans from these diseases, we must gain a more complete understanding of how insects successfully—or unsuccessfully—combat these infections. While we know a great deal regarding how insects combat RNA viruses, we know little about their immune response to DNA virus infections. Studies of DNA virus infections may reveal novel immune mechanisms, which could be uniquely effective against DNA virus infections or could be broadly effective against many viruses. In this study, we utilized an invertebrate DNA virus, IIV-6, infection model with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and found that virus infection activated several innate immune signaling pathways, which help protect the animal against this virus. Eventually, a more complete understanding of the antiviral responses of insects may be useful to restrict virus infections of disease transmitting insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara West
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Neal Silverman
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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126
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Short-term activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase pathway in apoptosis-deficient cells of Drosophila induces tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1541. [PMID: 29670104 PMCID: PMC5906466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the JNK pathway eliminates by apoptosis aberrant cells that appear in development. It also performs other functions associated with cell proliferation, but analysis of the latter is hindered by the pro-apoptotic activity. We report the response of apoptosis-deficient cells to transient activation of JNK and show that it causes persistent JNK function during the rest of the development. As a consequence, there is continuous activity of the downstream pathways JAK/STAT, Wg and Dpp, which results in tumour overgrowths. We also show that the oncogenic potential of the Ras-MAPK pathway resides largely on its ability to suppress apoptosis. It has been proposed that a hallmark of tumour cells is that they can evade apoptosis. In reverse, we propose that, in Drosophila, apoptosis-deficient cells become tumorigenic due to their property of acquiring persistent JNK activity after stress events that are inconsequential in tissues in which cells are open to apoptosis. Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is necessary for development in tumours, indicating it may play tumour-promoting roles; however, the experimental analysis of the role of JNK in proliferation is hindered by its pro-apoptotic activity. Here the authors carry out experiments in Drosophila with genetic backgrounds that make cells refractory to apoptosis to definitely prove the JNK pathway contribution to tumorigenesis.
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127
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Yu Q, Du F, Douglas JT, Yu H, Yan SS, Yan SF. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Triggers Synaptic Deficits via Activation of p38 MAP Kinase Signaling in Differentiated Alzheimer's Disease Trans-Mitochondrial Cybrid Cells. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:223-239. [PMID: 28598851 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Loss of synapse and synaptic dysfunction contribute importantly to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are early pathological features in AD-affected brain. However, the effect of AD mitochondria on synaptogenesis remains to be determined. Using human trans-mitochondrial "cybrid" (cytoplasmic hybrid) neuronal cells whose mitochondria were transferred from platelets of patients with sporadic AD or age-matched non-AD subjects with relatively normal cognition, we provide the first evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction compromises synaptic development and formation of synapse in AD cybrid cells in response to chemical-induced neuronal differentiation. Compared to non-AD control cybrids, AD cybrid cells showed synaptic loss which was evidenced by a significant reduction in expression of two synaptic marker proteins: synaptophysin (presynaptic marker) and postsynaptic density protein-95, and neuronal proteins (MAP-2 and NeuN) upon neuronal differentiation. In parallel, AD-mediated synaptic deficits correlate to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as well as activation of p38 MAP kinase. Notably, inhibition of p38 MAP kinase by pharmacological specific p38 inhibitor significantly increased synaptic density, improved mitochondrial function, and reduced oxidative stress. These results suggest that activation of p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway contributes to AD-mediated impairment in neurogenesis, possibly by inhibiting the neuronal differentiation. Our results provide new insight into the crosstalk of dysfunctional AD mitochondria to synaptic formation and maturation via activation of p38 MAP kinase. Therefore, blockade of p38 MAP kinase signal transduction could be a potential therapeutic strategy for AD by alleviating loss of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Cheng Du, China.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Fang Du
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Justin T Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Molecular Structures group, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Cheng Du, China
| | - Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Shi Fang Yan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Higuchi Bioscience Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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128
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Drosophila as a Model System to Study Cell Signaling in Organ Regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7359267. [PMID: 29750169 PMCID: PMC5884440 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7359267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is a fascinating phenomenon that allows organisms to replace or repair damaged organs or tissues. This ability occurs to varying extents among metazoans. The rebuilding of the damaged structure depends on regenerative proliferation that must be accompanied by proper cell fate respecification and patterning. These cellular processes are regulated by the action of different signaling pathways that are activated in response to the damage. The imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster have the ability to regenerate and have been extensively used as a model system to study regeneration. Drosophila provides an opportunity to use powerful genetic tools to address fundamental problems about the genetic mechanisms involved in organ regeneration. Different studies in Drosophila have helped to elucidate the genes and signaling pathways that initiate regeneration, promote regenerative growth, and induce cell fate respecification. Here we review the signaling networks involved in regulating the variety of cellular responses that are required for discs regeneration.
