101
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Bowles KM, Rushworth SA. Targeting the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway to manipulate the expression of oncogenic and oncosuppressive miRNAs in human leukemia. Mol Cell Oncol 2018; 5:e988484. [PMID: 30250873 PMCID: PMC6149780 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.988484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2L2, best known as NRF2) pathway plays a pivotal cytoprotective role in the regulation of cellular responses to oxidative stress. We report that NRF2 modulates the expression of microRNA-125B and microRNA-29B in acute myeloid leukemia. The regulation of microRNA in leukemia can now be added to the growing list of prosurvival functions of NRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M Bowles
- Department of Molecular Haematology; Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology; Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Rushworth
- Department of Molecular Haematology; Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich, United Kingdom
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102
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Zhang J, Jiao Q, Kong L, Yu J, Fang A, Li M, Yu J. Nrf2 and Keap1 abnormalities in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and association with the effect of chemoradiotherapy. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:726-735. [PMID: 29675925 PMCID: PMC5983206 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is a key antioxidant and redox signaling cascade. Pathway abnormalities enhance the reactive oxygen species scavenging ability of cancer cells; thus the pathway is involved in carcinogenesis and resistance to chemoradiotherapy (CRT). This retrospective study was conducted to examine the status of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and to analyze its prognostic value in patients receiving CRT. METHODS Nrf2 and Keap1 expression were immunohistochemically examined in 152 ESCC and 31 normal esophageal mucosae. All ESCC specimens were obtained from patients with locally advanced ESCC who underwent CRT. RESULTS Strong staining of nuclear and cytoplasmic Nrf2 and limited or absent Keap1 expression was uncommon in normal tissues, but frequently observed in ESCC. Interaction between Nrf2 and Keap1 in normal mucosae is negatively correlated, while in tumors there is no negative correlation, indicating that there is little to no interaction between Nrf2 and Keap1 in ESCC. Positive Nrf2 expression in the nucleus was of diagnostic value for predicting ESCC from normal esophageal mucosae, and was significantly associated with poorer clinical response and poor progression-free survival after CRT. The value of Keap1 expression for diagnosis and predicting CRT outcomes was marginal. These different influences of Keap1 and Nrf2 on ESCC indicated that the signaling of this pathway was disturbed and displayed a Keap1-independent pattern. CONCLUSION Aberrant signaling via the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway was common in ESCC and was associated with response and survival after CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingze Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qinghua Jiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Jiaotong Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Aiju Fang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Jiaotong Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Minghuan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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103
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Kitamura H, Motohashi H. NRF2 addiction in cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:900-911. [PMID: 29450944 PMCID: PMC5891176 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid‐derived 2‐like 2 (KEAP1‐NRF2) system is a pivotal defense mechanism against oxidative and electrophilic stress. Although transient NRF2 activation in response to stress is beneficial for health, persistent NRF2 activation in cancer cells has deleterious effects on cancer‐bearing hosts by conferring therapeutic resistance and aggressive tumorigenic activity on cancer cells. Because NRF2 increases the antioxidant and detoxification capability of cancer cells, persistently high levels of NRF2 activity enhance therapeutic resistance of cancer cells. NRF2 also drives metabolic reprogramming to establish cellular metabolic processes that are advantageous for cell proliferation in cooperation with other oncogenic pathways. As a result of these advantages, cancer cells with persistent activation of NRF2 often develop “NRF2 addiction” and show malignant phenotypes leading to poor prognoses in cancer patients. Inhibition of NRF2 is a promising therapeutic approach for NRF2‐addicted cancers and NRF2 inhibitors are being actively developed. However, giving systemic NRF2 inhibitors might have undesirable effects on cancer‐bearing hosts, considering the central roles of NRF2 in cytoprotection. To avoid these side‐effects, new therapeutic targets besides NRF2 for NRF2‐addicted cancers have been actively explored. This review introduces recent studies describing the development and characterization of NRF2‐addicted cancers, as well as their potential therapeutic targets. Expected advances in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for NRF2‐addicted cancers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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104
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Cuadrado A, Manda G, Hassan A, Alcaraz MJ, Barbas C, Daiber A, Ghezzi P, León R, López MG, Oliva B, Pajares M, Rojo AI, Robledinos-Antón N, Valverde AM, Guney E, Schmidt HHHW. Transcription Factor NRF2 as a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Diseases: A Systems Medicine Approach. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:348-383. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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105
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Abstract
The NFE2L2 gene encodes the transcription factor Nrf2 best known for regulating the expression of antioxidant and detoxification genes. Gene knockout approaches have demonstrated its universal cytoprotective features. While Nrf2 has been the topic of intensive research in cancer biology since its discovery in 1994, understanding the role of Nrf2 in cardiovascular disease has just begun. The literature concerning Nrf2 in experimental models of atherosclerosis, ischemia, reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and diabetes supports its cardiac protective character. In addition to antioxidant and detoxification genes, Nrf2 has been found to regulate genes participating in cell signaling, transcription, anabolic metabolism, autophagy, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and organ development, suggesting that Nrf2 governs damage resistance as well as wound repair and tissue remodeling. A long list of small molecules, most derived from natural products, have been characterized as Nrf2 inducers. These compounds disrupt Keap1-mediated Nrf2 ubquitination, thereby prohibiting proteasomal degradation and allowing Nrf2 protein to accumulate and translocate to the nucleus, where Nrf2 interacts with sMaf to bind to ARE in the promoter of genes. Recently alternative mechanisms driving Nrf2 protein increase have been revealed, including removal of Keap1 by autophagy due to p62/SQSTM1 binding, inhibition of βTrCP or Synoviolin/Hrd1-mediated ubiquitination of Nrf2, and de novo Nrf2 protein translation. We review here a large volume of literature reporting historical and recent discoveries about the function and regulation of Nrf2 gene. Multiple lines of evidence presented here support the potential of dialing up the Nrf2 pathway for cardiac protection in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin M Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Anthony J Maltagliati
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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106
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Kitano Y, Baba Y, Nakagawa S, Miyake K, Iwatsuki M, Ishimoto T, Yamashita YI, Yoshida N, Watanabe M, Nakao M, Baba H. Nrf2 promotes oesophageal cancer cell proliferation via metabolic reprogramming and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. J Pathol 2018; 244:346-357. [PMID: 29243822 DOI: 10.1002/path.5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells consume a large amount of energy and maintain high levels of anabolism to promote cell proliferation via metabolic reprogramming. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2; NFE2L2) is a master transcription regulator of stress responses and promotes metabolic reprogramming to support cell proliferation in various types of cancer. As oesophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive gastrointestinal cancers, we aimed to clarify the effect of Nrf2 on metabolic reprogramming in oesophageal cancer. The relationship between Nrf2 expression and clinical outcome was evaluated using a database comprising 201 oesophageal cancers. Using in vitro assays and metabolome analysis, we examined the mechanism by which Nrf2 affects malignant phenotype. High-level immunohistochemical expression of Nrf2 was significantly associated with poor recurrence-free survival (HR = 2.67, p = 0.0004) and overall survival (HR = 2.90, p < 0.0001) in oesophageal cancer patients. In an in vitro assay with siRNA in TE-11 cells, which showed high Nrf2 expression, Nrf2 depletion significantly decreased cell growth and enhanced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were not removed by detoxification via the Nrf2 pathway, with concomitant induction of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The metabolome analysis showed that Nrf2 strongly promoted metabolic reprogramming to glutathione metabolism, which synthesizes the essential fuels for cancer progression. Furthermore, metabolome analysis using oesophageal cancer specimens confirmed that samples displaying high Nrf2 expression promoted glutathione synthesis. Metabolic reprogramming to glutathione metabolism, and ROS detoxification by activation of Nrf2, enhanced cancer progression and led to a poor clinical outcome in oesophageal cancer patients. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kitano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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107
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Jung BJ, Yoo HS, Shin S, Park YJ, Jeon SM. Dysregulation of NRF2 in Cancer: from Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:57-68. [PMID: 29212307 PMCID: PMC5746038 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays an important role in redox metabolism and antioxidant defense. Under normal conditions, NRF2 proteins are maintained at very low levels because of their ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation via binding to the kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1)-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. However, oxidative and/or electrophilic stresses disrupt the KEAP1-NRF2 interaction, which leads to the accumulation and transactivation of NRF2. During recent decades, a growing body of evidence suggests that NRF2 is frequently activated in many types of cancer by multiple mechanisms, including the genetic mutations in the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway. This suggested that NRF2 inhibition is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Recently, several NRF2 inhibitors have been reported with anti-tumor efficacy. Here, we review the mechanisms whereby NRF2 is dysregulated in cancer and its contribution to the tumor development and radiochemoresistance. In addition, among the NRF2 inhibitors reported so far, we summarize and discuss repurposed NRF2 inhibitors with their potential mechanisms and provide new insights to develop selective NRF2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Sic Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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108
