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Huang Z, Zhao D, Wang Y, Li X, Li J, Han J, Jiang L, Ai F, Zhou Z. C1q/TNF-related protein 9 decreases cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1139. [PMID: 34504585 PMCID: PMC8393267 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q/TNF-related protein 9 (CTRP9) acts as an adipokine and has been reported to exert numerous biological functions, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects, in ischemic heart disease. In the present study, the role of CTRP9 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and the underlying mechanism was investigated. Adenoviral vectors containing CTRP9 or green fluorescent protein were transfected into NRCMs. A H/R model was constructed 2 days after transfection by 2 h incubation under hypoxia followed by 4 h of reoxygenation. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and CK-myocardial band (CK-MB) levels were detected by a biochemical analyzer using biochemical kits. In addition, cell viability was detected using trypan blue staining to determine the extent of cell injury. Inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to evaluate the expression levels of CTRP9, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response (MyD88) and NF-κB. The DNA binding activity of NF-κB was also detected using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The results indicated that transfection with adenoviral vectors containing CTRP9 could markedly enhance CTRP9 expression. CTRP9 overexpression increased cell viability and decreased the release of LDH, CK and CK-MB. In addition, CTRP9 overexpression reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels whilst increasing IL-10 levels, but decreased the expression of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB. Furthermore, the DNA binding activity of NF-κB under H/R was also decreased by CTRP9 overexpression. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that CTRP9 could protect cardiomyocytes from H/R injury, which was at least partially due to the inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Huang
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiu Li
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Lisi Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
| | - Fen Ai
- Department of Emergency, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxiong Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Hyzen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P.R. China
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102
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Gao J, Chen X, Wei P, Wang Y, Li P, Shao K. Regulation of pyroptosis in cardiovascular pathologies: Role of noncoding RNAs. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:220-236. [PMID: 34458007 PMCID: PMC8368762 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most important diseases endangering human life. The pathogenesis of CVDs is complex. Pyroptosis, which differs from traditional apoptosis and necrosis, is characterized by cell swelling until membrane rupture, resulting in the release of cell contents and activation of a strong inflammatory response. Recent studies have revealed that inflammation and pyroptosis play important roles in the progression of CVDs. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are considered promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, including CVDs. Growing evidence has revealed that ncRNAs can mediate the transcriptional or posttranscriptional regulation of pyroptosis-related genes by participating in the pyroptosis regulatory network. The role and molecular mechanism of pyroptosis-regulating ncRNAs in cardiovascular pathologies are attracting increasing attention. Here, we summarize research progress on pyroptosis and the role of ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), in the regulation of pyroptosis in CVD pathologies. Identifying these disease-related ncRNAs is important for understanding the pathogenesis of CVDs and providing new targets and ideas for their prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinning Gao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xiatian Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Pengcheng Wei
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kai Shao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 758 Hefei Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, China
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Quercetin Protects H9c2 Cardiomyocytes against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Apoptosis by Regulating the ERK1/2/DRP1 Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7522175. [PMID: 34457029 PMCID: PMC8390138 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7522175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reperfusion of blood flow during ischemic myocardium resuscitation induces ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Oxidative stress has been identified as a major cause in this process. Quercetin (QCT) is a member of the flavonoid family that exerts antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effects of QCT on I/R injury and its underlying mechanism. To this end, H9c2 cardiomyocytes were treated with different concentrations of QCT (10, 20, and 40 μM) and subsequently subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) administration. The results indicated that OGD/R-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in H9c2 cardiomyocytes were aggravated following 40 μM QCT treatment and alleviated following the administration of 10 and 20 μM QCT prior to OGD/R treatment. In addition, OGD/R treatment inactivated ERK1/2 signaling activation. The effect was mitigated using 10 and 20 μM QCT prior to OGD/R treatment. In conclusion, these results suggested that low concentrations of QCT might alleviate I/R injury by suppressing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function through the regulation of ERK1/2-DRP1 signaling, providing a potential candidate for I/R injury prevention.
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104
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Moriyama K, Nishida O. Targeting Cytokines, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Sepsis via Blood Purification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8882. [PMID: 34445610 PMCID: PMC8396222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated immune response to infections that causes life-threatening organ dysfunction and even death. When infections occur, bacterial cell wall components (endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide), known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, bind to pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors, to initiate an inflammatory response for pathogen elimination. However, strong activation of the immune system leads to cellular dysfunction and ultimately organ failure. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are released by injured host cells, are well-recognized triggers that result in the elevation of inflammatory cytokine levels. A cytokine storm is thus amplified and sustained in this vicious cycle. Interestingly, during sepsis, neutrophils transition from powerful antimicrobial protectors into dangerous mediators of tissue injury and organ dysfunction. Thus, the concept of blood purification has evolved to include inflammatory cells and mediators. In this review, we summarize recent advances in knowledge regarding the role of lipopolysaccharides, cytokines, DAMPs, and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Additionally, we discuss the potential of blood purification, especially the adsorption technology, for removing immune cells and molecular mediators, thereby serving as a therapeutic strategy against sepsis. Finally, we describe the concept of our immune-modulating blood purification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Moriyama
- Laboratory for Immune Response and Regulatory Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
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Ning JZ, He KX, Cheng F, Li W, Yu WM, Li HY, Rao T, Ruan Y. Long Non-coding RNA MEG3 Promotes Pyroptosis in Testicular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Targeting MiR-29a to Modulate PTEN Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671613. [PMID: 34222244 PMCID: PMC8249820 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the abnormal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) expression is closely related to ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) progression. Studies have previously described that lncRNA MEG3 regulates pyroptosis in various organs I/R. Nevertheless, the related mechanisms of MEG3 in testicular I/R has not been clarified. The aim of this research is to unravel underlying mechanisms of the regulation of pyroptosis mediated by MEG3 during testicular I/R. We have established a testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) model and an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-treated spermatogenic cell model. Testicular ischemic injury was assessed by H&E staining. Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, MDA, and SOD tests and immunohistochemistry measured the expression of MEG3 and related proteins and the level of ROS production in testicular tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting determined the relative expression of MEG3, miR-29a, and relevant proteins in GC-1. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were measured by CCK-8 and LDH assays. Secretion and expression levels of inflammatory proteins were determined by ELISA, immunofluorescence and western blotting. The interaction among MEG3, miR-29a, and PTEN was validated through a dual luciferase reporter assay and Ago2-RIP. In this research, we identified that MEG3 was upregulated in animal specimens and GC-1. In loss of function or gain of function assays, we verified that MEG3 could promote pyroptosis. Furthermore, we found that MEG3 negatively regulated miR-29a expression at the posttranscriptional level and promoted PTEN expression, and further promoted pyroptosis. Therefore, we explored the interaction among MEG3, miR-29a and PTEN and found that MEG3 directly targeted miR-29a, and miR-29a targeted PTEN. Overexpression of miR-29a effectively eliminated the upregulation of PTEN induced by MEG3, indicating that MEG3 regulates PTEN expression by targeting miR-29a. In summary, our research indicates that MEG3 contributes to pyroptosis by regulating miR-29a and PTEN during testicular I/R, indicating that MEG3 may be a potential therapeutic target in testicular torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhuo Ning
