101
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Taipale J, Saharinen J, Keski-Oja J. Extracellular matrix-associated transforming growth factor-beta: role in cancer cell growth and invasion. Adv Cancer Res 1998; 75:87-134. [PMID: 9709808 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family inhibit the proliferation of epithelial, endothelial, and hematopoietic cells, and stimulate the synthesis of extracellular matrix components. TGF-beta s are secreted from cells in high-molecular-mass protein complexes that are composed of three proteins, the mature TGF-beta-dimer, the TGF-beta propeptide dimer, or latency-associated protein (LAP), and the latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP). Mature TGF-beta is cleaved from its propeptide during secretion, but the proteins remain associated by noncovalent interactions. LTBP is required for efficient secretion and processing of latent TGF-beta and it binds to LAP via disulfide bond(s). LTBP is a component of extracellular matrix microfibrils, and it targets the latent TGF-beta complex to the extracellular matrix. TGF-beta signaling is initiated by proteolytic cleavage of LTBP that results in the release of the latent TGF-beta complex from the extracellular matrix. TGF-beta is activated by dissociation of LAP from the mature TGF-beta. Subsequent signaling involves binding of active TGF-beta to its type II cell surface receptors, which phosphorylate and activate type I TGF-beta receptors. Type I receptors, in turn, phosphorylate cytoplasmic transcriptional activator proteins Smad2 and Smad3, inducing their translocation to the nucleus. Recent evidence suggests that acquisition of resistance to TGF-beta growth inhibition plays a major role in the progression of epithelial and hematopoietic cell malignancies. The role of secretion of TGF-beta in tumorigenesis is more complex. The secretion of TGF-beta s by tumor cells may contribute to autocrine growth inhibition, but on the other hand, it may also promote invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and even immunosuppression. Tumor cells may also fail to deposit LTBP:TGF-beta complexes to the extracellular matrix. The elucidation of the mechanisms of the release of TGF-beta from the matrix and its subsequent activation aids the understanding of the pathophysiologic roles of TGF-beta in malignant growth, and allows the development of therapeutic agents that regulate the activity of TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Taipale
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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102
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Tomita H, Egashira K, Ohara Y, Takemoto M, Koyanagi M, Katoh M, Yamamoto H, Tamaki K, Shimokawa H, Takeshita A. Early induction of transforming growth factor-beta via angiotensin II type 1 receptors contributes to cardiac fibrosis induced by long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Hypertension 1998; 32:273-9. [PMID: 9719054 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.32.2.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis increases cardiac tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme expression and causes cardiac fibrosis in rats. However, the mechanisms are not known. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a key molecule that is responsible for tissue fibrosis. The present study investigated the role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. The development of cardiac fibrosis by oral administration of the NO synthesis inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to normal rats was preceded by increases in mRNA levels of cardiac TGF-beta1 and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. TGF-beta immunoreactivity was increased in the areas of fibrosis. Treatment with a specific angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, but not with hydralazine, completely prevented the L-NAME-induced increases in the gene expression of TGF-beta1 and ECM proteins and also prevented cardiac fibrosis. Intraperitoneal injection of neutralizing antibody against TGF-beta did not affect the L-NAME-induced increase in TGF-beta1 mRNA levels but prevented an increase in the mRNA levels of ECM protein. These results suggest that the early induction of TGF-beta1 via the angiotensin II type 1 receptor plays a major role in the development of cardiac fibrosis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tomita
- Research Institute of Angiocardiology and the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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103
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Abstract
Regulation of developmental processes as well as host defense and repair mechanisms requires the maintenance of a delicate balance of positive and negative regulatory signals. TGF-beta, a molecule known for its many diverse activities, can promote or inhibit cell growth and function. Disruption of the balance between these opposing activities can contribute to aberrant development, malignancy, or pathogenic immune and inflammatory responses. TGF-beta transgenic mouse studies highlight the essential function(s) of TGF-beta and its receptors and provide insight to potential therapeutic approaches to manipulate TGF-beta expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L McCartney-Francis
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4352, USA
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104
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105
