101
|
Pessoa GCD, Vinãs PA, Rosa ACL, Diotaiuti L. History of insecticide resistance of Triatominae vectors. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:380-9. [PMID: 26312926 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0081-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 15 years, different types of Triatominae resistance to different insecticides have been reported; thus, resistance may be more widespread than known, requiring better characterization and delimitation, which was the aim of this review. This review was structured on a literature search of all articles from 1970 to 2015 in the PubMed database that contained the keywords Insecticide resistance and Triatominae . Out of 295 articles screened by title, 33 texts were selected for detailed analysis. Insecticide resistance of Triatomines is a complex phenomenon that has been primarily reported in Argentina and Bolivia, and is caused by different factors (associated or isolated). Insecticide resistance of Triatominae is a characteristic inherited in an autosomal and semi-dominant manner, and is polygenic, being present in both domestic and sylvatic populations. The toxicological profile observed in eggs cannot be transposed to different stages of evolution. Different toxicological profiles exist at macro- and microgeographical levels. The insecticide phenotype has both reproductive and developmental costs. Different physiological mechanisms are involved in resistance. Studies of Triatomine resistance to insecticides highlight three deficiencies in interpreting the obtained results: I) the vast diversity of methodologies, despite the existence of a single guiding protocol; II) the lack of information on the actual impact of resistance ratios in the field; and III) the concept of the susceptibility reference lineage. Research on the biological and behavioral characteristics of each Triatominae species that has evolved resistance is required in relation to the environmental conditions of each region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grasielle Caldas Dávila Pessoa
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BR
| | | | - Aline Cristine Luiz Rosa
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BR
| | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BR
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Cardoso MS, Reis-Cunha JL, Bartholomeu DC. Evasion of the Immune Response by Trypanosoma cruzi during Acute Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 6:659. [PMID: 26834737 PMCID: PMC4716143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people mainly in Latin America. To establish a life-long infection, T. cruzi must subvert the vertebrate host's immune system, using strategies that can be traced to the parasite's life cycle. Once inside the vertebrate host, metacyclic trypomastigotes rapidly invade a wide variety of nucleated host cells in a membrane-bound compartment known as the parasitophorous vacuole, which fuses to lysosomes, originating the phagolysosome. In this compartment, the parasite relies on a complex network of antioxidant enzymes to shield itself from lysosomal oxygen and nitrogen reactive species. Lysosomal acidification of the parasitophorous vacuole is an important factor that allows trypomastigote escape from the extremely oxidative environment of the phagolysosome to the cytoplasm, where it differentiates into amastigote forms. In the cytosol of infected macrophages, oxidative stress instead of being detrimental to the parasite, favors amastigote burden, which then differentiates into bloodstream trypomastigotes. Trypomastigotes released in the bloodstream upon the rupture of the host cell membrane express surface molecules, such as calreticulin and GP160 proteins, which disrupt initial and key components of the complement pathway, while others such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mucins stimulate immunoregulatory receptors, delaying the progression of a protective immune response. After an immunologically silent entry at the early phase of infection, T. cruzi elicits polyclonal B cell activation, hypergammaglobulinemia, and unspecific anti-T. cruzi antibodies, which are inefficient in controlling the infection. Additionally, the coexpression of several related, but not identical, epitopes derived from trypomastigote surface proteins delays the generation of T. cruzi-specific neutralizing antibodies. Later in the infection, the establishment of an anti-T. cruzi CD8(+) immune response focused on the parasite's immunodominant epitopes controls parasitemia and tissue infection, but fails to completely eliminate the parasite. This outcome is not detrimental to the parasite, as it reduces host mortality and maintains the parasite infectivity toward the insect vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Luís Reis-Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniella C Bartholomeu
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is a lifelong and persistent infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and is the most significant cause of morbidity and mortality in South and Central America. Owing to immigration and additional risks from blood transfusion and organ transplantation, the number of reported cases of Chagas disease has increased recently in Europe and the USA. The disease is caused by a moderate to intense lasting inflammatory response that triggers local expression of inflammatory mediators and activates and recruits leukocytes to various tissues to eliminate the parasites. RECENT FINDINGS This long-term inflammatory process triggers biochemical, physiological and morphological alterations and clinical changes in the digestive, nervous and cardiac (e.g. myocarditis, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, autonomic dysfunctions and microcirculatory disturbances) systems. Indeed, the pathogenesis of Chagas disease is intricate and multifactorial, and the roles of the parasite and the immune response in initiating and maintaining the disease are still controversial. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of 'strategies' employed by the parasite to persist in the host and host defence mechanisms against Trypanosoma cruzi infection, which can result in equilibrium (absence of the disease) or disease development, mainly in the cardiac systems.
Collapse
|
104
|
Silva SDA, Gontijo ED, Dias JCP, Andrade CGDS, Amaral CFS. Predictive factors for the progression of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy in patients without left ventricular dysfunction. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:153-63. [PMID: 25923895 PMCID: PMC4435014 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of predictors for the progression of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is essential to ensure adequate patient management. This study looked into a non-concurrent cohort of 165 CCC patients between 1985 and 2010 for independent predictors for CCC progression. The outcomes were worsening of the CCC scores and the onset of left ventricular dysfunction assessed by means of echo-Doppler cardiography. Patients were analyzed for social, demographic, epidemiologic, clinical and workup-related variables. A descriptive analysis was conducted, followed by survival curves based on univariate (Kaplan-Meier and Cox's univariate model) and multivariate (Cox regression model) analysis. Patients were followed from two to 20 years (mean: 8.2). Their mean age was 44.8 years (20-77). Comparing both iterations of the study, in the second there was a statistically significant increase in the PR interval and in the QRS duration, despite a reduction in heart rates (Wilcoxon < 0.01). The predictors for CCC progression in the final regression model were male gender (HR = 2.81), Holter monitoring showing pauses equal to or greater than two seconds (HR = 3.02) increased cardiothoracic ratio (HR = 7.87) and time of use of digitalis (HR = 1.41). Patients with multiple predictive factors require stricter follow-up and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eliane Dias Gontijo
- Depto. Medicina Preventiva e Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - João Carlos Pinto Dias
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
105
|
Garcia MN, Hernandez D, Gorchakov R, Murray KO, Hotez PJ. The 1899 United States Kissing Bug Epidemic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004117. [PMID: 26719888 PMCID: PMC4697797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daisy Hernandez
- Department of English, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rodion Gorchakov
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristy O Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Gürtler RE, Cardinal MV. Reservoir host competence and the role of domestic and commensal hosts in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2015; 151:32-50. [PMID: 26051910 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We review the epidemiological role of domestic and commensal hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi using a quantitative approach, and compiled >400 reports on their natural infection. We link the theory underlying simple mathematical models of vector-borne parasite transmission to the types of evidence used for reservoir host identification: mean duration of infectious life; host infection and infectiousness; and host-vector contact. The infectiousness of dogs or cats most frequently exceeded that of humans. The host-feeding patterns of major vectors showed wide variability among and within triatomine species related to their opportunistic behavior and variable ecological, biological and social contexts. The evidence shows that dogs, cats, commensal rodents and domesticated guinea pigs are able to maintain T. cruzi in the absence of any other host species. They play key roles as amplifying hosts and sources of T. cruzi in many (peri)domestic transmission cycles covering a broad diversity of ecoregions, ecotopes and triatomine species: no other domestic animal plays that role. Dogs comply with the desirable attributes of natural sentinels and sometimes were a point of entry of sylvatic parasite strains. The controversies on the role of cats and other hosts illustrate the issues that hamper assessing the relative importance of reservoir hosts on the basis of fragmentary evidence. We provide various study cases of how eco-epidemiological and genetic-marker evidence helped to unravel transmission cycles and identify the implicated hosts. Keeping dogs, cats and rodents out of human sleeping quarters and reducing their exposure to triatomine bugs are predicted to strongly reduce transmission risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E Gürtler
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires-IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M V Cardinal
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires-IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Coura JR, Junqueira ACV. Surveillance, health promotion and control of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region--Medical attention in the Brazilian Amazon Region: a proposal. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:825-30. [PMID: 26560976 PMCID: PMC4660612 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We refer to Oswaldo Cruz's reports dating from 1913 about the necessities of a healthcare system for the Brazilian Amazon Region and about the journey of Carlos Chagas to 27 locations in this region and the measures that would need to be adopted. We discuss the risks of endemicity of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region. We recommend that epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon Region and Pan-Amazon region should be implemented through continuous monitoring of the human population that lives in the area, their housing, the environment and the presence of triatomines. The monitoring should be performed with periodic seroepidemiological surveys, semi-annual visits to homes by health agents and the training of malaria microscopists and healthcare technicians to identify Trypanosoma cruzi from patients' samples and T. cruzi infection rates among the triatomines caught. We recommend health promotion and control of Chagas disease through public health policies, especially through sanitary education regarding the risk factors for Chagas disease. Finally, we propose a healthcare system through base hospitals, intermediate-level units in the areas of the Brazilian Amazon Region and air transportation, considering the distances to be covered for medical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues Coura
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
108
|
Dias JCP. Evolution of Chagas Disease Screening Programs and Control Programs:
Historical Perspective. Glob Heart 2015; 10:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
109
|
Sales-Campos H, Kappel HB, Andrade CP, Lima TP, de Castilho A, Giraldo LER, Lages-Silva E. Trypanosoma cruzi DTU TcII presents higher blood parasitism than DTU TcI in an experimental model of mixed infection. Acta Parasitol 2015. [PMID: 26204180 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc), the causative agent of Chagas disease, affects millions of people worldwide. One of the major characteristics of T. cruzi is related to its heterogeneity due to the variability of its biological properties, parasite growth rates, infectivity, tissue tropism, morbidity and virulence among different isolates observed during experimental or human infection. Moreover, presence of mixed infections in the same host in endemic areas is a matter of study due to its impact on clinical manifestations and disease progression. In this study, we evaluated the biological behavior of two Tc I strains AQ1-7 (AQ) and MUTUM (MT) and one Tc II strain (JG) during the acute phase of infection, in unique and mixed infections. A patent blood parasitism was detected only in mice inoculated with JG strain . In addition blood parasitism parameters (peak and average blood parasitism) were positively associated when JG and AQ strains were combined. In contrast, a negative association was observed in the JG+MUTUM group. The predominance of TcII strain over TcI strains was highlighted using the LSSP-PCR technique, which was performed in samples from hemoculture. Thus, this study showed important biological differences between different T. cruzi strains and discrete typing units (DTUs) in acute phase. Finally, we observed that blood parasitism during early period of infection seems to be more related to DTU than to a specific strain.
