101
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Bacarin CC, Godinho J, de Oliveira RMW, Matsushita M, Gohara AK, Cardozo-Filho L, Lima JDC, Previdelli IS, Melo SR, Ribeiro MHDM, Milani H. Postischemic fish oil treatment restores long-term retrograde memory and dendritic density: An analysis of the time window of efficacy. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:425-439. [PMID: 27235715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We reported that fish oil (FO) prevented the loss of spatial memory caused by transient, global cerebral ischemia (TGCI), provided the treatment covered the first days prior to and after ischemia. Continuing these studies, trained rats were subjected to TGCI, and FO was administered for 10days, with a time window of efficacy (TWE) of 4, 8 or 12h post-ischemia. Retrograde memory was assessed up to 43days after TGCI. In another experiment, ischemic rats received FO with a 4- or 12-h TWE, and dendritic density was assessed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The brain lipid profile was evaluated in sham-operated and ischemic rats that were treated with FO or vehicle with a 4-h TWE. Ischemia-induced retrograde amnesia was prevented by FO administration that was initiated with either a 4- or 8-h TWE. Fish oil was ineffective after a 12-h TWE. Independent of the TWE, FO did not prevent ischemic neuronal death. In the hippocampus, but not cerebral cortex, TGCI-induced dendritic loss was prevented by FO with a 4-h TWE but not 12-h TWE. The level of docosahexaenoic acid almost doubled in the hippocampus in ischemic, FO-treated rats (4-h TWE). The data indicate that (i) the anti-amnesic effect of FO can be observed with a TWE of up to 8h, (ii) the stimulation of dendritic neuroplasticity may have contributed to this effect, and (iii) DHA in FO may be the main active constituent in FO that mediates the cognitive and neuroplasticity effects on TGCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaqueline Godinho
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná,Brazil
| | | | - Makoto Matsushita
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aline Kirie Gohara
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Cardozo-Filho
- Department of Chemistry Engineering, State University of Maringa, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvana Regina Melo
- Department of Morphophysiological Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná,Brazil.
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102
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Effect of delta opioid receptor activation on spatial cognition and neurogenesis in cerebral ischemic rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 620:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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103
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Postischemic Anhedonia Associated with Neurodegenerative Changes in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus of Rats. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:5054275. [PMID: 27057366 PMCID: PMC4812484 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5054275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poststroke depression is one of the major symptoms observed in the chronic stage of brain stroke such as cerebral ischemia. Its pathophysiological mechanisms, however, are not well understood. Using the transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion- (MCAO-, 90 min) operated rats as an ischemia model in this study, we first observed that aggravation of anhedonia spontaneously occurred especially after 20 weeks of MCAO, and it was prevented by chronic antidepressants treatment (imipramine or fluvoxamine). The anhedonia specifically associated with loss of the granular neurons in the ipsilateral side of hippocampal dentate gyrus and was also prevented by an antidepressant imipramine. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased apoptosis inside the granular cell layer prior to and associated with the neuronal loss, and imipramine seemed to recover the survival signal rather than suppressing the death signal to prevent neurons from apoptosis. Proliferation and development of the neural stem cells were increased transiently in the subgranular zone of both ipsi- and contralateral hippocampus within one week after MCAO and then decreased and almost ceased after 6 weeks of MCAO, while chronic imipramine treatment prevented them partially. Overall, our study suggests new insights for the mechanistic correlation between poststroke depression and the delayed neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus with effective use of antidepressants on them.
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104
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Lian D, He D, Wu J, Liu Y, Zhu M, Sun J, Chen F, Li L. Exogenous BDNF increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus in experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 294:46-55. [PMID: 27138098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the effective use of antibiotics, occurrences of mortality and neurological sequelae following Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis remain high. METHODS We investigated the neurogenesis of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) after inoculation with exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus dentate gyrus following experimental S. pneumoniae meningitis using a double-labeling immunofluorescence analysis with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), Nestin, DCX and NeuN. RESULTS Our results showed that 7days after inoculation, the number of BrdU & Nestin co-labeled cells increased in the hippocampus in meningitis rats compared with control rats (p<0.05). But the number of DCX-positive cells decreased in the dentate gyrus of infected rats treated with saline (p<0.05). However, these cell numbers returned to close to normal-control levels in infected rats treated with BDNF (p>0.05). After treatment with exogenous BDNF, the number of BrdU & Nestin co-labeled cells increased in the hippocampus in both the meningitis rats and normal control rats (p<0.05), but this increase was more significant in the former (p<0.05). We found that the percentage of BrdU & DCX/BrdU co-labeled cells increased in infected rats treated with BDNF both 7days and 14days after inoculation in a greater proportion compared to other groups (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in the percentage of BrdU & NeuN/BrdU 28days after inoculation among all of the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that S. pneumoniae meningitis activates the proliferation of endogenous NSCs, but impairs their early differentiation. Administration of exogenous BDNF might improve the neurogenesis of endogenous NSCs in the hippocampus and may provide a promising therapy after bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lian
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Dake He
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Mingjie Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Pathology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.
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105
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Is Involved in Adult Mouse Hippocampal Neurogenesis After Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:270-9. [PMID: 26910758 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus, neurogenesis persists throughout life and is upregulated following ischemia. Accumulating evidence suggests that enhanced neurogenesis stimulated by ischemic injury contributes to recovery after stroke. However, the mechanisms underlying the upregulation of neurogenesis are unclear. We have demonstrated that a neuropeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), exerts a wide range of effects on neural stem cells (NSCs) during neural development. Here, we examined the effects of endogenous and exogenous PACAP in adult NSCs of the SGZ. Immunostaining showed expression of the PACAP receptor PAC1R in nestin-positive NSCs of adult naive mice. PACAP injection into the lateral ventricle increased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive proliferative cells in the SGZ. These data suggest that PACAP promoted the proliferation of NSCs. In global ischemia model mice, the number of BrdU-positive cells was increased in wild-type mice but not in PACAP heterozygous knockout mice. The BrdU-positive cells that increased in number after ischemia were immunopositive for SOX2, a marker of NSCs, and differentiated into NeuN-positive mature neurons at 4 weeks after ischemia. These findings suggest that PACAP contributes to the proliferation of NSCs and may be associated with recovery after brain injury.
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106
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Llorens-Martín M, Rábano A, Ávila J. The Ever-Changing Morphology of Hippocampal Granule Neurons in Physiology and Pathology. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:526. [PMID: 26834550 PMCID: PMC4717329 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons are continuously added to the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout adulthood. In this review, we analyze the maturational stages that newborn granule neurons go through, with a focus on their unique morphological features during each stage under both physiological and pathological circumstances. In addition, the influence of deleterious (such as schizophrenia, stress, Alzheimer's disease, seizures, stroke, inflammation, dietary deficiencies, or the consumption of drugs of abuse or toxic substances) and neuroprotective (physical exercise and environmental enrichment) stimuli on the maturation of these cells will be examined. Finally, the regulation of this process by proteins involved in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders such as Glycogen synthase kinase 3β, Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC-1), Glucocorticoid receptor, pro-inflammatory mediators, Presenilin-1, Amyloid precursor protein, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), among others, will be evaluated. Given the recently acquired relevance of the dendritic branch as a functional synaptic unit required for memory storage, a full understanding of the morphological alterations observed in newborn neurons may have important consequences for the prevention and treatment of the cognitive and affective alterations that evolve in conjunction with impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorens-Martín
- Molecular Neurobiology, Function of Microtubular Proteins, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain; Neuropathology Department, CIEN FoundationMadrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Molecular Neurobiology, Function of Microtubular Proteins, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain
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107
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Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin Against Transient Global Ischemia are Dose and Area Dependent. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.32600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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108
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Src Family Kinases in Brain Edema After Acute Brain Injury. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:185-90. [PMID: 26463946 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain edema, the first stage of intracranial hypertension, has been associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality after acute brain injury such as ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Acute brain injury often initiates release of many molecules, including glutamate, adenosine, thrombin, oxyhemoglobin, cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), and others. Most of these molecules activate Src family kinases (SFKs), a family of proto-oncogenic non-receptor tyrosine kinases, resulting in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and brain edema at the acute stage after brain injury. However, SFKs also contribute to BBB self-repair and brain edema resolution in the chronic stage that follows brain injury. In this review, we summarize possible pathways through which SFKs are implicated in both brain edema formation and its eventual resolution.