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129
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Singhirunnusorn P, Moolmuang B, Lirdprapamongkol K, Ruchirawat M. Arsenite exposure potentiates apoptosis-inducing effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha- through reactive oxygen species. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:159-169. [PMID: 29479036 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine released by immune cells during inflammation process. Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) is an environmental toxic metal. The effects of excess NaAsO2 on TNF-α response and its intracellular signaling are not well understood. We hypothesized that NaAsO2 exposure might affect cellular response to TNF-α. Using HeLa cell model, we found that the combination of NaAsO2 and TNF-α clearly decreased cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, but increased percentage of early and late apoptotic cells and cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Moreover, the combination prolonged the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) members, including c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and extracellular signal related kinases (ERK), and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), in comparison to treatment of NaAsO2 or TNF-α alone. We further investigated the role of ROS and MAPK signaling on this event by inhibiting ROS production and MAPK. An antioxidant N-acetylcysteine pretreatment diminished the apoptosis-inducing effect of NaAsO2 and TNF-α combination and also inhibited MAPK signaling. Using specific inhibitor of p38 (SB203580) and siRNA-p38 surprisingly increased cell apoptosis and this effect was not observed by JNK and ERK inhibition. This study suggests that p38 may possibly be a survival mediator in response to environmental toxicant-related inflammation. In conclusion, NaAsO2 exposure might amplify inflammation-related tissue injury by potentiating the apoptosis-inducing effect of TNF-α through ROS-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Thailand
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130
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Worley MI, Alexander LA, Hariharan IK. CtBP impedes JNK- and Upd/STAT-driven cell fate misspecifications in regenerating Drosophila imaginal discs. eLife 2018; 7:30391. [PMID: 29372681 PMCID: PMC5823544 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration following tissue damage often necessitates a mechanism for cellular re-programming, so that surviving cells can give rise to all cell types originally found in the damaged tissue. This process, if unchecked, can also generate cell types that are inappropriate for a given location. We conducted a screen for genes that negatively regulate the frequency of notum-to-wing transformations following genetic ablation and regeneration of the wing pouch, from which we identified mutations in the transcriptional co-repressor C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP). When CtBP function is reduced, ablation of the pouch can activate the JNK/AP-1 and JAK/STAT pathways in the notum to destabilize cell fates. Ectopic expression of Wingless and Dilp8 precede the formation of the ectopic pouch, which is subsequently generated by recruitment of both anterior and posterior cells near the compartment boundary. Thus, CtBP stabilizes cell fates following damage by opposing the destabilizing effects of the JNK/AP-1 and JAK/STAT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie I Worley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Larissa A Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Iswar K Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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131
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The JAK/STAT signaling pathway and photobiomodulation in chronic wound healing. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 38:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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132
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Interplay between trauma and Pseudomonas entomophila infection in flies: a central role of the JNK pathway and of CrebA. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16222. [PMID: 29176735 PMCID: PMC5701226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, both sterile wounding and infection induce inflammation and activate the innate immune system, and the combination of both challenges may lead to severe health defects, revealing the importance of the balance between the intensity and resolution of the inflammatory response for the organism’s fitness. Underlying mechanisms remain however elusive. Using Drosophila, we show that, upon infection with the entomopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas entomophila (Pe), a sterile wounding induces a reduced resistance and increased host mortality. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of wounded flies to bacterial infection, we analyzed the very first steps of the process by comparing the transcriptome landscape of infected (simple hit flies, SH), wounded and infected (double hit flies, DH) and wounded (control) flies. We observed that overexpressed genes in DH flies compared to SH ones are significantly enriched in genes related to stress, including members of the JNK pathway. We demonstrated that the JNK pathway plays a central role in the DH phenotype by manipulating the Jra/dJun activity. Moreover, the CrebA/Creb3-like transcription factor (TF) and its targets were up-regulated in SH flies and we show that CrebA is required for mounting an appropriate immune response. Drosophila thus appears as a relevant model to investigate interactions between trauma and infection and allows to unravel key pathways involved.