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Lin DC, Wang MR, Koeffler HP. Genomic and Epigenomic Aberrations in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Implications for Patients. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:374-389. [PMID: 28757263 PMCID: PMC5951382 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignancy without effective therapy. The exomes of more than 600 ESCCs have been sequenced in the past 4 years, and numerous key aberrations have been identified. Recently, researchers reported both inter- and intratumor heterogeneity. Although these are interesting observations, their clinical implications are unclear due to the limited number of samples profiled. Epigenomic alterations, such as changes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and RNA editing, also have been observed in ESCCs. However, it is not clear what proportion of ESCC cells carry these epigenomic aberrations or how they contribute to tumor development. We review the genomic and epigenomic characteristics of ESCCs, with a focus on emerging themes. We discuss their clinical implications and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Chen Lin
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Ming-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - H. Phillip Koeffler
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore,National University Cancer Institute, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
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109
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Yang KQ, Liu Y, Huang QH, Mo N, Zhang QY, Meng QG, Cheng JW. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced by inflammatory cytokines produce angiogenetic factors and promote prostate cancer growth. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:878. [PMID: 29268703 PMCID: PMC5740893 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate is susceptible to infection and pro-inflammatory agents in a man’s whole life. Chronic inflammation might play important roles in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are often recruited to the tumor microenvironment due to local inflammation. We have asked whether stimulation of MSCs by pro-inflammatory cytokines could promote prostate tumor growth. The current study investigated the possible involvement of MSCs stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines in promotion and angiogenesis of prostate cancer through relative pathway in vitro and in vivo. Methods A syngeneic mouse model of C57 was established. The murine prostate cancer cells (RM-1) mixing with MSCs treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) or vehicle were subcutaneously injected into C57 mice. Tumor volume of C57 mouse model was estimated and serum level of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was test by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). A hen egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay was applied to test the effect of conditioned media of stimulated MSCs in chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) knocked down either hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) or nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) were employed. mRNA of PDGF and VEGF in MSCs, as well as NRF2 and HIF-1α was test by Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Protein expression levels of PDGF and VEGF from conditioned medium, NRF2, HIF-1α, as well as PDGF and VEGF in MSCs were detected by Western blot analysis. Results MSCs treated with TNF-α and IFN-γ promote tumor growth in C57 syngeneic mouse model, correlating with increased serum level of PDGF, VEGF. HET-CAM assay shows the angiogenic effect of conditioned medium of MSCs pre-treated with the pro-inflammatory cytokines. mRNA and protein levels of two pro-angiogenic factors (PDGF and VEGF) and key hypoxia regulators (HIF-1α and NRF2) in MSCs were induced after MSCs’ pretreatment. siRNA knockdown either HIF-1α or NRF2 results reduction of PDGF and VEGF expression. Conclusions MSCs stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines increase the expression of PDGF and VEGF via the NRF2-HIF-1α pathway and accelerate prostate cancer growth in mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3879-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guiping People's Hospital, Guiping, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 537200, China
| | - Yan Liu
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Qing-Hua Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Ning Mo
- The Fifth Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Qing-Yun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Qing-Gui Meng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China
| | - Ji-Wen Cheng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China. .,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, China.
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110
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Hamada S, Taguchi K, Masamune A, Yamamoto M, Shimosegawa T. Nrf2 promotes mutant K-ras/p53-driven pancreatic carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:661-670. [PMID: 29240881 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2 system contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis by regulating oxidative stress responses in normal tissues and organs, and is exploited in various cancers for proliferation, survival and acquisition of therapy resistance. Pancreatic cancer remains one of the intractable cancers, despite the improved clinical outcomes of other types of cancer, due to its invasive and refractory nature to therapeutic intervention. The current study aimed to clarify the contribution of Nrf2 to pancreatic carcinogenesis using a pancreas-specific mutant K-ras and p53 (KPC) mouse model. Deletion of Nrf2 in KPC mice (KPCN) decreased the formation of precancerous lesions as well as the development of invasive pancreatic cancer. The pancreatic tumor-derived cancer cell lines from KPCN mouse showed decreased expression of glutathione S-transferases (GST), UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and ABC transporters. Along with these biochemical changes, cell lines from KPCN mice revealed increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and chemotherapeutic agent. The current study revealed that Nrf2 contributes to pancreatic carcinogenesis in a way distinct from the chemoresistance of lung and esophagus, and that Nrf2 could be a novel therapeutic target of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
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111
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Chen HH, Chang HH, Chang JY, Tang YC, Cheng YC, Lin LM, Cheng SY, Huang CH, Sun MW, Chen CT, Kuo CC. Enhanced B-Raf-mediated NRF2 gene transcription and HATs-mediated NRF2 protein acetylation contributes to ABCC1-mediated chemoresistance and glutathione-mediated survival in acquired topoisomerase II poison-resistant cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:505-518. [PMID: 29080842 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) mainly regulates transcriptional activation through antioxidant-responsive elements (AREs) present in the promoters of NRF2 target genes. Recently, we found that NRF2 was overexpressed in a KB-derived drug-resistant cancer cell panel. In this panel, KB-7D cells, which show acquired resistance to topoisomerase II (Top II) poisons, exhibited the highest NRF2 activation. To investigate whether NRF2 directly contributed to acquired resistance against Top II poisons, we manipulated NRF2 by genetic and pharmacological approaches. The result demonstrated that silencing of NRF2 by RNA interference increased the sensitivity and treatment with NRF2 activator decreased the sensitivity of KB and KB-7D cells toward Top II poisons. Further, increased B-Raf-mediated NRF2 gene transcription and HATs-mediated NRF2 protein acetylation activated NRF2 signaling in KB-7D cells. Moreover, increased binding of NRF2 to an ARE in the promoter of ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1) directly contributed to Top II poison resistance. In addition, activation of NRF2 increased glutathione level and antioxidant capacity in KB-7D cells compared with that in KB cells; moreover, high glutathione level provided survival advantage to KB-7D cells. Our study is the first to show that aberrant NRF2 activation is via increased B-Raf-mediated NRF2 gene transcription and HATs-mediated NRF2 protein acetylation, which increases the acquired resistance and promote the survival of Top II poison-resistant cancer cells. Importantly, NRF2 downstream effectors ABCC1 and glutathione directly contribute to acquired resistance and survival, respectively. These results suggest that blockade of NRF2 signaling may enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce the survival of Top II poison-refractory tumors in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Hui Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Huei Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chu Tang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Li-Mei Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Man-Wu Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Graduate Program for Aging, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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112
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Huppke P, Weissbach S, Church JA, Schnur R, Krusen M, Dreha-Kulaczewski S, Kühn-Velten WN, Wolf A, Huppke B, Millan F, Begtrup A, Almusafri F, Thiele H, Altmüller J, Nürnberg P, Müller M, Gärtner J. Activating de novo mutations in NFE2L2 encoding NRF2 cause a multisystem disorder. Nat Commun 2017; 8:818. [PMID: 29018201 PMCID: PMC5635015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor NRF2, encoded by NFE2L2, is the master regulator of defense against stress in mammalian cells. Somatic mutations of NFE2L2 leading to NRF2 accumulation promote cell survival and drug resistance in cancer cells. Here we show that the same mutations as inborn de novo mutations cause an early onset multisystem disorder with failure to thrive, immunodeficiency and neurological symptoms. NRF2 accumulation leads to widespread misregulation of gene expression and an imbalance in cytosolic redox balance. The unique combination of white matter lesions, hypohomocysteinaemia and increased G-6-P-dehydrogenase activity will facilitate early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of this novel disorder. The NRF2 transcription factor regulates the response to stress in mammalian cells. Here, the authors show that activating mutations in NRF2, commonly found in cancer cells, are found in four patients with a multisystem disorder characterized by immunodeficiency and neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Huppke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Susann Weissbach
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joseph A Church
- Divison of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, and Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Rhonda Schnur
- Division of Genetics, Cooper University Health Care, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University 3, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Martina Krusen
- Lebenszentrum Königsborn Fachklinik für Kinderneurologie und Sozialpädiatrie mit Sozialpädiatrischem Zentrum, 59425, Unna, Germany
| | - Steffi Dreha-Kulaczewski
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Annika Wolf
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Brenda Huppke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Fatima Almusafri
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinik Köln, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Institut für Neuro- und Sinnesphysiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Universitätsmedizin, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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113
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Lin B, Xie F, Xiao Z, Hong X, Tian L, Liu K. Basal progenitor cells bridge the development, malignant cancers, and multiple diseases of esophagus. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3855-3866. [PMID: 28777465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The esophagus is a pivotal organ originating from anterior foregut that links the mouth and stomach. Moreover, its development involves precise regulation of multiple signal molecules and signal transduction pathways. After abnormal regulation of these molecules in the basal cells of the esophagus occurs, multiple diseases, including esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula, Barrett esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux, and eosinophilic esophagitis, will take place as a result. Furthermore, expression changes of signal molecules or signal pathways in basal cells and the microenvironment around basal cells both can initiate the switch of malignant transformation. In this review, we highlight the molecular events underlying the transition of normal development to multiple esophageal diseases. Additionally, the animal models of esophageal development and related diseases, challenges, and strategies are extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshun Lin