Collapse
|
110
|
Insecticide resistance in vector Chagas disease: evolution, mechanisms and management. Acta Trop 2015; 149:70-85. [PMID: 26003952 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a chronic parasitic infection restricted to America. The disease is caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to human through the feces of infected triatomine insects. Because no treatment is available for the chronic forms of the disease, vector chemical control represents the best way to reduce the incidence of the disease. Chemical control has been based principally on spraying dwellings with insecticide formulations and led to the reduction of triatomine distribution and consequent interruption of disease transmission in several areas from endemic region. However, in the last decade it has been repeatedly reported the presence triatomnes, mainly Triatoma infestans, after spraying with pyrethroid insecticides, which was associated to evolution to insecticide resistance. In this paper the evolution of insecticide resistance in triatomines is reviewed. The insecticide resistance was detected in 1970s in Rhodnius prolixus and 1990s in R. prolixus and T. infestans, but not until the 2000s resistance to pyrthroids in T. infestans associated to control failures was described in Argentina and Bolivia. The main resistance mechanisms (i.e. enhanced metabolism, altered site of action and reduced penetration) were described in the T. infestans resistant to pyrethrods. Different resistant profiles were demonstrated suggesting independent origin of the different resistant foci of Argentina and Bolivia. The deltamethrin resistance in T. infestans was showed to be controlled by semi-dominant, autosomally inherited factors. Reproductive and developmental costs were also demonstrated for the resistant T. infestans. A discussion about resistance and tolerance concepts and the persistence of T. infestans in Gran Chaco region are presented. In addition, theoretical concepts related to toxicological, evolutionary and ecological aspects of insecticide resistance are discussed in order to understand the particular scenario of pyrethroid resistance in triatomines.
Collapse
|
111
|
Dias JCP. Chagas disease: still a challenge around the World. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:367-9. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0269-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
112
|
Messenger LA, Miles MA, Bern C. Between a bug and a hard place: Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity and the clinical outcomes of Chagas disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:995-1029. [PMID: 26162928 PMCID: PMC4784490 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1056158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, concomitant with successful transnational disease control programs across Latin America, Chagas disease has expanded from a neglected, endemic parasitic infection of the rural poor to an urbanized chronic disease, and now a potentially emergent global health problem. Trypanosoma cruzi infection has a highly variable clinical course, ranging from complete absence of symptoms to severe and often fatal cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal manifestations. To date, few correlates of clinical disease progression have been identified. Elucidating a putative role for T. cruzi strain diversity in Chagas disease pathogenesis is complicated by the scarcity of parasites in clinical specimens and the limitations of our contemporary genotyping techniques. This article systematically reviews the historical literature, given our current understanding of parasite genetic diversity, to evaluate the evidence for any association between T. cruzi genotype and chronic clinical outcome, risk of congenital transmission or reactivation and orally transmitted outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael A Miles
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caryn Bern
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Espíndola JWP, Cardoso MVDO, Filho GBDO, Oliveira e Silva DA, Moreira DRM, Bastos TM, Simone CAD, Soares MBP, Villela FS, Ferreira RS, Castro MCABD, Pereira VRA, Murta SMF, Sales Junior PA, Romanha AJ, Leite ACL. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship study of a new series of antiparasitic aryloxyl thiosemicarbazones inhibiting Trypanosoma cruzi cruzain. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:818-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
114
|
Reis-Cunha JL, Rodrigues-Luiz GF, Valdivia HO, Baptista RP, Mendes TAO, de Morais GL, Guedes R, Macedo AM, Bern C, Gilman RH, Lopez CT, Andersson B, Vasconcelos AT, Bartholomeu DC. Chromosomal copy number variation reveals differential levels of genomic plasticity in distinct Trypanosoma cruzi strains. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:499. [PMID: 26141959 PMCID: PMC4491234 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is currently divided into six discrete typing units (DTUs), named TcI-TcVI. CL Brener, the reference strain of the T. cruzi genome project, is a hybrid with a genome assembled into 41 putative chromosomes. Gene copy number variation (CNV) is well documented as an important mechanism to enhance gene expression and variability in T. cruzi. Chromosomal CNV (CCNV) is another level of gene CNV in which whole blocks of genes are expanded simultaneously. Although the T. cruzi karyotype is not well defined, several studies have demonstrated a significant variation in the size and content of chromosomes between different T. cruzi strains. Despite these studies, the extent of diversity in CCNV among T. cruzi strains based on a read depth coverage analysis has not been determined. RESULTS We identify the CCNV in T. cruzi strains from the TcI, TcII and TcIII DTUs, by analyzing the depth coverage of short reads from these strains using the 41 CL Brener chromosomes as reference. This study led to the identification of a broader extent of CCNV in T. cruzi than was previously speculated. The TcI DTU strains have very few aneuploidies, while the strains from TcII and TcIII DTUs present a high degree of chromosomal expansions. Chromosome 31, which is the only chromosome that is supernumerary in all six T. cruzi samples evaluated in this study, is enriched with genes related to glycosylation pathways, highlighting the importance of glycosylation to parasite survival. CONCLUSIONS Increased gene copy number due to chromosome amplification may contribute to alterations in gene expression, which represents a strategy that may be crucial for parasites that mainly depend on post-transcriptional mechanisms to control gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Luís Reis-Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela F Rodrigues-Luiz
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo P Baptista
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Tiago A O Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | | | - Rafael Guedes
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Andrea M Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Caryn Bern
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Universidad Cayetano Heredia, Lima, MD, Peru.
