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Radiosensitization Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on Plasmid DNA Damage Induced by Therapeutic MV X-rays. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050771. [PMID: 35269259 PMCID: PMC8911739 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be used with megavolt (MV) X-rays to exert radiosensitization effects, as demonstrated in cell survival assays and mouse experiments. However, the detailed mechanisms are not clear; besides physical dose enhancement, several chemical and biological processes have been proposed. Reducing the AuNP concentration while achieving sufficient enhancement is necessary for the clinical application of AuNPs. Here, we used positively charged (+) AuNPs to determine the radiosensitization effects of AuNPs combined with MV X-rays on DNA damage in vitro. We examined the effect of low concentrations of AuNPs on DNA damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. DNA damage was promoted by 1.4 nm +AuNP with dose enhancement factors of 1.4 ± 0.2 for single-strand breaks and 1.2 ± 0.1 for double-strand breaks. +AuNPs combined with MV X-rays induced radiosensitization at the DNA level, indicating that the effects were physical and/or chemical. Although −AuNPs induced similar ROS levels, they did not cause considerable DNA damage. Thus, dose enhancement by low concentrations of +AuNPs may have occurred with the increase in the local +AuNP concentration around DNA or via DNA binding. +AuNPs showed stronger radiosensitization effects than −AuNPs. Combining +AuNPs with MV X-rays in radiation therapy may improve clinical outcomes.
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102
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Soltani Nejad M, Samandari Najafabadi N, Aghighi S, Pakina E, Zargar M. Evaluation of Phoma sp. Biomass as an Endophytic Fungus for Synthesis of Extracellular Gold Nanoparticles with Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:1181. [PMID: 35208971 PMCID: PMC8879160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to examine the different concentrations of AuNPs as a new antimicrobial substance to control the pathogenic activity. The extracellular synthesis of AuNPs performed by using Phoma sp. as an endophytic fungus. Endophytic fungus was isolated from vascular tissue of peach trees (Prunus persica) from Baft, located in Kerman province, Iran. The UltraViolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectroscopy) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provided the absorbance peak at 526 nm, while the X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy images released the formation of spherical AuNPs with sizes in the range of 10-100 nm. The findings of inhibition zone test of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) showed a desirable antifungal and antibacterial activity against phytopathogens including Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA (AG1-IA has been identified as the dominant anastomosis group) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The highest inhibition level against sclerotia formation was 93% for AuNPs at a concentration of 80 μg/mL. Application of endophytic fungus biomass for synthesis of AuNPs is relatively inexpensive, single step and environmentally friendly. In vitro study of the antifungal activity of AuNPs at concentrations of 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/mL was conducted against rice fungal pathogen R. solani to reduce sclerotia formation. The experimental data revealed that the Inhibition rate (RH) for sclerotia formation was (15, 33, 74 and 93%), respectively, for their corresponding AuNPs concentrations (10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/mL). Our findings obviously indicated that the RH strongly depend on AuNPs rates, and enhance upon an increase in AuNPs rates. The application of endophytic fungi biomass for green synthesis is our future goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Soltani Nejad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616914111, Iran
| | - Neda Samandari Najafabadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948978, Iran;
| | - Sonia Aghighi
- Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616914111, Iran;
| | - Elena Pakina
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Meisam Zargar
- Research and Technology Institute of Plant Production, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616914111, Iran;
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
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103
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Gan N, Wakayama C, Inubushi S, Kunihisa T, Mizumoto S, Baba M, Tanino H, Ooya T. Size Dependency of Selective Cellular Uptake of Epigallocatechin Gallate-modified Gold Nanoparticles for Effective Radiosensitization. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:355-365. [PMID: 35014816 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence and mortality of cancer make it a global health issue. However, conventional cancer therapies have several disadvantages, especially serious side effects due to low selective toxicity to cancer cells. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are an excellent drug carrier, enhance drug delivery efficiency, and hold promise for photothermal and radiation therapies. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the major polyphenolic antioxidant constituent of green tea, has a potent antitumor effect, and binds specifically to the 67 kDa laminin receptor, which is overexpressed on the surface of several cancer cell lines such as HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells. We synthesized EGCG-modified AuNPs (EGCG-AuNPs) using ratios (nEGCG/ngold) from 1:2 to 10:1 and evaluated their size, morphology, stability, antioxidant ability, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and uptake mechanisms in vitro in comparison with the conventional AuNPs prepared by using citrate as the reducing agent (citrate-AuNPs). In HeLa cells, EGCG-AuNPs (10:1) (135 nm diameter, sea-urchin-like shape) exhibited the highest cellular uptake. Conversely, EGCG-AuNPs (1:2) (39 nm diameter, spherical shape) were preferentially taken up by MDA-MB-231 cells. Cellular uptake of EGCG-AuNPs toward normal cells (NIH3T3 cells) was found to be in a nonspecific manner, and the amount of uptake was suppressed. X-ray irradiation after cellular uptake of EGCG-AuNPs (1:2) in MDA-MB-231 cells significantly enhanced irradiation-induced cell death. These findings suggest enhanced cellular uptake of EGCG-AuNPs with a 39 nm diameter and their potential use in combinatorial therapeutics of EGCG-AuNPs for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657 8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Wakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657 8501, Japan
| | - Sachiko Inubushi
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomonari Kunihisa
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Sachiko Mizumoto
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Motoi Baba
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanino
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tooru Ooya
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657 8501, Japan.,Center for Advanced Medical Engineering Research & Development (CAMED), Kobe University, 1-5-1 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuoku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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104
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Gomes ER, Franco MS. Combining Nanocarrier-Assisted Delivery of Molecules and Radiotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010105. [PMID: 35057001 PMCID: PMC8781448 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is responsible for a significant proportion of death all over the world. Therefore, strategies to improve its treatment are highly desired. The use of nanocarriers to deliver anticancer treatments has been extensively investigated and improved since the approval of the first liposomal formulation for cancer treatment in 1995. Radiotherapy (RT) is present in the disease management strategy of around 50% of cancer patients. In the present review, we bring the state-of-the-art information on the combination of nanocarrier-assisted delivery of molecules and RT. We start with formulations designed to encapsulate single or multiple molecules that, once delivered to the tumor site, act directly on the cells to improve the effects of RT. Then, we describe formulations designed to modulate the tumor microenvironment by delivering oxygen or to boost the abscopal effect. Finally, we present how RT can be employed to trigger molecule delivery from nanocarriers or to modulate the EPR effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Rocha Gomes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Marina Santiago Franco
- Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), 85764 München, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-3187-48767
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105
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Hu H, Zheng S, Hou M, Zhu K, Chen C, Wu Z, Qi L, Ren Y, Wu B, Xu Y, Yan C, Zhao B. Functionalized Au@Cu-Sb-S Nanoparticles for Spectral CT/Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Synergetic Photo-Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:395-407. [PMID: 35115774 PMCID: PMC8800589 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s338085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy (RT) is clinically well-established cancer treatment. However, radioresistance remains a significant issue associated with failure of RT. Phototherapy-induced radiosensitization has recently attracted attention in translational cancer research. Methods Cu-Sb-S nanoparticles (NPs) coated with ultra-small Au nanocrystals (Au@Cu-Sb-S) were synthesized and characterized. The biosafety profiles, absorption of near-infrared (NIR) laser and radiation-enhancing effect of the NPs were evaluated. In vitro and in vivo spectral computed tomography (CT) imaging and photoacoustic (PA) imaging were performed in 4T1 breast cancer-bearing mice. The synergetic radio-phototherapy was assessed by in vivo tumor inhibition studies. Results Au@Cu-Sb-S NPs were prepared by in situ growth of Au NCs on the surface of Cu-Sb-S NPs. The cell viability experiments showed that the combination of Au@Cu-Sb-S+NIR+RT was significantly more cytotoxic to tumor cells than the other treatments at concentrations above 25 ppm Sb. In vitro and in vivo spectral CT imaging demonstrated that the X-ray attenuation ability of Au@Cu-Sb-S NPs was superior to that of the clinically used Iodine, particularly at lower KeV levels. Au@Cu-Sb-S NPs showed a concentration-dependent and remarkable PA signal brightening effect. In vivo tumor inhibition studies showed that the prepared Au@Cu-Sb-S NPs significantly suppressed tumor growth in 4T1 breast cancer-bearing mice treated with NIR laser irradiation and an intermediate X-ray dose (4 Gy). Conclusion These results indicate that Au@Cu-Sb-S integrated with spectral CT, PA imaging, and phototherapy-enhanced radiosensitization is a promising multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Hu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuting Zheng