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Hori Y, Katoh T, Hirakata M, Joki N, Kaname S, Fukagawa M, Okuda T, Ohashi H, Fujita T, Miyazono K, Kurokawa K. Anti-latent TGF-beta binding protein-1 antibody or synthetic oligopeptides inhibit extracellular matrix expression induced by stretch in cultured rat mesangial cells. Kidney Int 1998; 53:1616-25. [PMID: 9607192 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is usually secreted as a large latent complex associated with latent TGF-beta binding protein-1 (LTBP-1), which is known to bind to extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Although the LTBP-ECM interaction has been suggested to play a role in the activation and biological action of TGF-beta, the precise mechanism is still unclear. In glomerular hypertension mesangial cells are believed to perceive the increased cyclic strain and we have recently reported that cyclic mechanical stretch in vitro enhances the expression of ECM components via an autocrine/paracrine secretion of TGF-beta in cultured rat mesangial cells. Therefore, in this study we examined the role of LTBP-1 in the stretch-induced, TGF-beta-mediated ECM expression. Mesangial cells expressed mRNA for short and long forms of LTBP-1 (LTBP-1S and LTBP-1L, respectively). Mesangial cells were subjected to cyclic stretch to provide a maximal elongation of 20% at a rate of 60 cycles/min for 24 to 36 hours in the presence of polyclonal antibody raised against human LTBP-1 or synthetic oligopeptides corresponding to the N-terminal portions of human LTBP-1, which may work as competitive inhibitors against the LTBP-ECM association. Both anti-LTBP-1 antibody (Ab39) and synthetic oligopeptides inhibited the stretch-induced mRNA expression of type I collagen and fibronectin in a dose-dependent manner, but the inhibition by Ab39 or the oligopeptides was recovered by adding recombinant TGF-beta. Ab39 or the oligopeptides did not change the effect of exogenously added TGF-beta, such as growth-inhibition in mink lung epithelial cells. These results suggest that mesangial cells secrete TGF-beta as a large latent complex, and the LTBP-ECM interaction may be a pivotal step in TGF-beta action and ECM accumulation, providing a new therapeutic strategy against progression of glomerulosclerosis and other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hori
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Japan
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106
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Kanzaki T, Shiina R, Saito Y, Oohashi H, Morisaki N. Role of latent TGF-beta 1 binding protein in vascular remodeling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 246:26-30. [PMID: 9600062 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is secreted as a latent, high molecular weight complex, which is composed of TGF-beta, a latency associated peptide (LAP) and a latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP). In this study, we report on the role of LTBP in vascular remodeling. 0.01-5 ng/ml of LTBP stimulated the migration activities of cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC) about 4-7 fold compared with control in vitro. The maximal activity of SMC migration by LTBP was 75% of that by 10 ng/ml of PDGF-BB. A checker board analysis showed that the migration by LTBP was chemotactic, not chemokinetic. By cross-linking experiment, LTBP associated with 80-120 kd cell surface protein of SMC, suggesting that a part of LTBP can bind with SMC. Furthermore, LTBP was more strongly expressed in the intimal layer than in the medial layer of BCI artery. These results suggest that LTBP plays an important role in the initial stage of arterial intimal thickening through the acceleration of SMC migration from the medial to intimal layer and is one of the essential factors influencing vascular remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Artery Injuries
- Carotid Artery, Common/metabolism
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/pharmacology
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Catheterization/adverse effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Chemotaxis/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanzaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.
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107
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Chen Y, Riese MJ, Killinger MA, Hoffmann FM. A genetic screen for modifiers of Drosophila decapentaplegic signaling identifies mutations in punt, Mothers against dpp and the BMP-7 homologue, 60A. Development 1998; 125:1759-68. [PMID: 9521913 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.9.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
decapentaplegic (dpp) is a Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta)-related growth factor that controls multiple developmental processes in Drosophila. To identify components involved in dpp signaling, we carried out a genetic screen for dominant enhancer mutations of a hypomorphic allele of thick veins (tkv), a type I receptor for dpp. We recovered new alleles of tkv, punt, Mothers against dpp (Mad) and Medea (Med), all of which are known to mediate dpp signaling. We also recovered mutations in the 60A gene which encodes another TGF-beta-related factor in Drosophila. DNA sequence analysis established that all three 60A alleles were nonsense mutations in the prodomain of the 60A polypeptide. These mutations in 60A caused defects in midgut morphogenesis and fat body differentiation. We present evidence that when dpp signaling is compromised, lowering the level of 60A impairs several dpp-dependent developmental processes examined, including the patterning of the visceral mesoderm, the embryonic ectoderm and the imaginal discs. These results provide the first in vivo evidence for the involvement of 60A in the dpp pathway. We propose that 60A activity is required to maintain optimal signaling capacity of the dpp pathway, possibly by forming biologically active heterodimers with Dpp proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Medical School, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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108