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Fuan Xie
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhangwu Xiao
- Emergency Department of the 476 Hospital, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Hong
- Dong fang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Liming Tian
- Dong fang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Kuancan Liu
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.,Dong fang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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114
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Song Q, Jiang D, Wang H, Huang J, Liu Y, Xu C, Hou Y. Chromosomal and Genomic Variations in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review of Technologies, Applications, and Prospections. J Cancer 2017; 8:2492-2500. [PMID: 28900487 PMCID: PMC5595079 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with poor prognosis worldwide. The poor prognosis is due to the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis and the limited clinical staging lacking significant molecular biomarkers to effectively stratify patients for treatment options. As cancer is a disease of genome instability and a resulting of accumulation of genetic alteration, mounting chromosomal and genomic technologies were developed and progressed rapidly which could be used for characterizing patients in genomics level. In this review, we summarized applications of multiple technologies and research progress at chromosomal and genomic level in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Song
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Dongxian Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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115
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Akdemir B, Nakajima Y, Inazawa J, Inoue J. miR-432 Induces NRF2 Stabilization by Directly Targeting KEAP1. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1570-1578. [PMID: 28760781 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master transcriptional regulator that integrates cellular stress responses and is negatively regulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) at the post-translational level. In human cancers, aberrantly stabilized NRF2, by the mutation of either NRF2 or KEAP1 or by the potential inhibition of autophagy, plays a vital role in tumor growth and chemoresistance through the activation of target genes. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenous small noncoding RNAs that can negatively regulate gene expression by interfering with translation and/or stability of target transcripts. However, miRNA-mediated regulation of the NRF2-KEAP1 pathway under physiological conditions is poorly understood. Here, miR-432-3p positively regulates NRF2 activity through the downregulation of KEAP1 by a direct-binding mechanism to the coding region of KEAP1. Overexpression of miR-432-3p resulted in a decreased sensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells to chemotherapy drugs including cisplatin (CDDP). Conversely, the inhibition of miR-432-3p expression by the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in an increased sensitivity of ESCC cells to CDDP. Furthermore, miR-432-3p was overexpressed in primary ESCC tumors (55 of 84, 65.5%) and a negative correlation between the expression level of KEAP1 and miR-432-3p in primary ESCC tumors was observed.Implications: These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of NRF2 stabilization in human cancers. Mol Cancer Res; 15(11); 1570-8. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Akdemir
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakajima
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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116
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Zhang G, Wang W, Yao C, Ren J, Zhang S, Han M. Salinomycin overcomes radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting Nrf2 level and promoting ROS generation. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:147-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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117
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Erkizan HV, Johnson K, Ghimbovschi S, Karkera D, Trachiotis G, Adib H, Hoffman EP, Wadleigh RG. African-American esophageal squamous cell carcinoma expression profile reveals dysregulation of stress response and detox networks. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:426. [PMID: 28629367 PMCID: PMC5477112 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal carcinoma is the third most common gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide and is largely unresponsive to therapy. African-Americans have an increased risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the subtype that shows marked variation in geographic frequency. The molecular architecture of African-American ESCC is still poorly understood. It is unclear why African-American ESCC is more aggressive and the survival rate in these patients is worse than those of other ethnic groups. METHODS To begin to define genetic alterations that occur in African-American ESCC we conducted microarray expression profiling in pairs of esophageal squamous cell tumors and matched control tissues. RESULTS We found significant dysregulation of genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and stress response components of the NRF2- mediated oxidative damage pathway, potentially representing key genes in African-American esophageal squamous carcinogenesis. Loss of activity of drug metabolizing enzymes would confer increased sensitivity of esophageal cells to xenobiotics, such as alcohol and tobacco smoke, and may account for the high incidence and aggressiveness of ESCC in this ethnic group. To determine whether certain genes are uniquely altered in African-American ESCC we performed a meta-analysis of ESCC expression profiles in our African-American samples and those of several Asian samples. Down-regulation of TP53 pathway components represented the most common feature in ESCC of all ethnic groups. Importantly, this analysis revealed a potential distinctive molecular underpinning of African-American ESCC, that is, a widespread and prominent involvement of the NRF2 pathway. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings highlight the remarkable interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of African-American ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Verda Erkizan
- Institute for Clinical Research, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Kory Johnson
- Bioinformatics Neuroscience Group, Information Technology Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Svetlana Ghimbovschi
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Deepa Karkera
- Institute for Clinical Research, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | - Houtan Adib
- Radiology Service, VAMC, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
- Present address: School of Pharmacy, Binghamton University - SUNY, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Robert G Wadleigh
- Institute for Clinical Research, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Washington, D.C., USA.
- Oncology Section, Washington DC VAMC, 50 Irving St. NW, Washington DC, 20422, USA.
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118
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Taguchi K, Yamamoto M. The KEAP1-NRF2 System in Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:85. [PMID: 28523248 PMCID: PMC5415577 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells first adapt to the microenvironment and then propagate. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes are frequently found in cancer cells. Comprehensive genomic analyses have identified somatic mutations and other alterations in the KEAP1 or NRF2 genes and in well-known tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, such as TP53, CDKN2A, PTEN, and PIK3CA, in various types of cancer. Aberrant NRF2 activation in cancer cells occurs through somatic mutations in the KEAP1 or NRF2 gene as well as through other mechanisms that disrupt the binding of KEAP1 to NRF2. Unregulated NRF2 confers on cancer cells high-level resistance to anticancer drugs and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and directs cancer cells toward metabolic reprogramming. Therefore, NRF2 has been studied as a therapeutic target molecule in cancer. Two strategies have been used to target NRF2 via therapeutic drugs: inhibition of NRF2 and induction of NRF2. NRF2 inhibitors may be effective against NRF2-addicted cancer cells in which NRF2 is aberrantly activated. These inhibitors have not yet been established as NRF2-targeted anticancer drugs for the treatment of human cancers. Diagnosis of NRF2 activation could facilitate the use of NRF2 inhibitors for the treatment of patients with NRF2-addicted cancers. Conversely, NRF2 inducers have been used or are being developed for non-cancer diseases. In addition, NRF2 inducers may be useful for cancer chemotherapy in combination with conventional anticancer agents or even NRF2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Taguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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119
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Wang T, Hu P, Li B, Zhang JP, Cheng YF, Liang YM. Role of Nrf2 signaling pathway in the radiation tolerance of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: an in vivo and in vitro study. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1809-1819. [PMID: 28367064 PMCID: PMC5370066 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s122803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship between the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and the radiation tolerance of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). From January 2015 to January 2016, 117 patients with HNSCC were enrolled in our study and assigned into the sensitive and tolerance groups based on curative effect. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to measure protein expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), NADPH quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Human squamous cell carcinoma cell line, HSC-4, was induced by radiation to construct the HSC-4-radiation resistance (RR) cell line. HSC-4 and HSC-4-RR were also assigned into the blank, negative control (NC) and Nrf2 siRNA groups. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were employed to detect cell viability, mRNA expression and protein expression, respectively, of Nrf2, HO1, NQO1 and GST. A total of 40 nude mice were equally assigned into the untreated, Nrf2 siRNA, radiation therapy (RT) and RT + Nrf2 siRNA groups. Compared with the sensitive group, patients in the tolerance group had upregulated Nrf2, HO1, NQO1 and GST expressions. HSC-4-RR cell line had improved cell viability and higher protein and mRNA expressions of Nrf2, HO1, NQO1 and GST compared with HSC-4 cell line. Compared with the HSC-4-NC and HSC-4-blank groups, the HSC-4-Nrf2 siRNA group had downregulated cell viability. Compared with the HSC-4-RR-NC and HSC-4-RR-blank groups, the HSC-4-RR-Nrf2 siRNA group had lower cell viability. However, the HSC-4-RR-Nrf2 siRNA group had elevated cell viability than the HSC-4-Nrf2 siRNA group. Tumor volume and tumor weight in the RT and RT + Nrf2 siRNA groups decreased evidently. The RT + Nrf2 siRNA group exhibited decreased tumor volume and tumor weight in comparison with the RT group. Our data demonstrated that downregulation of HO1, NQO1 and GST via inhibiting Nrf2 signaling pathway reduces the radiation tolerance of patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Feng Cheng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Min Liang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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120