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133
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STAT, Wingless, and Nurf-38 determine the accuracy of regeneration after radiation damage in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007055. [PMID: 29028797 PMCID: PMC5656321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here a study of regeneration in Drosophila larval wing imaginal discs after damage by ionizing radiation. We detected faithful regeneration that restored a wing disc and abnormal regeneration that produced an extra wing disc. We describe a sequence of changes in cell number, location and fate that occur to produce an ectopic disc. We identified a group of cells that not only participate in ectopic disc formation but also recruit others to do so. STAT92E (Drosophila STAT3/5) and Nurf-38, which encodes a member of the Nucleosome Remodeling Factor complex, oppose each other in these cells to modulate the frequency of ectopic disc growth. The picture that emerges is one in which activities like STAT increase after radiation damage and fulfill essential roles in rebuilding the tissue. But such activities must be kept in check so that one and only one wing disc is regenerated. Accuracy in regeneration ensures that the original structures are restored, no more and no less. Prior studies in the wing primordia of Drosophila melanogaster larvae that have been damaged by high energy radiation show that regeneration occurs to restore the original structure. We report here that, in the same experimental system, abnormal regeneration can also occur to produce extra wing structures. We describe a series of cell rearrangements and fate changes that underlie abnormal regeneration, and identify genes responsible for these events. Modulation of such genes have the potential to mitigate abnormal regeneration that occurs after radiation damage to produce such side effects as ulcers and fibrosis.
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134
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Hariharan IK, Serras F. Imaginal disc regeneration takes flight. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:10-16. [PMID: 28376317 PMCID: PMC5591769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila imaginal discs, the larval precursors of adult structures such as the wing and leg, are capable of regenerating after damage. During the course of regeneration, discs can sometimes generate structures that are appropriate for a different type of disc, a phenomenon termed transdetermination. Until recently, these phenomena were studied by physically fragmenting discs and then transplanting them into the abdomens of adult female flies. This field has experienced a renaissance following the development of genetic ablation systems that can damage precisely defined regions of the disc without the need for surgery. Together with more traditional approaches, these newer methods have generated many novel insights into wound healing, the mechanisms that drive regenerative growth, plasticity during regeneration and systemic effects of tissue damage and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswar K Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
| | - Florenci Serras
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia and Institute de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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135
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Martín R, Pinal N, Morata G. Distinct regenerative potential of trunk and appendages of Drosophila mediated by JNK signalling. Development 2017; 144:3946-3956. [PMID: 28935711 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila body comprises a central part, the trunk, and outgrowths of the trunk, the appendages. Much is known about appendage regeneration, but little about the trunk. As the wing imaginal disc contains a trunk component, the notum, and a wing appendage, we have investigated the response to ablation of these two components. We find that, in contrast with the strong regenerative response of the wing, the notum does not regenerate. Nevertheless, the elimination of the wing primordium elicits a proliferative response of notum cells, but they do not regenerate wing; they form a notum duplicate. Conversely, the wing cells cannot regenerate an ablated notum; they overproliferate and generate a hinge overgrowth. These results suggest that trunk and appendages cannot be reprogrammed to generate each other. Our experiments demonstrate that the proliferative response is mediated by JNK signalling from dying cells, but JNK functions differently in the trunk and the appendages, which may explain their distinct regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Noelia Pinal
- Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ginés Morata
- Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
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136