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Carlos Talavera Lopez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Daniella C Bartholomeu
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento deParasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Carraro R, Iribarne F, Paulino M. Analysis of cyclosporin A and a set of analogs as inhibitors of a T. cruzi cyclophilin by docking and molecular dynamics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:399-413. [PMID: 26046477 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1038584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilins (CyPs) are enzymes involved in protein folding. In Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), the most abundantly expressed CyP is the isoform TcCyP19. It has been shown that TcCyP19 is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) and analogs, which also proved to have potent trypanosomicidal activity in vitro. In this work, we continue and expand a previous study on the molecular interactions of CsA, and a set of analogs modeled in complexes with TcCyP19. The modeled complexes were used to evaluate binding free energies by molecular dynamics (MD), applying the Linear Interaction Energy (LIE) method. In addition, putative binding sites were identified by molecular docking. In our analysis, the binding free energy calculations did not correlate with experimental data. The heterogeneity of the non-bonded energies and the variation in the pattern of hydrogen bonds suggest that the systems may not be suitable for the application of the LIE method. Further, the docking calculations identified two other putative binding sites with comparable scoring energies to the active site, a fact that may also explain the lack of correlation found. Kinetic experiments are needed to confirm or reject the multiple binding sites hypothesis. In the meantime, MD simulations at the alternative sites, employing other methods to compute binding free energies, might be successful at finding good correlations with the experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carraro
- a Facultad de Química, Centro de Bioinformática Estructural, DETEMA , Universidad de la República , Gral. Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, C.C. 1157, Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Federico Iribarne
- a Facultad de Química, Centro de Bioinformática Estructural, DETEMA , Universidad de la República , Gral. Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, C.C. 1157, Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Margot Paulino
- a Facultad de Química, Centro de Bioinformática Estructural, DETEMA , Universidad de la República , Gral. Flores 2124, C.P. 11800, C.C. 1157, Montevideo , Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Barbosa MDGV, Ferreira JMBB, Arcanjo ARL, Santana RAG, Magalhães LKC, Magalhães LKC, Mota DT, Fé NF, Monteiro WM, Silveira H, Guerra JADO. Chagas disease in the State of Amazonas: history, epidemiological evolution, risks of endemicity and future perspectives. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48 Suppl 1:27-33. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0258-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria das Graças Vale Barbosa
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Brazil; Universidade Nilton Lins, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
117
|
Messenger LA, Garcia L, Vanhove M, Huaranca C, Bustamante M, Torrico M, Torrico F, Miles MA, Llewellyn MS. Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2406-22. [PMID: 25847086 PMCID: PMC4737126 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An improved understanding of how a parasite species exploits its genetic repertoire to colonize novel hosts and environmental niches is crucial to establish the epidemiological risk associated with emergent pathogenic genotypes. Trypanosoma cruzi, a genetically heterogeneous, multi-host zoonosis, provides an ideal system to examine the sylvatic diversification of parasitic protozoa. In Bolivia, T. cruzi I, the oldest and most widespread genetic lineage, is pervasive across a range of ecological clines. High-resolution nuclear (26 loci) and mitochondrial (10 loci) genotyping of 199 contemporaneous sylvatic TcI clones was undertaken to provide insights into the biogeographical basis of T. cruzi evolution. Three distinct sylvatic parasite transmission cycles were identified: one highland population among terrestrial rodent and triatomine species, composed of genetically homogenous strains (Ar = 2.95; PA/L = 0.61; DAS = 0.151), and two highly diverse, parasite assemblages circulating among predominantly arboreal mammals and vectors in the lowlands (Ar = 3.40 and 3.93; PA/L = 1.12 and 0.60; DAS = 0.425 and 0.311, respectively). Very limited gene flow between neighbouring terrestrial highland and arboreal lowland areas (distance ~220 km; FST = 0.42 and 0.35) but strong connectivity between ecologically similar but geographically disparate terrestrial highland ecotopes (distance >465 km; FST = 0.016-0.084) strongly supports ecological host fitting as the predominant mechanism of parasite diversification. Dissimilar heterozygosity estimates (excess in highlands, deficit in lowlands) and mitochondrial introgression among lowland strains may indicate fundamental differences in mating strategies between populations. Finally, accelerated parasite dissemination between densely populated, highland areas, compared to uninhabited lowland foci, likely reflects passive, long-range anthroponotic dispersal. The impact of humans on the risk of epizootic Chagas disease transmission in Bolivia is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A. Messenger
- Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Lineth Garcia
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Mathieu Vanhove
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Carlos Huaranca
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Marinely Bustamante
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Marycruz Torrico
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Michael A. Miles
- Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Coura JR. The main sceneries of Chagas disease transmission. The vectors, blood and oral transmissions--a comprehensive review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:277-82. [PMID: 25466622 PMCID: PMC4489464 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This review deals with transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by the most important domestic vectors, blood transfusion and oral intake. Among the vectors, Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma dimidiata, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Triatoma sordida, Triatoma maculata, Panstrongylus geniculatus, Rhodnius ecuadoriensis and Rhodnius pallescens can be highlighted. Transmission of Chagas infection, which has been brought under control in some countries in South and Central America, remains a great challenge, particularly considering that many endemic countries do not have control over blood donors. Even more concerning is the case of non-endemic countries that receive thousands of migrants from endemic areas that carry Chagas disease, such as the United States of America, in North America, Spain, in Europe, Japan, in Asia, and Australia, in Oceania. In the Brazilian Amazon Region, since Shaw et al. (1969) described the first acute cases of the disease caused by oral transmission, hundreds of acute cases of the disease due to oral transmission have been described in that region, which is today considered to be endemic for oral transmission. Several other outbreaks of acute Chagas disease by oral transmission have been described in different states of Brazil and in other South American countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues Coura
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Abstract
Parasite finds in ancient material launched a new field of science: palaeoparasitology. Ever since the pioneering studies, parasites were identified in archaeological and palaeontological remains, some preserved for millions of years by fossilization. However, the palaeoparasitological record consists mainly of parasites found specifically in human archaeological material, preserved in ancient occupation sites, from prehistory until closer to 2015. The results include some helminth intestinal parasites still commonly found in 2015, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms, besides others such as Amoebidae and Giardia intestinalis, as well as viruses, bacteria, fungi and arthropods. These parasites as a whole provide important data on health, diet, climate and living conditions among ancient populations. This chapter describes the principal findings and their importance for knowledge on the origin and dispersal of infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
120
|
Teixeira-Carvalho A, Campos FMF, Geiger SM, Rocha RDR, de Araújo FF, Vitelli-Avelar DM, Andrade MC, Araújo MSS, Lemos EM, de Freitas Carneiro Proietti AB, Sabino EC, Caldas RG, Freitas CRC, Campi-Azevedo AC, Elói-Santos SM, Martins-Filho OA. FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1: a multiplexed flow cytometry method for differential serological diagnosis of chagas disease and leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122938. [PMID: 25875961 PMCID: PMC4398351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential serological diagnosis of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis is difficult owing to cross-reactivity resulting from the fact that the parasites that cause these pathologies share antigenic epitopes. Even with optimized serological assays that use parasite-specific recombinant antigens, inconclusive test results continue to be a problem. Therefore, new serological tests with high sensitivity and specificity are needed. In the present work, we developed and evaluated the performance of a new flow cytometric serological method, referred to as FC-TRIPLEX Chagas/Leish IgG1, for the all-in-one classification of inconclusive tests. The method uses antigens for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease and is based on an inverted detuned algorithm for analysis of anti-Trypanosomatidae IgG1 reactivity. First, parasites were label with fluorescein isothiocyanate or Alexa Fluor 647 at various concentrations. Then serum samples were serially diluted, the dilutions were incubated with suspensions of mixed labeled parasites, and flow cytometric measurements were performed to determine percentages of positive fluorescent parasites. Using the new method, we obtained correct results for 76 of 80 analyzed serum samples (95% overall performance), underscoring the outstanding performance of the method. Moreover, we found that the fluorescently labeled parasite suspensions were stable during storage at room temperature, 4 °C, and -20 °C for 1 year. In addition, two different lots of parasite suspensions showed equivalent antigen recognition; that is, the two lots showed equivalent categorical segregation of anti-Trypanosomatidae IgG1 reactivity at selected serum dilutions. In conclusion, we have developed a sensitive and selective method for differential diagnosis of Chagas disease, visceral leishmaniasis, and localized cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Freire Campos
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Stefan Michael Geiger
- Laboratório de Helmintoses Intestinais, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Roberta Dias Rodrigues Rocha
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Fortes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Danielle Marquete Vitelli-Avelar
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mariléia Chaves Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiopatologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brasil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Elenice Moreira Lemos
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brasil
| | | | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo—USP, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rafaella Gaiotti Caldas
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carolina Renata Camargos Freitas
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Silvana Maria Elói-Santos
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Geral, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Departamento de Propedêutica Complementar, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Staico R, Armaganijan L, Moreira DA, Medeiros PT, Neto JM, Armaganijan D, Sousa AG, Abizaid A. Denervação simpática renal em pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implantável e tempestade elétrica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbci.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
122
|
Ramsey JM, Peterson AT, Carmona-Castro O, Moo-Llanes DA, Nakazawa Y, Butrick M, Tun-Ku E, la Cruz-Félix KD, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN. Atlas of Mexican Triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera) and vector transmission of Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:339-52. [PMID: 25993505 PMCID: PMC4489471 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the most important yet neglected parasitic diseases in
Mexico and is transmitted by Triatominae. Nineteen of the 31 Mexican triatomine
species have been consistently found to invade human houses and all have been found
to be naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The present paper
aims to produce a state-of-knowledge atlas of Mexican triatomines and analyse their
geographic associations with T. cruzi, human demographics and
landscape modification. Ecological niche models (ENMs) were constructed for the 19
species with more than 10 records in North America, as well as for T.