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai-Xiang He
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Min Yu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Yong Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Rao
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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106
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Dai S, Ye B, Chen L, Hong G, Zhao G, Lu Z. Emodin alleviates LPS-induced myocardial injury through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5203-5213. [PMID: 34131970 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial injury and cardiovascular dysfunction are serious consequences of sepsis and contribute to high mortality. Currently, the pathogenesis of myocardial injury in sepsis is still unclear, and therapeutic approaches are limited. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of emodin on septic myocardial injury and the underlying mechanism. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced C57BL/6 mice and cardiomyocytes were used as models of sepsis in vivo and in vitro, respectively. The results showed that emodin alleviated cardiac dysfunction, myocardial injury and improved survival rate in LPS-induced septic mice. Emodin attenuated the levels of inflammatory cytokines and cardiac inflammation induced by LPS. Emodin reduced NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) expression in the heart tissue of LPS-induced septic mice. In vitro, emodin alleviated LPS-induced cell injury and inflammation in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In addition, an NLRP3 inhibitor was used to further confirm the function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-induced myocardial injury. Taken together, our findings suggest that emodin improves LPS-induced myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction by alleviating the inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which provides a feasible strategy for preventing and treating myocardial injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Dai
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bozhi Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longwang Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangju Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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107
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Zhang J, Wei K. Necrosulfonamide reverses pyroptosis-induced inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts through the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112648. [PMID: 34119493 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The acute inflammatory stimulation occurring after a bone fracture regulates the repair and healing of local bone injury; however, under certain conditions, pyroptosis may occur in osteoblasts, which affects osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, thereby affecting the growth, development and morphological changes of bone tissue. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the pyroptosis inhibitor necrosulfonamide (NSA) on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results revealed that NSA reversed the effects of ATP/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cell viability and pyroptosis, and on the mRNA and protein expression of pyroptosis-related genes. It also suppressed the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β and reversed the effects of ATP/LPS on the activity of ALP and the mRNA expression of differentiation-related genes in osteoblasts. The fact that overexpression of caspase-1, gasdermin D (GSDMD) and NLRP3 abolished the effects of NSA on the viability and pyroptosis of osteoblasts, as well as the mRNA expression of differentiation-related genes and the activity of ALP in osteoblasts, indicated that NSA promoted the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts by inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway. The present study provides proof supporting the potential application of NSA for improving the function of osteoblasts in fracture repair and indicates the value of the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pyroptosis pathway as a pharmaceutical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliao Zhang
- Department of Foot and Ankle, Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Kuanhai Wei
- Devision of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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108
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Edalati S, Khajeniazi S. An Overview of Chemical and Biological Materials lead to Damage and Repair of Heart Tissue. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 12:505-514. [PMID: 34046843 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-021-00544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major causes of mortality in developing countries. One of the challenges during CVDs studies is the creation of a damaged model of the heart. Many injured models of cardiac diseases are created by using chemical and biological materials. Many approaches were applied to simulate heart injury for investigating CVDs. In previous years, animal models could be used as a useful pattern in many investigations about the pathogenesis of the heart. Nowadays it has been proven that there are many differences between human and animal models in terms of responses or reactions to treatments. For such reasons, researchers prefer to use cellular models alongside the animal models for studying heart diseases. PURPOSE In this review, we collected information about some chemical and biological materials used to create damaged-heart models both in vitro and in vivo. After explaining the materials that induce cardiac damage, we explicate some methods for repairing the damage of heart. Finally, the role of extracellular vesicles as an important biological candidate for repairing heart damage is briefly discussed. CONCLUSION This mini-review tried to explain some methods which can induce cardiac damage and repair of heart cells by use chemical and biological materials. We considered that various molecular pathways play a role in restoration and that most of these pathways are connected in a complex network and, to this end, different chemicals and drugs have been studied to date. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to ensure the performance and safety of the drugs and chemicals produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Edalati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Safoura Khajeniazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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109
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Li X, Zou Y, Fu YY, Xing J, Wang KY, Wan PZ, Wang M, Zhai XY. Ibudilast Attenuates Folic Acid-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Blocking Pyroptosis Through TLR4-Mediated NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650283. [PMID: 34025417 PMCID: PMC8139578 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Folic acid (FA)-induced renal tubule damage, which is characterized by extensive inflammation, is a common model of acute kidney injury (AKI). Pyroptosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death due to the activation of inflammatory caspases, is involved in AKI progression. Ibudilast, a TLR4 antagonist, has been used in the clinic to exert an anti-inflammatory effect on asthma. However, researchers have not explored whether ibudilast exerts a protective effect on AKI by inhibiting inflammation. In the present study, ibudilast reversed FA-induced AKI in mice, as indicated by the reduced serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, and improved renal pathology, as well as the downregulation of kidney injury marker-1. In addition, ibudilast significantly increased the production of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 while suppressing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and macrophage infiltration. Moreover, in the injured kidney, ibudilast reduced the levels of both inflammasome markers (NLRP3) and pyroptosis-related proteins (caspase-1, IL1-β, IL-18, and GSDMD cleavage), and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Further mechanistic studies showed that ibudilast administration inhibited the FA-induced upregulation of TLR4, blocked NF-κB nuclear translocation, and reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB and IκBα, p38, ERK, and JNK. Thus, this study substantiates the protective effect of ibudilast on FA-induced AKI in mice and suggests that protection might be achieved by reducing pyroptosis and inflammation, likely through the inhibition of TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Xing
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai-Yue Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng-Zhi Wan
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mo Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Institute of Nephropathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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110
