101
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Fujishima M, Sugi T, Choki J, Yamaguchi T, Omae T. Cerebrospinal fluid and arterial lactate, pyruvate and acid-base balance in patients with intracranial hemorrhages. Stroke 1975; 6:707-14. [PMID: 1198637 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.6.6.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactate and pyruvate concentrations and acid-base balance in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and arterial blood were determined in patients with intracranial hemorrhages (28 subarachnoid hemorrhages and 15 intracerebral hemorrhages). A greater increase in CSF lactate and lactate-pyruvate ratio (L/P ratio) was observed in patients with impairment of consciousness, focal neurological deficits, poor prognosis, or CSF pressures higher than 300 mm H2O. A combination of CSF lactate greater than 2.5 mM per liter, L/P ration above 20, bicarbonate less than 20.4 mEq per liter, pH below 7.276, or arterial PCO2 below 31.5 mm Hg seems to indicate poor prognosis from intracranial hemorrhage. The mechanism of hyperventilation in acute cerebrovascular diseases and of CSF pH regulation in acid-base disturbances was also discussed.
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102
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Smith AL. Effect of anesthetics and oxygen deprivation on brain blood flow and metabolism. Surg Clin North Am 1975; 55:819-36. [PMID: 1101412 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)40684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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103
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Nilsson L, Kogure K, Busto R. Effects of hypothermia and hyperthermia on brain energy metabolism. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1975; 19:199-205. [PMID: 241193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1975.tb05241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The influence of elevated and reduced body temperatures upon the metabolic state of the brain was evaluated from the tissue concentrations of phosphocreatine (PCr) ATP, ADP and AMP and from the concentrations of glucose, lactate and pyruvate in immobilized and artificially ventilated rats anesthetized with 70% N2O. The results were compared to the results obtained in normothermic animals. It was found that rats with body temperatures of 32 degrees and 22 degrees C had the same brain tissue concentrations of high energy phosphates and the same adenylate energy charge as the controls, but hypothermia led to a progressive decrease of both cerebral and arterial lactate and pyruvate concentrations. A metabolic acidosis but no excess lactate appeared in the blood. At a body temperature of 42 degrees C, the metabolic pattern in the brain agreed with a state of hypoxia at a time when there was no sign of substrate depletion. Arterial blood showed excess lactate which may indicate an inadequacy of the oxygen supply also to other tissues.
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104
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Benzi G. An analysis of the drugs acting on cerebral energy metabolism. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1975; 25:251-61. [PMID: 241873 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.25.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The behaviour of (a) the redox potential of the lactate/pyruvate system and the changes of the redox potential of the lactate/pyruvate system across the brain; (b) the energy charge potential of the adenylate pool, was studied in the brain of curarized beagle dogs. The influence of certain drugs (amobarbital, nicergoline, theophylline, papaverine, bamethan, dipyridamole, bemegride) on these parameters was evaluated under control conditions, during hypoxemia and during post-hypoxiemic recovery. On the whole, the action on energetic metabolism appears to be unrelated to the action believed to be exerted by drugs on cerebral vessels.
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105
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Howse DC, Duffy TE. Control of the redox state of the pyridine nucleotides in the rat cerebral cortex. Effect of electroshock-induced seizures. J Neurochem 1975; 24:935-40. [PMID: 167127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb03658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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106
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Norberg K, Siesjö BK. Cerebral metabolism in hypoxic hypoxia. I. Pattern of activation of glycolysis: a re-evaluation. Brain Res 1975; 86:31-44. [PMID: 234773 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the pattern of activation of glycolysis in cerebral cortex during hypoxic hypoxia, lightly anesthetized rats were subjected to a lowering of arterial Po2 to about 25 mm Hg and brains were frozen in situ for metabolite analyses either 1, 2, 5, 15 or 30 min following the induction of hypoxia. The lactate and pyruvate concentrations increased progressively during the 30 min period of hypoxia. At 1 and 2 min there were decreases in G-6-P and F-6-P, and increases in FDP, DHAP and 3-PG, indicating activation of phosphofructokinase. At 5 min this pattern of changes was less pronounced and at 15 min it was absent in spite of the fact that the lactate and pyruvate concentrations were further increased. At 30 min F-6-P and F-6-P had further increased but the levels of DHAP, FDP and 3-PG were normal. Evidently, phosphofructokinase activation can only be detected in the early stages of hypoxia, i.e. when the maximal increase in glycolytic flux occurs and before there has been a corresponding activation of other rate-limiting enzymatic steps. Signs of activation of phosphofructokinase were observed in the absence of changes in tissue concentrations of ATP or AMP, with minimal elevation of NH4plus, and in spite of increased (or unchanged) levels of citrate. However, since there were small but significant increases in ADP at 1 and 2 min, and pH-independent decreases in phosphocreatine, the results indicate that hypoxia is accompanied by an initial imbalance between production and utilization of ATP. The metabolic consequences of this imbalance (decrease in phosphocreatine, increases in ADP and P1) may be at least partly responsible for activation of phosphofructokinase.