cruzi. The 2010 Mexican national census and the 2007 National Forestry
Inventory were used to analyse overlap patterns with ENMs. Niche breadth was greatest
in species from the semiarid Nearctic Region, whereas species richness was associated
with topographic heterogeneity in the Neotropical Region, particularly along the
Pacific Coast. Three species, Triatoma longipennis, Triatoma
mexicana and Triatoma barberi, overlapped with the
greatest numbers of human communities, but these communities had the lowest
rural/urban population ratios. Triatomine vectors have urbanised in most regions,
demonstrating a high tolerance to human-modified habitats and broadened historical
ranges, exposing more than 88% of the Mexican population and leaving few areas in
Mexico without the potential for T. cruzi transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Ramsey
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | | | - Oscar Carmona-Castro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - David A Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | | | - Morgan Butrick
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ezequiel Tun-Ku
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Keynes de la Cruz-Félix
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Microcavia australis (Caviidae, Rodentia), a new highly competent host of Trypanosoma cruzi I in rural communities of northwestern Argentina. Acta Trop 2015; 142:34-40. [PMID: 25447830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rodents are well-known hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi but little is known on the role of some caviomorph rodents. We assessed the occurrence and prevalence of T. cruzi infection in Microcavia australis ("southern mountain, desert or small cavy") and its infectiousness to the vector Triatoma infestans in four rural communities of Tafí del Valle department, northwestern Argentina. Parasite detection was performed by xenodiagnosis and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the hyper-variable region of kinetoplast DNA minicircles of T. cruzi (kDNA-PCR) from blood samples. A total of 51 cavies was captured in traps set up along cavy paths in peridomestic dry-shrub fences located between 25 and 85 m from the nearest domicile. We document the first record of M. australis naturally infected by T. cruzi. Cavies presented a very high prevalence of infection (46.3%; 95% confidence interval, CI=33.0-59.6%). Only one (4%) of 23 cavies negative by xenodiagnosis was found infected by kDNA-PCR. TcI was the only discrete typing unit identified in 12 cavies with a positive xenodiagnosis. The infectiousness to T. infestans of cavies positive by xenodiagnosis or kDNA-PCR was very high (mean, 55.8%; CI=48.4-63.1%) and exceeded 80% in 44% of the hosts. Cavies are highly-competent hosts of T. cruzi in peridomestic habitats near human dwellings in rural communities of Tucumán province in northwestern Argentina.
Collapse
|
124
|
Ribeiro AR, Mendonça VJ, Alves RT, Martinez I, Araújo RFD, Mello F, da Rosa JA. Trypanosoma cruzi strains from triatomine collected in Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2015; 48:295-302. [PMID: 24897051 PMCID: PMC4206147 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048004719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Collection of triatomines in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments
in states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, Northeastern and Southern Brazil
respectively, and isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi
strains. METHODS First, the captured triatomines were identified using insect identification
keys, then their intestinal content was examined by abdominal compression,
and the samples containing trypanosomatid forms were inoculated in LIT
medium and Swiss mice. RESULTS Six triatomine species were collected in cities in Bahia, namely
Panstrongylus geniculatus (01), Triatoma
melanocephala (11), T. lenti (94), T.
pseudomaculata (02), T. sherlocki (26) and
T. sordida (460), and two in cities in Rio Grande do
Sul, namely T. circummaculata (11) and T.
rubrovaria (115). Out of the specimens examined, T.
cruzi was isolated from 28 triatomine divided into four
different species: T. melanocephala (one), T.
lenti (one), T. rubrovaria (16) and T.
sordida (10). Their index of natural infection by T.
cruzi was 6.4%. CONCLUSIONS The isolation of T. cruzi strains from triatomines found in
domestic and peridomestic areas shows the potential risk of transmission of
Chagas disease in the studied cities. The maintenance of those T.
cruzi strains in laboratory is intended to promote studies that
facilitate the understanding of the parasite-vector-host relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Rimoldi Ribeiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Vagner José Mendonça
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Renata Tomé Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Isabel Martinez
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Fernanda Mello
- Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Ramírez-Toloza G, Aguilar-Guzmán L, Valck C, Abello P, Ferreira A. Is it all That Bad When Living with an Intracellular Protozoan? The Role of Trypanosoma cruzi Calreticulin in Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth. Front Oncol 2015; 4:382. [PMID: 25629005 PMCID: PMC4292450 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects against disease, but may aberrantly silence immunity against "altered self," with consequent development of malignancies. Among the components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), important in immunity, is calreticulin (CRT) that, in spite of its residence in the ER, can be translocated to the exterior. Trypanosoma cruzi is the agent of Chagas disease, one of the most important global neglected infections, affecting several hundred thousand people. The syndrome, mainly digestive and circulatory, affects only one-third of those infected. The anti-tumor effects of the infection are known for several decades, but advances in the identification of responsible T. cruzi molecules are scarce. We have shown that T. cruzi CRT (TcCRT) better executes the antiangiogenic and anti-tumor effects of mammal CRT and its N-terminus vasostatin. In this regard, recombinant TcCRT (rTcCRT) and/or its N-terminus inhibit angiogenesis in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. TcCRT also inhibits the growth of murine adenocarcinomas and melanomas. Finally, rTcCRT fully reproduces the anti-tumor effect of T. cruzi infection in mice. Thus, we hypothesize that, the long reported anti-tumor effect of T. cruzi infection is mediated at least in part by TcCRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Lorena Aguilar-Guzmán
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina Valck
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Paula Abello
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Arturo Ferreira
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Coura JR. Chagas disease: control, elimination and eradication. Is it possible? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 108:962-7. [PMID: 24402148 PMCID: PMC4005548 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
From an epidemiological point of view, Chagas disease and its reservoirs and vectors
can present the following characteristics: (i) enzooty, maintained by wild animals
and vectors, with broad occurrence from southern United States of America (USA) to
southern Argentina and Chile (42ºN 49ºS), (ii) anthropozoonosis, when man invades the
wild ecotope and becomes infected with Trypanosoma cruzi from wild
animals or vectors or when the vectors and wild animals, especially marsupials,
invade the human domicile and infect man, (iii) zoonosis-amphixenosis and exchanged
infection between animals and humans by domestic vectors in endemic areas and (iv)
zooanthroponosis, infection that is transmitted from man to animals, by means of
domestic vectors, which is the rarest situation in areas endemic for Chagas disease.
The characteristics of Chagas disease as an enzooty of wild animals and as an
anthropozoonosis are seen most frequently in the Brazilian Amazon and in the
Pan-Amazon region as a whole, where there are 33 species of six genera of wild
animals: Marsupialia, Chiroptera, Rodentia, Edentata (Xenarthra), Carnivora and
Primata and 27 species of triatomines, most of which infected with T.
cruzi . These conditions place the resident populations of this area or
its visitors - tourists, hunters, fishermen and especially the people whose
livelihood involves plant extraction - at risk of being affected by Chagas disease.
On the other hand, there has been an exponential increase in the acute cases of
Chagas disease in that region through oral transmission of T. cruzi
, causing outbreaks of the disease. In four seroepidemiological surveys that were
carried out in areas of the microregion of the Negro River, state of Amazonas, in
1991, 1993, 1997 and 2010, we found large numbers of people who were serologically
positive for T. cruzi infection. The majority of them and/or their
relatives worked in piassava extraction and had come into contact with and were stung
by wild triatomines in that area. Finally, a characteristic that is greatly in
evidence currently is the migration of people with Chagas disease from endemic areas
of Latin America to non-endemic countries. This has created a new dilemma for these
countries: the risk of transmission through blood transfusion and the onus of
controlling donors and treating migrants with the disease. As an enzooty of wild
animals and vectors, and as an anthropozoonosis, Chagas disease cannot be eradicated,
but it must be controlled by transmission elimination to man.
Collapse
|
127
|
Jardim GAM, Reis WJ, Ribeiro MF, Ottoni FM, Alves RJ, Silva TL, Goulart MOF, Braga AL, Menna-Barreto RFS, Salomão K, de Castro SL, da Silva Júnior EN. On the investigation of hybrid quinones: synthesis, electrochemical studies and evaluation of trypanocidal activity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-eight compounds were evaluated against T. cruzi and six were found to be more potent against trypomastigotes than benznidazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wallace J. Reis
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- UFMG
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Matheus F. Ribeiro
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- UFMG
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelly Salomão
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology
- IOC
- FIOCRUZ
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Identification of a new amide-containing thiazole as a drug candidate for treatment of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1398-404. [PMID: 25512408 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03814-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the parasitic infection Chagas' disease was described over 100 years ago, even now there are not suitable drugs. The available drugs nifurtimox and benznidazole have limited efficacies and tolerances, with proven mutagenic effects. Attempting to find appropriate drugs to deal with this problem, here we report on the development and pharmacological characterization of new amide-containing thiazoles. In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo effects of new candidates against Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. The lead amide-containing thiazole derivative had potent in vitro activity, an absence of both in vitro mutagenic and in vivo clastogenic effects, and excellent in vitro selectivity and in vivo tolerance. The compound suppressed parasitemia in mice, modifying the anti-T. cruzi antibodies like the reference drug, benznidazole, and displayed the lowest mortality among the tested drugs. The present evidence suggests that this compound is a promising anti-T. cruzi agent surpassing the lead optimization stage in drug development and leading to a candidate for preclinical study.