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meirong Hou
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuyao Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zede Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunyan Ren
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Respiratory Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yikai Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenggong Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingxia Zhao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Experimental Education/Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Bingxia Zhao; Yikai Xu, Tel +86 20 61647272; +86 20 62787333, Email ;
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106
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Kumar K, Rani V, Mishra M, Chawla R. New paradigm in combination therapy of siRNA with chemotherapeutic drugs for effective cancer therapy. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100103. [PMID: 35586474 PMCID: PMC9108887 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics drugs play a pivotal role in the treatment of cancer. However, many issues generate by chemotherapy drugs, including unfavorable harm to healthy cells and multidrug resistance (MDR), persist and have a negative impact on therapeutic outcomes. When compared to monotherapy, combination cancer therapy has many advantages, like improving efficacy through synergistic effects and overcoming drug resistance. Combination treatment may comprise several chemotherapeutics drugs and combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs with some other therapeutic options such as surgery or radiation. Cancer treatment that utilizes co-delivery strategies with siRNA and chemotherapeutic drugs has been shown to have highly effective antitumor effects in the treatment of many cancers. However, the highly complex mechanisms of chemotherapeutic drugs-siRNA pairs during the co-delivery process have received little attention. The ideal combination of chemotherapeutic drugs with siRNA is very crucial for producing the desirable anticancer effects that would greatly enhance therapeutic efficiency. This review puts an emphasis on the logic for choosing suitable chemotherapeutic drug-siRNA combinations, which may open the way for the co-delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and siRNA for treating cancer in the clinic. This review summarizes recent breakthrough in the area of diverse mechanism-based chemotherapeutic drugs-siRNA combinations in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruchi Chawla
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, U.P., India.
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107
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Nakayama M, Akasaka H, Miyazaki E, Goto Y, Oki Y, Kawate Y, Morita K, Sasaki R. Image contrast assessment of metal-based nanoparticles as applications for image-guided radiation therapy. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2021; 20:94-97. [PMID: 34869923 PMCID: PMC8626564 DOI: 10.1016/j.phro.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively studied for dose enhancement applications in radiation therapy. This study investigated the utility of such NPs for image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Phantom images of gold NPs (AuNPs) and titanium peroxide NPs (TiOxNPs) with different concentrations were acquired using IGRT modalities, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). AuNPs induced strong contrast enhancement in kV energy CBCT images, whereas TiOxNPs at high concentrations showed weak but detectable changes. The results indicated that these NPs can be used to enhance IGRT images as well as dose enhancement for treatment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakayama
- Division of Radiation Therapy, Kita-Harima Medical Center, 926-250 Ichibacho, Ono, Hyogo 675-1392, Japan.,Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Akasaka
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.,Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe Minimally Invasive Cancer Center, 8-5-1 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0046, Japan
| | - Eiichi Miyazaki
- Division of Radiation Therapy, Kita-Harima Medical Center, 926-250 Ichibacho, Ono, Hyogo 675-1392, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Goto
- Department of Radiology, Kita-Harima Medical Center, 926-250 Ichibacho, Ono, Hyogo 675-1392, Japan
| | - Yuya Oki
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe Minimally Invasive Cancer Center, 8-5-1 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0046, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kawate
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe Minimally Invasive Cancer Center, 8-5-1 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0046, Japan
| | - Kenta Morita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sasaki
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