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109
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Lee JC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Kim IH, Cho JH, Choi JH, Yoo KY, Lee CH, Hwang IK, Cho JH, Kwon YG, Kim YM, Kang IJ, Won MH. New GABAergic Neurogenesis in the Hippocampal CA1 Region of a Gerbil Model of Long-Term Survival after Transient Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:581-92. [PMID: 26509872 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the probability of newly generated neurons that could survive and mature in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) of a gerbil model of transient cerebral ischemia. Neuronal death was shown in the stratum pyramidale (SP) from 4 days post-ischemia, and a significant increase in NeuN-positive ((+) ) neurons was found in the SP at 180 days post-ischemia. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)(+) cells were co-stained with NeuN and glutamic decarboxylase 67 (GAD67). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity and protein level was shown in nonpyramidal cells from 4 days post-ischemia, and the immunoreactivity was strong at 30 days post-ischemia and not significantly changed until 180 days post-ischemia. Furthermore, TrkB immunoreactivity was co-stained with GAD67 when we examined at 180 days post-ischemia. Myelin basic protein (MBP)(+) nerve fibers were reduced at 4 days post-ischemia and maintained until 60 days post-ischemia, and MBP immunoreactivity and levels were significantly increased at 180 days post-ischemia. In the passive avoidance test, cognitive dysfunction was improved at 180 days post-ischemia. These results suggest that the differentiation of neural progenitor cells into new GABAergic neurons may be promoted via BDNF in the ischemic CA1 and that the neurogenesis may partially mediate the recovery of cognitive impairments via increasing myelinated nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 210-702, South Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 200-702, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
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110
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Lin R, Iacovitti L. Classic and novel stem cell niches in brain homeostasis and repair. Brain Res 2015; 1628:327-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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111
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Abstract
Multiple hippocampal transection (MHT) is a novel surgical procedure that serves to disrupt seizure propagation fibers within the hippocampus without impairing verbal memory or the loss of stem cells. Given the paucity of literature regarding the utility and long-term outcome of MHT, a review is presented of the current literature to support the utility of this procedure in the treatment of intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Long-term outcome analysis of this technique has been reported by 2 independent groups. Both groups used intraoperative electrocorticography. All patients underwent multiple subpial transection on the neocortex and MHT on the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Angelo Patil
- Creighton University Medical Center, Division of Neurosurgery, 601 North 30th Street, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
| | - Andrea Jennifer Chamczuk
- Creighton University Medical Center, Division of Neurosurgery, 601 North 30th Street, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
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112
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Butler CR, Boychuk JA, Smith BN. Effects of Rapamycin Treatment on Neurogenesis and Synaptic Reorganization in the Dentate Gyrus after Controlled Cortical Impact Injury in Mice. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:163. [PMID: 26640431 PMCID: PMC4661228 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is one consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). A prominent cell signaling pathway activated in animal models of both TBI and epilepsy is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin has shown promise as a potential modulator of epileptogenesis in several animal models of epilepsy, but cellular mechanisms linking mTOR expression and epileptogenesis are unclear. In this study, the role of mTOR in modifying functional hippocampal circuit reorganization after focal TBI induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) was investigated. Rapamycin (3 or 10 mg/kg), an inhibitor of mTOR signaling, was administered by intraperitoneal injection beginning on the day of injury and continued daily until tissue collection. Relative to controls, rapamycin treatment reduced dentate granule cell area in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injury two weeks post-injury. Brain injury resulted in a significant increase in doublecortin immunolabeling in the dentate gyrus ipsilateral to the injury, indicating increased neurogenesis shortly after TBI. Rapamycin treatment prevented the increase in doublecortin labeling, with no overall effect on Fluoro-Jade B staining in the ipsilateral hemisphere, suggesting that rapamycin treatment reduced posttraumatic neurogenesis but did not prevent cell loss after injury. At later times post-injury (8–13 weeks), evidence of mossy fiber sprouting and increased recurrent excitation of dentate granule cells was detected, which were attenuated by rapamycin treatment. Rapamycin treatment also diminished seizure prevalence relative to vehicle-treated controls after TBI. Collectively, these results support a role for adult neurogenesis in PTE development and suggest that suppression of epileptogenesis by mTOR inhibition includes effects on post-injury neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corwin R Butler
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffery A Boychuk
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Epilepsy Center, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Epilepsy Center, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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113
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Rolova T, Dhungana H, Korhonen P, Valonen P, Kolosowska N, Konttinen H, Kanninen K, Tanila H, Malm T, Koistinaho J. Deletion of Nuclear Factor kappa B p50 Subunit Decreases Inflammatory Response and Mildly Protects Neurons from Transient Forebrain Ischemia-induced Damage. Aging Dis 2015; 7:450-65. [PMID: 27493832 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient forebrain ischemia induces delayed death of the hippocampal pyramidal neurons, particularly in the CA2 and medial CA1 area. Early pharmacological inhibition of inflammatory response can ameliorate neuronal death, but it also inhibits processes leading to tissue regeneration. Therefore, research efforts are now directed to modulation of post-ischemic inflammation, with the aim to promote beneficial effects of inflammation and limit adverse effects. Transcription factor NF-κB plays a key role in the inflammation and cell survival/apoptosis pathways. In the brain, NF-κB is predominantly found in the form of a heterodimer of p65 (RelA) and p50 subunit, where p65 has a transactivation domain while p50 is chiefly involved in DNA binding. In this study, we subjected middle-aged Nfkb1 knockout mice (lacking p50 subunit) and wild-type controls of both sexs to 17 min of transient forebrain ischemia and assessed mouse performance in a panel of behavioral tests after two weeks of post-operative recovery. We found that ischemia failed to induce clear memory and motor deficits, but affected spontaneous locomotion in genotype- and sex-specific way. We also show that both the lack of the NF-κB p50 subunit and female sex independently protected CA2 hippocampal neurons from ischemia-induced cell death. Additionally, the NF-κB p50 subunit deficiency significantly reduced ischemia-induced microgliosis, astrogliosis, and neurogenesis. Lower levels of hippocampal microgliosis significantly correlated with faster spatial learning. We conclude that NF-κB regulates the outcome of transient forebrain ischemia in middle-aged subjects in a sex-specific way, having an impact not only on neuronal death but also specific inflammatory responses and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisia Rolova
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Hiramani Dhungana
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Piia Valonen
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Natalia Kolosowska
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Henna Konttinen
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Katja Kanninen
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland; 2Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- 1Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland
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114
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Shen SW, Duan CL, Chen XH, Wang YQ, Sun X, Zhang QW, Cui HR, Sun FY. Neurogenic effect of VEGF is related to increase of astrocytes transdifferentiation into new mature neurons in rat brains after stroke. Neuropharmacology 2015; 108:451-61. [PMID: 26603138 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To study the cellular mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-enhanced neurogenesis in ischemic brain injury, we used middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model to induce transient focal ischemic brain injury. The results showed that ischemic injury significantly increased glial fibrillary acidic protein immunopositive (GFAP(+)) and nestin(+) cells in ipsilateral striatum 3 days following MCAO. Most GFAP(+) cells colocalized with nestin (GFAP(+)-nestin(+)), Pax6 (GFAP(+)-Pax6(+)), or Olig2 (GFAP(+)-Olig2(+)). VEGF further increased GFAP(+)-nestin(+) and GFAP(+)-Pax6(+) cells, and decreased GFAP(+)-Olig2(+) cells. We used striatal injection of GFAP targeted enhanced green fluorescence protein (pGfa2-EGFP) vectors combined with multiple immunofluorescent staining to trace the neural fates of EGFP-expressing (GFP(+)) reactive astrocytes. The results showed that MCAO-induced striatal reactive astrocytes differentiated into neural stem cells (GFP(+)-nestin(+) cells) at 3 days after MCAO, immature (GFP(+)-Tuj-1(+) cells) at 1 week and mature neurons (GFP(+)-MAP-2(+) or GFP(+)-NeuN(+) cells) at 2 weeks. VEGF increased GFP(+)-NeuN(+) and BrdU(+)-MAP-2(+) newborn neurons after MCAO. Fluorocitrate, an astrocytic inhibitor, significantly decreased GFAP and nestin expression in ischemic brains, and also reduced VEGF-enhanced neurogenic effects. This study is the first time to report that VEGF-mediated increase of newly generated neurons is dependent on the presence of reactive astrocytes. The results also illustrate cellular mechanism of VEGF-enhanced neural repair and functional plasticity in the brains after ischemic injury. We concluded that neurogenic effect of VEGF is related to increase of striatal astrocytes transdifferentiation into new mature neurons, which should be very important for the reconstruction of neurovascular units/networks in non-neurogenic regions of the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Shen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chun-Ling Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xian-Hua Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yong-Quan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Qiu-Wan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Hui-Ru Cui