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107
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Norberg K, Siejö B. Cerebral metabolism in hypoxic hypoxia. II. Citric acid cycle intermediates and associated amino acids. Brain Res 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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108
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Borgström L, Jóhannsson H, Siesjö BK. The relationship between arterial po2 and cerebral blood flow in hypoxic hypoxia. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1975; 93:423-32. [PMID: 1146584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1975.tb05832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in hypoxic hypoxia was studied in artificially ventilated and normocapnic rats. Changes in CBF were evaluated from arteriovenous differences in oxygen content after 2, 5, 15 and 30 min exposure to PaO2 85, 75, 55, 45, 35, and 25 mm Hg. In separate experiments the PaO2 was decreased to 25 mm Hg for 1, 2, 5, 15 and 30 min in animals in which PaCO2 was allowed to fall by 5-10 mm Hg. There was a small, gradual increase in CBF when PaO2 was lowered in steps from 130 to 55 mm Hg, and a more pronounced increase at PO2 values below 50 mm Hg. At PaO2 25 mm Hg CBF increased to values of 500% of normal. Significant increased in CBF were recorded at PaO2 values of 85 and 75 mm Hg in spite of the fact that previous studies have failed to record an elevated tissue lactate content at these po2 levels, and in spite of an unchanged cerebral venous PO2. When the PaO2 was reduced to 25 mm Hg CBF increased markedly already at 1 and 2 min, and this increase in CBF occurred even if PaCO2 was allowed to fall by 5-10 mm Hg. Previous results have shown that in such short periods enough lactic acid is not formed to induce a net tissue acidosis. The results thus give no support to the hypothesis that cerebral hyperemia in hypoxia is coupled to accumulation of lactic acid in the tissue.
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109
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Jóhannsson H, Siesjö BK. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat in hypoxic hypoxia. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1975; 93:269-76. [PMID: 238358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1975.tb05815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRo(2)) at pronounced degrees of hypoxic hypoxia the Pao(2) of artificially ventilated and normocapnic rats was reduced to between 47 and 22 mm Hg for 15-25 min with subsequent measurements of CBF, using a -133Xenon modification of the Kety and Schmidt technique, and of the arteriovenous difference in oxygen content, the venous blood being obtained from the superior sagittal sinus. When the Pao(2) was reduced to minimal values of 22 mm Hg CBF increased 4- to 6-fold, the increase in CBF being unrelated to changes in blood pressure or Paco(2). The CMRo(2) remained unchanged at all levels of hypoxia. It is concluded that the maintenance of a normal, or near-normal, cerebral energy state even at extreme degrees of hypoxic hypoxia depends solely on a homeostatic increase in CBF.
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110
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Lewis LD, Ljunggren B, Norberg K, Siesjö BK. Changes in carbohydrate substrates, amino acids and ammonia in the brain during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. J Neurochem 1974; 23:659-71. [PMID: 4154353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb04389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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111
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Macmillan V, Salford LG, Siesjö BK. Metabolic state and blood flow in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brainstem in hypoxic hypoxia. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1974; 92:103-13. [PMID: 4414649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1974.tb05726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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112
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Salford LG, Siesjö BK. The influence of arterial hypoxia and unilateral carotid artery occlusion upon regional blood flow and metabolism in the rat brain. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1974; 92:130-41. [PMID: 4416312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1974.tb05729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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113
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114
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115
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116
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Bachelard HS, Lewis LD, Pontén U, Siesjö BK. Mechanisms activating glycolysis in the brain in arterial hypoxia. J Neurochem 1974; 22:395-401. [PMID: 4364341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb07605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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117
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Holmin T, Siesjö BK. Influence of hypoxia on cerebral energy state in rats with porta-caval anastomosis. J Neurochem 1974; 22:413-7. [PMID: 4829964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb07607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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118
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Gottfries CG, Kjällquist A, Pontén U, Roos BE, Sundbärg G. Cerebrospinal fluid pH and monoamine and glucolytic metabolites in Alzheimer's disease. Br J Psychiatry 1974; 124:280-7. [PMID: 4836896 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.124.3.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Determinations of acid monoamine metabolites, such as homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) give valid information on the metabolism of the corresponding amines in the brain tissue (Moir et al., 1970; Roos, 1970). The monoamine metabolites in the CSF are related to age. The concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA increase with age (Gottfries et al., 1971). Probenecid blocks the elimination of HVA and 5-HIAA from brain tissue to blood (Neff et al., 1964, 1967; Werdinius, 1966) and from CSF to blood (Guldberg et al., 1966; Olsson and Roos, 1968). Probenecid thus normally induces an increase in the concentrations of the acid monoamine metabolites in the CSF, which is related to the turnover of monoamines in the brain tissue.