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Coleman C, Tuan TL, Buckley S, Anderson KD, Warburton D. Contractility, transforming growth factor-beta, and plasmin in fetal skin fibroblasts: role in scarless wound healing. Pediatr Res 1998; 43:403-9. [PMID: 9505281 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199803000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The early fetus responds to cutaneous wounds in a fundamentally different way from the adult; fetal wounds heal without scars. Wound contraction is a vital component of wound healing. The cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta promotes wound contraction and can be activated by the serine protease plasmin. Herein, we explored whether murine skin fibroblast contractile properties, TGF-beta, and plasmin formation are developmentally regulated. Our results showed that early fetal mouse embryonic day 15 skin fibroblasts contracted a collagen gel less, secreted less active and total TGF-beta, and generated less plasmin than either late fetal (embryonic day 17) or adult skin fibroblasts. Furthermore, there was a slight positive correlation between the formation of plasmin and the level of activation of TGF-beta. We conclude that early fetal mouse skin fibroblasts contract a collagen gel and secrete and activate TGF-beta to a lesser extent than do late fetal and adult skin fibroblasts. We speculate that the fetal skin fibroblast undergoes a developmental transition that causes wounds in mouse to contract at or after embryonic day 17. Further, this developmental transition is influenced by growth factor-fibroblast interactions and coincides with the emergence of the skin fibroblast's ability to generate plasmin and activate TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coleman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Research Institute, California 90027, USA
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109
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Ceol M, Vianello D, Baggio B, Meani A, Schleicher E, Anglani F, Gambaro G. Intracellular processing of transforming growth factor-beta in mesangial cells. Ren Fail 1998; 20:361-9. [PMID: 9574464 DOI: 10.3109/08860229809045123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a multifunctional regulator of cell-growth, differentiation and extracellular matrix formation in several physiological conditions. It plays a crucial role in the process of glomerulosclerosis. Mature TGF-beta 1 is secreted as a latent form associated with the latency associated peptide (LAP), and its activation occurs through the LAP cleavage. The intracellular localization and the mechanisms of activation of TGF-beta 1 protein have not been elucidated in the mesangial cell. In the present report we examined the intracellular processing from TGF-beta 1 precursor to the latent-TGF-beta 1 in cultured mesangial cells by immunocytochemistry, using three rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of human TGF-beta 1. The anti-LAP-TGF-beta 1 precursor Ab stained mesangial cells in the perinuclear region and in the cytoplasm in the area corresponding to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; the anti-COOH-terminal fragment of TGF-beta 1 Ab reacted in the same area, in vesicular structures located in the cytoplasm and furthermore, in the mesangial cell clusters, so-called hillocks, with an extracellular pattern; the anti-NH2-terminal fragment of TGF-beta 1 Ab stained only large exocytotic vesicles at the periphery of the cytoplasma. Our investigations suggest a conformational rearrangement of pro-TGF-beta 1 molecule occurring between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the TGF-beta 1 secretion and support the idea that in mesangial cells the activation of TGF-beta 1 occurs during the secretion process. In conclusion, the processing of TGF-beta 1 in mesangial cells seems to be similar to that one observed in other mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ceol
- Institute of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
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110
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family of growth factors control the development and homeostasis of most tissues in metazoan organisms. Work over the past few years has led to the elucidation of a TGF-beta signal transduction network. This network involves receptor serine/threonine kinases at the cell surface and their substrates, the SMAD proteins, which move into the nucleus, where they activate target gene transcription in association with DNA-binding partners. Distinct repertoires of receptors, SMAD proteins, and DNA-binding partners seemingly underlie, in a cell-specific manner, the multifunctional nature of TGF-beta and related factors. Mutations in these pathways are the cause of various forms of human cancer and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Massagué
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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111
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van der Wal BC, Hofland LJ, Marquet RL, van Koetsveld PM, van Rossen ME, van Eijck CH. Paracrine interactions between mesothelial and colon-carcinoma cells in a rat model. Int J Cancer 1997; 73:885-90. [PMID: 9399671 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971210)73:6<885::aid-ijc21>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study used a co-culture system with Transwell tissue-culture inserts to investigate the role of primary cultures of rat peritoneal mesothelial cells on the proliferation of rat colon-carcinoma cells (CC531 cells). Mesothelial cells significantly inhibited the growth of CC531 cells, while, conversely, CC531 cells stimulated the growth of mesothelial cells. Receptor-binding studies demonstrated the presence of high-affinity IGF-I receptors on the mesothelial and CC531 cells. Both cell types also produced IGF-I, as measured by radioimmunoassay. IGF-I stimulated DNA synthesis in mesothelial cells, but had no effect on the growth of CC531 cells. In co-culture, it was found that IGF-I potentiated the inhibitory effect of mesothelial cells on CC531 cells. The effect of IGF-I on mesothelial-cell proliferation was additive to the stimulatory effect of CC531 cells. TGF-beta had no effect on the growth of the CC531 cells, suggesting that this growth (-inhibitory) factor is not involved in the inhibitory effect of mesothelial cells on CC531 cell growth. The study provides evidence for the existence of a paracrine loop between mesothelial and colon-carcinoma cells, giving more insight into the basic cellular mechanisms that may modulate the growth of intraperitoneal colon carcinoma. Inhibition of CC531-cell proliferation by rat mesothelial cells might explain the earlier finding that tumour cells grow poorly in a surgically uncompromised abdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C van der Wal