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Lv H, Tian M, Hu P, Wang B, Yang L. Overexpression of miR-365a-3p relieves sepsis-induced acute myocardial injury by targeting MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1007-1015. [PMID: 33852805 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis often leads to systemic multiple organ dysfunction, with the majority of deaths attributable to acute myocardial injury (AMI). In this study, we aimed to explore the functional role of miR-365a-3p in sepsis-induced AMI. The sepsis myocardial injury model was constructed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) both in vitro and in vivo with selective regulation of miR-365a-3p expression. Real-time PCR or Western blot was employed to detect the expressions of miR-365a-3p, inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6), and inflammation-related proteins (nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), I-κB, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)) in myocardial tissues and cells. Also, cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) and flow cytometry assays were used to measure cardiomyocyte proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, the targeting relationship between miR-365a-3p and MyD88 was verified with the dual luciferase activity assay. miR-365a-3p was downregulated in LPS-induced myocardial injury model. miR-365a-3p overexpression attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis and suppressed the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and proteins. Inhibiting miR-365a-3p, however, produced the opposite effects. Mechanistically, miR-365a-3p targeted the 3'-untranslated region of MyD88, thereby inactivating MyD88-mediated NF-κB pathway. miR-365a-3p overexpression mitigated sepsis-mediated myocardial injury by inhibiting MyD88-mediated NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lv
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Eastern District of the Hospital, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining City, Shandong Province 272000, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Attending Physician of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Armed Police Force Hospital, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Neonatal Ward, Eastern District of the Hospital, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining City, Shandong Province 272000, China
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111
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Sharma P, Wang X, Ming CLC, Vettori L, Figtree G, Boyle A, Gentile C. Considerations for the Bioengineering of Advanced Cardiac In Vitro Models of Myocardial Infarction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2003765. [PMID: 33464713 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the latest advances in cardiovascular biology and medicine, myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the major causes of deaths worldwide. While reperfusion of the myocardium is critical to limit the ischemic damage typical of a MI event, it causes detrimental morphological and functional changes known as "reperfusion injury." This complex scenario is poorly represented in currently available models of ischemia/reperfusion injury, leading to a poor translation of findings from the bench to the bedside. However, more recent bioengineered in vitro models of the human heart represent more clinically relevant tools to prevent and treat MI in patients. These include 3D cultures of cardiac cells, the use of patient-derived stem cells, and 3D bioprinting technology. This review aims at highlighting the major features typical of a heart attack while comparing current in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. This information has the potential to further guide in developing novel advanced in vitro cardiac models of ischemia/reperfusion injury. It may pave the way for the generation of advanced pathophysiological cardiac models with the potential to develop personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Building 11, Level 10, Room 115, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Clara Liu Chung Ming
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Building 11, Level 10, Room 115, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Laura Vettori
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Building 11, Level 10, Room 115, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Gemma Figtree
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Andrew Boyle
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Carmine Gentile
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering/FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Building 11, Level 10, Room 115, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Emodin protects against intestinal and lung injury induced by acute intestinal injury by modulating SP-A and TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226403. [PMID: 32915230 PMCID: PMC7517261 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Our aim was to investigate the effect of emodin on intestinal and lung injury induced by acute intestinal injury in rats and explore potential molecular mechanisms. Methods: Healthy male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10, each group): normal group; saline group; acute intestinal injury model group; model + emodin group; model+NF-κB inhibitor pynolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) group. Histopathological changes in intestine/lung tissues were observed by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Serum IKBα, p-IKBα, surfactant protein-A (SP-A) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) levels were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RT-qPCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression levels of IKBα, SP-A and TLR4 in intestine/lung tissues. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of IKBα, p-IKBα, SP-A and TLR4 were detected by Western blot. Results: The pathological injury of intestinal/lung tissues was remarkedly ameliorated in models treated with emodin and PDTC. Furthermore, the intestinal/lung injury scores were significantly decreased after emodin or PDTC treatment. TUNEL results showed that both emodin and PDTC treatment distinctly attenuated the apoptosis of intestine/lung tissues induced by acute intestinal injury. At the mRNA level, emodin significantly increased the expression levels of SP-A and decreased the expression levels of IKBα and TLR4 in intestine/lung tissues. According to ELISA and Western blot, emodin remarkedly inhibited the expression of p-IKBα protein and elevated the expression of SP-A and TLR4 in serum and intestine/lung tissues induced by acute intestinal injury. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that emodin could protect against intestinal and lung injury induced by acute intestinal injury by modulating SP-A and TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Saleh HA, Yousef MH, Abdelnaser A. The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Phytochemicals and Their Effects on Epigenetic Mechanisms Involved in TLR4/NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:606069. [PMID: 33868227 PMCID: PMC8044831 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.606069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune response induces positive inflammatory transducers and regulators in order to attack pathogens, while simultaneously negative signaling regulators are transcribed to maintain innate immune homeostasis and to avoid persistent inflammatory immune responses. The gene expression of many of these regulators is controlled by different epigenetic modifications. The remarkable impact of epigenetic changes in inducing or suppressing inflammatory signaling is being increasingly recognized. Several studies have highlighted the interplay of histone modification, DNA methylation, and post-transcriptional miRNA-mediated modifications in inflammatory diseases, and inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis. Targeting these epigenetic alterations affords the opportunity of attenuating different inflammatory dysregulations. In this regard, many studies have identified the significant anti-inflammatory properties of distinct naturally-derived phytochemicals, and revealed their regulatory capacity. In the current review, we demonstrate the signaling cascade during the immune response and the epigenetic modifications that take place during inflammation. Moreover, we also provide an updated overview of phytochemicals that target these mechanisms in macrophages and other experimental models, and go on to illustrate the effects of these phytochemicals in regulating epigenetic mechanisms and attenuating aberrant inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidy A. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Yousef
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anwar Abdelnaser
- Institute of Global Public Health, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis aggravates pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction in mice: cardioprotective role of irisin. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:50. [PMID: 33723236 PMCID: PMC7961005 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanism of myocardial hypertrophy has not been completely elucidated. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and the pyroptotic cascade play a critical role in cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation. The myokine irisin can inhibit NLRP3 activation, although its exact mechanism of action is unknown. In this study, we induced cardiac hypertrophy in a mouse model via aortic constriction (TAC) to further explore the pathological role of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and the potential therapeutic effects of irisin. Cardiac hypertrophy significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells and upregulated IL-1β, cleaved caspase-1, and GSDMD-N that lie downstream of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Subsequently, irisin was co-administered to the TAC mice or angiotensin II (Ang-II)-treated cardiomyocytes to observe whether it could attenuate pyroptosis and cardiac hypertrophy. We established a direct association between pyroptosis and cardiac hypertrophy and found that pharmacological or genetic inhibition of NLRP3 attenuated cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, ectopic overexpression of NLRP3 abrogated the cardioprotective effects of irisin. To summarize, pyroptosis is a pathological factor in cardiac hypertrophy, and irisin is a promising therapeutic agent that inhibits NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes.