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119
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Schmiedek P, Baethmann A, Sippel G, Oettinger W, Enzenbach R, Marguth F, Brendel W. Energy state and glycolysis in human cerebral edema. J Neurosurg 1974. [DOI: 10.3171/jns.1974.40.3.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
✓ A new freeze-stop device using a liquid nitrogen reservoir and an automatic biopsy mechanism has been developed, suitable for rapid, sterile, and standardized sampling of cerebral tissue in man. In animal experiments a 200 mg piece of cerebral cortex was cooled from a room temperature of 18°C to −40°C within 7 sec which is twice as fast as when it was immersed in liquid N2. The method was then applied to metabolic tissue studies of perifocal edematous cortex from patients undergoing neurosurgery for intracranial tumors. Energy-rich phosphate compounds or parameters of the energy state were found to be less affected in this type of brain edema than the glycolytic activity which was markedly enhanced, indicated by lactic and pyruvic acid determinations. The tissue water content correlated closely with the lactic acid concentration, and very little with measurements of the energy state such as the energy charge potential or the adenosinetriphosphate-adenosinediphosphate (ATP/ADP) ratio. It is suggested that in perifocal brain edema increased levels of lactic acid are associated with mechanisms leading to an increased water uptake.
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120
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Abstract
We have found that anesthetic technique modifies the neurological and pathological sequelae of unilateral middle cerebral artery and internal carotid artery occlusion in dogs. Occlusion was performed in seven groups of six dogs during each of the following anesthetic regimens: light (0.8%) halothane, "awake," deep (1.9%) halothane, deep halothane with mean arterial pressure reduced to 55 torr, pentobarbital (56 mg per kilogram), light halothane plus 40 mg per kilogram thiopental begun just before cerebral artery occlusion, and light halothane plus 40 mg per kilogram thiopental begun 15 minutes after occlusion. Body temperature, arterial P
co
co
2
P
o
o
2
pH, and blood pressure (except as noted above) were maintained normal. Neurological examinations were performed daily. On the seventh day the dogs were killed and their brains removed for pathological study. Hemiparesis occurred in five of six dogs under light halothane and five of six awake dogs; a mean of 10.8% and 9.6%, respectively, of their right hemispheres were infarcted. In the deep halothane groups, all of the normotensive and five of the six hypotensive dogs became severely hemiplegic; mean infarction size was 28.2% and 34.1%, respectively. Only one of the 18 dogs who received a barbiturate sustained a neurological deficit -- a transient unilateral weakness. Means of 1.4%, 2.7%, and 0.1% of the right hemisphere were infarcted in the barbiturate animals. The protective action of barbiturates in canine acute focal cerebral ischemia suggests that they should be considered for anesthesia in surgery requiring cerebral vessel occlusion and perhaps even for treatment of acute stroke.
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121
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Johannsson H, Siesjö BK. Blood flow and oxygen consumption of the rat brain in profound hypoxia. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1974; 90:281-2. [PMID: 4814540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1974.tb05588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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122
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Nilsson L, Busto R. Controlled hyperventilation and its effect on brain energy and acid-base parameters. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1973; 17:243-52. [PMID: 4774048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1973.tb00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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123
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Hausdörfer J, Heller W, Junger H, Oldenkott P, Stolz C. Changes of metabolism detected after head injury in patients and rats. Resuscitation 1973; 2:261-73. [PMID: 4793523 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9572(73)90031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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124
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Pontén U, Ratcheson RA, Salford LG, Siesjö BK. Optimal freezing conditions for cerebral metabolites in rats. J Neurochem 1973; 21:1127-38. [PMID: 4761701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb07567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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125
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Davis JN, Carlsson A, MacMillan V, Siesjö BK. Brain tryptophan hydroxylation: dependence on arterial oxygen tension. Science 1973; 182:72-4. [PMID: 4542339 DOI: 10.1126/science.182.4107.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptophan after decarboxylase inhibition was decreased in rats maintained at arterial O(2) tensions below 60 mm-Hg. In contrast, brain lactate was stable above 40 mm-Hg and brain adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine monophosphate were unchanged above 30 mm-Hg. There was a linear correlation of brain 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulation to cerebral venous O(2) tension. Cerebral tryptophan hydroxylase appears to have a poor affinity for oxygen and to be affected by slight hypoxia. The resultant decreases in monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism may explain the behavioral changes of mild oxygen deprivation.