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Lan H, Yuan H, Lin C. Sulforaphane induces p53‑deficient SW480 cell apoptosis via the ROS‑MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7796-7804. [PMID: 28944886 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) has been revealed to inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the detailed anticancer effects of SFN on p53‑deficient colon cancer cells has yet to be clearly elucidated. The present study employed p53‑deficient SW480 cells to establish an SFN‑induced in vitro model of apoptosis. The critical events leading to apoptosis were then evaluated in SFN‑treated p53‑deficient SW480 cells, by performing an MTT assay, flow cytometry, western blotting and ELISA. The results demonstrated that SFN at concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 µM induced mitochondria‑associated cell apoptosis, which was further confirmed by disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in the Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio, as well as activation of caspase‑3, ‑7 and ‑9. In addition, SFN‑induced apoptosis was associated with an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the activation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinases (Erk) and p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinases. However, SFN did not induce expression of the p53 family member, p73. SFN‑induced apoptosis was subsequently confirmed to be ROS‑dependent and associated with Erk/p38, as the specific inhibitors for ROS, phosphorylated (p)‑Erk and p‑p38, completely or partially attenuated the SFN‑induced reduction in SW480 cell viability. In addition, the results demonstrated that even at the lowest concentrations (5 µM), SFN increased the sensitivity of p53‑proficient HCT‑116 cells to cisplatin. In conclusion, the results suggest that SFN may induce apoptosis in p53‑deficient SW480 cells via p53/p73‑independent and ROS‑Erk/p38‑dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lan
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Hongyin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Congyao Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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137
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Pérez E, Lindblad JL, Bergmann A. Tumor-promoting function of apoptotic caspases by an amplification loop involving ROS, macrophages and JNK in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:e26747. [PMID: 28853394 PMCID: PMC5779227 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and its molecular mediators, the caspases, have long been regarded as tumor suppressors and one hallmark of cancer is 'Evading Apoptosis'. However, recent work has suggested that apoptotic caspases can also promote proliferation and tumor growth under certain conditions. How caspases promote proliferation and how cells are protected from the potentially harmful action of apoptotic caspases is largely unknown. Here, we show that although caspases are activated in a well-studied neoplastic tumor model in Drosophila, oncogenic mutations of the proto-oncogene Ras (RasV12) maintain tumorous cells in an 'undead'-like condition and transform caspases from tumor suppressors into tumor promotors. Instead of killing cells, caspases now promote the generation of intra- and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). One function of the ROS is the recruitment and activation of macrophage-like immune cells which in turn signal back to tumorous epithelial cells to activate oncogenic JNK signaling. JNK further promotes and amplifies caspase activity, thereby constituting a feedback amplification loop. Interfering with the amplification loop strongly reduces the neoplastic behavior of these cells and significantly improves organismal survival. In conclusion, RasV12-modified caspases initiate a feedback amplification loop involving tumorous epithelial cells and macrophage-like immune cells that is necessary for uncontrolled tumor growth and invasive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Pérez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Jillian L Lindblad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
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138