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Evans L, Shen Y, Bender A, Burnett LE, Li M, Habibian JS, Zhou T, Ferguson BS. Divergent and Overlapping Roles for Selected Phytochemicals in the Regulation of Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051210. [PMID: 33668293 PMCID: PMC7956446 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based foods, like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds and other foodstuffs, have been deemed as heart healthy. The chemicals within these plant-based foods, i.e., phytochemicals, are credited with protecting the heart. However, the mechanistic actions of phytochemicals, which prevent clinical endpoints, such as pathological cardiac hypertrophy, are still being elucidated. We sought to characterize the overlapping and divergent mechanisms by which 18 selected phytochemicals prevent phenylephrine- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-mediated cardiomyocyte enlargement. Of the tested 18 compounds, six attenuated PE- and PMA-mediated enlargement of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Cell viability assays showed that apigenin, baicalein, berberine hydrochloride, emodin, luteolin and quercetin dihydrate did not reduce cell size through cytotoxicity. Four of the six phytochemicals, apigenin, baicalein, berberine hydrochloride and emodin, robustly inhibited stress-induced hypertrophy and were analyzed further against intracellular signaling and genome-wide changes in mRNA expression. The four phytochemicals differentially regulated mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase D. RNA-sequencing further showed divergence in gene regulation, while pathway analysis demonstrated overlap in the regulation of inflammatory pathways. Combined, this study provided a comprehensive analysis of cardioprotective phytochemicals. These data highlight two defining observations: (1) that these compounds predominantly target divergent gene pathways within cardiac myocytes and (2) that regulation of overlapping signaling and gene pathways may be of particular importance for the anti-hypertrophic actions of these phytochemicals. Despite these new findings, future works investigating rodent models of heart failure are still needed to understand the roles for these compounds in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Evans
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (L.E.); (Y.S.); (A.B.); (L.E.B.)
- Environmental Sciences Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Yiqui Shen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (L.E.); (Y.S.); (A.B.); (L.E.B.)
| | - Abigail Bender
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (L.E.); (Y.S.); (A.B.); (L.E.B.)
| | - Leah E. Burnett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (L.E.); (Y.S.); (A.B.); (L.E.B.)
| | - Musheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (M.L.); (T.Z.)
| | | | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (M.L.); (T.Z.)
| | - Bradley S. Ferguson
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (L.E.); (Y.S.); (A.B.); (L.E.B.)
- Environmental Sciences Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Correspondence:
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Intermittent high glucose induces pyroptosis of rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes via sodium-glucose cotransporter 1. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2479-2489. [PMID: 33608832 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte death is an important pathogenic process in cardiac complications of diabetes. Diabetic patients often suffer glycemic variability. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death triggered by inflammasomes and related with caspase-1 and gasdermin D activation. The present study was designed to examine the effects of intermittent high glucose simulating glycemic variability on the pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes were incubated with normal glucose (NG), constant high glucose (CHG) and intermittent high glucose (IHG). Results showed that compared to CHG treatment, IHG further inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell death of H9C2 cardiomyocytes. In addition, IHG upregulated higher levels of the expressions of inflammasome NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD domain (ASC) and increased higher levels of activated caspase-1 and gasdermin D than CHG treatment. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of NF-κB that is induced by IHG were significantly higher than that induced by CHG. Knockdown of sodium-glucose cotransporters 1 (SGLT1) in H9C2 cardiomyocytes was performed and the effects of SGLT1 on IHG-induced pyroptosis was evaluated. The results demonstrated that knockdown of SGLT1 partially reduced IHG-induced pyroptosis, ROS generation and NF-κB activation. Our results indicated that IHG is harmful to cardiomyocytes and it might be partially because of the SGLT1-depedent pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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Ding Y, Xu J, Cheng LB, Huang YQ, Wang YQ, Li H, Li Y, Ji JY, Zhang JH, Zhao L. Effect of Emodin on Coxsackievirus B3m-Mediated Encephalitis in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease by Inhibiting Toll-Like Receptor 3 Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:443-455. [PMID: 32115640 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encephalitis in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a serious threat to children's health and life. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an innate immune-recognition receptor that can recognize virus and initiate innate immune responses. Emodin has the effects of anti-inflammatory and regulating immune function, but the mechanism is not very clear. METHODS Cells and mice were pretreated with coxsackievirus B3m (CVB3) and treated with emodin. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels of TLR3 and downstream molecules were detected by quantitative real-time polymearse chain reaction and western blotting analysis, respectively. TLR3 expression was also downregulated by anti-TLR3 antibody (TLR3Ab) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Pathological changes were assessed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of TLR3 in brain tissues. The expression of interleukin (IL)-6, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and interferon (IFN)-β in serum were tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Emodin decreased the mRNA and protein levels of TLR3 and downstream molecules in vitro and in vivo. After downregulating TLR3 using anti-TLR3Ab or siRNA, emodin could still decrease the mRNA and protein levels of TLR3 and downstream molecules. Emodin also displayed notable effects on pathology, TLR3 protein in brain tissues, and expression of IL-6, NF-κB, IFN-β, in serum. CONCLUSIONS Emodin exerts a protective effect in CVB3-mediated encephalitis in HFMD by inhibiting the TLR3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Medical and Health Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatology, Yichang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yichang, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Bin Cheng
- Department of Liver Diseases, Hubei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qian Huang
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yu Ji
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, Yichang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yichang, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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He X, Fan X, Bai B, Lu N, Zhang S, Zhang L. Pyroptosis is a critical immune-inflammatory response involved in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105447. [PMID: 33516832 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death activated by various stimuli and is characterized by inflammasome assembly, membrane pore formation, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18). Atherosclerosis-related risk factors, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and cholesterol crystals, have been shown to promote pyroptosis through several mechanisms that involve ion flux, ROS, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal rupture, Golgi function, autophagy, noncoding RNAs, post-translational modifications, and the expression of related molecules. Pyroptosis of endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the vascular wall can induce plaque instability and accelerate atherosclerosis progression. In this review, we focus on the pathogenesis, influence, and therapy of pyroptosis in atherosclerosis and provide novel ideas for suppressing pyroptosis and the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Nanjuan Lu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- General Surgery, Harbin Changzheng Hospital, 363 Xuan Hua Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 You Zheng Street, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Han Y, Dong B, Chen M, Yao C. LncRNA H19 suppresses pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes to attenuate myocardial infarction in a PBX3/CYP1B1-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1387-1400. [PMID: 33389498 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of cardiovascular disease which poses great healthy and financial burden for individuals. MI can be mainly induced by hypoxia. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the function and mechanism of lncRNA H19 on hypoxia-induced pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes. METHOD Peripheral blood from healthy controls and MI patients was collected for determination of mRNA and protein expression levels of H19 and CYP1B1. The correlation between these two factors was analyzed. Then MI rat model was established and injected with H19 overexpression/CYP1B1 knockdown plasmid, in which the infraction area and pathological morphology were observed. Hypoxic cardiomyocytes were transfected with overexpression or knockdown of H19 and CYP1B1 for determination of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, CyclinD1, and PCNA. Cell proliferation ability was assessed by CCK8. RIP and dual luciferase gene reporter assay were applied to verify the binding among H19, PBX3 and CYP1B1. RESULTS Downregulated H19 and upregulated CYP1B1 were observed in MI patients. A negative correlation was found for H19 and CYP1B1 expressions. Transfection of H19 overexpression or CYP1B1 knockdown could attenuate the MI progression in MI rats. In hypoxic cardiomyocytes, H19 overexpression or CYP1B1 knockdown could also inhibit NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in addition to suppressing cell apoptosis rate and promoting cell proliferation rate. Different expression pattern was found in cells transfected with H19 knockdown or CYP1B1 overexpression. Overexpression of CYP1B1 could abrogate the suppressive effect of H19 on pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes. H19 could inhibit activity of CYP1B1 promoters by regulating PBX3. CONCLUSION H19 could inhibit CYP1B1 expression in a PBX3-dependent way and thus attenuate cell pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjian Han
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chanjiao Yao
- No.3 Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, People's Republic of China
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Lu LQ, Tian J, Luo XJ, Peng J. Targeting the pathways of regulated necrosis: a potential strategy for alleviation of cardio-cerebrovascular injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:63-78. [PMID: 32596778 PMCID: PMC11072340 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy-dependent cell death are the three major types of cell death. Traditionally, necrosis is thought as a passive and unregulated form of cell death. However, certain necrosis can also occur in a highly regulated manner, referring to regulated necrosis. Depending on the signaling pathways, regulated necrosis can be further classified as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos and CypD-mediated necrosis. Numerous studies have reported that regulated necrosis contributes to the progression of multiple injury-relevant diseases. For example, necroptosis contributes to the development of myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, heart failure and stroke; pyroptosis is involved in the progression of myocardial or cerebral infarction, atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiomyopathy; while ferroptosis, parthanatos and CypD-mediated necrosis participate in the pathological process of myocardial and/or cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thereby, targeting the pathways of regulated necrosis pharmacologically or genetically could be an efficient strategy for reducing cardio-cerebrovascular injury. Further study needs to focus on the crosstalk and interplay among different types of regulated necrosis. Pharmacological intervention of two or more types of regulated necrosis simultaneously may have advantages in clinic to treat injury-relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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Ye A, Li W, Zhou L, Ao L, Fang W, Li Y. Targeting pyroptosis to regulate ischemic stroke injury: Molecular mechanisms and preclinical evidences. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:146-160. [PMID: 33065175 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with limited therapies. After ischemic stroke occurs, a robust sterile inflammatory response happens and lasts for days and determines neurological prognosis. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory programmed cell death characterized by cleavage of pore-forming proteins gasdermins as a result of activating caspases and inflammasomes. It has morphological characteristics of rapid plasma-membrane rupture and release of proinflammatory intracellular contents as well as cytokines. Recent researches implicate pyroptosis involvement in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and inhibition of pyroptosis attenuates ischemic brain injury. In this review, we discussed molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis, evidences for pyroptosis involvement in different kinds of the central nervous system cells, as well as potential inhibitors for intervention of pyroptosis. Based on the review, we hypothesize the feasibility of therapeutic strategies targeting pyroptosis in the context of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wanting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Luyao Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Alvarenga L, Cardozo LF, Borges NA, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P, Shiels PG, Fouque D, Mafra D. Can nutritional interventions modulate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic kidney disease? Food Res Int 2020; 136:109306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fan S, Zhang D, Liu F, Yang Y, Xu H. Artesunate alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial necrosis in rats and hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cells via regulating the FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1291. [PMID: 33209871 PMCID: PMC7661874 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The various anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant effects of Artesunate (Art) have been explored in numerous studies. This study aimed to evaluate the function of Art on myocardial necrosis in apoptotic cardiomyocytes in vivo and in vitro. Methods Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into groups: a control group, a myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI/R) group, and MI/R+ Art groups. To establish a MI/R model, rats were subjected to left anterior descending artery ischemia for 45 minutes, and then reperfusion for 2 hours. Hypoxia was induced in H9C2 cells by subjecting them to hypoxic conditions at 37 °C for 4 hours, before placing them in a normoxic chamber for 2 hours. The test methods were used in this test, such as echocardiography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), HE staining, TUNEL staining, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, western blot, and CCK-8 assay. Results Art improved myocardial systolic function caused by MI/R injury in vivo. Simultaneously, Art reduced the levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnl), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and myohemoglobin (Mb) in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, Art inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. The focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/phosphatidylinositide-3 kinases (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway was also activated by Art in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, after inhibitor PF573228 was added, Art inhibited apoptosis in H9C2 cells via activation of the FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in vitro. Conclusions This study confirms that Art alleviated MI/R injury and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Art exerted an inhibitory effect on cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating the FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, Art may serve as an alternative treatment for MI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyang Fan
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Deyin Zhang
- Department of Galactphore, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuyun Liu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Xu