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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112
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Bootcov MR, Bauskin AR, Valenzuela SM, Moore AG, Bansal M, He XY, Zhang HP, Donnellan M, Mahler S, Pryor K, Walsh BJ, Nicholson RC, Fairlie WD, Por SB, Robbins JM, Breit SN. MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:11514-9. [PMID: 9326641 PMCID: PMC23523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.21.11514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 880] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a key role in both normal and pathological processes involving immune and inflammatory responses, to a large extent through their capacity to secrete a wide range of biologically active molecules. To identify some of these as yet not characterized molecules, we have used a subtraction cloning approach designed to identify genes expressed in association with macrophage activation. One of these genes, designated macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1), encodes a protein that bears the structural characteristics of a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily cytokine. Although it belongs to this superfamily, it has no strong homology to existing families, indicating that it is a divergent member that may represent the first of a new family within this grouping. Expression of MIC-1 mRNA in monocytoid cells is up-regulated by a variety of stimuli associated with activation, including interleukin 1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 2, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor but not interferon gamma, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Its expression is also increased by TGF-beta. Expression of MIC-1 in CHO cells results in the proteolytic cleavage of the propeptide and secretion of a cysteine-rich dimeric protein of Mr 25 kDa. Purified recombinant MIC-1 is able to inhibit lipopolysaccharide -induced macrophage TNF-alpha production, suggesting that MIC-1 acts in macrophages as an autocrine regulatory molecule. Its production in response to secreted proinflammatory cytokines and TGF-beta may serve to limit the later phases of macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Bootcov
- Centre for Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, and University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010, Australia
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113
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Pratsinis H, Kletsas D, Stathakos D. Autocrine growth regulation in fetal and adult human fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 237:348-53. [PMID: 9268714 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Medium conditioned (CM) by human fetal fibroblasts stimulates proliferation in sparse cultures. This effect is inhibited by suramin and staurosporine, indicating the presence of autocrine growth factors in CM. On the contrary, CM inhibits DNA synthesis in confluent cultures, suggesting a regulatory role for the secreted factors. The growth regulatory profile of CM persists during in vitro ageing. However, it changes dramatically during the fetal-to-adult transition, as adult human fibroblasts are stimulated by CM, regardless of the culture density. These effects are similar to those that TGF-beta is known to have on fetal and adult human fibroblasts. Indeed TGF-beta is present in media conditioned by human fibroblasts, but CM-activity cannot be ascribed solely to this factor. Fibroblasts originating from different tissues exhibit the same autocrine regulatory features, suggesting the general character of this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pratsinis
- Institute of Biology, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, 153 10, Greece
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114
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Gnessi L, Fabbri A, Spera G. Gonadal peptides as mediators of development and functional control of the testis: an integrated system with hormones and local environment. Endocr Rev 1997; 18:541-609. [PMID: 9267764 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.18.4.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Gnessi
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
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115
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Chamberlain CG, McAvoy JW. Fibre differentiation and polarity in the mammalian lens: a key role for FGF. Prog Retin Eye Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-9462(96)00034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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116