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108
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Nanomedicine in Pancreatic Cancer: Current Status and Future Opportunities for Overcoming Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246175. [PMID: 34944794 PMCID: PMC8699181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite access to a vast arsenal of anticancer agents, many fail to realise their full therapeutic potential in clinical practice. One key determinant of this is the evolution of multifaceted resistance mechanisms within the tumour that may either pre-exist or develop during the course of therapy. This is particularly evident in pancreatic cancer, where limited responses to treatment underlie dismal survival rates, highlighting the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Here, we discuss the major features of pancreatic tumours that contribute to therapy resistance, and how they may be alleviated through exploitation of the mounting and exciting promise of nanomedicines; a unique collection of nanoscale platforms with tunable and multifunctional capabilities that have already elicited a widespread impact on cancer management. Abstract The development of drug resistance remains one of the greatest clinical oncology challenges that can radically dampen the prospect of achieving complete and durable tumour control. Efforts to mitigate drug resistance are therefore of utmost importance, and nanotechnology is rapidly emerging for its potential to overcome such issues. Studies have showcased the ability of nanomedicines to bypass drug efflux pumps, counteract immune suppression, serve as radioenhancers, correct metabolic disturbances and elicit numerous other effects that collectively alleviate various mechanisms of tumour resistance. Much of this progress can be attributed to the remarkable benefits that nanoparticles offer as drug delivery vehicles, such as improvements in pharmacokinetics, protection against degradation and spatiotemporally controlled release kinetics. These attributes provide scope for precision targeting of drugs to tumours that can enhance sensitivity to treatment and have formed the basis for the successful clinical translation of multiple nanoformulations to date. In this review, we focus on the longstanding reputation of pancreatic cancer as one of the most difficult-to-treat malignancies where resistance plays a dominant role in therapy failure. We outline the mechanisms that contribute to the treatment-refractory nature of these tumours, and how they may be effectively addressed by harnessing the unique capabilities of nanomedicines. Moreover, we include a brief perspective on the likely future direction of nanotechnology in pancreatic cancer, discussing how efforts to develop multidrug formulations will guide the field further towards a therapeutic solution for these highly intractable tumours.
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109
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Lehnert S. Targeting of radio-enhancing drugs. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:461-465. [PMID: 34747680 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.2003465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toxicity to normal tissue is frequently the dose-limiting factor in the chemotherapy and mixed modality treatments of cancer. If the radio-enhancing drug could be localized at the disease site and released slowly over time, then systemic drug toxicities could be decreased while simultaneously maintaining high drug concentrations in the tumor. These considerations support a role for a sustained release intra-tumoral delivery systems for the delivery of radio-enhancing drugs. METHODS Two approaches aimed at achieving the end of localizing the radio-enhancing drug to the tumor are described. First, nanoparticles, which have a prolonged circulation time and facility for enhanced tumor targeting. Structural defects in the walls of the tumor vasculature allow the passage of particles too large to pass through the walls of normal blood vessels. This characteristic of tumor blood vessels, referred to as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, allows relatively large entities (typically liposomes, nanoparticles, and macromolecular drugs) to pass from the blood vessels to tumor tissue and as a result nanoparticles accumulate in the tumor while being excluded from normal tissue. Second, biodegradable implanted polymers. In these devices, the radio-enhancing drug is physically trapped within the polymer matrix which is implanted in the tumor. The drug is released as the polymer degrades in response to its local environment. The degradation rate of the polymer device can be adjusted to control the rate of drug release. By this means, the level of radio-enhancing drug can be maintained at the tumor site for the duration of radiation treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Results of experiments indicate that for both methods tumor control could be optimized by maintaining the radio-enhancing drug at a useful concentration in the tumor over a period of time compatible with the duration of fractionated radiation treatment. These studies have provided proof of principle support for the further development of this approach. To date, while some of the methods and devices for drug delivery described in this paper have been involved in clinical trials, none have so far been developed for routine clinical application.