Collapse
|
129
|
Chagas disease reactivation in HIV-coinfected patients: histopathological aspects. Immunobiology 2014; 220:656-62. [PMID: 25541242 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease reactivation has been described in severely immunocompromised patients by various etiologies, including in HIV-coinfected patients. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to perform histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the brain, myocardium, esophagus and large bowel of autopsied patients with CHD and/or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in comparison with control patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Autopsy reports were reviewed from 1998 to 2012 and eight adult subjects were selected and divided into four groups: RE, CH, AI and CO. Sections of brain, myocardium, esophagus and large bowel were collected from each subject and processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The histological sections stained with HE, Giemsa and picrosirius were used to quantify the density of inflammatory cells, the density of mast cells, and the percentage of collagen, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of IL17 and CD31 was performed. RESULTS The density of mast cells in the myocardium was significantly higher in the CH group than in the other groups. The density of mast cells in the esophagus and in the large bowel was significantly higher when compared to the other groups. The percentage of collagen in the esophagus, myocardium and large bowel was significantly lower in the RE group than in the CO group. The CH group had a higher percentage of collagen in the myocardium and in the large bowel in relation to the other groups. The density of cells immunostained with anti-IL17 was significantly higher in the large bowel and in the myocardium in the CH group than in the CO group. There was higher density of vessels immunostained with anti-CD31 in the myocardium and esophagus of the AI group than in the other groups. There were no significant correlations between the density of mast cells and percentage of collagen in the RE, CO, CH and AI groups. CONCLUSION Brain lesions observed in patients with CDR, as well as the higher density of cells immunostained with anti-IL17 at these sites, suggest that this cytokine was increasing local inflammation with subsequent tissue damage due to inflammation. Furthermore, the higher density of mast cells in the esophagus and large bowel of these subjects suggests that these cells might play a major role in esophageal and intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
|
130
|
Coura JR, Viñas PA, Junqueira ACV. Ecoepidemiology, short history and control of Chagas disease in the endemic countries and the new challenge for non-endemic countries. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:856-62. [PMID: 25410988 PMCID: PMC4296489 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is maintained in nature through the interchange of three cycles: the wild, peridomestic and domestic cycles. The wild cycle, which is enzootic, has existed for millions of years maintained between triatomines and wild mammals. Human infection was only detected in mummies from 4,000-9,000 years ago, before the discovery of the disease by Carlos Chagas in 1909. With the beginning of deforestation in the Americas, two-three centuries ago for the expansion of agriculture and livestock rearing, wild mammals, which had been the food source for triatomines, were removed and new food sources started to appear in peridomestic areas: chicken coops, corrals and pigsties. Some accidental human cases could also have occurred prior to the triatomines in peridomestic areas. Thus, triatomines progressively penetrated households and formed the domestic cycle of Chagas disease. A new epidemiological, economic and social problem has been created through the globalisation of Chagas disease, due to legal and illegal migration of individuals infected by Trypanosoma cruzi or presenting Chagas disease in its varied clinical forms, from endemic countries in Latin America to non-endemic countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, particularly to the United States of America and Spain. The main objective of the present paper was to present a general view of the interchanges between the wild, peridomestic and domestic cycles of the disease, the development of T. cruzi among triatomine, their domiciliation and control initiatives, the characteristics of the disease in countries in the Americas and the problem of migration to non-endemic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues Coura
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Pedro Albajar Viñas
- Neglected Tropical Diseases, Chagas Disease Programme, World Health
Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Angela CV Junqueira
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Provecho YM, Gaspe MS, del Pilar Fernández M, Enriquez GF, Weinberg D, Gürtler RE. The peri-urban interface and house infestation with Triatoma infestans in the Argentine Chaco: an underreported process? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:923-34. [PMID: 25410997 PMCID: PMC4296498 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-urban infestations with triatomine bugs, their sources and their dynamics have
rarely been investigated. Here, we corroborated the reported occurrence of
Triatoma infestans in a peri-urban area and in neighbouring rural
houses in Pampa del Indio, in the Argentine Chaco, and identified its putative
sources using spatial analysis and demographic questionnaires. Peri-urban
householders reported that 10% of their premises had triatomines, whereas T.
infestans was collected by timed manual searches or community-based
surveillance in only nine (3%) houses. Trypanosoma cruzi-infected
T. infestans and Triatoma sordida were collected
indoors only in peri-urban houses and were infected with TcV
and TcI, respectively. The triatomines fed on chickens,
cats and humans. Peri-urban infestations were most frequent in a squatter settlement
and particularly within the recently built mud houses of rural immigrants, with
large-sized households, more dogs and cats and more crowding. Several of the observed
infestations were most likely associated with passive bug transport from other
sources and with active bug dispersal from neighbouring foci. Thus, the households in
the squatter settlement were at a greater risk of bug invasion and colonisation. In
sum, the incipient process of domestic colonisation and transmission, along with
persistent rural-to-urban migratory flows and unplanned urbanisation, indicate the
need for active vector surveillance and control actions at the peri-urban interface
of the Gran Chaco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael M Provecho
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Sol Gaspe
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M del Pilar Fernández
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo F Enriquez
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ricardo E Gürtler
- Laboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Alvarenga Americano do Brasil PE, Pereira de Souza A, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Xavier SS, Lambert Passos SR, de Fátima Ramos Moreira M, Santini de Oliveira M, Sperandio da Silva GM, Magalhães Saraiva R, Santos de Aguiar Cardoso C, de Sousa AS, Mediano MFF, Bonecini de Almeida MDG, da Cruz Moreira O, Britto C, de Araújo-Jorge TC. Selenium Treatment and Chagasic Cardiopathy (STCC): study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:388. [PMID: 25284194 PMCID: PMC4197263 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart disease progression occurs in 30% of patients with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Supplementation with selenium (Se) in animal model of T. cruzi infection produced promising results. There is evidence that patients with Chagas heart disease have lower Se levels than healthy individuals and patients with T. cruzi infection without of cardiac disease. The aim of this investigation is to estimate the effect of Se treatment on prevention of heart disease progression in patients with chagasic cardiopathy. Methods The Selenium Treatment and Chagasic Cardiopathy trial is a superiority, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. The eligibility criteria are as follows: (1) a Chagas disease diagnosis confirmed by serology; (2) segmental, mild or moderate global left ventricular systolic dysfunction; and (3) age between 18 and 65 years. The exclusion criteria are as follows: (1) pregnancy, (2) diabetes mellitus, (3) tobacco use, (4) alcohol abuse, (5) evidence of nonchagasic heart disease, (6) depression, (7) dysphagia with evidence of food residues in the esophagus, (8) dysphagia with weight loss higher than 15% of usual weight in the last four months and/or (9) conditions that may result in low protocol adherence. The intervention will be 100 μg of sodium selenite once daily for 365 consecutive days compared to placebo. The following are the primary outcomes to be measured: (1) the trajectories of the left ventricular ejection fraction in the follow-up period; (2) reduction of heart disease progression rates, with progression defined as a 10% decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction; and (3) rate of hospital admissions attributable to dysrhythmia, heart failure or stroke due to Chagas disease. One hundred thirty patients will be randomly allocated into either the intervention or placebo group at a ratio of 1:1. The sequence allocation concealment and blinding were planned to be conducted with the strategy of numbered boxes. Both patients and health-care providers will remain blinded to the intervention groups during the 5 years of follow-up. Discussion If Se treatment reduces the progression of Chagas cardiopathy, the inclusion of this micronutrient in the daily diet can improve the therapeutic regimen for this neglected tropical disease at low cost. Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT00875173 (registered 20 October 20 2008).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Emmanuel Alvarenga Americano do Brasil
- Chagas Disease Clinical Research Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Meza SKL, Kaneshima EN, Silva SDO, Gabriel M, de Araújo SM, Gomes ML, Monteiro WM, Barbosa MDGV, Toledo MJDO. Comparative pathogenicity in Swiss mice of Trypanosoma cruzi IV from northern Brazil and Trypanosoma cruzi II from southern Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2014; 146:34-42. [PMID: 25296157 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The geographical heterogeneity of Chagas disease (ChD) is mainly caused by genetic variability of the etiological agent Trypanosoma cruzi. Our hypothesis was that the pathogenicity for mice may vary with the genetic lineage (or Discrete Typing Unit - DTU) of the parasite. To test this hypothesis, parasitological and histopathological evaluations were performed in mice inoculated with strains belonging to the DTU T. cruzi IV (TcIV) from the State of Amazonas (northern Brazil), or the DTU T. cruzi II (TcII) from the State of Paraná (southern Brazil). Groups of 10 Swiss mice were inoculated with eight strains of TcIV obtained from acute cases (7) from two outbreaks of orally acquired ChD, and from the triatomine Rhodnius robustus (1) from Amazonas; and three strains of TcII obtained from chronic patients in Paraná. We evaluated the pre-patent period, patent period, maximum peak of parasitemia, day of maximum peak of parasitemia, area under the parasitemia curve, inflammatory process, and tissue parasitism in the acute phase. TcIV was less virulent than TcII, and showed significantly (p < 0.005) lower parasitemia levels. Although the levels of tissue parasitism did not differ statistically, mice infected with TcIV displayed significantly (p < 0.001) fewer inflammatory processes than mice infected with TcII. This supported the working hypothesis, since TcIV from Amazonas was less pathogenic than TcII from Paraná; and agreed with the lower severity of human cases of ChD in the Amazon region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Karina Lüders Meza
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil; Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silvana Marques de Araújo