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Olofsson A, Hellman U, Ten Dijke P, Grimsby S, Ichijo H, Morén A, Miyazono K, Heldin CH. Latent transforming growth factor-beta complex in Chinese hamster ovary cells contains the multifunctional cysteine-rich fibroblast growth factor receptor, also termed E-selectin-ligand or MG-160. Biochem J 1997; 324 ( Pt 2):427-34. [PMID: 9182700 PMCID: PMC1218448 DOI: 10.1042/bj3240427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is secreted as latent high molecular mass complexes from producer cells. The N-terminal precursor remnant, also called latency-associated peptide (LAP), forms a non-covalently linked complex with TGF-beta and confers the latency to TGF-beta. In human platelets and certain other cell types, latent TGF-beta binding protein-1 (LTBP-1) is disulphide-linked to LAP, and forms complexes of more than 230 kDa. In addition, LTBP-2 and -3, which are structurally similar to LTBP-1, can be part of latent TGF-beta complexes. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the TGF-beta1 cDNA, a major part of the latent TGF-beta secreted into the medium is a 100-kDa small latent complex containing TGF-beta and LAP. In addition, we found two other forms of latent TGF-beta complexes, i.e. a 220-kDa complex containing LTBP-1, and a 220-kDa complex containing a 140-kDa protein. Purification of the 140-kDa component, termed latent TGF-beta complexed protein-1 (LTCP-1), followed by amino acid sequencing and cDNA cloning from a CHO cell cDNA library, revealed that it is a hamster counterpart of a previously identified, multifunctional protein known as chicken cysteine-rich fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor, mouse E-selectin-ligand and rat MG-160 (a 160-kDa membrane sialoglycoprotein of the Golgi apparatus). Immunoprecipitation of LTCP-1 and TGF-beta1 from CHO cells stably transfected with TGF-beta1 precursor cDNA revealed that the expressed protein forms a complex with LAP, and that a major part of the complex is secreted. Northern blot analysis showed that mRNA for LTCP-1 was expressed in large amounts in testis, ovary and placenta, but less abundantly in other tissues. These results suggest that TGF-beta, produced in certain cell types, may form a complex with LTCP-1, which may have different properties compared with other latent TGF-beta complexes. It remains to be investigated whether the complex formation between LTCP-1 and TGF-beta1 also occurs in other cells, whether the association between them occurs in the Golgi complex, and whether it affects the interaction of LTCP-1 with FGF or E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olofsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Box 595, Biomedical Center, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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117
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Tiggelman AM, Linthorst C, Boers W, Brand HS, Chamuleau RA. Transforming growth factor-beta-induced collagen synthesis by human liver myofibroblasts is inhibited by alpha2-macroglobulin. J Hepatol 1997; 26:1220-8. [PMID: 9210607 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(97)80455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) plays a central role in the stimulation of matrix production during liver fibrosis. The action of TGFbeta in different systems has been shown to be influenced by alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M), a serum protein with strong protease-scavenging and cytokine-binding properties. AIMS In the present study, alpha2M derived from normal human plasma has been tested for its ability to modulate the TGFbeta-induced collagen production by human liver fat-storing cells (FSC), which had transformed into alpha-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts in culture. METHODS Alpha2M has been tested after activation with methylamine (alpha2M-Me), an in vitro equivalent of protease activated alpha2M. The binding of 125I-TGFbeta1 to activated forms of alpha2M was demonstrated by rate electrophoresis. Collagen synthesis was examined in human liver myofibroblast cultures obtained from three different human livers by incorporation of 3H-proline into TCA-precipitable, specific collagenase degradable proteins. Uptake of alpha2M was studied by means of immunofluorescence. RESULTS TGFbeta (1 ng/ml) significantly stimulated collagen synthesis of controls in the absence of TGFbeta. Alpha2M-Me reduced this TGFbeta-induced collagen synthesis dose-dependently, reaching significant inhibition from 10 microg/ml alpha2M-Me onward. Upon addition of 100 microg/ml alpha2M-Me the effect of TGFbeta was reduced by 60% to 128+/-31% (mean+/-SD) of control values in the absence of TGFbeta. Human liver myofibroblasts endocytosed alpha2M-Me added to the cultures as detected by immunofluorescence. Accordingly, reduction of TGFbeta-activity by alpha2M-Me may be explained by receptor-mediated clearance of alpha2M-TGFbeta complexes by the cells. CONCLUSIONS TGFbeta-induced collagen formation by human liver myofibroblasts obtained from three different livers is reduced in vitro by activated alpha2M. From these results, we hypothesize that alpha2M may have an antifibrogenic effect in vivo by interference with TGFbeta-induced matrix synthesis during liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tiggelman
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, J van Gool Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, The Netherlands
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118
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Nunes I, Gleizes PE, Metz CN, Rifkin DB. Latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein domains involved in activation and transglutaminase-dependent cross-linking of latent transforming growth factor-beta. J Cell Biol 1997; 136:1151-63. [PMID: 9060478 PMCID: PMC2132473 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.136.5.