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Feng-Yan Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Siepmann T, Penzlin AI, Kepplinger J, Illigens BM, Weidner K, Reichmann H, Barlinn K. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to improve outcome in acute ischemic stroke: possible mechanisms and clinical evidence. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00373. [PMID: 26516608 PMCID: PMC4614057 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical studies have indicated that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) administered in patients after acute ischemic stroke can improve clinical recovery independently of depression. Due to small sample sizes and heterogeneous study designs interpretability was limited in these studies. The mechanisms of action whereby SSRI might improve recovery from acute ischemic stroke are not fully elucidated. METHODS We searched MEDLINE using the PubMed interface to identify evidence of SSRI mediated improvement of recovery from acute ischemic stroke and reviewed the literature on the potential underlying mechanisms of action. RESULTS Among identified clinical studies, a well-designed randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study (FLAME - fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischemic stroke) demonstrated improved recovery of motor function in stroke patients receiving fluoxetine. The positive effects of SSRIs on stroke recovery were further supported by a meta-analysis of 52 trials in a total of 4060 participants published by the Cochrane collaboration. Based on animal models, the mechanisms whereby SSRIs might ameliorate functional and structural ischemic-brain damage were suggested to include stimulation of neurogenesis with migration of newly generated cells toward ischemic-brain regions, anti-inflammatory neuroprotection, improved regulation of cerebral blood flow, and modulation of the adrenergic neurohormonal system. However, to date, it remains speculative if and to what degree these mechanisms convert into humans and randomized controlled trials in large populations of stroke patients comparing different SSRIs are still lacking. CONCLUSION In addition to the need of comprehensive-clinical evidence, further elucidation of the beneficial mechanisms whereby SSRIs may improve structural and functional recovery from ischemic-brain damage is needed to form a basis for translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Siepmann
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Ana Isabel Penzlin
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Jessica Kepplinger
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Ben Min‐Woo Illigens
- Department of NeurologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Kristian Barlinn
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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Nam TK, Park SW, Park YS, Kwon JT, Min BK, Hwang SN. Role of a Burr Hole and Calvarial Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells in the Ischemic Rat Brain: A Possible Mechanism for the Efficacy of Multiple Burr Hole Surgery in Moyamoya Disease. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015; 58:167-74. [PMID: 26539257 PMCID: PMC4630345 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2015.58.3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigates the role of a burr hole and calvarial bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) in a transient ischemic brain injury model in the rat and postulates a possible mechanism for the efficacy of multiple cranial burr hole (MCBH) surgery in moyamoya disease (MMD). Methods Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats (250 g, male) were divided into four groups : normal control group (n=5), burr hole group (n=5), ischemia group (n=5), and ischemia+burr hole group (n=5). Focal ischemia was induced by the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At one week after the ischemic injury, a 2 mm-sized cranial burr hole with small cortical incision was made on the ipsilateral (left) parietal area. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally, 2 times a day for 6 days after the burr hole trephination. At one week after the burr hole trephination, brains were harvested. Immunohistochemical stainings for BrdU, CD34, VEGF, and Doublecortin and Nestin were done. Results In the ischemia+burr hole group, BrdU (+), CD34 (+), and Doublecortin (+) cells were found in the cortical incision site below the burr hole. A number of cells with Nestin (+) or VEGF (+) were found in the cerebral parenchyma around the cortical incision site. In the other groups, BrdU (+), CD34 (+), Doublecortin (+), and Nestin (+) cells were not detected in the corresponding area. These findings suggest that BrdU (+) and CD34 (+) cells are bone marrow-derived stem cells, which may be derived from the calvarial bone marrow through the burr hole. The existence of CD34 (+) and VEGF (+) cells indicates increased angiogenesis, while the existence of Doublecortin (+), Nestin (+) cells indicates increased neurogenesis. Conclusion Based on these findings, the BMSCs through burr holes seem to play an important role for the therapeutic effect of the MCBH surgery in MMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek-Kyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Won Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Sook Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Taik Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Kook Min
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Nam Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Zhao J, Sui M, Lü X, Jin D, Zhuang Z, Yan T. Electroacupuncture promotes neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of rats following stroke via upregulation of Notch1 expression. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6911-7. [PMID: 26328605 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are important in rehabilitation following stroke. Electroacupuncture (EA) treatment has been observed to promote the recovery of neurological functions subsequent to stroke, however, the effects of EA on the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs and its potential mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, rats, in which a stroke was induced through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), were treated with EA or control manipulation for 21 days. The modified Neurological Severity score and Morris water maze tests were used to assess the neurological functions of the rats. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or BrdU/neuronal marker (NeuN) double immunofluorescence staining were used to examine the proliferation and differentiation of the NSCs. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blot analyses were performed to detect the expression levels of Notch1 and Hes1 in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus of rats following MCAO. The results demonstrated that EA treatment significantly improved the neurological functional recovery of rats following stroke. A significant increase was observed in the number of BrdU+/GAFP+ and BrdU+/NeuN+ cells in the DG area in the EA‑treated rats compared with that of the control group. RT‑qPCR analysis revealed that EA treatment significantly increased the expression levels of Notch1 and Hes1, which may account for the enhanced proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to demonstrate that EA treatment promoted NSC proliferation and neurogenesis in the DG area through the upregulation of Notch signaling following a stroke; therefore, EA may be a useful novel therapeutic strategy in future stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Minghong Sui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lü
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Tiebin Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Tan S, Zhi P, Luo Z, Shi J. Severe instead of mild hyperglycemia inhibits neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of adult rats after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2015; 303:138-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Verma V, Samanthapudi K, Raviprakash R. Classic Studies on the Potential of Stem Cell Neuroregeneration. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE NEUROSCIENCES 2015; 25:123-141. [PMID: 26308908 DOI: 10.1080/0964704x.2015.1039904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 1990s and 2000s were the beginning of an exciting time period for developmental neuroscience and neural stem cell research. By better understanding brain plasticity and the birth of new neurons in the adult brain, contrary to established dogma, hope for therapy from devastating neurological diseases was generated. The potential for stem cells to provide functional recovery in humans remains to be further tested and to further move into the clinical trial realm. The future certainly has great promise on stem cells to assist in alleviation of difficult-to-treat neurologic disorders. This article reviews classic studies of the 1990s and 2000s that paved the way for the advances of today, which can in turn lead to tomorrow's therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- a Department of Neuroscience , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | | | - Ratujit Raviprakash
- a Department of Neuroscience , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Geribaldi-Doldán N, Flores-Giubi E, Murillo-Carretero M, García-Bernal F, Carrasco M, Macías-Sánchez AJ, Domínguez-Riscart J, Verástegui C, Hernández-Galán R, Castro C. 12-Deoxyphorbols Promote Adult Neurogenesis by Inducing Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation via PKC Activation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv085. [PMID: 26224011 PMCID: PMC4772272 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders frequently occur after brain insults associated with neuronal loss. Strategies aimed to facilitate neuronal renewal by promoting neurogenesis constitute a promising therapeutic option to treat neuronal death-associated disorders. In the adult brain, generation of new neurons occurs physiologically throughout the entire life controlled by extracellular molecules coupled to intracellular signaling cascades. Proteins participating in these cascades within neurogenic regions constitute potential pharmacological targets to promote neuronal regeneration of injured areas of the central nervous system. METHODOLOGY We have performed in vitro and in vivo approaches to determine neural progenitor cell proliferation to understand whether activation of kinases of the protein kinase C family facilitates neurogenesis in the adult brain. RESULTS We have demonstrated that protein kinase C activation by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate induces neural progenitor cell proliferation in vitro. We also show that the nontumorogenic protein kinase C activator prostratin exerts a proliferative effect on neural progenitor cells in vitro. This effect can be reverted by addition of the protein kinase C inhibitor G06850, demonstrating that the effect of prostratin is mediated by protein kinase C activation. Additionally, we show that prostratin treatment in vivo induces proliferation of neural progenitor cells within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone. Finally, we describe a library of diterpenes with a 12-deoxyphorbol structure similar to that of prostratin that induces a stronger effect than prostratin on neural progenitor cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that protein kinase C activation is a promising strategy to expand the endogenous neural progenitor cell population to promote neurogenesis and highlights the potential of 12-deoxyphorbols as pharmaceutical agents to facilitate neuronal renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui)
| | - Eugenia Flores-Giubi
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui)
| | - Maribel Murillo-Carretero
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui)
| | - Francisco García-Bernal
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui)
| | - Manuel Carrasco
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui)
| | - Antonio J Macías-Sánchez
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui)
| | - Jesús Domínguez-Riscart
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui)
| | - Cristina Verástegui
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui)
| | - Rosario Hernández-Galán
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui)
| | - Carmen Castro
- Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Geribaldi-Doldán, Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Murillo-Carretero, Mr García-Bernal, Dr Carrasco, Dr Domínguez-Riscart, and Dr Castro); Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain (Mrs Flores-Giubi, Dr Macías-Sánchez, and Dr Hernández-Galán); Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain (Dr Verástegui).