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Khan SJ, Abidi SNF, Skinner A, Tian Y, Smith-Bolton RK. The Drosophila Duox maturation factor is a key component of a positive feedback loop that sustains regeneration signaling. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006937. [PMID: 28753614 PMCID: PMC5550008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating tissue must initiate the signaling that drives regenerative growth, and sustain that signaling long enough for regeneration to complete. How these key signals are sustained is unclear. To gain a comprehensive view of the changes in gene expression that occur during regeneration, we performed whole-genome mRNAseq of actively regenerating tissue from damaged Drosophila wing imaginal discs. We used genetic tools to ablate the wing primordium to induce regeneration, and carried out transcriptional profiling of the regeneration blastema by fluorescently labeling and sorting the blastema cells, thus identifying differentially expressed genes. Importantly, by using genetic mutants of several of these differentially expressed genes we have confirmed that they have roles in regeneration. Using this approach, we show that high expression of the gene moladietz (mol), which encodes the Duox-maturation factor NIP, is required during regeneration to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn sustain JNK signaling during regeneration. We also show that JNK signaling upregulates mol expression, thereby activating a positive feedback signal that ensures the prolonged JNK activation required for regenerative growth. Thus, by whole-genome transcriptional profiling of regenerating tissue we have identified a positive feedback loop that regulates the extent of regenerative growth. Regenerating tissue must initiate the signaling that drives regenerative growth, and then sustain that signaling long enough for regeneration to complete. Drosophila imaginal discs, the epithelial structures in the larva that will form the adult animal during metamorphosis, have been an important model system for tissue repair and regeneration for over 60 years. Here we show that damage-induced JNK signaling leads to the upregulation of a gene called moladietz, which encodes a co-factor for an enzyme, NADPH dual oxidase (Duox), that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), a key tissue-damage signal. High expression of moladietz induces continuous production of ROS in the regenerating tissue. The sustained production of ROS then continues to activate JNK signaling throughout the course of regeneration, ensuring maximal tissue regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Jawed Khan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Syeda Nayab Fatima Abidi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Andrea Skinner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Rachel K. Smith-Bolton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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139
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Activin signaling mediates muscle-to-adipose communication in a mitochondria dysfunction-associated obesity model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8596-8601. [PMID: 28739899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708037114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. However, whether mitochondrial perturbation in a single tissue influences mitochondrial function and metabolic status of another distal tissue remains largely unknown. We analyzed the nonautonomous role of muscular mitochondrial dysfunction in Drosophila Surprisingly, impaired muscle mitochondrial function via complex I perturbation results in simultaneous mitochondrial dysfunction in the fat body (the fly adipose tissue) and subsequent triglyceride accumulation, the major characteristic of obesity. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, in the context of muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, revealed that target genes of the TGF-β signaling pathway were induced in the fat body. Strikingly, expression of the TGF-β family ligand, Activin-β (Actβ), was dramatically increased in the muscles by NF-κB/Relish (Rel) signaling in response to mitochondrial perturbation, and decreasing Actβ expression in mitochondrial-perturbed muscles rescued both the fat body mitochondrial dysfunction and obesity phenotypes. Thus, perturbation of muscle mitochondrial activity regulates mitochondrial function in the fat body nonautonomously via modulation of Activin signaling.
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140
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Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental progress that regulates cell number, tissue homeostasis and organ size in development. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway has been evolutionarily conserved from fly to human, and plays essential roles in regulating cell death. To characterize additional genes that regulate JNK signaling, we performed a genetic screen in Drosophila and identified dGLYAT, a novel gene whose function was previously unknown, as a modulator of JNK-mediated cell death. We found that loss of dGLYAT suppressed JNK activation and cell death triggered by over-expression of Egr or Hep, or depletion of puc or lgl in development, suggesting dGLYAT regulates both ectopic and physiological functions of JNK pathway. Furthermore, we showed that loss of dGLYAT inhibits JNK-mediated ROS production, suggesting dGLYAT regulates multiple functions of JNK signaling in vivo.