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Fan R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wei L, Zheng W. Mechanism of progestin resistance in endometrial precancer/cancer through Nrf2-survivin pathway. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1483-1491. [PMID: 28386373 PMCID: PMC5376038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Progestin is commonly used for young patients suffering from endometrial hyperplasia or cancer. However, there is approximately 30% failure rate with unclear mechanism. We investigated if Nrf2-survivin pathway contributes the progestin resistance (PR) in this setting. Current study detected Nrf2 and survivin protein expression in post progestin treated endometrial tissue samples by using immunohistochemistry. Transfection of Nrf2 and survivin into endometrial cancer cells in vitro was done to determine the roles of Nrf2 and survivin in progestin resistance. Silence of survivin was then performed to explore if Nrf2-driven progestin resistance is mediated by survivin. Medorxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and metformin were applied to examine the cellular proliferations under the controlled conditions. Overexpression of survivin and Nrf2 were found in progestin-resistant endometrial samples as well as in those areas with only partial responses after MPA treatment. In contrast, all responded endometrial tissue with complete decidualization showed negative expression of these two biomarkers. Exogenous overexpression of Nrf2 and survivin resulted in progestin resistance. In addition, reduction of survivin in endometrial cancer cells overcame the Nrf2 overexpression induced progestin resistance. Furthermore, Nrf2 and survivin expressions were effectively suppressed after withdrawal of MPA. Interestingly, metformin increased the progestin sensitivity by down regulation of Nrf2 and survivin. The findings suggest that dysregulation of Nrf2-survivin may represent part of the molecular mechanisms of progestin resistance in endometrial cancer. Detecting survivin and Nrf2 may predict progestin resistance, while targeting Nrf2 and survivin may represent a promising prevention and treatment strategy for endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujia Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Province People’s HospitalZhengzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Province People’s HospitalZhengzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Province People’s HospitalZhengzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou, China
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Province People’s HospitalZhengzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou University People’s HospitalZhengzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
- Department of Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
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121
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Sihvola V, Levonen AL. Keap1 as the redox sensor of the antioxidant response. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 617:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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122
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Tsuchida K, Tsujita T, Hayashi M, Ojima A, Keleku-Lukwete N, Katsuoka F, Otsuki A, Kikuchi H, Oshima Y, Suzuki M, Yamamoto M. Halofuginone enhances the chemo-sensitivity of cancer cells by suppressing NRF2 accumulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 103:236-247. [PMID: 28039084 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The KEAP1-NRF2 system regulates the cellular defence against oxidative and xenobiotic stresses. NRF2 is a transcription factor that activates the expression of cytoprotective genes encoding antioxidative, detoxifying and metabolic enzymes as well as transporters. Under normal conditions, KEAP1 represses NRF2 activity by degrading the NRF2 protein. When cells are exposed to stresses, KEAP1 stops promoting NRF2 degradation, and NRF2 rapidly accumulates and activates the transcription of target genes. Constitutive accumulation of NRF2 via a variety of mechanisms that disrupt KEAP1-mediated NRF2 degradation has been observed in various cancer types. Constitutive NRF2 accumulation confers cancer cells with a proliferative advantage as well as resistance to anti-cancer drugs and radiotherapies. To suppress the chemo- and radio-resistance of cancer cells caused by NRF2 accumulation, we conducted high-throughput chemical library screening for NRF2 inhibitors and identified febrifugine derivatives. We found that application of the less-toxic derivative halofuginone in a low dose range rapidly reduced NRF2 protein levels. Halofuginone induced a cellular amino acid starvation response that repressed global protein synthesis and rapidly depleted NRF2. Halofuginone treatment ameliorated the resistance of NRF2-addicted cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs both in vitro and in vivo. These results provide preclinical proof-of-concept evidence for halofuginone as an NRF2 inhibitor applicable to treatment of chemo- and radio-resistant forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Tsuchida
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Tsujita
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Makiko Hayashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Asaka Ojima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nadine Keleku-Lukwete
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Akihito Otsuki
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Oshima
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mikiko Suzuki
- Center for Radioisotope Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.
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Deshmukh P, Unni S, Krishnappa G, Padmanabhan B. The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway: promising therapeutic target to counteract ROS-mediated damage in cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:41-56. [PMID: 28510041 PMCID: PMC5425799 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-016-0244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generates oxidative stress in cells. Oxidative stress results in various pathophysiological conditions, especially cancers and neurodegenerative diseases (NDD). The Keap1-Nrf2 [Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2] regulatory pathway plays a central role in protecting cells against oxidative and xenobiotic stresses. The Nrf2 transcription factor activates the transcription of several cytoprotective genes that have been implicated in protection from cancer and NDD. The Keap1-Nrf2 system acts as a double-edged sword: Nrf2 activity protects cells and makes the cell resistant to oxidative and electrophilic stresses, whereas elevated Nrf2 activity helps in cancer cell survival and proliferation. Several groups in the recent past, from both academics and industry, have reported the potential role of Nrf2-mediated transcription to protect from cancer and NDD, resulting from mechanisms involving xenobiotic and oxidative stress. It suggests that the Keap1-Nrf2 system is a potential therapeutic target to combat cancer and NDD by designing and developing modulators (inhibitors/activators) for Nrf2 activation. Herein, we review and discuss the recent advancement in the regulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 system, its role under physiological and pathophysiological conditions including cancer and NDD, and modulators design strategies for Nrf2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Deshmukh
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Sruthi Unni
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Gopinatha Krishnappa
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Balasundaram Padmanabhan
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, India.
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Doosti-Irani A, Mansournia MA, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Cheraghi Z, Holakouie-Naieni K. Simultaneous Comparison of Efficacy and Adverse Events of Interventions for Patients with Esophageal Cancer: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:867-72. [PMID: 26925694 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.2.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most serious malignancies. Due to the aggressive nature of this cancer, the prognosis is poor. A network meta-analysis with simultaneous comparison of multiple treatments can help determine better treatment options that have higher effects on overall survival of patients with lower adverse events. The aim of this review is to simultaneously compare efficacy and adverse events of treatment interventions for esophageal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this review, only randomized control trials (RCT) will be considered for network meta-analysis. All international electronic databases including Medline, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Cochran's library, EMBASE and Cancerlit will be searched to find randomized control trials which compared two or more treatment interventions for esophageal cancer. A network plot will be drawn for visual representation of all available treatment interventions. Bayesian approach will be used to combine the direct and indirect evidence. Treatment effects (e.g. hazard ratio for time to event outcomes, risk ratio for binary outcomes, and rate ratio for count outcomes with 95% credible interval) will be reported. Moreover, cumulative probability of the treatment ranks will be reported using the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) graphs. Consistency assumption will be assessed by the loop-specific and design-by-treatment interaction approaches. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study may be helpful for the patients, clinicians and health policy makers in selecting treatments that have the best effect on survival and lowest adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Doosti-Irani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail :
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125
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D Peyser
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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126
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Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature 2017; 541:169-175. [PMID: 28052061 PMCID: PMC5651175 DOI: 10.1038/nature20805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1223] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal cancers are prominent worldwide; however, there are few targeted therapies and survival rates for these cancers remain dismal. Here we performed a comprehensive molecular analysis of 164 carcinomas of the oesophagus derived from Western and Eastern populations. Beyond known histopathological and epidemiologic distinctions, molecular features differentiated oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas from oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas resembled squamous carcinomas of other organs more than they did oesophageal adenocarcinomas. Our analyses identified three molecular subclasses of oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas, but none showed evidence for an aetiological role of human papillomavirus. Squamous cell carcinomas showed frequent genomic amplifications of CCND1 and SOX2 and/or TP63, whereas ERBB2, VEGFA and GATA4 and GATA6 were more commonly amplified in adenocarcinomas. Oesophageal adenocarcinomas strongly resembled the chromosomally unstable variant of gastric adenocarcinoma, suggesting that these cancers could be considered a single disease entity. However, some molecular features, including DNA hypermethylation, occurred disproportionally in oesophageal adenocarcinomas. These data provide a framework to facilitate more rational categorization of these tumours and a foundation for new therapies.
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127
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Basak P, Sadhukhan P, Sarkar P, Sil PC. Perspectives of the Nrf-2 signaling pathway in cancer progression and therapy. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:306-318. [PMID: 28959654 PMCID: PMC5615147 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of redox homoeostasis, is a key transcription factor regulating a wide array of genes for antioxidant and detoxification enzymes. It protects organs from various kinds of toxic insults. On the other hand, activation of Nrf2 is also correlated with cancer progression and chemoresistance. Downregulation of Nrf2 activity has attracted an increasing amount of attention as it may provide an alternative cancer therapy. In this review, we examine recent studies on roles of Nrf2 in several pathophysiological conditions emphasising cancer. We discuss elaborately the current knowledge on Nrf2 regulation including KEAP1-dependent and KEAP1-independent cascades. KEAP1/Nrf2 system is a master regulator of cellular response against a variety of environmental stresses. We also highlight several tightly controlled regulations of Nrf2 by numerous proteins, small molecules, toxic metals, etc. In addition, we evaluate the possible therapeutic approaches of increasing chemosensitivity via modulating Nrf2 signaling.