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Yang LC, Li J, Xu SF, Cai J, Lei H, Liu DM, Zhang M, Rong XF, Cui DD, Wang L, Peng Y, Wang XL. L-3-n-butylphthalide Promotes Neurogenesis and Neuroplasticity in Cerebral Ischemic Rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015. [PMID: 26215907 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated whether anticerebral ischemia new drug, l-3-n-butylphthalide (l-NBP), improved behavioral recovery and enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS The middle cerebral artery of rats was blocked for 2 h. The daily oral administrations of 30 mg/kg l-NBP or vehicle were begun from the second day until the rats were sacrificed. L-NBP treatment markedly increased 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of injured hemisphere on day 28 after ischemia. The amount of newborn cells and newly mature neurons was also increased. The expressions of growth-associated protein-43 and synaptophysin were significantly elevated in l-NBP-treated rats. However, l-NBP markedly reduced the percentage of BrdU(+) /GFAP(+) cells. Additionally, the levels of catalytical subunit of protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase B (Akt), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were significantly increased, and the activation of the signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the expressions of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax were obviously inhibited by l-NBP. Consequently, l-NBP attenuated the behavioral dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS It first demonstrates that l-NBP may improve the behavioral outcome of cerebral ischemia by promoting neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Activation of CREB and Akt and inhibition of STAT3 signaling might be involved in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Fang Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Cheng O, Li R, Zhao L, Yu L, Yang B, Wang J, Chen B, Yang J. Short-term sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis in rats following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125877. [PMID: 26039740 PMCID: PMC4454510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation (SD) plays a complex role in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Recent studies indicate that short-term SD can affect the extent of ischemic damage. The aim of this study was to investigate whether short-term SD could stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (GCIR). METHODS One hundred Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Sham, GCIR and short-term SD groups based on different durations of SD; the short-term SD group was randomly divided into three subgroups: the GCIR+6hSD*3d-treated, GCIR+12hSD-treated and GCIR+12hSD*3d-treated groups. The GCIR rat model was induced via the bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries and hemorrhagic hypotension. The rats were sleep-deprived starting at 48 h following GCIR. A Morris water maze test was used to assess learning and memory ability; cell proliferation and differentiation were analyzed via 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), respectively, at 14 and 28 d; the expression of hippocampal BDNF was measured after 7 d. RESULTS The different durations of short-term SD designed in our experiment exhibited improvement in cognitive function as well as increased hippocampal BDNF expression. Additionally, the short-term SD groups also showed an increased number of BrdU- and BrdU/NSE-positive cells compared with the GCIR group. Of the three short-term SD groups, the GCIR+12hSD*3d-treated group experienced the most substantial beneficial effects. CONCLUSIONS Short-term SD, especially the GCIR+12hSD*3d-treated method, stimulates neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of rats that undergo GCIR, and BDNF may be an underlying mechanism in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumei Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lijuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
- * E-mail:
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Rabenstein M, Hucklenbroich J, Willuweit A, Ladwig A, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Langen KJ, Rueger MA. Osteopontin mediates survival, proliferation and migration of neural stem cells through the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:99. [PMID: 25998490 PMCID: PMC4464234 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphoglycoprotein with important roles in tissue homeostasis, wound healing, immune regulation, and stress responses. It is expressed constitutively in the brain and upregulated during neuroinflammatory responses; for example, after focal cerebral ischemia. To date, its effects on neural stem cells (NSC) remain to be elucidated and are, accordingly, the subject of this study. Method Primary fetal rat NSC were cultured as homogenous monolayers and treated with different concentrations of OPN. Fundamental properties of NSC were assessed following OPN exposure, including proliferative activity, survival under oxidative stress, migration, and differentiation potential. To elucidate a putative action of OPN via the CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), the latter was blocked with AMD3100. To investigate effects of OPN on endogenous NSC in vivo, recombinant OPN was injected into the brain of healthy adult rats as well as rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Effects of OPN on NSC proliferation and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone were studied immunohistochemically. Results OPN dose-dependently increased the number of NSC in vitro. As hypothesized, this effect was mediated through CXCR4. The increase in NSC number was due to both enhanced cell proliferation and increased survival, and was confirmed in vivo. Additionally, OPN dose-dependently stimulated the migration of NSC via CXCR4. Moreover, in the presence of OPN, differentiation of NSC led to a significant increase in neurogenesis both in vitro as well as in vivo after cerebral ischemia. Conclusion Data show positive effects of OPN on survival, proliferation, migration, and neuronal differentiation of NSC. At least in part these effects were mediated via CXCR4. Results suggest that OPN is a promising substance for the targeted activation of NSC in future experimental therapies for neurological disorders such as stroke. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0098-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joerg Hucklenbroich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425, Juelich, Germany.
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Medical Imaging Physics, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
| | - Anne Ladwig
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425, Juelich, Germany.
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425, Juelich, Germany.
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Medical Imaging Physics, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425, Juelich, Germany.