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Li Q, Gao J, Pang X, Chen A, Wang Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Emodin: As an Anti-Cardiovascular Disease Drug. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:559607. [PMID: 32973538 PMCID: PMC7481471 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.559607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin is a natural occurring anthraquinone derivative isolated from roots and barks of numerous plants, molds, and lichens. It is found to be an active ingredient in different Chinese herbs including Rheum palmatum and Polygonam multiflorum, and it is a pleiotropic molecule with diuretic, vasorelaxant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Moreover, emodin has also been shown to have a wide activity of anti-cardiovascular diseases. It is mainly involved in multiple molecular targets such as inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-hypertrophy, anti-fibrosis, anti-oxidative damage, abnormal, and excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells in cardiovascular diseases. As a new type of cardiovascular disease treatment drug, emodin has broad application prospects. However, a large amount of evidences detailing the effect of emodin on many signaling pathways and cellular functions in cardiovascular disease, the overall understanding of its mechanisms of action remains elusive. In addition, by describing the evidence of the effects of emodin in detail, the toxicity and poor oral bioavailability of mice have been continuously discovered. This review aims to describe a timely overview of emodin related to the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The emphasis is to summarize the pharmacological effects of emodin as an anti-cardiovascular drug, as well as the targets and its potential mechanisms. Furthermore, the treatment of emodin compared with conventional cardiovascular drugs or target inhibitors, the toxicity, pharmacokinetics and derivatives of emodin were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Pang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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He F, Zheng G, Hou J, Hu Q, Ling Q, Wu G, Zhao H, Yang J, Wang Y, Jiang L, Tang W, Yang Z. N-acetylcysteine alleviates post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction and improves survival outcomes via partly inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome induced-pyroptosis. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2020; 17:25. [PMID: 32782443 PMCID: PMC7409674 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-020-00255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is necessary to initiate acute sterile inflammation. Increasing evidence indicates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome induced pyroptosis is closely related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the sterile inflammatory response triggered by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant and plays a protective role in local myocardial I/R injury, while its effect on post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction, as well as its mechanisms, remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of NAC on post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a cardiac arrest rat model, and whether its underlying mechanism may be linked to ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pyroptosis. Methods The rats were randomized into three groups: (1) sham group, (2) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) group, and (3) CPR + NAC group. CPR group and CPR + NAC group went through the induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and resuscitation. After return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), rats in the CPR and CPR + NAC groups were again randomly divided into two subgroups, ROSC 6 h and ROSC 72 h, for further analysis. Hemodynamic measurements and myocardial function were measured by echocardiography, and western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins. Results Results showed that after treatment with NAC, there was significantly better myocardial function and survival duration; protein expression levels of NLRP3, adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), Cleaved-Caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) in myocardial tissues were significantly decreased; and inflammatory cytokines levels were reduced. The marker of oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased with NAC treatment. Conclusions NAC improved myocardial dysfunction and prolonged animal survival duration in a rat model of cardiac arrest. Moreover, possibly by partly inhibiting ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pryoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglian He
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Guanghui Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Jingying Hou
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Qiaohua Hu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Qin Ling
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Research, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Gongfa Wu
- Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Research, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Hui Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Jin Yang
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Yue Wang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Longyuan Jiang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Wanchun Tang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China.,Weil Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Research, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China.,Zeng Cheng District People's Hospital of Guang Zhou, Guangzhou, 511300 China
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Yin Q, Zhao B, Zhu J, Fei Y, Shen W, Liang B, Zhu X, Li Y. JLX001 improves myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating Jak2-Stat3 pathway. Life Sci 2020; 257:118083. [PMID: 32673665 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the preclinical pharmacodynamics and mechanism of JLX001 against myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI/R) for clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo, SD rats were given intragastric administration for 5 days, and the MI/R model was established by ligating/releasing the left anterior descending coronary artery. In vitro, the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model was established after the drug was pre-incubated for 24 h in H9C2 cells. The infract size was determined by TTC staining. Left ventricular function of MI/R rats was detected by echocardiography. The level of histopathological score was determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by relevant kits. The level of apoptosis was measured by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Hoechst staining. The expression of p-Jak2, p-Stat3, Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-α, IL-1β protein were determined by western blot. KEY FINDINGS JLX001 can significantly improve left ventricular function, reduce myocardial infract size, histopathological score, the level of MDA, CK, LDH, TNF-α, IL-1β and the expression of Bax protein, significantly increase the activity of SOD, Bcl-2 protein expression, p-Jak2 protein expression, p-Stat3 protein expression in rat heart tissues and H9C2 cells. These effects can be reversed by AG490 which is a specific inhibitor of Jak2-Stat3 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE JLX001 can alleviate MI/R injury by inhibiting myocardial apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress via Jak2-Stat3 pathway in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Yin
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weiyang Shen
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bingwen Liang
- Jiangsu Jinglixin Pharmaceutical Technology Company Limited, Nanjing 211100, PR china
| | - Xiong Zhu
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yuman Li
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Yin H, Liu YG, Li F, Wang LQ, Zha JH, Xia YC, Yu BT, Wen DH. Resibufogenin suppresses growth and metastasis through inducing caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis via ROS-mediated NF-κB suppression in non-small cell lung cancer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:302-312. [PMID: 32396707 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the antitumor properties of resibufogenin (RB) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and elucidate its underlying mechanism. A549 and H520 cells were treated with various concentrations of RB with or without NLRP3 inhibitor (MCC950), caspase-1 inhibitor (VX765), or N-acetyl-l-cysteine (an ROS scavenger). Cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays were conducted to determine cell viability. Cell invasion was detected by using the transwell assay. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined by the LDH detection assay. The protein expression levels of related genes were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was detected by using a 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate ROS Assay Kit. The in vivo effects of RB were evaluated in a xenograft mouse model. RB treatment reduced cell viability and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, RB also enhanced pyroptosis levels in A549 and H520 cells, as indicated by the increased release of LDH and pyroptosis-related proteins. Interestingly, we also found that the antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects of RB were alleviated by the blockade of pyroptosis using NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950. Further study demonstrated that RB induced pyroptosis in a caspase-1-dependent manner, as evidenced by the finding that VX765 effectively reversed the effects of RB on A549 and H520 cells. We also found that RB could trigger caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis through ROS-mediated NF-κB suppression. In summary, our findings provide a potential antitumor agent and a novel insight into the mechanism of RB treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan-Ge Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Lun-Qing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zha