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128
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Mechanism of progestin resistance in endometrial precancer/cancer through Nrf2-AKR1C1 pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:10363-72. [PMID: 26824415 PMCID: PMC4891125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Progestin resistance is a main obstacle for endometrial precancer/cancer conservative therapy. Therefore, biomarkers to predict progestin resistance and studies to gain a more detailed understanding of the mechanism are needed. The antioxidant Nrf2-AKR1C1 signal pathway exerts chemopreventive activity. However whether it plays a role in progestin resistance has not been explored. In this study, elevated levels of AKR1C1 and Nrf2 were found in progestin-resistant endometrial epithelia, but not in responsive endometrial glands. Exogenous overexpression of Nrf2/AKR1C1 resulted in progestin resistance. Inversely, silencing of Nrf2 or AKR1C1 rendered endometrial cancer cells more susceptible to progestin treatment. Moreover, medroxyprogesterone acetate withdrawal resulted in suppression of Nrf2/AKR1C1 expression accompanied by a reduction of cellular proliferative activity. In addition, brusatol and metformin overcame progestin resistance by down-regulating Nrf2/AKR1C1 expression. Our findings suggest that overexpression of Nrf2 and AKR1C1 in endometrial precancer/cancer may be part of the molecular mechanisms underlying progestin resistance. If validated in a larger cohort, overexpression of Nrf2 and AKR1C1 may prove to be useful biomarkers to predict progestin resistance. Targeting the Nrf2/AKR1C1 pathway may represent a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of endometrial hyperplasia/cancer.
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129
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Suzuki M, Otsuki A, Keleku-Lukwete N, Yamamoto M. Overview of redox regulation by Keap1–Nrf2 system in toxicology and cancer. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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130
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131
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Singh A, Venkannagari S, Oh KH, Zhang YQ, Rohde JM, Liu L, Nimmagadda S, Sudini K, Brimacombe KR, Gajghate S, Ma J, Wang A, Xu X, Shahane SA, Xia M, Woo J, Mensah GA, Wang Z, Ferrer M, Gabrielson E, Li Z, Rastinejad F, Shen M, Boxer MB, Biswal S. Small Molecule Inhibitor of NRF2 Selectively Intervenes Therapeutic Resistance in KEAP1-Deficient NSCLC Tumors. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3214-3225. [PMID: 27552339 PMCID: PMC5367156 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in Kelch-like ECH Associated Protein 1 (KEAP1), or gain-of-function mutations in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and associated with therapeutic resistance. To discover novel NRF2 inhibitors for targeted therapy, we conducted a quantitative high-throughput screen using a diverse set of ∼400 000 small molecules (Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository Library, MLSMR) at the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. We identified ML385 as a probe molecule that binds to NRF2 and inhibits its downstream target gene expression. Specifically, ML385 binds to Neh1, the Cap 'N' Collar Basic Leucine Zipper (CNC-bZIP) domain of NRF2, and interferes with the binding of the V-Maf Avian Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homologue G (MAFG)-NRF2 protein complex to regulatory DNA binding sequences. In clonogenic assays, when used in combination with platinum-based drugs, doxorubicin or taxol, ML385 substantially enhances cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells, as compared to single agents. ML385 shows specificity and selectivity for NSCLC cells with KEAP1 mutation, leading to gain of NRF2 function. In preclinical models of NSCLC with gain of NRF2 function, ML385 in combination with carboplatin showed significant antitumor activity. We demonstrate the discovery and validation of ML385 as a novel and specific NRF2 inhibitor and conclude that targeting NRF2 may represent a promising strategy for the treatment of advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sreedhar Venkannagari
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyu H. Oh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ya-Qin Zhang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jason M. Rohde
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Li Liu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Departments of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kuladeep Sudini
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kyle R. Brimacombe
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jinfang Ma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Sampada A. Shahane
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Juhyung Woo
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George A. Mensah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marc Ferrer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhuyin Li
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Fraydoon Rastinejad
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Matthew B. Boxer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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132
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Jeong Y, Hoang NT, Lovejoy A, Stehr H, Newman AM, Gentles AJ, Kong W, Truong D, Martin S, Chaudhuri A, Heiser D, Zhou L, Say C, Carter JN, Hiniker SM, Loo BW, West RB, Beachy P, Alizadeh AA, Diehn M. Role of KEAP1/NRF2 and TP53 Mutations in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Development and Radiation Resistance. Cancer Discov 2016; 7:86-101. [PMID: 27663899 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, and biomarkers predicting treatment response remain lacking. Here, we describe novel murine LSCC models driven by loss of Trp53 and Keap1, both of which are frequently mutated in human LSCCs. Homozygous inactivation of Keap1 or Trp53 promoted airway basal stem cell (ABSC) self-renewal, suggesting that mutations in these genes lead to expansion of mutant stem cell clones. Deletion of Trp53 and Keap1 in ABSCs, but not more differentiated tracheal cells, produced tumors recapitulating histologic and molecular features of human LSCCs, indicating that they represent the likely cell of origin in this model. Deletion of Keap1 promoted tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and resistance to oxidative stress and radiotherapy (RT). KEAP1/NRF2 mutation status predicted risk of local recurrence after RT in patients with non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) and could be noninvasively identified in circulating tumor DNA. Thus, KEAP1/NRF2 mutations could serve as predictive biomarkers for personalization of therapeutic strategies for NSCLCs. SIGNIFICANCE We developed an LSCC mouse model involving Trp53 and Keap1, which are frequently mutated in human LSCCs. In this model, ABSCs are the cell of origin of these tumors. KEAP1/NRF2 mutations increase radioresistance and predict local tumor recurrence in radiotherapy patients. Our findings are of potential clinical relevance and could lead to personalized treatment strategies for tumors with KEAP1/NRF2 mutations. Cancer Discov; 7(1); 86-101. ©2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngtae Jeong
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ngoc T Hoang
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Alexander Lovejoy
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Henning Stehr
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Aaron M Newman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Andrew J Gentles
- Stanford Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - William Kong
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Diana Truong
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California
| | - Shanique Martin
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Aadel Chaudhuri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Diane Heiser
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Li Zhou
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Carmen Say
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Justin N Carter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Susan M Hiniker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Billy W Loo
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robert B West
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Philip Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ash A Alizadeh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Maximilian Diehn
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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133
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Lebovitz CB, Robertson AG, Goya R, Jones SJ, Morin RD, Marra MA, Gorski SM. Cross-cancer profiling of molecular alterations within the human autophagy interaction network. Autophagy 2016. [PMID: 26208877 PMCID: PMC4590660 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1067362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation or disruption of autophagy promotes tumorigenesis in various preclinical models of cancer, but whether the autophagy pathway is a target for recurrent molecular alteration in human cancer patient samples is unknown. To address this outstanding question, we surveyed 211 human autophagy-associated genes for tumor-related alterations to DNA sequence and RNA expression levels and examined their association with patient survival outcomes in multiple cancer types with sequence data from The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium. We found 3 (RB1CC1/FIP200, ULK4, WDR45/WIPI4) and one (ATG7) core autophagy genes to be under positive selection for somatic mutations in endometrial carcinoma and clear cell renal carcinoma, respectively, while 29 autophagy regulators and pathway interactors, including previously identified KEAP1, NFE2L2, and MTOR, were significantly mutated in 6 of the 11 cancer types examined. Gene expression analyses revealed that GABARAPL1 and MAP1LC3C/LC3C transcripts were less abundant in breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancers than in matched normal tissue controls; ATG4D transcripts were increased in lung squamous cell carcinoma, as were ATG16L2 transcripts in kidney cancer. Unsupervised clustering of autophagy-associated mRNA levels in tumors stratified patient overall survival in 3 of 9 cancer types (acute myeloid leukemia, clear cell renal carcinoma, and head and neck cancer). These analyses provide the first comprehensive resource of recurrently altered autophagy-associated genes in human tumors, and highlight cancer types and subtypes where perturbed autophagy may be relevant to patient overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra B Lebovitz
- a The Genome Sciences Centre; BC Cancer Agency ; Vancouver, BC Canada.,b Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry ; Simon Fraser University ; Burnaby , BC Canada
| | | | - Rodrigo Goya
- a The Genome Sciences Centre; BC Cancer Agency ; Vancouver, BC Canada.,c Centre for High-Throughput Biology; University of British Columbia ; Vancouver , BC Canada
| | - Steven J Jones
- a The Genome Sciences Centre; BC Cancer Agency ; Vancouver, BC Canada.,b Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry ; Simon Fraser University ; Burnaby , BC Canada.,d Department of Medical Genetics ; University of British Columbia ; Vancouver , BC Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- a The Genome Sciences Centre; BC Cancer Agency ; Vancouver, BC Canada.,b Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry ; Simon Fraser University ; Burnaby , BC Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- a The Genome Sciences Centre; BC Cancer Agency ; Vancouver, BC Canada.,d Department of Medical Genetics ; University of British Columbia ; Vancouver , BC Canada