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Klein R, Blaschke S, Neumaier B, Endepols H, Graf R, Keuters M, Hucklenbroich J, Albrechtsen M, Rees S, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. The synthetic NCAM mimetic peptide FGL mobilizes neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:539-47. [PMID: 24817672 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) plays a role in neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and neuronal differentiation. The NCAM mimetic peptide FG Loop (FGL) promotes neuronal survival in vitro and enhances spatial learning and memory in rats. We here investigated the effects of FGL on neural stem cells (NSC) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, cell proliferation of primary NSC was assessed after exposure to various concentrations of NCAM or FGL. The differentiation potential of NCAM- or FGL-treated cells was assessed immunocytochemically. To investigate its influence on endogenous NSC in vivo, FGL was injected subcutaneously into adult rats. The effects on NSC mobilization were studied both via non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using the tracer [(18)F]-fluoro-L-thymidine ([(18)F]FLT), as well as with immunohistochemistry. Only FGL significantly enhanced NSC proliferation in vitro, with a maximal effect at 10 μg/ml. During differentiation, NCAM promoted neurogenesis, while FGL induced an oligodendroglial phenotype; astrocytic differentiation was neither affected by NCAM or FGL. Those differential effects of NCAM and FGL on differentiation were mediated through different receptors. After FGL-injection in vivo, proliferative activity of NSC in the subventricular zone (SVZ) was increased (compared to placebo-treated animals). Moreover, non-invasive imaging of cell proliferation using [(18)F]FLT-PET supported an FGL-induced mobilization of NSC from both the SVZ and the hippocampus. We conclude that FGL robustly induces NSC mobilization in vitro and in vivo, and supports oligodendroglial differentiation. This capacity renders FGL a promising agent to facilitate remyelinization, which may eventually make FGL a drug candidate for demyelinating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
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Cho YS, Shin MS, Ko IG, Kim SE, Kim CJ, Sung YH, Yoon HS, Lee BJ. Ulinastatin inhibits cerebral ischemia-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus of gerbils. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1796-802. [PMID: 25891426 PMCID: PMC4464423 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulinastatin is a urinary trypsin inhibitor, originally extracted and purified from human urine. Ulinastatin has cytoprotective effects against ischemic injury in several organs. In the present study, the neuroprotective effects of ulinastatin following ischemic cerebral injury in the hippocampus of gerbils was investigated. To induce transient global ischemia in gerbils, the common carotid arteries were occluded using aneurysm clips for 5 min, and the clips were then removed. Ulinastatin was subcutaneously injected into the gerbils once a day for 7 days at doses of 50,000 or 100,000 U/kg. The gerbils were confronted with a step-down avoidance task, following which tissue samples from the gerbils were examined using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, western blot analysis for B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 and immunofluorescence for 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine. The numbers of TUNEL-positive and caspase-3-positive cells in the hippocampal CA1 region increased following cerebral ischemia. The expression of Bax in the hippocampus increased, while the expression of Bcl-2 in the hippocampus decreased following cerebral ischemia. These results confirmed that apoptosis in the hippocampus was enhanced following cerebral ischemia in gerbils. The levels of cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus were also enhanced by ischemia, which is possibly an adaptive mechanism to compensate for excessive levels of apoptosis. Ulinastatin treatment inhibited ischemia-induced apoptosis by suppressing apoptosis-associated molecules, and thus ameliorated ischemia-induced short-term memory impairment. The cell proliferation in the hippocampus was also suppressed following ulinastatin treatment. These results suggested the use of ulinastatin as a therapeutic agent for patients with cerebral stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sam Cho
- Department of Urology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110‑746, Republic of Korea
| | - Mal-Soon Shin
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Gyu Ko
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 130‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kyungnam University, Changwon 631‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 139‑872, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jae Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kang Dong Kyung Hee Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 134‑727, Republic of Korea
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Girbovan C, Kent P, Merali Z, Plamondon H. Dose-related effects of chronic resveratrol administration on neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and corticosterone secretion are associated with improved spatial memory retention following global cerebral ischemia. Nutr Neurosci 2015; 19:352-368. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Edaravone enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor production in the ischemic mouse brain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:176-85. [PMID: 25850013 PMCID: PMC4491654 DOI: 10.3390/ph8020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Edaravone, a clinical drug used to treat strokes, protects against neuronal cell death and memory loss in the ischemic brains of animal models through its antioxidant activity. In the present study, we subcutaneously administrated edaravone to mice (3 mg/kg/day) for three days immediately after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, and revealed through an immunohistochemical analysis that edaravone (1) accelerated increases in the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus; (2) increased the number of doublecortin-positive neuronal precursor cells in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone; and (3) suppressed the ischemia-induced inactivation of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the hippocampus. We also revealed through a Western blotting analysis that edaravone (4) induced the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding (CREB), a transcription factor that regulates BDNF gene expression; and (5) induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, an upstream signal factor of CREB. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of edaravone following brain ischemia were mediated not only by the elimination of oxidative stress, but also by the induction of BDNF production.
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Wang B, Jin K. Current perspectives on the link between neuroinflammation and neurogenesis. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:355-65. [PMID: 24623361 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The link between neuroinflammation and neurogenesis is an area of intensive research in contemporary neuroscience. The burgeoning amount of evidence accumulated over the past decade has been incredible, and now there remains the figuring out of minutia to give us a more complete picture of what individual, synergistic, and antagonistic events are occurring between neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. An intricate study of the inflammatory microenvironment influenced by the presence of the various inflammatory components like cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells is essential for: 1) understanding how neurogenesis can be affected in such a specialized niche and 2) applying the knowledge gained for the treatment of cognitive and/or motor deficits arising from inflammation-associated diseases like stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. This review is written to provide the reader with up-to-date information explaining how these inflammatory components are effecting changes on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
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Yang LC, Guo H, Zhou H, Suo DQ, Li WJ, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Yang WS, Jin X. Chronic oleoylethanolamide treatment improves spatial cognitive deficits through enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:270-81. [PMID: 25748831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects after acute cerebral ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic OEA treatment on ischemia-induced spatial cognitive impairments, electrophysiology behavior and hippocampal neurogenesis. Daily treatments of 30 mg/kg OEA significantly ameliorated spatial cognitive deficits and attenuated the inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. Moreover, OEA administration improved cognitive function in a manner associated with enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Further study demonstrated that treatment with OEA markedly increased the expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α (PPARα). Our data suggest that chronic OEA treatment can exert functional recovery of cognitive impairments and neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemic insult in rats via triggering of neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which supports the therapeutic use of OEA for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chao Yang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Han Guo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Da-Qin Suo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wu-Shuang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiamen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiang'an District, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Daily oral intake of theanine prevents the decline of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation in hippocampal dentate gyrus with concomitant alleviation of behavioral abnormalities in adult mice with severe traumatic stress. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:292-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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131
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Immunoreactivity of neurogenic factor in the guinea pig brain after prenatal hypoxia. Ann Anat 2015; 200:66-72. [PMID: 25794637 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic prenatal hypoxia is considered to cause perinatal brain injury. It can result in neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy or learning disabilities. These neurological problems are related to chronic placental insufficiency (CPI), which leads to chronic hypoxemia and hypoglycemia. The effects of hypoxia on neurogenesis during development have been a matter of controversy. We therefore investigated the effect of chronic prenatal hypoxia in the brain of the fetal guinea pig using the guinea pig CPI model. Chronic placental insufficiency was induced by unilateral uterine artery ligation at 30-32 days of gestation (dg: with term defined as ∼67dg). At 50 and 60dg, fetuses were sacrificed and assigned to either the growth-restricted (GR) or control (no ligation) group. Immunohistochemistry was performed with HIF-1α, PCNA, NeuN and BDNF antibodies in the cerebral cortex and dentate gyrus. The number of NeuN-IR and BDNF-IR cells was lesser in GR fetuses than in controls in the cerebral cortex and dentate gyrus at 60dg (p<0.05). The growth of the developing brain is dependent upon the availability of growth factors such as BDNF. The reduction in the number of neuronal cells observed in our GR group was associated with the observed reduction in BDNF protein found at 60dg. There was no significant difference between control and GR fetuses in the densities of PCNA-IR cells in the subventricular zone and subgranular zone at 50 and 60dg. These findings suggest that the survival of neurons in the cerebral cortex is decreased by chronic prenatal hypoxia at 60dg.
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Choi KH, Park MS, Kim HS, Kim KT, Kim HS, Kim JT, Kim BC, Kim MK, Park JT, Cho KH. Alpha-lipoic acid treatment is neurorestorative and promotes functional recovery after stroke in rats. Mol Brain 2015; 8:9. [PMID: 25761600 PMCID: PMC4339247 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant properties of alpha-lipoic acid (aLA) correlate with its ability to promote neuroproliferation. However, there have been no comprehensive studies examining the neurorestorative effects of aLA administration after the onset of ischemia. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) of adult rats was occluded for 2 hours and then reperfused. aLA (20 mg/kg) was administered in 71 animals (aLA group) through the left external jugular vein immediately after reperfusion. An equivalent volume of vehicle was administered to 71 animals (control group). Functional outcome, levels of endogenous neural precursors with neurogenesis, glial cell activation, and brain metabolism were evaluated. Immediate aLA administration after reperfusion resulted in significantly reduced mortality, infarct size, and neurological deficit score (NDS) in the test group compared to the control group. Long-term functional outcomes, measured by the rotarod test, were markedly improved by aLA treatment. There was a significant increase in the number of cells expressing nestin and GFAP in the boundary zone and infarct core regions after aLA treatment. Furthermore, significantly more BrdU/GFAP, BrdU/DCX, and BrdU/NeuN double-labeled cells were observed along the boundary zone of the aLA group on days 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively. And brain metabolism using 18F-FDG microPET imaging was markedly improved in aLA group. The effects of aLA was blocked by insulin receptor inhibitor, HNMPA (AM)3. These results indicate that immediate treatment with aLA after ischemic injury may have significant neurorestorative effects mediated at least partially via insulin receptor activation. Thus, aLA may be useful for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ho Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea. .,Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Man-Seok Park
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
| | - Hyeon-Sik Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.
| | - Joon-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Chae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Myeong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Forensic medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
| | - Ki-Hyun Cho
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Korea.