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/1996] [Revised: 12/12/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is secreted by many cell types as part of a large latent complex composed of three subunits: TGF-beta, the TGF-beta propeptide, and the latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP). To interact with its cell surface receptors, TGF-beta must be released from the latent complex by disrupting noncovalent interactions between mature TGF-beta and its propeptide. Previously, we identified LTBP-1 and transglutaminase, a cross-linking enzyme, as reactants involved in the formation of TGF-beta. In this study, we demonstrate that LTBP-1 and large latent complex are substrates for transglutaminase. Furthermore, we show that the covalent association between LTBP-1 and the extracellular matrix is transglutaminase dependent, as little LTBP-1 is recovered from matrix digests prepared from cultures treated with transglutaminase inhibitors. Three polyclonal antisera to glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins containing amino, middle, or carboxyl regions of LTBP-1S were used to identify domains of LTBP-1 involved in cross-linking and formation of TGF-beta by transglutaminase. Antibodies to the amino and carboxyl regions of LTBP-1S abrogate TGF-beta generation by vascular cell cocultures or macrophages. However, only antibodies to the amino-terminal region of LTBP-1 block transglutaminase-dependent cross-linking of large latent complex or LTBP-1. To further identify transglutaminase-reactive domains within the amino-terminal region of LTBP-1S, mutants of LTBP-1S with deletions of either the amino-terminal 293 (deltaN293) or 441 (deltaN441) amino acids were expressed transiently in CHO cells. Analysis of the LTBP-1S content in matrices of transfected CHO cultures revealed that deltaN293 LTBP-1S was matrix associated via a transglutaminase-dependent reaction, whereas deltaN441 LTBP-1S was not. This suggests that residues 294-441 are critical to the transglutaminase reactivity of LTBP-1S.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nunes
- Department of Cell Biology, Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
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119
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Pepper MS. Transforming growth factor-beta: vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and vessel wall integrity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1997; 8:21-43. [PMID: 9174661 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(96)00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have recently revealed a role for transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta 1) and its receptors (TGF-beta Rs I and II as well as endoglin) in embryonic vascular assembly and in the establishment and maintenance of vessel wall integrity. The purpose of this review is threefold: first, to reassess previous studies on TGF-beta and endothelium in the light of these recent findings; second, to describe some of the well-established as well as controversial issues concerning TGF-beta and its regulatory role in angiogenesis; and third, to explore the notion of "context' with respect to TGF-beta and endothelial cell function. Although the focus of this review will be on the endothelium, other vascular wall cells are also likely to be important in the pathogenesis of the vascular lesions revealed by genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pepper
- Department of Morphology, University of Geneva Medical Center, Switzerland.
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120
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Nakajima Y, Miyazono K, Kato M, Takase M, Yamagishi T, Nakamura H. Extracellular fibrillar structure of latent TGF beta binding protein-1: role in TGF beta-dependent endothelial-mesenchymal transformation during endocardial cushion tissue formation in mouse embryonic heart. J Cell Biol 1997; 136:193-204. [PMID: 9008713 PMCID: PMC2132455 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.136.1.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) is a dimeric peptide growth factor which regulates cellular differentiation and proliferation during development. Most cells secrete TGF beta as a large latent TGF beta complex containing mature TGF beta, latency associated peptide, and latent TGF beta-binding protein (LTBP)-1. The biological role of LTBP-1 in development remains unclear. Using a polyclonal antiserum specific for LTBP-1 (Ab39) and three-dimensional collagen gel culture assay of embryonic heart, we examined the tissue distribution of LTBP-1 and its functional role during the formation of endocardial cushion tissue in the mouse embryonic heart. Mature TGF beta protein was required at the onset of the endothelial-mesenchymal transformation to initiate endocardial cushion tissue formation. Double antibody staining showed that LTBP-1 colocalized with TGF beta 1 as an extracellular fibrillar structure surrounding the endocardial cushion mesenchymal cells. Immunogold electronmicroscopy showed that LTBP-1 localized to 40-100 nm extracellular fibrillar structure and 5-10-nm microfibrils. The anti-LTBP-1 antiserum (Ab39) inhibited the endothelial-mesenchymal transformation in atrio-ventricular endocardial cells cocultured with associated myocardium on a three-dimensional collagen gel lattice. This inhibitory effect was reversed by administration of mature TGF beta proteins in culture. These results suggest that LTBP-1 exists as an extracellular fibrillar structure and plays a role in the storage of TGF beta as a large latent TGF beta complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Saitama Medical School, Japan
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121
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Clark RA, McCoy GA, Folkvord JM, McPherson JM. TGF-β1 stimulates cultured human fibroblasts to proliferate and produce tissue-like fibroplasia: A fibronectin matrix-dependent event. J Cell Physiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199701)170:1%3c69::aid-jcp8%3e3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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122