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, UEM, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, UEM, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Maria das Graças Vale Barbosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, UEM, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Reis-Cunha JL, Mendes TADO, de Almeida Lourdes R, Ribeiro DRDS, Machado-de-Avila RA, de Oliveira Tavares M, Lemos DS, Câmara ACJ, Olórtegui CC, de Lana M, da Cunha Galvão LM, Fujiwara RT, Bartholomeu DC. Genome-wide screening and identification of new Trypanosoma cruzi antigens with potential application for chronic Chagas disease diagnosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106304. [PMID: 25225853 PMCID: PMC4165580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, an infection that afflicts approximately 8 million people in Latin America. Diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease is currently based on serological tests because this condition is usually characterized by high anti-T. cruzi IgG titers and low parasitemia. The antigens used in these assays may have low specificity due to cross reactivity with antigens from related parasite infections, such as leishmaniasis, and low sensitivity caused by the high polymorphism among T. cruzi strains. Therefore, the identification of new T. cruzi-specific antigens that are conserved among the various parasite discrete typing units (DTUs) is still required. In the present study, we have explored the hybrid nature of the T. cruzi CL Brener strain using a broad genome screening approach to select new T. cruzi antigens that are conserved among the different parasite DTUs and that are absent in other trypanosomatid species. Peptide arrays containing the conserved antigens with the highest epitope prediction scores were synthesized, and the reactivity of the peptides were tested by immunoblot using sera from C57BL/6 mice chronically infected with T. cruzi strains from the TcI, TcII or TcVI DTU. The two T. cruzi proteins that contained the most promising peptides were expressed as recombinant proteins and tested in ELISA experiments with sera from chagasic patients with distinct clinical manifestations: those infected with T. cruzi from different DTUs and those with cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis. These proteins, named rTc_11623.20 and rTc_N_10421.310, exhibited 94.83 and 89.66% sensitivity, 98.2 and 94.6% specificity, respectively, and a pool of these 2 proteins exhibited 96.55% sensitivity and 98.18% specificity. This work led to the identification of two new antigens with great potential application in the diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Luís Reis-Cunha
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo de Almeida Lourdes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Avila
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maykon de Oliveira Tavares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Denise Silveira Lemos
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Chavez Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
Zanthoxylum caribaeum (Rutaceae) essential oil: chemical investigation and biological effects on Rhodnius prolixus nymph. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4271-9. [PMID: 25224729 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A chemical investigation and bioassays against fifth-instar nymphae of the hematophagous insect Rhodnius prolixus, vector of Chagas disease, were conducted with the essential oil from Zanthoxylum caribaeum. The main results may be summarized as follows: (i) 54 components were identified, corresponding to 90.4% of the relative composition; sesquiterpenes (47.3%) and monoterpenes (41.2%) are the major constituents; (ii) muurola-4,5-trans-diene and isodaucene are described for the first time as chemical constituents of the essential oil from leaves of this species; (iii) topical treatment with the crude essential oil induced high levels of paralysis (from 18.88 to 33.33%) and mortality (from 80 to 98.9%) depending on the dose applied (0.5 to 5.0 μl per insect); (iv) feeding treatment with the crude essential oil also induced high levels of mortality (from 48.8 to 100%) but low levels of paralysis (from 2.22 to 7.77%) depending on the dose applied (0.5 to 5.0 μl/ml of blood); (v) in the continuous treatment, only the dose of 5.0 μl/cm(2) was able to promote statistical significant levels of mortality (63.3%) but no paralysis were detected. However in this group, occasionally, only few insects displayed malformations of legs and wings after treatment; and (vi) any treatment was able to disrupt the metamorphosis process since the low adult stage emergence observed to all groups was due the high insect mortality. These observations suggest the interference of Z. caribaeum compounds on the triatomine neuroendocrine system. The significance of these results in relation to the relevant biological events in R. prolixus as well as the possible use of insect growth regulators present in Z. caribaeum oil in integrated vector control programs against hematophagous triatomine species is herein discussed.
Collapse
|
136
|
Queiroz RML, Charneau S, Mandacaru SC, Schwämmle V, Lima BD, Roepstorff P, Ricart CAO. Quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi amastigogenesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3457-72. [PMID: 25225356 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a tropical neglected disease endemic in Latin America caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite has four major life stages: epimastigote, metacyclic trypomastigote, bloodstream trypomastigote, and amastigote. The differentiation from infective trypomastigotes into replicative amastigotes, called amastigogenesis, takes place in vivo inside mammalian host cells after a period of incubation in an acidic phagolysosome. This differentiation process can be mimicked in vitro by incubating tissue-culture-derived trypomastigotes in acidic DMEM. Here we used this well-established differentiation protocol to perform a comprehensive quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of T. cruzi amastigogenesis. Samples from fully differentiated forms and two biologically relevant intermediate time points were Lys-C/trypsin digested, iTRAQ-labeled, and multiplexed. Subsequently, phosphopeptides were enriched using a TiO2 matrix. Non-phosphorylated peptides were fractionated via hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics procedures were used for protein and phosphopeptide quantitation, identification, and phosphorylation site assignment. We were able to identify regulated proteins and pathways involved in coordinating amastigogenesis. We also observed that a significant proportion of the regulated proteins were membrane proteins. Modulated phosphorylation events coordinated by protein kinases and phosphatases that are part of the signaling cascade induced by incubation in acidic medium were also evinced. To our knowledge, this work is the most comprehensive quantitative proteomics study of T. cruzi amastigogenesis, and these data will serve as a trustworthy basis for future studies, and possibly for new potential drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayner M L Queiroz
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900 Brazil; §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Samuel C Mandacaru
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Veit Schwämmle
- §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Beatriz D Lima
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900 Brazil
| | - Peter Roepstorff
- §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Carlos A O Ricart
- From the ‡Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, 70910-900 Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Schmitz V, Almeida LN, Svensjö E, Monteiro AC, Köhl J, Scharfstein J. C5a and Bradykinin Receptor Cross-Talk Regulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity inTrypanosoma cruziInfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3613-23. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
138
|
Pontes G, Zacharias CA, Manrique G, Lorenzo MG. Female odours promote the activation of sheltered kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus males and modulate their orientation. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28:257-263. [PMID: 25855829 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a pheromone emitted during copulation has been reported for Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Stål. Adults possess one pair of metasternal glands (MGs) from which female R. prolixus release volatiles mainly at night. We investigated whether these volatiles emitted by adult R. prolixus can modulate sexual-related behaviours of opposite and/or same sex individuals. We first used a shelter bioassay to test if adult activity patterns can be affected by chemical signals emitted by opposite sex conspecifics. We observed that males left the shelter more frequently in the presence of females, showing higher activity and an increase of intrasexual copulation attempts. Females showed no shelter-related activation in the presence of male odours. Second, we used a locomotion compensator device to investigate whether females or males show oriented responses to odours emitted by adults. We found that males oriented towards air currents carrying female odours but females did not orient towards odours emitted by adults. Finally, we observed that males oriented towards the female MG compounds. Thus, a volatile chemical signal emitted by females from their MGs promoted the activation of sheltered males and modulated orientation to air currents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Pontes
- Laboratorio de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Abstract
Among the world's most neglected tropical diseases, Chagas disease is vector-borne and caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. T cruzi infection is endemic to South and Central America as well as Mexico. Due to population migration, T cruzi is increasingly becoming a public health problem in nonendemic settings. Success with vector control strategies has led to a relative increase in the burden attributable to congenital transmission of T cruzi. In endemic settings, approximately 5% of infected pregnant women transmit to their offspring. Congenital T cruzi infection is generally asymptomatic and parasitological and serological testing is required for diagnosis. This review highlights research gaps with a focus on (1) improving screening, diagnostic, and treatment options and (2) designing epidemiologic studies to understand risk factors for congenital T cruzi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirut T. Gebrekristos
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Pierre Buekens
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Vinhaes MC, de Oliveira SV, Reis PO, de Lacerda Sousa AC, Silva RAE, Obara MT, Bezerra CM, da Costa VM, Alves RV, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Assessing the vulnerability of Brazilian municipalities to the vectorial transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi using multi-criteria decision analysis. Acta Trop 2014; 137:105-10. [PMID: 24857942 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the dramatic reduction in Trypanosoma cruzi vectorial transmission in Brazil, acute cases of Chagas disease (CD) continue to be recorded. The identification of areas with greater vulnerability to the occurrence of vector-borne CD is essential to prevention, control, and surveillance activities. In the current study, data on the occurrence of domiciliated triatomines in Brazil (non-Amazonian regions) between 2007 and 2011 were analyzed. Municipalities' vulnerability was assessed based on socioeconomic, demographic, entomological, and environmental indicators using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Overall, 2275 municipalities were positive for at least one of the six triatomine species analyzed (Panstrongylus megistus, Triatoma infestans, Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Triatoma rubrovaria, and Triatoma sordida). The municipalities that were most vulnerable to vector-borne CD were mainly in the northeast region and exhibited a higher occurrence of domiciliated triatomines, lower socioeconomic levels, and more extensive anthropized areas. Most of the 39 new vector-borne CD cases confirmed between 2001 and 2012 in non-Amazonian regions occurred within the more vulnerable municipalities. Thus, MCDA can help to identify the states and municipalities that are most vulnerable to the transmission of T. cruzi by domiciliated triatomines, which is critical for directing adequate surveillance, prevention, and control activities. The methodological approach and results presented here can be used to enhance CD surveillance in Brazil.