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Kärkkäinen V, Pomeshchik Y, Savchenko E, Dhungana H, Kurronen A, Lehtonen S, Naumenko N, Tavi P, Levonen AL, Yamamoto M, Malm T, Magga J, Kanninen KM, Koistinaho J. Nrf2 regulates neurogenesis and protects neural progenitor cells against Aβ toxicity. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1904-16. [PMID: 24753106 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) proliferate and produce new neurons in neurogenic areas throughout the lifetime. While these cells represent potential therapeutic treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, regulation of neurogenesis is not completely understood. We show that deficiency of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), a transcription factor induced in response to oxidative stress, prevents the ischemia-induced increase in newborn neurons in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Consistent with this finding, the growth of NPC neurospheres was increased by lentivirus-mediated overexpression of Nrf2 gene or by treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an Nrf2 activating compound. Also, neuronal differentiation of NPCs was increased by Nrf2 overexpression or PDTC treatment but reduced by Nrf2 deficiency. To investigate the impact of Nrf2 on NPCs in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we treated NPCs with amyloid beta (Aβ), a toxic peptide associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive abnormalities in AD. We found that Aβ1-42-induced toxicity and reduction in neurosphere proliferation were prevented by Nrf2 overexpression, while Nrf2 deficiency enhanced the Aβ1-42-induced reduction of neuronal differentiation. On the other hand, Aβ1-40 had no effect on neurosphere proliferation in wt NPCs but increased the proliferation of Nrf2 overexpressing neurospheres and reduced it in Nrf2-deficient neurospheres. These results suggest that Nrf2 is essential for neuronal differentiation of NPCs, regulates injury-induced neurogenesis and provides protection against Aβ-induced NPC toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virve Kärkkäinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Machado VM, Morte MI, Carreira BP, Azevedo MM, Takano J, Iwata N, Saido TC, Asmussen H, Horwitz AR, Carvalho CM, Araújo IM. Involvement of calpains in adult neurogenesis: implications for stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:22. [PMID: 25698931 PMCID: PMC4316774 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are ubiquitous proteases involved in cell proliferation, adhesion and motility. In the brain, calpains have been associated with neuronal damage in both acute and neurodegenerative disorders, but their physiological function in the nervous system remains elusive. During brain ischemia, there is a large increase in the levels of intracellular calcium, leading to the activation of calpains. Inhibition of these proteases has been shown to reduce neuronal death in a variety of stroke models. On the other hand, after stroke, neural stem cells (NSC) increase their proliferation and newly formed neuroblasts migrate towards the site of injury. However, the process of forming new neurons after injury is not efficient and finding ways to improve it may help with recovery after lesion. Understanding the role of calpains in the process of neurogenesis may therefore open a new window for the treatment of stroke. We investigated the involvement of calpains in NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration in two highly neurogenic regions in the mouse brain, the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). We used mice that lack calpastatin, the endogenous calpain inhibitor, and calpains were also modulated directly, using calpeptin, a pharmacological calpain inhibitor. Calpastatin deletion impaired both NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration. Calpain inhibition increased NSC proliferation, migration speed and migration distance in cells from the SVZ. Overall, our work suggests that calpains are important for neurogenesis and encourages further research on their neurogenic role. Prospective therapies targeting calpain activity may improve the formation of new neurons following stroke, in addition to affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Machado
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Biomedical Research, CBMR, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria I Morte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno P Carreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria M Azevedo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jiro Takano
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hannelore Asmussen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alan R Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Caetana M Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês M Araújo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Biomedical Research, CBMR, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
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Kim D, Lee H, Kwon K, Park S, Heo H, Lee Y, Choi J, Shin C, Ryu J. Early immature neuronal death initiates cerebral ischemia-induced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 2015; 284:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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136
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Chung YY, Jeon YH, Kim SW. Cortical neuronal loss after chronic prenatal hypoxia: a comparative laboratory study. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2014; 56:488-91. [PMID: 25628808 PMCID: PMC4303724 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2014.56.6.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the prenatal hypoxic effect on the fetal brain development. Methods We used the guinea pig chronic placental insufficiency model to investigate the effect of hypoxia on fetal brain development. We ligated unilateral uterine artery at 30-32 days of gestation (dg : with term defined as -67 dg). At 50 dg, 60 dg, fetuses were sacrificed and assigned to either the growth-restricted (GR) or control (no ligation) group. After fixation, dissection, and sectioning of cerebral tissue from these animals, immunohistochemistry was performed with NeuN antibody, which is a mature neuronal marker in the cerebral cortex. Results The number of NeuN-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the cerebral cortex did not differ between the GR and control groups at 50 dg. However, the number of NeuN-IR cells was lesser in GR fetuses than in controls at 60 dg (p<0.05). Conclusion These findings show that chronic prenatal hypoxia affect the number of neuron in the cerebral cortex of guinea pig fetus at 60 dg. The approach used in this study is helpful for extending our understanding of neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex, and the findings may be useful for elucidating the brain injury caused by prenatal hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Young Chung
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jeon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seok Won Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Aerobic exercise alleviates ischemia-induced memory impairment by enhancing cell proliferation and suppressing neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus. Int Neurourol J 2014; 18:187-97. [PMID: 25562035 PMCID: PMC4280438 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2014.18.4.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is a possible consequence of several neurological disorders. NLUTD may produce debilitating symptoms and serious complications, such as chronic renal failure, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Many animal studies of NLUTD symptoms have focused on animal models of cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on memory function and its relation to cell proliferation and apoptosis in the hippocampus, following transient global ischemia in gerbils. METHODS To induce transient global ischemia in gerbil, both common carotid arteries were occluded for 5 minutes. Gerbils in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill exercise for 30 minutes once a day for 2 weeks. Step-down avoidance task and Y maze task were performed. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-staining, immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyridine, doublecortin, caspase-3, and Western blot for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, caspase-3 were conducted. RESULTS Ischemia caused memory impairment with an increase of cell proliferation, BDNF expression, and apoptosis in the hippocampus. Treadmill exercise improved memory function with further increase of cell proliferation and BDNF expression and a decrease of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The animal model that we have developed and our assessment of the relation between exercise and brain function can be useful tools for future investigations of NLUTD symptoms associated with stroke, particularly ischemic stroke. The present study suggests that treadmill exercise promoted the recovery of brain function after cerebral ischemia.