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Clark RA, McCoy GA, Folkvord JM, McPherson JM. TGF-beta 1 stimulates cultured human fibroblasts to proliferate and produce tissue-like fibroplasia: a fibronectin matrix-dependent event. J Cell Physiol 1997; 170:69-80. [PMID: 9012786 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199701)170:1<69::aid-jcp8>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During wound repair, fibroblasts accumulate in the injured area until any defect is filled with stratified layers of cells and matrix. Such fibroplasia also occurs in many fibrotic disorders. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a promotor of granulation tissue in vivo and extracellular matrix production in vitro, is expressed during the active fibroplasia of wound healing and fibroproliferative diseases. Under usual tissue culture conditions, normal fibroblasts grow to confluence and then cease proliferation. In this study, culture conditions with TGF-beta 1 have been delineated that promote human fibroblasts to grow in stratified layers mimicking in vivo fibroplasia. When medium supplemented with serum, ascorbate, proline, and TGF-beta was added thrice weekly to normal human dermal fibroblasts, the cells proliferated and stratified up to 16 cell layers thick within the culture dish, producing a tissue-like fibroplasia. TGF-beta stimulated both DNA synthesis as measured by 3H-thymidine uptake and cell proliferation as measured by a Hoechst dye DNA assay in these postconfluent cultures. The stratification was dependent on fibronectin assembly, as demonstrated by anti-fibronectin antibodies which inhibited both basal and TGF-beta-stimulated cell proliferation and stratification. Suppression of collagen matrix assembly in cell layers with beta-amino-proprionitrile (BAPN) did not inhibit basal or TGF-beta stimulated in vitro fibroplasia. BAPN did not interfere with fibronectin matrix assembly as judged by immunofluorescence microscopy. Thus, in concert with serum factors, TGF-beta stimulates postconfluent, fibronectin matrix-dependent, fibroblast growth creating a fibroplasia-like tissue in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Clark
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-8165, USA
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123
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Yu W, Heim K, Qian M, Simmons-Menchaca M, Sanders BG, Kline K. Evidence for role of transforming growth factor-beta in RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate-induced apoptosis of human MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 1997; 27:267-78. [PMID: 9101557 DOI: 10.1080/01635589709514537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells treated with 10 micrograms/ml of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate (vitamin E succinate, VES) for one, two, three, and four days exhibit 9%, 19%, 51%, and 73% apoptotic cells, respectively. Likewise, cells cultured for one, two, and three days with conditioned media (CM) obtained from MDA-MB-435 cells treated with VES exhibit 10%, 36%, and 74% apoptosis, respectively. A quantitative luciferase-based assay showed CM from VES-treated cells collected at 24 and 48 hours after treatment initiation to contain 75 and 32 pg of active transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), respectively, per 10(6) cells. Although purified TGF-beta 1 is not an effective apoptotic agent for MDA-MD-435 cells, cotreatment of the cells for three days with suboptimal levels of VES (2.5 and 5 micrograms/ml) + 10 ng/ml of purified TGF-beta 1 enhanced apoptosis by 66% and 68%, respectively. Interference of the TGF-beta-signaling pathway by transient transfection of MDA-MB-435 cells with antisense oligomers to TGF-beta type II receptor (TGF-beta R-II) blocked VES-induced apoptosis. Likewise, addition of neutralizing antibodies to TGF-beta 1 or to all three mammalian isoforms of TGF-beta (TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, -beta 3) blocked VES- and CM-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibitors of TGF-beta conversion from an inactive latent form to a biologically active form inhibited VES-induced apoptosis. In summary, the ability to reduce apoptosis by blocking TGF-beta or the TGF-beta receptor-signaling pathway with antisense oligomers or ligand-neutralizing antibodies or prevention of activation of TGF-beta indicates a role for TGF-beta signaling in VES-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin 78712-1097, USA
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124
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Attisano L, Wrana JL. Signal transduction by members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1996; 7:327-39. [PMID: 9023056 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(96)00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily members exert their diverse biological effects through their interaction with heteromeric receptor complexes of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Both components of the receptor complex, known as receptor I and receptor II are essential for signal transduction. The composition of these complexes can vary significantly due to the promiscuous nature of the ligands and the receptors, and this diversity of interactions can yield a variety of biological responses. Several receptor interacting proteins and potential mediators of signal transduction have now been identified. Recent advances, particularly in our understanding of the function of Mothers against dpp-related (MADR) proteins, are providing new insights into how the TGF beta superfamily signals its diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Attisano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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125
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Abstract
The horizon is bright for SSc in a vascular context. Surrogate markers can now be routinely used in the management of the active patient; new cytokines, such as VEGF, can be studied along with the known abnormalities of the cytokine cascade (TGF beta 1, PDGF) for a more integrated understanding of the vascular pathogenesis of SSc (Fig. 6); and combination therapies can be applied before vascular insufficiency leads to vital organ failure. Thus, despite reimbursement and research funding constraints, the future for both the SSc patient and the investigator of SSc is optimistic when based on a firm biologic foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C LeRoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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126