Collapse
|
141
|
Queiroz RML, Charneau S, Bastos IMD, Santana JM, Sousa MV, Roepstorff P, Ricart CAO. Cell surface proteome analysis of human-hosted Trypanosoma cruzi life stages. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3530-41. [PMID: 24978697 DOI: 10.1021/pr401120y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chagas' disease is a neglected infectious illness, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It remains a challenging health issue in Latin America, where it is endemic, and so far there is no immunoprophylatic vaccine or satisfactory chemotherapic treatment for its chronic stage. The present work addressed the analysis of the plasma membrane (PM) subproteome from T. cruzi human-hosted life stages, trypomastigote and axenic amastigote, by two complementary PM protein enrichment techniques followed by identification using an LC-MS/MS approach. The results revealed an extensive repertoire of proteins in the PM subproteomes, including enzymes that might be suitable candidates for drug intervention. The comparison of the cell surface proteome among the life forms revealed some potentially stage-specific enzymes, although the majority was shared by both stages. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the vast majority of the identified proteins are membrane-derived and/or possess predicted transmembrane domains. They are mainly involved in host cell infection, protein adhesion, cell signaling, and the modulation of mammalian host immune response. Several virulence factors and proteins potentially capable of acting at a number of metabolic pathways of the host and also to regulate cell differentiation of the parasite itself were also found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayner M L Queiroz
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia , Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Massarico Serafim RA, Gonçalves JE, de Souza FP, de Melo Loureiro AP, Storpirtis S, Krogh R, Andricopulo AD, Dias LC, Ferreira EI. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrid bioisoster derivatives of N-acylhydrazone and furoxan groups with potential and selective anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:418-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
143
|
Souza BSDF, Azevedo CM, d Lima RS, Kaneto CM, Vasconcelos JF, Guimarães ET, dos Santos RR, Soares MBP. Bone marrow cells migrate to the heart and skeletal muscle and participate in tissue repair after Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:321-9. [PMID: 24976301 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, causes an intense inflammatory reaction in several tissues, including the myocardium. We have previously shown that transplantation of bone marrow cells (BMC) ameliorates the myocarditis in a mouse model of chronic Chagas disease. We investigated the participation of BMC in lesion repair in the heart and skeletal muscle, caused by T. cruzi infection in mice. Infection with a myotropic T. cruzi strain induced an increase in the percentage of stem cells and monocytes in the peripheral blood, as well as in gene expression of chemokines SDF-1, MCP1, 2, and 3 in the heart and skeletal muscle. To investigate the fate of BMC within the damaged tissue, chimeric mice were generated by syngeneic transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP(+) ) BMC into lethally irradiated mice and infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Migration of GFP(+) BMC to the heart and skeletal muscle was observed during and after the acute phase of infection. GFP(+) cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells were present in heart sections of chimeric chagasic mice. GFP(+) myofibres were observed in the skeletal muscle of chimeric mice at different time points following infection. In conclusion, BMC migrate and contribute to the formation of new resident cells in the heart and skeletal muscle, which can be detected both during the acute and the chronic phase of infection. These findings reinforce the role of BMC in tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S d F Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Cavassin FB, Kuehn CC, Kopp RL, Thomaz-Soccol V, Da Rosa JA, Luz E, Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD. Genetic variability and geographical diversity of the main Chagas' disease vector Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Triatominae) in Brazil based on ribosomal DNA intergenic sequences. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:616-628. [PMID: 24897854 DOI: 10.1603/me13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies were made on the ribosomal DNA intergenic region, comprising complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1, 5.8S, and ITS-2 sequences, of populations of the triatomine Panstrongylus megistus, the most important vector of Chagas' disease in Brazil since Triatoma infestans eradication. Specimens were from 26 localities of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Sergipe states. In total, 21 ITS-1 and 12 ITS-2 haplotypes were found. Nucleotide differences were higher in ITS-1 (3.00%) than in ITS-2 (1.33%). The intergenic region was 1,513-1,522-bp-long (mean 1,516.9 bp), providing 26 combined haplotypes. The combination of microsatellites found in both ITSs may be of applied usefulness, to assess interpopulation specimen exchange and potential recolonizations after vector elimination by control implementation. Network results suggest that São Paulo may be considered one of the spreading centers of this species. Molecular clock datation suggests that P. megistus populations are diversifying at least since 4.54 million years ago, with diversification still ongoing today by geographical isolation of populations. Evidence is provided about the relationship of genetic diversity with geographical spread that characterizes a major vector and explains its ability to colonize distant areas and different ecotopes, including human habitats, and consequently its importance in Chagas' disease epidemiology.