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110
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Qin X, Yang C, Xu H, Zhang R, Zhang D, Tu J, Guo Y, Niu B, Kong L, Zhang Z. Cell-Derived Biogenetic Gold Nanoparticles for Sensitizing Radiotherapy and Boosting Immune Response against Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103984. [PMID: 34723421 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of nanomedicine has gained enormous attention and exhibited promising prospects, while the underlying mechanism and advantage remain not fully understood. Here, a cell-reactor based on tumor cells is developed to obtain biogenetic gold nanoparticles (Au@MC38) for sensitizing radiotherapy and boosting immune responses. It demonstrates that the intracellular biomineralization and exocytosis process of Au@MC38 can be regulated by the cellular metabolites level and other factors, such as glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS), autophagy, and UV irradiation. The elucidation of mechanisms may promote the understanding of interaction principles between nanoparticles and biosystems in the process of biosynthesis. Combined with radiotherapy, Au@MC38 strengthens the radiation-induced DNA damage and ROS generation, thus aggravating cell apoptosis and necrosis. Benefiting from homologous targeting and transcytosis effect, Au@MC38 demonstrates good tumor distribution. Local radiation-induced immunogenic cell death initiates an effective immune response. Especially, CD8a+ dendritic cells are significantly increased in mice that received combinatorial treatment. This radio-sensitization strategy has demonstrated the effective inhibition on primary and metastatic tumors, and achieved satisfactory survival benefit in combinatorial with immune checkpoint blockade. Thus, this bio-inspired synthetic strategy may impulse the development of biosynthesis and its therapeutic applications, contributing to a non-invasive and efficient modality for nanomedicine exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianya Qin
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Conglian Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Runzan Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan First Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jingyao Tu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Liyuan Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Boning Niu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Kong
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Novel Drug Delivery System, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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111
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Aldahhan R, Almohazey D, Khan FA. Emerging trends in the application of gold nanoformulations in colon cancer diagnosis and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1056-1065. [PMID: 34843989 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most aggressive types of cancer with about two million new cases and one million deaths in 2020. The side effects of the available chemotherapies and the possibility of developing resistance against treatment highlight the importance of developing new therapeutic options. The development in the field of nanotechnology have introduced the application of nanoparticles (NPs) as a promising approach in the diagnosis and treatments of colorectal cancer and other types of cancer. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are currently one of the most studied materials as they possess unique tunable properties allowing them to play a role in colorectal cancer bioimaging, diagnosis, and therapy. The high surface-to-volume ratio of AuNPs mediates their utilization in drug delivery as well as functionalization to provide specific targeting. Moreover, depending on their physical properties (size, shape), AuNPs can be modified to fit the intended application. However, there are contradictory results around the pharmacokinetics of AuNPs including their biodistribution, clearance, and toxicity. This variation of opinions is most likely due to the development of different AuNPs that vary in shape, size, and surface chemistry, in addition to the conditions under which each research was carried out. The conflicting data represent a challenge in the clinical use of AuNPs suggesting the need to understand the toxicity, fate, and long-term exposure of AuNPs in vivo. Thus, there is an unmet need for the establishment of a publicly available data base for extensive analysis. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in AuNP applications in the treatment and diagnosis of colorectal cancer, mechanisms of action, and clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Aldahhan
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Post Box No. 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Almohazey
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Post Box No. 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdos Alam Khan
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Post Box No. 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
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112
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Korman DB, Ostrovskaya LA, Bluhterova NV, Rykova VA, Fomina MM. Gold Nanoparticles as Potential Radiosensitizing and Cytotoxic Agents. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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113
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Liu W, Chen B, Zheng H, Xing Y, Chen G, Zhou P, Qian L, Min Y. Advances of Nanomedicine in Radiotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111757. [PMID: 34834172 PMCID: PMC8622383 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) remains one of the current main treatment strategies for many types of cancer. However, how to improve RT efficiency while reducing its side effects is still a large challenge to be overcome. Advancements in nanomedicine have provided many effective approaches for radiosensitization. Metal nanoparticles (NPs) such as platinum-based or hafnium-based NPs are proved to be ideal radiosensitizers because of their unique physicochemical properties and high X-ray absorption efficiency. With nanoparticles, such as liposomes, bovine serum albumin, and polymers, the radiosensitizing drugs can be promoted to reach the tumor sites, thereby enhancing anti-tumor responses. Nowadays, the combination of some NPs and RT have been applied to clinical treatment for many types of cancer, including breast cancer. Here, as well as reviewing recent studies on radiotherapy combined with inorganic, organic, and biomimetic nanomaterials for oncology, we analyzed the underlying mechanisms of NPs radiosensitization, which may contribute to exploring new directions for the clinical translation of nanoparticle-based radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; (W.L.); (P.Z.)