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126
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Lewis LD, Pontén U, Siesjö BK. Homeostatic regulation of brain energy metabolism in hypoxia. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1973; 88:284-6. [PMID: 4764185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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127
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Benzi G, Arrigoni E, Manzo L, De Bernardi M, Ferrara A, Panceri P, Berte F. Estimation of changes induced by drugs in cerebral energy-coupling processes in situ in the dog. J Pharm Sci 1973; 62:758-64. [PMID: 4145186 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600620511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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128
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Lai FM, Miller AT. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial NAD + -NADH 2 ratios in rat brain and liver: effect of hypoxia. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 44:829-35. [PMID: 4350964 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(73)90232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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129
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Miller AT, Lai FM. Brain and liver intracellular compartmental redox states in hypoxia, hypocapnia and hypercapnia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1973; 33:353-61. [PMID: 4152799 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3228-2_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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130
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Eklöf B, Siesjö BK. The effect of bilateral carotid artery ligation upon acid-base parameters and substrate levels in the rat brain. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1972; 86:528-38. [PMID: 4640289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1972.tb05354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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131
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Eklöf B, MacMillan V, Siesjö BK. Cerebral energy state and cerebral venous PO 2 in experimental hypotension caused by bleeding. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1972; 86:515-27. [PMID: 4640288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1972.tb05353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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132
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Yatsu FM, Diamond I, Graziano C, Lindquist P. Experimental brain ischemia: protection from irreversible damage with a rapid-acting barbiturate (methohexital). Stroke 1972; 3:726-32. [PMID: 4639103 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.3.6.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Experimental brain ischemia was produced in rabbits by coupling systemic hypotension and hypoxia. The animals were paralyzed with succinylcholine and ventilated mechanically. Durally implanted electrodes were used to monitor the severity of ischemia. Five minutes of an isoelectric EEG produced irreversible brain damage in most of the rabbits. Four rabbits receiving the rapid-acting barbiturate, methohexital, in the dosage of 5 mg/kg at the onset of the isoelectric EEG showed complete protection from detectable ischemic damage and recovered dramatically. It is suggested that suppression of brain metabolism with barbiturates during cerebral ischemia is worthy of clinical assessment.
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133
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MacMillan V, Siesjö BK. The effect of hypercapnia upon the energy metabolism of the brain during arterial hypoxemia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972; 30:237-44. [PMID: 4640632 DOI: 10.3109/00365517209084285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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134
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MacMillan V, Siesjö BK. Intracellular pH of the brain in arterial hypoxemia, evaluated with the CO 2 method and from the creatine phosphokinase equilibrium. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1972; 30:117-25. [PMID: 4640620 DOI: 10.3109/00365517209081100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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135
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136
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Eklöf B, Siesjö BK. The effect of bilateral carotid artery ligation upon the blood flow and the energy state of the rat brain. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1972; 86:155-65. [PMID: 4640167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1972.tb05322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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137
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Svenningsen NW, Siesjö BK. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate-pyruvate ratio in normal and asphyxiated neonates. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1972; 61:117-24. [PMID: 5010524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1972.tb15913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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138
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Dittmann J, Herrmann HD, Loew F. Examination of the metabolism of oedematous brain tissue. 3. The influence of oxygen concentration on the respiration and aerobic glycolysis of normal and oedematous rabbit brain in vitro. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1972; 27:63-85. [PMID: 4658833 DOI: 10.1007/bf01402174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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139
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MacMillan V, Siesjö BK. The effect of arterial hypoxemia upon acid-base parameters in arterial blood and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of the rat. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1971; 83:454-62. [PMID: 5160128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1971.tb05103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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140
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Siesjö BK, Plum F. Cerebral energy metabolism in normoxia and in hypoxia. ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1971; 45:81-101. [PMID: 4945087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1971.tb00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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141
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MacMillan V. Critical oxygen tensions in the brain. ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1971; 45:102-9. [PMID: 4400364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1971.tb00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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142
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Hindfelt B, Siesjö BK. Cerebral effects of acute ammonia intoxication. I. The influence on intracellular and extracellular acid-base parameters. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1971; 28:353-64. [PMID: 5135104 DOI: 10.3109/00365517109095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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143
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Hindfelt B, Siesjö BK. Cerebral effects of acute ammonia intoxication. II. The effect upon energy metabolism. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1971; 28:365-74. [PMID: 4332525 DOI: 10.3109/00365517109095711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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