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Maraula G, Lana D, Coppi E, Gentile F, Mello T, Melani A, Galli A, Giovannini MG, Pedata F, Pugliese AM. The selective antagonism of P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors prevents synaptic failure and affects cell proliferation induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in rat dentate gyrus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115273. [PMID: 25526634 PMCID: PMC4272279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors are broadly expressed on both neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), including dentate gyrus (DG). The aim of this research was to determine the synaptic and proliferative response of the DG to severe oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in acute rat hippocampal slices and to investigate the contribution of P2X7 and P2Y1 receptor antagonism to recovery of synaptic activity after OGD. Extracellular field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in granule cells of the DG were recorded from rat hippocampal slices. Nine-min OGD elicited an irreversible loss of fEPSP and was invariably followed by the appearance of anoxic depolarization (AD). Application of MRS2179 (selective antagonist of P2Y1 receptor) and BBG (selective antagonist of P2X7 receptor), before and during OGD, prevented AD appearance and allowed a significant recovery of neurotransmission after 9-min OGD. The effects of 9-min OGD on proliferation and maturation of cells localized in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of slices prepared from rats treated with 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) were investigated. Slices were further incubated with an immature neuron marker, doublecortin (DCX). The number of BrdU+ cells in the SGZ was significantly decreased 6 hours after OGD. This effect was antagonized by BBG, but not by MRS2179. Twenty-four hours after 9-min OGD, the number of BrdU+ cells returned to control values and a significant increase of DCX immunofluorescence was observed. This phenomenon was still evident when BBG, but not MRS2179, was applied during OGD. Furthermore, the P2Y1 antagonist reduced the number of BrdU+ cells at this time. The data demonstrate that P2X7 and P2Y1 activation contributes to early damage induced by OGD in the DG. At later stages after the insult, P2Y1 receptors might play an additional and different role in promoting cell proliferation and maturation in the DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Maraula
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Lana
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Gentile
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mello
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Melani
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- Dept. of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Dept. of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Zupanc GKH, Sîrbulescu RF. Cell replacement therapy: lessons from teleost fish. Exp Neurol 2014; 263:272-6. [PMID: 25448008 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many disorders of the CNS are characterized by a massive loss of neurons. A promising therapeutic strategy to cure such conditions is based on the activation of endogenous stem cells. Implementation of this strategy will benefit from a better understanding of stem cell dynamics and the local CNS microenvironment in regeneration-competent vertebrate model systems. Using a spinal cord injury paradigm in zebrafish larvae, Briona and Dorsky (2014) have provided evidence for the existence of two distinct neural stem cell populations. One population has the characteristics of radial glia and expresses the homeobox transcription factor Dbx. The other lacks Dbx but expresses Olig2. These results are placed in the context of other studies that also support the notion of heterogeneity of adult stem cells in the CNS. The implication that differences among stem cell populations, in combination with specific factors from the local cellular microenvironment, might have a decisive impact on the fate choices of the new cells, is discussed. Reviewed evidence suggests that rather few modifications in the signaling pathways involved in the control of stem cell behavior have led, in the course of evolution, to the pronounced differences between mammals and regeneration-competent organisms. As a consequence, rather minor pharmacological manipulations may be sufficient to reactivate the hidden neurogenic potential of the mammalian CNS, and thus make it available for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther K H Zupanc
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lei S, Zhang P, Li W, Gao M, He X, Zheng J, Li X, Wang X, Wang N, Zhang J, Qi C, Lu H, Chen X, Liu Y. Pre- and posttreatment with edaravone protects CA1 hippocampus and enhances neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus after transient global cerebral ischemia in rats. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:6/6/1759091414558417. [PMID: 25388889 PMCID: PMC4357607 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414558417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Edaravone is clinically used for treatment of patients with acute cerebral infarction. However, the effect of double application of edaravone on neurogenesis in the hippocampus following ischemia remains unknown. In the present study, we explored whether pre- and posttreatment of edaravone had any effect on neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the subgranular zone of hippocampus in a rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia and elucidated the potential mechanism of its effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated (n = 15), control (n = 15), and edaravone-treated (n = 15) groups. Newly generated cells were labeled by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect neurogenesis. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling was used to detect cell apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by 2,7-dichlorofluorescien diacetate assay in NSPCs in vitro. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and cleaved caspase-3 proteins were quantified by western blot analysis. Treatment with edaravone significantly increased the number of NSPCs and newly generated neurons in the subgranular zone (p < .05). Treatment with edaravone also decreased apoptosis of NSPCs (p < .01). Furthermore, treatment with edaravone significantly decreased ROS generation and inhibited HIF-1α and cleaved caspase-3 protein expressions. These findings indicate that pre- and posttreatment with edaravone enhances neurogenesis by protecting NSPCs from apoptosis in the hippocampus, which is probably mediated by decreasing ROS generation and inhibiting protein expressions of HIF-1α and cleaved caspase-3 after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Weisong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cunfang Qi
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
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Donzis EJ, Tronson NC. Modulation of learning and memory by cytokines: signaling mechanisms and long term consequences. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 115:68-77. [PMID: 25151944 PMCID: PMC4250287 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the role of cytokines and their downstream signaling cascades on the modulation of learning and memory. Immune proteins are required for many key neural processes and dysregulation of these functions by systemic inflammation can result in impairments of memory that persist long after the resolution of inflammation. Recent research has demonstrated that manipulations of individual cytokines can modulate learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. The many conflicting findings, however, have prevented a clear understanding of the precise role of cytokines in memory. Given the complexity of inflammatory signaling, understanding its modulatory role requires a shift in focus from single cytokines to a network of cytokine interactions and elucidation of the cytokine-dependent intracellular signaling cascades. Finally, we propose that whereas signal transduction and transcription may mediate short-term modulation of memory, long-lasting cellular and molecular mechanisms such as epigenetic modifications and altered neurogenesis may be required for the long lasting impact of inflammation on memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa J Donzis
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Natalie C Tronson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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142
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Doeppner TR, Hermann DM. Stem cell-based treatments against stroke: observations from human proof-of-concept studies and considerations regarding clinical applicability. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:357. [PMID: 25400548 PMCID: PMC4212679 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains a heavy burden for industrialized countries. The only causal therapy is the recanalization of occluded vessels via thrombolysis, which due to a narrow time window still can be offered only to a minority of patients. Since the majority of patients continues to exhibit neurological deficits even following successful thrombolysis, restorative therapies are urgently needed that promote brain remodeling and repair once stroke injury has occurred. Due to their unique properties of action, stem cell-based strategies gained increasing interest during recent years. Using various stroke models in both rodents and primates, the transplantation of stem cells, namely of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or neural progenitor cells (NPCs), has been shown to promote neurological recovery most likely via indirect bystander actions. In view of promising observations, clinical proof-of-concept studies are currently under way, in which effects of stem and precursor cells are evaluated in human stroke patients. In this review we summarize already published studies, which due to the broad experience in other medical contexts mostly employed bone marrow-derived MSCs by means of intravenous transplantation. With the overall number of clinical trials limited in number, only a fraction of these studies used non-treated control groups, and only single studies were adequately blinded. Despite these limitations, first promising results justify the need for more elaborate clinical trials in order to make stem cell transplantation a success for stroke treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School Essen, Germany
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Roles for DSCAM and DSCAML1 in central nervous system development and disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:249-70. [PMID: 25300140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
DSCAMs (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules) are a group of immunoglobulin-like transmembrane proteins that contain fibronectin III domains. The founding member of the family was isolated in a positional cloning study that sought to identify genes located on chromosome 21 at the locus 21q22.2-q22.3 that is implicated in the neurological and cardiac phenotypes associated with Down's syndrome. In Drosophila, Dscam proteins are involved in neuronal wiring, while in vertebrates, the role of these cell adhesion molecules in neurogenesis, dendritogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity is only just beginning to be understood. In this chapter, we will review the functions ascribed to the two paralogous proteins found in humans, DSCAM and DSCAML1 (DSCAM-like 1), based on findings in knockout mice. The signaling pathways downstream of DSCAM activation and the role of DSCAM miss-expression in disease will be also discussed, particularly with regard to the intellectual disability in Down's syndrome.
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Tobin MK, Bonds JA, Minshall RD, Pelligrino DA, Testai FD, Lazarov O. Neurogenesis and inflammation after ischemic stroke: what is known and where we go from here. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1573-84. [PMID: 25074747 PMCID: PMC4269726 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and future directions regarding therapeutic options after injury. Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease process affecting millions of people worldwide every year. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of stroke are not fully understood but there is increasing evidence demonstrating the contribution of inflammation to the drastic changes after cerebral ischemia. This inflammation not only immediately affects the infarcted tissue but also causes long-term damage in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, the interaction between inflammation and subsequent neurogenesis is not well understood but the close relationship between these two processes has garnered significant interest in the last decade or so. Current approved therapy for stroke involving pharmacological thrombolysis is limited in its efficacy and new treatment strategies need to be investigated. Research aimed at new therapies is largely about transplantation of neural stem cells and using endogenous progenitor cells to promote brain repair. By understanding the interaction between inflammation and neurogenesis, new potential therapies could be developed to further establish brain repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Tobin
- 1] Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [3] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Bonds
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- 1] Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale A Pelligrino
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Harada S, Haruna Y, Aizawa F, Matsuura W, Nakamoto K, Yamashita T, Kasuya F, Tokuyama S. Involvement of GPR40, a long-chain free fatty acid receptor, in the production of central post-stroke pain after global cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 744:115-23. [PMID: 25281202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Central post-stroke pain (CPSP), one of the complications of cerebral ischemia and neuropathic pain syndrome, is associated with specific somatosensory abnormalities. Although CPSP is a serious problem, detailed underlying mechanisms and standard treatments for CPSP are not well established. In this study, we assessed the role of GPR40, a long-chain fatty acid receptor, showing anti-nociceptive effects, in CPSP. We also examined the role of astrocytes in CPSP due to their effects in mediating the release of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which act as potential GPR40 ligands. The aim of this study was to determine the interactions between CPSP and astrocyte/GPR40 signaling. Male ddY mice were subjected to 30 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO). The development of hind paw mechanical hyperalgesia was measured after BCAO using the von Frey test. Neuronal damage was estimated by histological analysis on day 3 after BCAO. The thresholds for hind paw mechanical hyperalgesia were significantly decreased on days 1-28 after BCAO when compared with those of pre-BCAO assessments. BCAO-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was significantly decreased by intracerebroventricular injection of docosahexaenoic acid or GW9508, a GPR40 agonist; furthermore, these effects were reversed by GW1100, a GPR40 antagonist. The expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, an astrocytic marker, and some free fatty acids were significantly decreased 5h after BCAO, although no effects of BCAO were noted on hypothalamic GPR40 protein expression. Our data show that BCAO-induced mechanical hyperalgesia is possible to be regulated by astrocyte activation and stimulation of GPR40 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Yuka Haruna
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Fuka Aizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Wataru Matsuura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamashita
- Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Kasuya
- Biochemical Toxicology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan.