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141
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Autophagy suppresses Ras-driven epithelial tumourigenesis by limiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Oncogene 2017; 36:5576-5592. [PMID: 28581519 PMCID: PMC5633656 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Ras signalling occurs in ~30% of human cancers; however, activated Ras alone is not sufficient for tumourigenesis. In a screen for tumour suppressors that cooperate with oncogenic Ras (RasV12) in Drosophila, we identified genes involved in the autophagy pathway. Bioinformatic analysis of human tumours revealed that several core autophagy genes, including GABARAP, correlate with oncogenic KRAS mutations and poor prognosis in human pancreatic cancer, supporting a potential tumour-suppressive effect of the pathway in Ras-driven human cancers. In Drosophila, we demonstrate that blocking autophagy at any step of the pathway enhances RasV12-driven epithelial tissue overgrowth via the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and activation of the Jun kinase stress response pathway. Blocking autophagy in RasV12 clones also results in non-cell-autonomous effects with autophagy, cell proliferation and caspase activation induced in adjacent wild-type cells. Our study has implications for understanding the interplay between perturbations in Ras signalling and autophagy in tumourigenesis, which might inform the development of novel therapeutics targeting Ras-driven cancers.
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142
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High sugar diet disrupts gut homeostasis though JNK and STAT pathways in Drosophila. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:910-916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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143
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Cap-n-Collar Promotes Tissue Regeneration by Regulating ROS and JNK Signaling in the Drosophila melanogaster Wing Imaginal Disc. Genetics 2017; 206:1505-1520. [PMID: 28512185 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.196832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration is a complex process that requires an organism to recognize and repair tissue damage, as well as grow and pattern new tissue. Here, we describe a genetic screen to identify novel regulators of regeneration. We ablated the Drosophila melanogaster larval wing primordium by inducing apoptosis in a spatially and temporally controlled manner and allowed the tissue to regenerate and repattern. To identify genes that regulate regeneration, we carried out a dominant-modifier screen by assessing the amount and quality of regeneration in adult wings heterozygous for isogenic deficiencies. We have identified 31 regions on the right arm of the third chromosome that modify the regenerative response. Interestingly, we observed several distinct phenotypes: mutants that regenerated poorly, mutants that regenerated faster or better than wild-type, and mutants that regenerated imperfectly and had patterning defects. We mapped one deficiency region to cap-n-collar (cnc), the Drosophila Nrf2 ortholog, which is required for regeneration. Cnc regulates reactive oxygen species levels in the regenerating epithelium, and affects c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) signaling, growth, debris localization, and pupariation timing. Here, we present the results of our screen and propose a model wherein Cnc regulates regeneration by maintaining an optimal level of reactive oxygen species to promote JNK signaling.
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144
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Lee JH, Lee CW, Park SH, Choe KM. Spatiotemporal regulation of cell fusion by JNK and JAK/STAT signaling during Drosophila wound healing. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1917-1928. [PMID: 28424232 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is widely observed during development and disease, and imposes a dramatic change on participating cells. Cell fusion should be tightly controlled, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we found that the JAK/STAT pathway suppressed cell fusion during wound healing in the Drosophila larval epidermis, restricting cell fusion to the vicinity of the wound. In the absence of JAK/STAT signaling, a large syncytium containing a 3-fold higher number of nuclei than observed in wild-type tissue formed in wounded epidermis. The JAK/STAT ligand-encoding genes upd2 and upd3 were transcriptionally induced by wounding, and were required for suppressing excess cell fusion. JNK (also known as Basket in flies) was activated in the wound vicinity and activity peaked at ∼8 h after injury, whereas JAK/STAT signaling was activated in an adjoining concentric ring and activity peaked at a later stage. Cell fusion occurred primarily in the wound vicinity, where JAK/STAT activation was suppressed by fusion-inducing JNK signaling. JAK/STAT signaling was both necessary and sufficient for the induction of βPS integrin (also known as Myospheroid) expression, suggesting that the suppression of cell fusion was mediated at least in part by integrin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Chan-Wool Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Si-Hyoung Park
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Choe
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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145