Collapse
|
145
|
Oliveira P, Lima FM, Cruz MC, Ferreira RC, Sanchez-Flores A, Cordero EM, Cortez DR, Ferreira ÉR, Briones MRDS, Mortara RA, da Silveira JF, Bahia D. Trypanosoma cruzi: Genome characterization of phosphatidylinositol kinase gene family (PIK and PIK-related) and identification of a novel PIK gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 25:157-65. [PMID: 24727645 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi which affects 10 million people worldwide. Very few kinases have been characterized in this parasite, including the phosphatidylinositol kinases (PIKs) that are at the heart of one of the major pathways of intracellular signal transduction. Recently, we have classified the PIK family in T. cruzi using five different models based on the presence of PIK conserved domains. In this study, we have mapped PIK genes to the chromosomes of two different T. cruzi lineages (G and CL Brener) and determined the cellular localization of two PIK members. The kinases have crucial roles in metabolism and are assumed to be conserved throughout evolution. For this reason, they should display a conserved localization within the same eukaryotic species. In spite of this, there is an extensive polymorphism regarding PIK localization at both genomic and cellular levels, among different T. cruzi isolates and between T. cruzi and Trypanosomabrucei, respectively. We showed in this study that the cellular localization of two PIK-related proteins (TOR1 and 2) in the T. cruzi lineage is distinct from that previously observed in T. brucei. In addition, we identified a new PIK gene with peculiar feature, that is, it codes for a FYVE domain at N-terminal position. FYVE-PIK genes are phylogenetically distant from the groups containing exclusively the FYVE or PIK domain. The FYVE-PIK architecture is only present in trypanosomatids and in virus such as Acanthamoeba mimivirus, suggesting a horizontal acquisition. Our Bayesian phylogenetic inference supports this hypothesis. The exact functions of this FYVE-PIK gene are unknown, but the presence of FYVE domain suggests a role in membranous compartments, such as endosome. Taken together, the data presented here strengthen the possibility that trypanosomatids are characterized by extensive genomic plasticity that may be considered in designing drugs and vaccines for prevention of Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Mitsuo Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario Costa Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Carmona Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Esteban Maurício Cordero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rodrigues Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Éden Ramalho Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro da Silva Briones
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31270-910, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Lopes GP, Ferreira-Silva MM, Ramos AA, Moraes-Souza H, Prata A, Correia D. Length and caliber of the rectosigmoid colon among patients with Chagas disease and controls from areas at different altitudes. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 46:746-51. [PMID: 24474017 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0247-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we investigated radiological changes in the sigmoid colon in chagasic patients by comparing their colon lengths and caliber with those of non-chagasic living in the same region and non-chagasic living at high altitudes. METHODS A total of 317 individuals were evaluated using clinical, serological and radiological methods and divided into three groups: 1) one hundred and nine non-chagasic individuals from Uberaba, Brazil; 2) sixty-one non-chagasic from Puno, Peru; 3) one hundred forty-seven chagasics examined in Uberaba, being 62 without megacolon (3A), 72 with megacolon (3B) and 13 with doubtful diagnosis of megacolon (3C). RESULTS In group 2, the sigmoid colon had a significantly larger caliber (p=0.001) and the rectosigmoid colon was longer (p<0.001) than group 1. In subgroup 3A, the sigmoid colon (p<0.001) and rectum (p<0.001) had a significantly larger caliber and the rectosigmoid was longer (p<0.001) than that of the non-chagasic individuals. In subgroup 3B, the rectosigmoid was longer in all patients, and the caliber of the sigmoid was significantly larger than that of subjects in subgroups 3A and 3C (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Morphometric analysis confirms that Chagas disease may increase the caliber and length of the rectosigmoid. Our results suggest that altitude, ethnicity and diet may have influenced the size and length of the rectosigmoid of andean patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gesner Pereira Lopes
- Setor de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, UberabaMG
| | - Márcia Maria Ferreira-Silva
- Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Hemocentro Regional de Uberaba, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, UberabaMG
| | | | - Helio Moraes-Souza
- Disciplina de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Hemocentro Regional de Uberaba, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, UberabaMG
| | | | - Dalmo Correia
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, UberabaMG
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Pereira JM, Almeida PSD, Sousa AVD, Paula AMD, Machado RB, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. Climatic factors influencing triatomine occurrence in Central-West Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:S0074-02762013000300335. [PMID: 23778666 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We estimated the geographic distributions of triatomine species in Central-West Region of Brazil (CW) and analysed the climatic factors influencing their occurrence. A total of 3,396 records of 27 triatomine species were analysed. Using the maximum entropy method, ecological niche models were produced for eight species occurring in at least 20 municipalities based on 13 climatic variables and elevation. Triatoma sordida and Rhodnius neglectus were the species with the broadest geographic distributions in CW Brazil. The Cerrado areas in the state of Goiás were found to be more suitable for the occurrence of synanthropic triatomines than the Amazon forest areas in the northern part of the state of Mato Grosso. The variable that best explains the evaluated models is temperature seasonality. The results indicate that almost the entire region presents climatic conditions that are appropriate for at least one triatomine species. Therefore, it is recommended that entomological surveillance be reinforced in CW Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Mendes Pereira
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Coordenação Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública, DF, Brasília, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
Molina-Garza ZJ, Rosales-Encina JL, Mercado-Hernández R, Molina-Garza DP, Gomez-Flores R, Galaviz-Silva L. Association of Trypanosoma cruzi infection with risk factors and electrocardiographic abnormalities in northeast Mexico. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:117. [PMID: 24580840 PMCID: PMC3943989 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American trypanosomiasis is a major disease and public health issue, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The prevalence of T. cruzi has not been fully documented, and there are few reports of this issue in Nuevo Leon. The aim of this study was to update the seroprevalence rate of T. cruzi infection, including an epidemiological analysis of the risk factors associated with this infection and an electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation of those infected. METHODS Sera from 2,688 individuals from 10 municipalities in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an indirect hemagglutination assay. An ECG case-control study was performed in subjects seropositive for T. cruzi and the results were matched by sex and age to seronegative residents of the same localities. A univariate analysis with χ2 and Fisher's exact tests was used to determine the association between seropositivity and age (years), sex, and ECG changes. A multivariate analysis was then performed to calculate the odd ratios between T. cruzi seropositivity and the risk factors. RESULTS The seropositive rate was 1.93% (52/2,688). In the ECG study, 22.85% (8/35) of the infected individuals exhibited ECG abnormalities. Triatoma gerstaeckeri was the only vector reported. The main risk factors were ceiling construction material (P ≤ 0.0024), domestic animals (P ≤ 0.0001), and living in rural municipalities (P ≤ 0.0025). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a 10-fold higher prevalence of Chagas disease than previously reported (0.2%), which implies a serious public health threat in northeastern Mexico. The epidemiological profile established in this study differs from that found in the rest of Mexico, where human populations live in close proximity to domiciliary triatomines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucio Galaviz-Silva
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Ave, Universidad SN, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66451, México.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Mota T, Vitta ACR, Lorenzo-Figueiras AN, Barezani CP, Zani CL, Lazzari CR, Diotaiuti L, Jeffares L, Bohman B, Lorenzo MG. A multi-species bait for Chagas disease vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2677. [PMID: 24587457 PMCID: PMC3937276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triatomine bugs are the insect vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. These insects are known to aggregate inside shelters during daylight hours and it has been demonstrated that within shelters, the aggregation is induced by volatiles emitted from bug feces. These signals promote inter-species aggregation among most species studied, but the chemical composition is unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present work, feces from larvae of the three species were obtained and volatile compounds were identified by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). We identified five compounds, all present in feces of all of the three species: Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus and Triatoma brasiliensis. These substances were tested for attractivity and ability to recruit insects into shelters. Behaviorally active doses of the five substances were obtained for all three triatomine species. The bugs were significantly attracted to shelters baited with blends of 160 ng or 1.6 µg of each substance. Conclusions/Significance Common compounds were found in the feces of vectors of Chagas disease that actively recruited insects into shelters, which suggests that this blend of compounds could be used for the development of baits for early detection of reinfestation with triatomine bugs. Chagas disease is a parasitic infection affecting approximately 12 million people, and is considered to be one of the most severe burdens for public health in Latin America. Control of the disease is based on attempted elimination of domestic populations of triatomine bugs, the insects transmitting the disease to humans, by means of insecticide spraying. Currently, vigilance programs monitoring triatomine reinfestation processes in houses are performed by manual search for bugs. Effective and sustainable new methods allowing continuous monitoring of domestic triatomine populations are required. Based on the fact that the insects hide in dark refuges that are marked by volatile signals emitted in their feces, we screened the feces of three species for volatile compounds common to these prominent vectors. The potential for these odors to promote triatomine aggregation was evaluated and we present evidence that a synthetic blend of these substances is capable of recruiting bugs into shelters, mimicking the natural pheromone. This blend may be used to develop a bait to monitor triatomine reinfestation processes in a similar manner as is used commonly for the monitoring of agricultural pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Mota
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana C. R. Vitta
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alicia N. Lorenzo-Figueiras
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Insectos, IBBEA-CONICET, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla P. Barezani
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos L. Zani
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Claudio R. Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lynne Jeffares
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Björn Bohman
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G. Lorenzo
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, CPqRR-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Fares RCG, Correa-Oliveira R, de Araújo FF, Keesen TSL, Chaves AT, Fiuza JA, Ferreira KS, Rocha MOC, Gomes JAS. Identification of phenotypic markers of B cells from patients with Chagas disease. Parasite Immunol 2014; 35:214-23. [PMID: 23607422 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease was discovered more than a hundred years ago, but its pathogenesis is still not completely understood. Autoimmunity is one of the mechanisms shown to contribute to its pathogenesis, which may indicate an important participation of B lymphocytes. Patients with Chagas disease have shown increased percentage of B cells producing IL-10. However, there are no reports of the phenotypic markers of B cells producing IL-10 in patients with Chagas disease. For the first time in the literature, we evaluated the phenotypic profile of distinct markers of B cells from peripheral blood of noninfected individuals and patients with Chagas disease. Our results showed that patients with Chagas disease had a higher expression of CD21 and CD24 on the surface of CD19+ B cells, while CD43 and CD23 were expressed equally in all groups. Moreover, the expression of MHC-II (HLA-DR), CD80, CD86, caspase-3, granzyme B and intracellular IL-10 and TGF-β by CD19+ B cells was higher in patients with Chagas disease. The results of IL-10 production within CD19+ CD5+ CD1d+ B cells showed a higher percentage of this cytokine in patients with Chagas disease. Thus, our data bring a new knowledge about distinct markers of B cells in immune responses of Chagas disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C G Fares
- René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|