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Hucklenbroich J, Klein R, Neumaier B, Graf R, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. Aromatic-turmerone induces neural stem cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:100. [PMID: 25928248 PMCID: PMC4180255 DOI: 10.1186/scrt500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aromatic (ar-) turmerone is a major bioactive compound of the herb Curcuma longa. It has been suggested that ar-turmerone inhibits microglia activation, a property that may be useful in treating neurodegenerative disease. Furthermore, the effects of ar-turmerone on neural stem cells (NSCs) remain to be investigated. Methods We exposed primary fetal rat NSCs to various concentrations of ar-turmerone. Thereafter, cell proliferation and differentiation potential were assessed. In vivo, naïve rats were treated with a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of ar-turmerone. Proliferative activity of endogenous NSCs was assessed in vivo, by using noninvasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and the tracer [18F]-fluoro-L-thymidine ([18F]FLT), as well as ex vivo. Results In vitro, ar-turmerone increased dose-dependently the number of cultured NSCs, because of an increase in NSC proliferation (P < 0.01). Proliferation data were supported by qPCR-data for Ki-67 mRNA. In vitro as well as in vivo, ar-turmerone promoted neuronal differentiation of NSCs. In vivo, after i.c.v. injection of ar-turmerone, proliferating NSCs were mobilized from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the hippocampus of adult rats, as demonstrated by both [18F]FLT-PET and histology (P < 0.05). Conclusions Both in vitro and in vivo data suggest that ar-turmerone induces NSC proliferation. Ar-turmerone thus constitutes a promising candidate to support regeneration in neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Hucklenbroich
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Leo-Brandt-Straße 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Rebecca Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Graf
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Leo-Brandt-Straße 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Leo-Brandt-Straße 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Leo-Brandt-Straße 52425, Jülich, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany.
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Saeed Y, Xie B, Xu J, Wang H, Hassan M, Wang R, Hong M, Hong Q, Deng Y. Indirect effects of radiation induce apoptosis and neuroinflammation in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2334-42. [PMID: 25227747 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have evaluated the role of direct radiation exposure in neurodegenerative disorders; however, association among indirect effects of radiation and neurodegenerative diseases remains rarely discussed. The objective of this study was to estimate the relative risk of neurodegeneration due to direct and indirect effects of radiation. (60)Co gamma ray was used as source of direct radiation whereas irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM) was used to mimic the indirect effect of radiation. To determine the potency of ICCM to inhibit neuronal cells survival colony forming assay was performed. The role of ICCM to induce apoptosis in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells was estimated by TUNEL assay and Annexin V/PI assay. Level of oxidative stress and the concentration of inflammatory cytokines after exposing to direct radiation and ICCM were evaluated by ELISA method. Expression of key apoptotic protein following direct and indirect radiation exposure was investigated by western blot technique. Experimental data manifest that ICCM account loss of cell survival and increase apoptotic induction in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells that was dependent on time and dose. Moreover, ICCM stimulate significant release of inflammatory cytokines i.e., tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha (P < 0.01), Interleukin-1 (IL-1, P < 0.001), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6, P < 0.001) in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and elevate the level of oxidative stress (MDA, P < 0.01). Up-regulation of key apoptotic protein expression i.e., Bax, Bid, cytochrome C, caspase-8 and caspase-3 confirms the toxicity of ICCM to neuronal cells. This study provides the evidence that indirect effect of radiation can be as much damaging to neuronal cells as direct radiation exposure can be. Hence, more focused research on estimation risks of indirect effect of radiation to CNS at molecular level may help to reduce the uncertainty about cure and cause of several neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Saeed
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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148
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Ou Y, Wu J, Sandberg M, Weber SG. Electroosmotic perfusion of tissue: sampling the extracellular space and quantitative assessment of membrane-bound enzyme activity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6455-68. [PMID: 25168111 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers recent advances in sampling fluid from the extracellular space of brain tissue by electroosmosis (EO). Two techniques, EO sampling with a single fused-silica capillary and EO push-pull perfusion, have been developed. These tools were used to investigate the function of membrane-bound enzymes with outward-facing active sites, or ectoenzymes, in modulating the activity of the neuropeptides leu-enkephalin and galanin in organotypic-hippocampal-slice cultures (OHSCs). In addition, the approach was used to determine the endogenous concentration of a thiol, cysteamine, in OHSCs. We have also investigated the degradation of coenzyme A in the extracellular space. The approach provides information on ectoenzyme activity, including Michaelis constants, in tissue, which, as far as we are aware, has not been done before. On the basis of computational evidence, EO push-pull perfusion can distinguish ectoenzyme activity with a ~100 μm spatial resolution, which is important for studies of enzyme kinetics in adjacent regions of the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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149
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Devesa P, Agasse F, Xapelli S, Almengló C, Devesa J, Malva JO, Arce VM. Growth hormone pathways signaling for cell proliferation and survival in hippocampal neural precursors from postnatal mice. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:100. [PMID: 25156632 PMCID: PMC4155078 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests that growth hormone (GH) may play a major role in the regulation of postnatal neurogenesis, thus supporting the possibility that it may be also involved in promoting brain repair after brain injury. In order to gain further insight on this possibility, in this study we have investigated the pathways signaling the effect of GH treatment on the proliferation and survival of hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ)-derived neurospheres. Results Our results demonstrate that GH treatment promotes both proliferation and survival of SGZ neurospheres. By using specific chemical inhibitors we have been also able to demonstrate that GH treatment promotes the activation of both Akt-mTOR and JNK signaling pathways, while blockade of these pathways either reduces or abolishes the GH effects. In contrast, no effect of GH on the activation of the Ras-ERK pathway was observed after GH treatment, despite blockade of this signaling path also resulted in a significant reduction of GH effects. Interestingly, SGZ cells were also capable of producing GH, and blockade of endogenous GH also resulted in a decrease in the proliferation and survival of SGZ neurospheres. Conclusions Altogether, our findings suggest that GH treatment may promote the proliferation and survival of neural progenitors. This effect may be elicited by cooperating with locally-produced GH in order to increase the response of neural progenitors to adequate stimuli. On this view, the possibility of using GH treatment to promote neurogenesis and cell survival in some acquired neural injuries may be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jesús Devesa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15710 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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150
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Inoue T, Hashimoto R, Matsumoto A, Jahan E, Rafiq AM, Udagawa J, Hatta T, Otani H. In vivo analysis of Arg-Gly-Asp sequence/integrin α5β1-mediated signal involvement in embryonic enchondral ossification by exo utero development system. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1554-63. [PMID: 24375788 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enchondral ossification is a fundamental mechanism for longitudinal bone growth during vertebrate development. In vitro studies suggested that functional blockade with RGD peptides or with an antibody that interferes with integrin α5β1-ligand interactions inhibited pre-hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation. The purpose of this study is to elucidate in vivo the roles of the integrin α5β1-mediated signal through the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence in the cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction in embryonic enchondral ossification by an exo utero development system. We injected Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) peptides and anti-integrin α5β1 antibody (α5β1 ab) in the upper limbs of mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 15.5 (RGDS-injected limbs, α5β1 ab-injected limbs), and compared the effects on enchondral ossification with those found in the control limbs (Arg-Gly-Glu-Ser peptide-, mouse IgG-, or vehicle-injected, and no surgery) at E16.5. In the RGDS-injected limbs, the humeri were shorter and there were fewer BrdU-positive cells than in the control limbs. The ratios of cartilage length and area to those of the humerus were higher in the RGDS-injected limbs. The ratios of type X collagen to type 2 collagen mRNA and protein (Coll X/Coll 2) were significantly lower in the RGDS-injected limbs. In those limbs, TUNEL-positive cells were hardly observed, and the ratios of fractin to the Coll X/Coll 2 ratio were lower than in the control limbs. Furthermore, the α5β1 ab-injected limbs showed results similar to those of RGDS-injected limbs. The present in vivo study by exo utero development system showed that RGDS and α5β1 ab injection decreased chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in enchondral ossification, and suggested that the integrin α5β1-mediated ECM signal through the RGD sequence is involved in embryonic enchondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Inoue
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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