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- a The Genome Sciences Centre; BC Cancer Agency ; Vancouver, BC Canada.,b Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry ; Simon Fraser University ; Burnaby , BC Canada
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134
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Chen HY, Chen RH. Cullin 3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Biology: Functions and Therapeutic Implications. Front Oncol 2016; 6:113. [PMID: 27200299 PMCID: PMC4852199 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases are the largest E3 ligase family in eukaryotes and are multiprotein complexes. In these complexes, the Cullin protein serves as a scaffold to connect two functional modules of the ligases, the catalytic subunit and substrate-binding subunit. To date, eight members of the Cullin family proteins have been identified. In the Cul3 ubiquitin ligases, Bric-a-brac/Tramtrack/Broad complex (BTB) domain-containing proteins function as a bridge to connect Cul3 and substrates. While the BTB domain is responsible for Cul3 binding, these proteins usually contain an additional domain for substrate interaction, such as MATH, kelch, Zn finger, and PAM, Highwire, and RPM-1 (PHR domain). With the existence of a large number of BTB proteins in human, the Cul3 ubiquitin ligases ubiquitinate a wide range of substrates involving in diverse cellular functions. In this review, we will discuss recent advances on the functions of Cul3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer development, progression, and therapeutic response and the dysregulation of Cul3-mediated ubiquitination events in human malignancies. In particular, we will focus on three Cul3 substrate adaptors, kelch-like ECH-associated protein (Keap1), kelch-like family member 20 (KLHL20), and speckle type BTB/POZ protein (SPOP), with the intent to highlight novel targets in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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135
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Sawada G, Niida A, Uchi R, Hirata H, Shimamura T, Suzuki Y, Shiraishi Y, Chiba K, Imoto S, Takahashi Y, Iwaya T, Sudo T, Hayashi T, Takai H, Kawasaki Y, Matsukawa T, Eguchi H, Sugimachi K, Tanaka F, Suzuki H, Yamamoto K, Ishii H, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H, Yamazaki M, Tachimori Y, Kajiyama Y, Natsugoe S, Fujita H, Mafune K, Tanaka Y, Kelsell DP, Scott CA, Tsuji S, Yachida S, Shibata T, Sugano S, Doki Y, Akiyama T, Aburatani H, Ogawa S, Miyano S, Mori M, Mimori K. Genomic Landscape of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Japanese Population. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1171-1182. [PMID: 26873401 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant form of esophageal cancer in Japan. Smoking and drinking alcohol are environmental risk factors for ESCC, whereas single nucleotide polymorphisms in ADH1B and ALDH2, which increase harmful intermediates produced by drinking alcohol, are genetic risk factors. We conducted a large-scale genomic analysis of ESCCs from patients in Japan to determine the mutational landscape of this cancer. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequence analysis of tumor and nontumor esophageal tissues collected from 144 patients with ESCC who underwent surgery at 5 hospitals in Japan. We also performed single-nucleotide polymorphism array-based copy number profile and germline genotype analyses of polymorphisms in ADH1B and ALDH2. Polymorphisms in CYP2A6, which increase harmful effects of smoking, were analyzed. Functions of TET2 mutants were evaluated in KYSE410 and HEK293FT cells. RESULTS A high proportion of mutations in the 144 tumor samples were C to T substitution in CpG dinucleotides (called the CpG signature) and C to G/T substitutions with a flanking 5' thymine (called the APOBEC signature). Based on mutational signatures, patients were assigned to 3 groups, which associated with environmental (drinking and smoking) and genetic (polymorphisms in ALDH2 and CYP2A6) factors. Many tumors contained mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle (TP53, CCND1, CDKN2A, FBXW7); epigenetic processes (MLL2, EP300, CREBBP, TET2); and the NOTCH (NOTCH1, NOTCH3), WNT (FAT1, YAP1, AJUBA) and receptor-tyrosine kinase-phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways (PIK3CA, EGFR, ERBB2). Mutations in EP300 and TET2 correlated with shorter survival times, and mutations in ZNF750 associated with an increased number of mutations of the APOBEC signature. Expression of mutant forms of TET2 did not increase cellular levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in HEK293FT cells, whereas knockdown of TET2 increased the invasive activity of KYSE410 ESCC cells. Computational analyses associated the mutations in NFE2L2 we identified with transcriptional activation of its target genes. CONCLUSIONS We associated environmental and genetic factors with base substitution patterns of somatic mutations and provide a registry of genes and pathways that are disrupted in ESCCs. These findings might be used to design specific treatments for patients with esophageal squamous cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Sawada
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Niida
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Uchi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Hidenari Hirata
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Teppei Shimamura
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shiraishi
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Chiba
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwaya
- Department of Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sudo
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Keishi Sugimachi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuji Tachimori
- Esophageal Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kajiyama
- Department of Esophageal and Gastroenterological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Digestive Surgery, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujita
- Department of Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mafune
- Department of Surgery, Mitsui Kinen Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - David P Kelsell
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire A Scott
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Division of Refractory Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Center for Medical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Sugano
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan.
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136
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NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase-1 Expression Sensitizes Malignant Melanoma Cells to the HSP90 Inhibitor 17-AAG. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153181. [PMID: 27045471 PMCID: PMC4821458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The KEAP1-NRF2 pathway regulates cellular redox homeostasis by transcriptional induction of genes associated with antioxidant synthesis and detoxification in response to oxidative stress. Previously, we reported that KEAP1 mutation elicits constitutive NRF2 activation and resistance to cisplatin (CDDP) and dacarbazine (DTIC) in human melanomas. The present study was conducted to clarify whether an HSP90 inhibitor, 17-AAG, efficiently eliminates melanoma with KEAP1 mutation, as the NRF2 target gene, NQO1, is a key enzyme in 17-AAG bioactivation. In melanoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines with or without KEAP1 mutations, NQO1 expression and 17-AAG sensitivity are inversely correlated. NQO1 is highly expressed in normal melanocytes and in several melanoma cell lines despite the presence of wild-type KEAP1, and the NQO1 expression is dependent on NRF2 activation. Because either CDDP or DTIC produces reactive oxygen species that activate NRF2, we determined whether these agents would sensitize NQO1-low melanoma cells to 17-AAG. Synergistic cytotoxicity of the 17-AAG and CDDP combination was detected in four out of five NQO1-low cell lines, but not in the cell line with KEAP1 mutation. These data indicate that 17-AAG could be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for melanoma with KEAP1 mutation or NQO1 expression.
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137
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Hellweg CE, Spitta LF, Henschenmacher B, Diegeler S, Baumstark-Khan C. Transcription Factors in the Cellular Response to Charged Particle Exposure. Front Oncol 2016; 6:61. [PMID: 27047795 PMCID: PMC4800317 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Charged particles, such as carbon ions, bear the promise of a more effective cancer therapy. In human spaceflight, exposure to charged particles represents an important risk factor for chronic and late effects such as cancer. Biological effects elicited by charged particle exposure depend on their characteristics, e.g., on linear energy transfer (LET). For diverse outcomes (cell death, mutation, transformation, and cell-cycle arrest), an LET dependency of the effect size was observed. These outcomes result from activation of a complex network of signaling pathways in the DNA damage response, which result in cell-protective (DNA repair and cell-cycle arrest) or cell-destructive (cell death) reactions. Triggering of these pathways converges among others in the activation of transcription factors, such as p53, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), activated protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB). Depending on dose, radiation quality, and tissue, p53 induces apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest. In low LET radiation therapy, p53 mutations are often associated with therapy resistance, while the outcome of carbon ion therapy seems to be independent of the tumor's p53 status. NF-κB is a central transcription factor in the immune system and exhibits pro-survival effects. Both p53 and NF-κB are activated after ionizing radiation exposure in an ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent manner. The NF-κB activation was shown to strongly depend on charged particles' LET, with a maximal activation in the LET range of 90-300 keV/μm. AP-1 controls proliferation, senescence, differentiation, and apoptosis. Nrf2 can induce cellular antioxidant defense systems, CREB might also be involved in survival responses. The extent of activation of these transcription factors by charged particles and their interaction in the cellular radiation response greatly influences the destiny of the irradiated and also neighboring cells in the bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Hellweg
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Luis F. Spitta
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Henschenmacher
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Diegeler
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Christa Baumstark-Khan
- Cellular Biodiagnostics, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Cologne, Germany
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138
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Sato Y, Motoyama S, Saito H, Minamiya Y. Novel Candidate Biomarkers of Chemoradiosensitivity in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Eur Surg Res 2016; 56:141-53. [DOI: 10.1159/000443607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that, along with surgery, chemoradiotherapy is an important treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Patients who respond well to chemoradiotherapy obtain great benefits toward overcoming their cancer, and so a more favorable prognosis. On the other hand, patients who do not respond well have wasted valuable time and experienced severe toxicity and seriously diminished quality of life, only to have their cancer recur with an unfavorable prognosis. For this reason, a reliable biomarker of chemoradiosensitivity in ESCC has long been sought. In this review, we will enumerate recently reported candidate biomarkers of chemoradiosensitivity in ESCC that have the potential for future clinical application.