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying-Chen Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ben-Tong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Di-Hao Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Dongkou People's Hospital, Shaoyang, China
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Apigenin protects against ischemia-/hypoxia-induced myocardial injury by mediating pyroptosis and apoptosis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2020; 56:307-312. [PMID: 32406012 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin is a traditional Chinese medicine found in many plants that plays critical roles in several diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the protective effect of apigenin against ischemia/hypoxia (I/H)-induced myocardium injury in vitro and explored the potential molecular mechanisms. Together with the flow cytometry results, our results indicated that apigenin attenuated the pyroptosis and apoptosis of myoblastic H9c2 cells that were induced by I/H injury. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 18, IL-18, and IL-1β) were investigated for the roles of apigenin in I/H-induced myocardium injury. It was observed that increases in IL-1β and IL-18 levels were significantly reduced by apigenin treatment of I/H-induced H9C2 cells. The results demonstrated that apigenin protected H9c2 cells against I/H-induced myocardium injury. The protective effects were most likely related to the reduction of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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129
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Evans LW, Stratton MS, Ferguson BS. Dietary natural products as epigenetic modifiers in aging-associated inflammation and disease. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:653-676. [PMID: 31993614 PMCID: PMC7577396 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020Chronic, low-grade inflammation is linked to aging and has been termed "inflammaging". Inflammaging is considered a key contributor to the development of metabolic dysfunction and a broad spectrum of diseases or disorders including declines in brain and heart function. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) coupled with epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) have shown the importance of diet in the development of chronic and age-related diseases. Moreover, dietary interventions e.g. caloric restriction can attenuate inflammation to delay and/or prevent these diseases. Common themes in these studies entail the use of phytochemicals (plant-derived compounds) or the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as epigenetic modifiers of DNA and histone proteins. Epigenetic modifications are dynamically regulated and as such, serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment or prevention of age-related disease. In this review, we will focus on the role for natural products that include phytochemicals and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as regulators of these epigenetic adaptations. Specifically, we discuss regulators of methylation, acetylation and acylation, in the protection from chronic inflammation driven metabolic dysfunction and deterioration of neurocognitive and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi W Evans
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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130
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Wei X, Peng H, Deng M, Feng Z, Peng C, Yang D. MiR-703 protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte injury via inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:155-164. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-020-09832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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131
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Dai Y, Wang S, Chang S, Ren D, Shali S, Li C, Yang H, Huang Z, Ge J. M2 macrophage-derived exosomes carry microRNA-148a to alleviate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting TXNIP and the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 142:65-79. [PMID: 32087217 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reperfusion may cause injuries to the myocardium in ischemia situation. Emerging studies suggest that exosomes may serve as key mediators in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. OBJECTIVE The study was conducted to figure out the mechanism of M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2-exos) in MI/R injury with the involvement of microRNA-148a (miR-148a). METHODS AND RESULTS M2 macrophages were prepared and M2-exos were collected and identified. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NCMs) were extracted for in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model establishment, while rat cardiac tissues were separated for in vivo MI/R model establishment. Differentially expressed miRNAs in NCMs and H/R-treated NCMs after M2-exos treatment were evaluated using microarray analysis. The target relation between miR-148a and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) was identified using dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Gain- and loss- of function studies of miR-148a and TXNIP were performed to figure out their roles in MI/R injury. Meanwhile, the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway and pyroptosis of NCMs were evaluated. M2 macrophages carried miR-148a into NCMs. Over-expression of miR-148a enhanced viability of H/R-treated NCMs, reduced infarct size in vivo, and alleviated dysregulation of cardiac enzymes and Ca2+ overload in both models. miR-148a directly bound to the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of TXNIP. Over-expressed TXNIP triggered the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway activation and induced cell pyroptosis of NCMs, and the results were reproduced in in vivo studies. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that M2-exos could carry miR-148a to mitigate MI/R injury via down-regulating TXNIP and inactivating the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. This study may offer new insights into MI/R injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Shufu Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Daoyuan Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shalaimaiti Shali
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheyong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Evans LW, Bender A, Burnett L, Godoy L, Shen Y, Staten D, Zhou T, Angermann JE, Ferguson BS. Emodin and emodin-rich rhubarb inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 79:108339. [PMID: 32007664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a classical hallmark of heart failure. At the molecular level, inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes attenuate pathological cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. Emodin is an anthraquinone that has been implicated in cardiac protection. However, it is not known if the cardio-protective actions for emodin are mediated through HDAC-dependent regulation of gene expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that emodin would attenuate pathological cardiac hypertrophy via inhibition of HDACs, and that these actions would be reflected in an emodin-rich food like rhubarb. In this study, we demonstrate that emodin and Turkish rhubarb containing emodin inhibit HDAC activity in vitro, with fast-on, slow-off kinetics. Moreover, we show that emodin increased histone acetylation in cardiomyocytes concomitant to global changes in gene expression; gene expression changes were similar to the well-established pan-HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). We additionally present evidence that emodin inhibited phenylephrine (PE) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). Lastly, we demonstrate that the cardioprotective actions of emodin are translated to an angiotensin II (Ang) mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and are linked to HDAC inhibition. These data suggest that emodin blocked pathological cardiac hypertrophy, in part, by inhibiting HDAC-dependent gene expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi W Evans