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Li Y, Wen JM, Du CJ, Hu SM, Chen JX, Zhang SG, Zhang N, Gao F, Li SJ, Mao XW, Miyamoto H, Ding KF. Thymol inhibits bladder cancer cell proliferation via inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:530-536. [PMID: 28389245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymol is a phenolic compound with various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-tumor effects. However, the effect of thymol on bladder cancer cell growth is still elusive. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of thymol in bladder cancer cells and its underlying mechanism. Thymol inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation in a dose and time-dependent manner. We also observed cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase after the treatment of thymol. Moreover, thymol could induce apoptosis in bladder cancer cells via the intrinsic pathway along with caspase-3/9 activation, release of cytochrome c and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The activation of JNK and p38 was also critical for thymol-induced apoptosis since it was abrogated by the treatment of JNK inhibitor (SP600125), and p38 inhibitor (SB203580) but not ERK inhibitor (SCH772984). Furthermore, the generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) was detected after the treatment of thymol. ROS scavenger NAC (N-acetyl cysteine) could block the thymol-triggered apoptosis and activation of MAPKs. These findings offer a novel therapeutic approach for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jia-Ming Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Du
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Su-Min Hu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Xi Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi-Geng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao-Jiang Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia-Wa Mao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ke-Feng Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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146
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Killers creating new life: caspases drive apoptosis-induced proliferation in tissue repair and disease. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1390-1400. [PMID: 28362431 PMCID: PMC5520457 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a carefully orchestrated and tightly controlled form of cell death, conserved across metazoans. As the executioners of apoptotic cell death, cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases (caspases) are critical drivers of this cellular disassembly. Early studies of genetically programmed cell death demonstrated that the selective activation of caspases induces apoptosis and the precise elimination of excess cells, thereby sculpting structures and refining tissues. However, over the past decade there has been a fundamental shift in our understanding of the roles of caspases during cell death-a shift precipitated by the revelation that apoptotic cells actively engage with their surrounding environment throughout the death process, and caspases can trigger a myriad of signals, some of which drive concurrent cell proliferation regenerating damaged structures and building up lost tissues. This caspase-driven compensatory proliferation is referred to as apoptosis-induced proliferation (AiP). Diverse mechanisms of AiP have been found across species, ranging from planaria to mammals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of AiP and we highlight recent advances in the field including the involvement of reactive oxygen species and macrophage-like immune cells in one form of AiP, novel regulatory mechanisms affecting caspases during AiP, and emerging clinical data demonstrating the critical importance of AiP in cancer.
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147
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Terriente-Félix A, Pérez L, Bray SJ, Nebreda AR, Milán M. A Drosophila model of myeloproliferative neoplasm reveals a feed-forward loop in the JAK pathway mediated by p38 MAPK signalling. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:399-407. [PMID: 28237966 PMCID: PMC5399568 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) of the Philadelphia-negative class comprise polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). They are associated with aberrant numbers of myeloid lineage cells in the blood, and in the case of overt PMF, with development of myelofibrosis in the bone marrow and failure to produce normal blood cells. These diseases are usually caused by gain-of-function mutations in the kinase JAK2. Here, we use Drosophila to investigate the consequences of activation of the JAK2 orthologue in haematopoiesis. We have identified maturing haemocytes in the lymph gland, the major haematopoietic organ in the fly, as the cell population susceptible to induce hypertrophy upon targeted overexpression of JAK. We show that JAK activates a feed-forward loop, including the cytokine-like ligand Upd3 and its receptor, Domeless, which are required to induce lymph gland hypertrophy. Moreover, we present evidence that p38 MAPK signalling plays a key role in this process by inducing expression of the ligand Upd3. Interestingly, we also show that forced activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in maturing haemocytes suffices to generate hypertrophic organs and the appearance of melanotic tumours. Our results illustrate a novel pro-tumourigenic crosstalk between the p38 MAPK pathway and JAK signalling in a Drosophila model of MPNs. Based on the shared molecular mechanisms underlying MPNs in flies and humans, the interplay between Drosophila JAK and p38 signalling pathways unravelled in this work might have translational relevance for human MPNs. Summary: Pro-tumourigenic crosstalk occurs between the p38 MAPK pathway and JAK signalling in a Drosophila model of myeloproliferative neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Terriente-Félix
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Pérez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah J Bray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain .,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Marco Milán
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain .,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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148