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139
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DONG WEI, LI BAOSHENG, WANG JUAN, SONG YIPENG, ZHANG ZICHENG, FU CHENGRUI, ZHANG PEILIANG. Diagnostic and predictive significance of serum microRNA-7 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1449-56. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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140
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Tung MC, Lin PL, Wang YC, He TY, Lee MC, Yeh SD, Chen CY, Lee H. Mutant p53 confers chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer by upregulating Nrf2. Oncotarget 2015; 6:41692-705. [PMID: 26497680 PMCID: PMC4747182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 is a key transcription factor for genes coding for antioxidants, detoxification enzymes, and multiple drug resistance and it also confers resistance to anticancer drugs. Here, we hypothesized that mutant p53 could upregulate Nrf2 expression at the transcriptional level, thereby conferring cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Luciferase reporter assays and real-time PCR analysis indicated that the Nrf2 promoter activity and its mRNA levels were markedly suppressed by wild-type p53, but not by mutant p53. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) further confirmed that wild-type p53 binds at the p53 putative binding site to block Sp1 binding to the Nrf2 promoter and consequently to suppress the Nrf2 promoter activity. The MTT assay indicated that an increase in Nrf2 expression by mutant p53 is responsible for cisplatin resistance. Among the Nrf2 downstream genes, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL contribute more strongly to Nrf2-mediated cisplatin resistance when compared with heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Cox regression analysis showed that patients with high-Nrf2, high-Bcl-2, high-Bcl-xL mRNA tumors were more commonly occurred unfavorable response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy than their counterparts. The prognostic significance of Nrf2 mRNA levels on OS and RFS was also observed in patients who have received cisplatin-based chemotherapy, particularly in p53-mutant patients. Collectively, mutant p53 may confer cisplatin resistance via upregulation of Nrf2 expression, and Nrf2 mRNA level may predict chemotherapeutic response and outcomes in NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Binding Sites
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cisplatin/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Transfection
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
- bcl-X Protein/genetics
- bcl-X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Che Tung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chen Wang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying He
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ching Lee
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sauh-Der Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Chen
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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141
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Hassan M, El Khattouti A, Ejaeidi A, Ma T, Day WA, Espinoza I, Vijayakumar S, Gomez CR. Elevated Expression of Hepatoma Up-Regulated Protein Inhibits γ-Irradiation-Induced Apoptosis of Prostate Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1308-18. [PMID: 26505164 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite progression in diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer (PCa) still represents the main cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in men. Although radiation therapy offers clinical benefit over other therapeutic modalities, the success of this therapeutic modality is commonly hampered by the resistance of advanced tumors. So far, the mechanisms governing tumor resistance to radiotherapy are not discussed in detail. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the resistance of PCa to radiation therapy is attributed to elevated expression of Hepatoma Up-Regulated Protein (HURP). In PCa cells, the induction of HURP expression suppresses γ-irradiation-induced apoptosis. γ-irradiation-induced apoptosis of PCa cells is associated with expression of E2F1, p53, p21 proteins together with the phosphorylation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase1 (ASK1), c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and histone family member X (H2AX). Whereas, the induction of HURP expression is able to suppress γ-irradiation-induced effects on E2F1, p53, p21, ATM, ASK1, JNK and ATM, and H2AX. Also, inhibition of γ-irradiation-induced- cytochrome c release, cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were noted in PCa cells induced for HURP expression. The observed radio-resistance of PCa is thought to be the consequence of HURP-mediated destabilization of p53 and ATM proteins that are essential for the modulation of γ-irradiation-induced apoptosis. Thus, based on our findings, PCa resistance to radiation therapy results from the deregulation of ASK1/ JNK; ATM/ H2AX; ATM/p53 and checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2)/ E2F-1 in response to the elevated expression of HURP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hassan
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Abdelouahid El Khattouti
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Ahmed Ejaeidi
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Tangeng Ma
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - William A Day
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
- Department of Biology, Belhaven University, 1500 Peachtree Street Jackson, Mississippi, 39202
| | - Ingrid Espinoza
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Srinivasan Vijayakumar
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Christian R Gomez
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St. Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
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142
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Tebay LE, Robertson H, Durant ST, Vitale SR, Penning TM, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Hayes JD. Mechanisms of activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 by redox stressors, nutrient cues, and energy status and the pathways through which it attenuates degenerative disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:108-146. [PMID: 26122708 PMCID: PMC4659505 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the basal and stress-inducible expression of a battery of genes encoding key components of the glutathione-based and thioredoxin-based antioxidant systems, as well as aldo-keto reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 drug-metabolizing isoenzymes along with multidrug-resistance-associated efflux pumps. It therefore plays a pivotal role in both intrinsic resistance and cellular adaptation to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and xenobiotics. Activation of Nrf2 can, however, serve as a double-edged sword because some of the genes it induces may contribute to chemical carcinogenesis by promoting futile redox cycling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites or confer resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs by increasing the expression of efflux pumps, suggesting its cytoprotective effects will vary in a context-specific fashion. In addition to cytoprotection, Nrf2 also controls genes involved in intermediary metabolism, positively regulating those involved in NADPH generation, purine biosynthesis, and the β-oxidation of fatty acids, while suppressing those involved in lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Nrf2 is subject to regulation at multiple levels. Its ability to orchestrate adaptation to oxidants and electrophiles is due principally to stress-stimulated modification of thiols within one of its repressors, the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), which is present in the cullin-3 RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complex CRLKeap1. Thus modification of Cys residues in Keap1 blocks CRLKeap1 activity, allowing newly translated Nrf2 to accumulate rapidly and induce its target genes. The ability of Keap1 to repress Nrf2 can be attenuated by p62/sequestosome-1 in a mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent manner, thereby allowing refeeding after fasting to increase Nrf2-target gene expression. In parallel with repression by Keap1, Nrf2 is also repressed by β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP), present in the Skp1-cullin-1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex SCFβ-TrCP. The ability of SCFβ-TrCP to suppress Nrf2 activity is itself enhanced by prior phosphorylation of the transcription factor by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) through formation of a DSGIS-containing phosphodegron. However, formation of the phosphodegron in Nrf2 by GSK-3 is inhibited by stimuli that activate protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt. In particular, PKB/Akt activity can be increased by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mTORC2, thereby providing an explanation of why antioxidant-responsive element-driven genes are induced by growth factors and nutrients. Thus Nrf2 activity is tightly controlled via CRLKeap1 and SCFβ-TrCP by oxidative stress and energy-based signals, allowing it to mediate adaptive responses that restore redox homeostasis and modulate intermediary metabolism. Based on the fact that Nrf2 influences multiple biochemical pathways in both positive and negative ways, it is likely its dose-response curve, in terms of susceptibility to certain degenerative disease, is U-shaped. Specifically, too little Nrf2 activity will lead to loss of cytoprotection, diminished antioxidant capacity, and lowered β-oxidation of fatty acids, while conversely also exhibiting heightened sensitivity to ROS-based signaling that involves receptor tyrosine kinases and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1. By contrast, too much Nrf2 activity disturbs the homeostatic balance in favor of reduction, and so may have deleterious consequences including overproduction of reduced glutathione and NADPH, the blunting of ROS-based signal transduction, epithelial cell hyperplasia, and failure of certain cell types to differentiate correctly. We discuss the basis of a putative U-shaped Nrf2 dose-response curve in terms of potentially competing processes relevant to different stages of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Tebay
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Holly Robertson
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen T Durant
- AstraZeneca Oncology Innovative Medicines, Bioscience, 33F197 Mereside, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Steven R Vitale
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - John D Hayes
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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143
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Cho HY, Marzec J, Kleeberger SR. Functional polymorphisms in Nrf2: implications for human disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:362-372. [PMID: 26117318 PMCID: PMC6779133 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid derived)-2 like 2 (NFE2L2), also known as nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is a ubiquitous transcription factor essential for protecting cells and tissues from oxidative stress-induced injury. Positional cloning and studies with Nrf2 knockout mice have identified important roles for this transcription factor in disease phenotypes for many organ systems. Studies have also characterized the means through which human Nrf2 is regulated and the mechanisms of interaction with antioxidant response elements (ARE) in promoters of effector genes. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Nrf2 have been identified and evaluated for effects on gene expression and function, and translational investigations have sought to determine whether loss of function SNPs associate with disease progression. In this review, we present 1) an overview of the human Nrf2 gene and protein domain, 2) identification of genetic mutations in Nrf2 and associations of the mutations with multiple diseases, and 3) the role of somatic mutations in Nrf2 in diseases, primarily various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Youn Cho
- Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jacqui Marzec
- Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Steven R Kleeberger
- Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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144
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Jayakumar S, Pal D, Sandur SK. Nrf2 facilitates repair of radiation induced DNA damage through homologous recombination repair pathway in a ROS independent manner in cancer cells. Mutat Res 2015; 779:33-45. [PMID: 26133502 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a redox sensitive transcription factor that is involved in the co-ordinated transcription of genes involved in redox homeostasis. But the role of Nrf2 in DNA repair is not investigated in detail. We have employed A549 and MCF7 cells to study the role of Nrf2 on DNA repair by inhibiting Nrf2 using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or by knock down approach prior to radiation exposure (4 Gy). DNA damage and repair analysis was studied by γH2AX foci formation and comet assay. Results suggested that the inhibition of Nrf2 in A549 or MCF7 cells led to significant slowdown in DNA repair as compared to respective radiation controls. The persistence of residual DNA damage even in the presence of free radical scavenger N-acetyl cysteine, suggested that the influence of Nrf2 on DNA repair was not linked to its antioxidant functions. Further, its influence on non-homologous end joining repair pathway was studied by inhibiting both Nrf2 and DNA-PK together. This led to synergistic reduction of survival fraction, indicating that Nrf2 may not be influencing the NHEJ pathway. To investigate the role of homologous recombination repair (HR) pathway, RAD51 foci formation was monitored. There was a significant reduction in the foci formation in cells treated with ATRA or shRNA against Nrf2 as compared to their respective radiation controls. Further, Nrf2 inhibition led to significant reduction in mRNA levels of RAD51. BLAST analysis was also performed on upstream regions of DNA repair genes to identify antioxidant response element and found that many repair genes that are involved in HR pathway may be regulated by Nrf2. Together, these results suggest the involvement of Nrf2 in DNA repair, a hitherto unknown function of Nrf2, putatively through its influence on HR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundarraj Jayakumar
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Debojyoti Pal
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
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145
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Abstract
The immune system has the power to modulate the expression of radiation-induced normal and tumor tissue damage. On the one hand, it can contribute to cancer cure, and on the other hand, it can influence acute and late radiation side effects, which in many ways resemble acute and chronic inflammatory disease states. The way radiation-induced inflammation feeds into adaptive antigen-specific immune responses adds another dimension to the tumor-host cross talk during radiation therapy and to possible radiation-driven autoimmune responses. Understanding how radiation affects inflammation and immunity is therefore critical if we are to effectively manipulate these forces for benefit in radiation oncology treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Josephine A Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael W Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
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146
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway resulting in constitutively active Nrf2 and increased expression of cytoprotective Nrf2 target genes, has a pivotal role in cancer. Cancer cells are able to hijack the Keap1-Nrf2 system via multiple mechanisms leading to enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance and proliferation via metabolic reprogramming as well as inhibition of apoptosis. In this mini-review, we will describe the mechanisms leading to increased Nrf2 activity in cancer with a focus on the information achieved from large-scale multi-omics projects across various cancer types.
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147
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Association of Nrf2 with airway pathogenesis: lessons learned from genetic mouse models. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1931-57. [PMID: 26194645 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a key transcription factor for antioxidant response element (ARE)-bearing genes involved in diverse host defense functions including redox balance, cell cycle, immunity, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and carcinogenesis. Nrf2 in the airways is particularly essential as the respiratory system continuously interfaces with environmental stress. Since Nrf2 was determined to be a susceptibility gene for a model of acute lung injury, its protective capacity in the airways has been demonstrated in experimental models of human disorders using Nrf2 mutant mice which were susceptible to supplemental respiratory therapy (e.g., hyperoxia, mechanical ventilation), cigarette smoke, allergens, virus, environmental pollutants, and fibrotic agents compared to wild-type littermates. Recent studies also determined that Nrf2 is indispensable in developmental lung injury. While association studies with genetic NRF2 polymorphisms supported a protective role for murine Nrf2 in oxidative airway diseases, somatic NRF2 mutations enhanced NRF2-ARE responses, and were favorable for lung carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Bioinformatic tools have elucidated direct Nrf2 targets as well as Nrf2-interacting networks. Moreover, potent Nrf2-ARE agonists protected oxidant-induced lung phenotypes in model systems, suggesting a therapeutic or preventive intervention. Further investigations on Nrf2 should yield greater understanding of its contribution to normal and pathophysiological function in the airways.
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Cescon DW, She D, Sakashita S, Zhu CQ, Pintilie M, Shepherd FA, Tsao MS. NRF2 Pathway Activation and Adjuvant Chemotherapy Benefit in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2499-505. [PMID: 25739673 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genomic profiling of lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) has identified NRF2 pathway alterations, which activate oxidative response pathways, in one third of tumors. Preclinical data suggest these tumors may be resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy. We evaluated the clinical relevance of these findings and assessed whether NRF2 activation predicts benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in SCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Logistic regression (LR) and significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) were applied to all 104 TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) SCC cases that had microarray gene expression and mutation data to identify genes associated with somatic NRF2 pathway alterations. The resulting signature (NRF2(ACT)) was tested in 3 independent SCC datasets to evaluate its prognostic and predictive effects. IHC and sequencing for NRF2 and KEAP1 were evaluated in one cohort (n = 43) to assess the relationship between gene expression, mutational status, and protein expression. RESULTS Twenty-eight genes were identified by overlap between LR (291 genes) and SAM (30 genes), and these consistently separated SCC into 2 groups in all datasets, corresponding to putatively NRF pathway-activated and wild-type (WT) tumors. NRF2(ACT) was not prognostic. However, improved survival with adjuvant chemotherapy in the JBR.10-randomized trial appears limited to patients with the WT signature (HR 0.32, P = 0.16; NRF2(ACT) HR 2.28, P = 0.48; interaction P = 0.15). NRF2(ACT) was highly correlated with mutations in NRF2 and KEAP1, and with high NRF2 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS A gene expression signature of NRF2 pathway activation is associated with benefit from adjuvant cisplatin/vinorelbine in SCC. Patients with NRF2 pathway-activating somatic alterations may have reduced benefit from this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Cescon
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Desmond She
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chang-Qi Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Melania Pintilie
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frances A Shepherd
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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149
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Leinonen HM, Kansanen E, Pölönen P, Heinäniemi M, Levonen AL. Role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 122:281-320. [PMID: 24974185 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420117-0.00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway is one of the major signaling cascades involved in cell defense and survival against endogenous and exogenous stress. While Nrf2 and its target genes provide protection against various age-related diseases including tumorigenesis, constitutively active Nrf2 in cancer cells increases the expression of cytoprotective genes and, consequently, enhances proliferation via metabolic reprogramming and inhibition of apoptosis. Herein, we review the current understanding of the regulation of Nrf2 in normal cells as well as its dual role in cancer. Furthermore, the mechanisms of Nrf2 dysregulation in cancer, consequences of unchecked Nrf2 activity, and therapies targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Leinonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Pölönen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, Finland.
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Hu XF, Yao J, Gao SG, Wang XS, Peng XQ, Yang YT, Feng XS. Nrf2 overexpression predicts prognosis and 5-FU resistance in gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:5231-5. [PMID: 24175806 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is activated in several human malignancies. However, the role of Nrf2 in gastric cancer (GC) remains incompletely understood. In this study, we therefore analyzed associations of Nrf2 expression status with clinical features and chemotherapeutic resistance in GC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 186 samples from GC patients who underwent gastrectomy were used for prognostic assessment. A further 142 samples from GC cases who received first-line combination chemotherapy were applied for investigation of chemoresistance. The Nrf2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in GC samples, and its relationship with clinicopathological parameters and chemotherapy sensitivity was analyzed. The effect of Nrf2 gene silencing on chemotherapy resistance was also examined by cell viability assay in vivo. RESULTS Of the 186 patients with GC, 104/186 (55.9%) showed high expression for Nrf2. The overexpression of Nrf2 was an independent predictor of overall survival [OS, hazard ratio (HR) 3.9; P=0.011] and disease-free survival (DFS, HR 4.3; P=0.002). The gene silencing of Nrf2 reduced resistance to cell death induced by 5-FU in GC cell lines. CONCLUSION Our data show that Nrf2 is an independent prognostic factor in GC. Furthermore, Nrf2 confers resistance to chemotherapeutic drug 5-FU in GC cells. Taken together, Nrf2 is a potential prognostic marker and predictive for 5-FU resistance in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Feng Hu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China E-mail :
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