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Bio-X Interdisciplinary Science at Hefei National Laboratory (HFNL) for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (B.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Haocheng Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Z.); (Y.X.); (G.C.)
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yun Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Z.); (Y.X.); (G.C.)
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guiyuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Z.); (Y.X.); (G.C.)
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peijie Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; (W.L.); (P.Z.)
| | - Liting Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; (W.L.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuanzeng Min
- Department of Bio-X Interdisciplinary Science at Hefei National Laboratory (HFNL) for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (B.C.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; (H.Z.); (Y.X.); (G.C.)
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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114
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Anik MI, Mahmud N, Al Masud A, Hasan M. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in biomedical and clinical applications: A review. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muzahidul I. Anik
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Rhode Island South Kingstown Rhode Island USA
| | - Niaz Mahmud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Military Institute of Science and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Masud
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Maruf Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Military Institute of Science and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh
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115
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Zhang M, Shao S, Yue H, Wang X, Zhang W, Chen F, Zheng L, Xing J, Qin Y. High Stability Au NPs: From Design to Application in Nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6067-6094. [PMID: 34511906 PMCID: PMC8418318 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s322900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Au-based nanomaterials are widely used in nanomedicine and biosensors due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. However, these applications require Au NPs to have excellent stability in different environments, such as extreme pH, high temperature, high concentration ions, and various biomatrix. To meet the requirement of multiple applications, many synthetic substances and natural products are used to prepare highly stable Au NPs. Because of this, we aim at offering an update comprehensive summary of preparation high stability Au NPs. In addition, we discuss its application in nanomedicine. The contents of this review are based on a balanced combination of our studies and selected research studies done by worldwide academic groups. First, we address some critical methods for preparing highly stable Au NPs using polymers, including heterocyclic substances, polyethylene glycols, amines, and thiol, then pay attention to natural product progress Au NPs. Then, we sum up the stability of various Au NPs in different stored times, ions solution, pH, temperature, and biomatrix. Finally, the application of Au NPs in nanomedicine, such as drug delivery, bioimaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), clinical diagnosis, nanozyme, and radiotherapy (RT), was addressed concentratedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Zhang
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuxuan Shao
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yue
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Chen
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zheng
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Xing
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Qin
- College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, 830046, People’s Republic of China
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116
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Apilan AG, Mothersill C. Targeted and Non-Targeted Mechanisms for Killing Hypoxic Tumour Cells-Are There New Avenues for Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8651. [PMID: 34445354 PMCID: PMC8395506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A major issue in radiotherapy is the relative resistance of hypoxic cells to radiation. Historic approaches to this problem include the use of oxygen mimetic compounds to sensitize tumour cells, which were unsuccessful. This review looks at modern approaches aimed at increasing the efficacy of targeting and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissues and asks the question of whether non-targeted effects in radiobiology may provide a new "target". Novel techniques involve the integration of recent technological advancements such as nanotechnology, cell manipulation, and medical imaging. Particularly, the major areas of research discussed in this review include tumour hypoxia imaging through PET imaging to guide carbogen breathing, gold nanoparticles, macrophage-mediated drug delivery systems used for hypoxia-activate prodrugs, and autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, this review outlines several features of these methods, including the mechanisms of action to induce radiosensitization, the increased accuracy in targeting hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue, preclinical/clinical trials, and future considerations. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that the four novel tumour hypoxia therapeutics demonstrate compelling evidence that these techniques can serve as powerful tools to increase targeting efficacy and radiosensitizing hypoxic tumour microenvironments relative to normal tissue. Each technique uses a different way to manipulate the therapeutic ratio, which we have labelled "oxygenate, target, use, and digest". In addition, by focusing on emerging non-targeted and out-of-field effects, new umbrella targets are identified, which instead of sensitizing hypoxic cells, seek to reduce the radiosensitivity of normal tissues.