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; Environmental Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Abigail Bender
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Leah Burnett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Luis Godoy
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dante Staten
- Environmental Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Bradley S Ferguson
- Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; Environmental Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; Center of Biomedical Research Excellence for Molecular and Cellular Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
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Wang Y, Liu X, Shi H, Yu Y, Yu Y, Li M, Chen R. NLRP3 inflammasome, an immune-inflammatory target in pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:91-106. [PMID: 32508013 PMCID: PMC7240865 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important process involved in several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a vital player in innate immunity and inflammation. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the role and involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis and treatment of CVDs. NLRP3 inflammasome functions as a molecular platform, and triggers the activation of caspase-1 and cleavage of pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cleaved NT-GSDMD forms pores in the cell membrane and initiates pyroptosis, inducing cell death and release of many intracellular pro-inflammatory molecules. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is triggered via inter-related pathways downstream of K+ efflux, lysosomal disruption, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, the Golgi apparatus and noncoding RNAs are gradually being recognized to play important roles in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Many investigations have revealed the association between NLRP3 inflammasome and CVDs, including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and heart failure induced by pressure overload or cardiomyopathy. Some existing medications, including orthodox and natural medicines, used for CVD treatment have been newly discovered to act via NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome pathway components such as NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β may be considered as novel therapeutic targets for CVDs. Thus, NLRP3 inflammasome is a key molecule involved in the pathogenesis of CVDs, and further research focused on development of NLRP3 inflammasome-based targeted therapies for CVDs and the clinical evaluation of these therapies is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wang
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan HospitalShanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan HospitalShanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan HospitalShanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan HospitalShanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of General PracticeZhongshan HospitalShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan HospitalShanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan HospitalShanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesShanghai Medical College of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Mao Q, Liang XL, Zhang CL, Pang YH, Lu YX. LncRNA KLF3-AS1 in human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorates pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes and myocardial infarction through miR-138-5p/Sirt1 axis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:393. [PMID: 31847890 PMCID: PMC6918658 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Myocardial infarction (MI) is a severe disease with increased mortality and disability rates, posing heavy economic burden for society. Exosomes were uncovered to mediate intercellular communication after MI. This study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of lncRNA KLF3-AS1 in exosomes secreted by human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes and MI. METHODS Exosomes from hMSCs were isolated and identified. Exosomes from hMSCs with transfection of KLF3-AS1 for overexpression were injected into MI rat model or incubated with hypoxia cardiomyocytes. Effect of KLF3-AS1 on MI area, cell viability, apoptosis, and pyroptosis was determined. The relationship among miR-138-5p, KLF3-AS1, and Sirt1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Normal cardiomyocytes were transfected with miR-138-5p inhibitor or sh-Sirt1 to clarify whether alteration of miR-138-5p or sh-Sirt1 can regulate the effect of KLF3-AS1 on cardiomyocytes. RESULTS Exosomes from hMSCs were successfully extracted. Transfection of KLF3-AS1 exosome in rats and incubation with KLF3-AS1 exosome in hypoxia cardiomyocytes both verified that overexpression of KLF3-AS1 in exosomes leads to reduced MI area, decreased cell apoptosis and pyroptosis, and attenuated MI progression. KLF3-AS1 can sponge miR-138-5p to regulate Sirt1 expression. miR-138-5p inhibitor transfection and KLF3-AS1 exosome incubation contribute to attenuated pyroptosis and MI both in vivo and in vitro, while transfection of sh-Sirt1 could reverse the protective effect of exosomal KLF3-AS1 on hypoxia cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION LncRNA KLF3-AS1 in exosomes secreted from hMSCs by acting as a ceRNA to sponge miR-138-5p can regulate Sirt1 so as to inhibit cell pyroptosis and attenuate MI progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, No. 86 of Chongwen Road, Lishui District, Nanjing, 211200, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiu-Lin Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Long Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, No. 86 of Chongwen Road, Lishui District, Nanjing, 211200, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Heng Pang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xiang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Lin J, Lin H, Ma C, Dong F, Hu Y, Li H. MiR-149 Aggravates Pyroptosis in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Damage via Silencing FoxO3. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8733-8743. [PMID: 31741467 PMCID: PMC6880628 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which modulate the expression of their target genes, are commonly involved in stimulating and adjusting of many processes that result in cardiovascular diseases, contain cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. However, the expression and role of miR-149 in pyroptosis mediated myocardial I/R damage remains unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure the miR-149 and FoxO3 expression in I/R stimulated H9C2 cells. The cell proliferation, pyroptosis-related inflammatory genes in I/R-treated H9C2 cells transfected miR-149 mimics or miR-149 inhibitor were both explored. We predicted and confirmed miR-149 targets by using bioinformatics analyses and luciferase reporter assay. In addition, the potential relationship between miR-149 and FoxO3 in pyroptosis from I/R treated H9C2 cells was analyzed. RESULTS Our results showed that miR-149 was upregulated, while FoxO3 was downregulated in I/R stimulated H9C2 cells. Over-expression of miR-149 inhibited cell viability and promote pyroptosis, however, down-expression of miR-149 had an opposite effect in I/R treated H9C2 cells. Furthermore, miR-149 could negatively regulate FoxO3 expression by binding 3'UTR, whereas silencing of FoxO3 attenuated the effect of miR-149-mimics on cell proliferation and pyroptosis in I/R treated H9C2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that miR-149 played a critical role in pyroptosis during cardiac I/R injury, and thus, might provide a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guandong, China (mainland)
| | - Haihuan Lin
- Laboratory Medicine Humboldt University, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Ma
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, China (mainland)
| | - Fengquan Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yingchun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guandong, China (mainland)
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guandong, China (mainland)
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Phytochemicals as potential IKK-β inhibitor for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in plant preservation: terpenoids, alkaloids, and quinones. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:83-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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