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Sheu JR, Chen ZC, Jayakumar T, Chou DS, Yen TL, Lee HN, Pan SH, Hsia CH, Yang CH, Hsieh CY. A novel indication of platonin, a therapeutic immunomodulating medicine, on neuroprotection against ischemic stroke in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42277. [PMID: 28165057 PMCID: PMC5292718 DOI: 10.1038/srep42277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis and stroke are major causes of disability and death worldwide. However, the regular antithrombotic drugs may have unsatisfactory results and side effects. Platonin, a cyanine photosensitizing dye, has been used to treat trauma, ulcers and some acute inflammation. Here, we explored the neuroprotective effects of platonin against middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced ischemic stroke in mice. Platonin(200 μg/kg) substantially reduced cerebral infarct volume, brain edema, neuronal cell death and neurological deficit scores, and improved the MCAO-reduced locomotor activity and rotarod performance. Platonin(5–10 μM) potently inhibited platelet aggregation and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in collagen-activated platelets. The antiaggregation effect did not affect bleeding time but increased occlusion time in platonin(100 and 200 μg/kg)-treated mice. Platonin(2–10 μM) was potent in diminishing collagen- and Fenton reaction-induced ∙OH formation. Platonin(5–10 μM) also suppressed the expression of nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β, and JNK phosphorylation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. MCAO-induced expression of 3-nitrotyrosine and Iba1 was apparently attenuated in platonin(200 μg/kg)-treated mice. In conclusion, platonin exhibited remarkable neuroprotective properties against MCAO-induced ischemia in a mouse model through its antiaggregation, antiinflammatory and antiradical properties. The observed therapeutic efficacy of platonin may consider being a novel medcine against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhih-Cherng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy &Science, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Suey Chou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Lin Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Ni Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Han Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Hsia
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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149
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Ito T, Igaki T. Dissecting cellular senescence and SASP in Drosophila. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:25. [PMID: 29259698 PMCID: PMC5725765 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence can act as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter depending on the cellular contexts. On one hand, premature senescence has been considered as an innate host defense mechanism against carcinogenesis in mammals. In response to various stresses including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and oncogenic stress, suffered cells undergo irreversible cell cycle arrest, leading to tumor suppression. On the other hand, recent studies in mammalian systems have revealed that senescent cells can drive oncogenesis by secreting diverse proteins such as inflammatory cytokines, matrix remodeling factors, and growth factors, the phenomenon called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, the mechanisms by which these contradictory effects regulate tumor growth and metastasis in vivo have been elusive. Here, we review the recent discovery of cellular senescence in Drosophila and the mechanisms underlying senescence-mediated tumor regulation dissected by Drosophila genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ito
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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150
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Diaz-Garcia S, Ahmed S, Baonza A. Analysis of the Function of Apoptosis during Imaginal Wing Disc Regeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165554. [PMID: 27893747 PMCID: PMC5125585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration is the ability that allows organisms to replace missing organs or lost tissue after injuries. This ability requires the coordinated activity of different cellular processes, including programmed cell death. Apoptosis plays a key role as a source of signals necessary for regeneration in different organisms. The imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster provide a particularly well-characterised model system for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying regeneration. Although it has been shown that signals produced by apoptotic cells are needed for homeostasis and regeneration of some tissues of this organism, such as the adult midgut, the contribution of apoptosis to disc regeneration remains unclear. Using a new method for studying disc regeneration in physiological conditions, we have defined the pattern of cell death in regenerating discs. Our data indicate that during disc regeneration, cell death increases first at the wound edge, but as regeneration progresses dead cells can be observed in regions far away from the site of damage. This result indicates that apoptotic signals initiated in the wound spread throughout the disc. We also present results which suggest that the partial inhibition of apoptosis does not have a major effect on disc regeneration. Finally, our results suggest that during disc regeneration distinct apoptotic signals might be acting simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Diaz-Garcia
- University of California San Diego, Biology Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, United States of America
| | - Sara Ahmed
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Baonza
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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