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117
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Cunningham C, de Kock M, Engelbrecht M, Miles X, Slabbert J, Vandevoorde C. Radiosensitization Effect of Gold Nanoparticles in Proton Therapy. Front Public Health 2021; 9:699822. [PMID: 34395371 PMCID: PMC8358148 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.699822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of proton therapy facilities and the clinical usage of high energy proton beams for cancer treatment has substantially increased over the last decade. This is mainly due to the superior dose distribution of proton beams resulting in a reduction of side effects and a lower integral dose compared to conventional X-ray radiotherapy. More recently, the usage of metallic nanoparticles as radiosensitizers to enhance radiotherapy is receiving growing attention. While this strategy was originally intended for X-ray radiotherapy, there is currently a small number of experimental studies indicating promising results for proton therapy. However, most of these studies used low proton energies, which are less applicable to clinical practice; and very small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Therefore, this proof of principle study evaluates the radiosensitization effect of larger AuNPs in combination with a 200 MeV proton beam. CHO-K1 cells were exposed to a concentration of 10 μg/ml of 50 nm AuNPs for 4 hours before irradiation with a clinical proton beam at NRF iThemba LABS. AuNP internalization was confirmed by inductively coupled mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy, showing a random distribution of AuNPs throughout the cytoplasm of the cells and even some close localization to the nuclear membrane. The combined exposure to AuNPs and protons resulted in an increase in cell killing, which was 27.1% at 2 Gy and 43.8% at 6 Gy, compared to proton irradiation alone, illustrating the radiosensitizing potential of AuNPs. Additionally, cells were irradiated at different positions along the proton depth-dose curve to investigate the LET-dependence of AuNP radiosensitization. An increase in cytogenetic damage was observed at all depths for the combined treatment compared to protons alone, but no incremental increase with LET could be determined. In conclusion, this study confirms the potential of 50 nm AuNPs to increase the therapeutic efficacy of proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charnay Cunningham
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maryna de Kock
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monique Engelbrecht
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Xanthene Miles
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Slabbert
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
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118
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Tu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang D, Yang J, Li X, Ji K, Wu X, Liu R, Zhang Q. Light-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generator for Tumor Therapy through an ROS Burst in Mitochondria and AKT-Inactivation-Induced Apoptosis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5222-5230. [PMID: 35007004 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are identified as a valuable target for cancer therapy owing to their primary function in energy supply and cellular signal regulation. Mitochondria in tumor cells are depicted by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), which lead to numerous detrimental results. Hence, mitochondria-targeting ROS-associated therapy is an optional therapeutic strategy for cancer. In this contribution, a light-induced ROS generator (TBTP) is developed for evaluation of the efficacy of mitochondria-targeting ROS-associated therapy and investigation of the mechanism underlying mitochondrial-injure-mediated therapy of tumors. TBTP serves as an efficient ROS generator with low cytotoxicity, favorable biocompatibility, excellent photostability, mitochondria-targeted properties, and NIR emission. In vivo and in vitro experiments reveal that TBTP exhibits effective anticancer potential. ROS generated from TBTP could destroy the integrity of mitochondria, downregulate ATP, decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential, secrete Cyt-c into cytoplasm, activate Caspase-3/9, and induce cell apoptosis. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis highlights that an ROS burst in mitochondria can kill tumor cells via inhibition of the AKT pathway. All these results prove that mitochondrial-targeted ROS-associated therapy hold great potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Tu
- Affiliated Caner Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yuping Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jinghong Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Kaiyuan Ji
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qianbing Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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119
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Impact of the Spectral Composition of Kilovoltage X-rays on High-Z Nanoparticle-Assisted Dose Enhancement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116030. [PMID: 34199667 PMCID: PMC8199749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) with a high atomic number (Z) are promising radiosensitizers for cancer therapy. However, the dependence of their efficacy on irradiation conditions is still unclear. In the present work, 11 different metal and metal oxide NPs (from Cu (ZCu = 29) to Bi2O3 (ZBi = 83)) were studied in terms of their ability to enhance the absorbed dose in combination with 237 X-ray spectra generated at a 30–300 kVp voltage using various filtration systems and anode materials. Among the studied high-Z NP materials, gold was the absolute leader by a dose enhancement factor (DEF; up to 2.51), while HfO2 and Ta2O5 were the most versatile because of the largest high-DEF region in coordinates U (voltage) and Eeff (effective energy). Several impacts of the X-ray spectral composition have been noted, as follows: (1) there are radiation sources that correspond to extremely low DEFs for all of the studied NPs, (2) NPs with a lower Z in some cases can equal or overcome by the DEF value the high-Z NPs, and (3) the change in the X-ray spectrum caused by a beam passing through the matter can significantly affect the DEF. All of these findings indicate the important role of carefully planning radiation exposure in the presence of high-Z NPs.
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120
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Khan MA, Singh D, Ahmad A, Siddique HR. Revisiting inorganic nanoparticles as promising therapeutic agents: A paradigm shift in oncological theranostics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 164:105892. [PMID: 34052295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a global health problem largely due to a lack of effective therapies. Major cancer management strategies include chemotherapy, surgical resection, and radiation. Unfortunately, these strategies have a number of limitations, such as non-specific side effects, uneven delivery of the drugs, and lack of proper monitoring technology. Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are considered promising agents in treating and tracing cancer due to their unique physicochemical properties such as the controlled release of drugs, bioavailability, biocompatibility, stability, and large surface area. Also, they enhance the solubility of hydrophobic drugs, prolong their circulation time, prevent undesired off-targeting and subsequent side effects, making them efficient particles in cancer theranostics. Promising inorganic-NPs include gold, selenium, silica, and oxide NPs. Further, several techniques are used to modify the surface of inorganic-NPs, making them more efficient for the effective transport of therapeutic cargos to overcome cellular barriers. Thus, inorganic-NPs function effectively, surmounting the intrinsic drawbacks of traditional organic NPs. This mini-review summarizes the significant inorganic-NPs, their properties, surface modifications, cellular uptake, and bio-distributions, along with their potential use in cancer theranostics. We also discuss the promises and challenges faced during the inorganic-NPs mediated therapeutic approach for cancer and these particles' status in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afsar Khan
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Deepti Singh
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Absar Ahmad
- Interdisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Hifzur R Siddique
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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121
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Tremi I, Havaki S, Georgitsopoulou S, Lagopati N, Georgakilas V, Gorgoulis VG, Georgakilas AG. A Guide for Using Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying the Radiosensitizing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040859. [PMID: 33801708 PMCID: PMC8065702 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects of ionizing radiation (IR) with high-z metallic nanoparticles (NPs) such as gold has developed a growing interest over the recent years. It is currently accepted that radiosensitization is not only attributed to physical effects but also to underlying chemical and biological mechanisms’ contributions. Low- and high-linear energy transfer (LET) IRs produce DNA damage of different structural types. The combination of IR with gold nanoparticles may increase the clustering of energy deposition events in the vicinity of the NPs due to the production mainly of photoelectrons and Auger electrons. Biological lesions of such origin for example on DNA are more difficult to be repaired compared to isolated lesions and can augment IR’s detrimental effects as shown by numerous studies. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offers a unique opportunity to study the complexity of these effects on a very detailed cellular level, in terms of structure, including nanoparticle uptake and damage. Cellular uptake and nanoparticle distribution inside the cell are crucial in order to contribute to an optimal dose enhancement effect. TEM is mostly used to observe the cellular localization of nanoparticles. However, it can also provide valuable insights on the NPs’ radiosensitization pathways, by studying the biochemical mechanisms through immunogold-labelling of antigenic sites at ultrastructural level under high resolution and magnification. Here, our goal is to describe the possibilities, methodologies and proper use of TEM in the interest of studying NPs-based radiosensitization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Tremi
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece;
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.H.); (N.L.); (V.G.G.)
| | - Sophia Havaki
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.H.); (N.L.); (V.G.G.)
| | - Sofia Georgitsopoulou
- Department of Material Science, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.H.); (N.L.); (V.G.G.)
| | - Vasilios Georgakilas
- Department of Material Science, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.G.); (V.G.)
| | - Vassilis G. Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.H.); (N.L.); (V.G.G.)
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester MP13 9PL, UK
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros G. Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou Campus, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), 15780 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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