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Story MT, Hopp KA, Molter M. Expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1), -beta 2, and- beta 3 by cultured human prostate cells. J Cell Physiol 1996; 169:97-107. [PMID: 8841426 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199610)169:1<97::aid-jcp10>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta s (TGF beta s) are members of a superfamily of polypeptides that control cell cycle progression and a variety of other cellular activities. TGF beta family members, -beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3, have been identified in prostate. The levels of expression of these TGF beta isotypes have been reported to vary with the pathologic state of the prostate. While the significance of these observations remains to be elucidated there is little doubt that TGF beta s play an important role in controlling growth of the prostate. The prostatic cells expressing TGF beta s have not been identified. This information would provide insight into the physiologic role of TGF beta s and suggest ways that growth control may be altered in prostate disease. We used stromal (PS) and epithelial (PE) cells, cultured from normal human prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), to study the effect of TGF beta s on cell proliferation and TGF beta transcript and protein expression. The proliferation of PS and PE was inhibited by pM quantities of TGF beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3. Both cell types expressed transcripts for all three TGF beta isotypes, but PS primarily secreted TGF beta 1, whereas PE secreted more TGF beta 2 than TGF beta 1. These observations suggest that TGF beta s are antiproliferative agents in vivo, and that the stroma is the source of TGF beta 1 while the epithelium is the major source of TGF beta 2 in prostate. There were no significant differences in the growth response to TGF beta s, the TGF beta-isotype expressed, or the amount of TGF beta secreted by cells cultured from normal prostate or BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Story
- Department of Urology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA
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127
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Hoffman MP, Kibbey MC, Letterio JJ, Kleinman HK. Role of laminin-1 and TGF-beta 3 in acinar differentiation of a human submandibular gland cell line (HSG). J Cell Sci 1996; 109 ( Pt 8):2013-21. [PMID: 8856497 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.109.8.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies show that culturing an immortalized human submandibular gland cell line (HSG) on Matrigel, a basement membrane extract, induces cytodifferentiation. We have further defined this model system and identified factors involved in HSG cell acinar development and cyto-differentiation. Acinar development is marked by cell migration into multi-cellular spherical structures, cell proliferation and apoptosis of the centrally localized cells. In addition, functional differentiation was determined by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis for cystatin, a salivary gland acinar cell-specific protein found to be produced by differentiated HSG cells. Matrigel contains multiple extracellular matrix proteins, however, laminin-1 was identified as the major matrix component that induced HSG cell acinar development and cytodifferentiation. Antibodies against specific components of Matrigel and against cell surface adhesion molecules were added to cells in culture to identify components important for HSG cell acinar differentiation. Immunostaining of HSG cell acini identified TGF-beta 2 and beta 3 as the predominant isoforms within the cells. Neutralizing antibodies directed against TGF-beta 3 significantly decreased (P < or = 0.0002) the size of acini formed. These results indicate that multiple components, including laminin-1 and TGF-beta 3, contribute to HSG cell acinar development. This model system will be useful to study acinar differentiation and salivary gland-specific protein expression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Hoffman
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute for Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
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128
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Abstract
Growth factors have many activities that make them attractive agents for stimulating tissue repair. Growth factors attract cells into the wound, stimulate their proliferation, and have profound influence on extracellular matrix deposition. Since developing the ability to mass-produce these cytokines by recombinant techniques, hundreds of studies have demonstrated that growth factors can augment all aspects of tissue repair in normal and impaired healing models. After demonstrating that growth factors augment healing, investigators have started to detect and measure growth factors in wounds and have found that wounding initiates the expression of various growth factors. Impaired healing has also been linked to altered growth factor production. These findings have prompted great interest in the use of growth factors to augment clinical healing. Preliminary clinical trials have not produced the results expected. Growth factor treatment has occasionally led to statistically significant improvements in tissue repair, but whether the results are clinically significant can be debated. It appears that to be cost effective, clinical trials must focus on targeting growth factors for specific types of impaired healing. Although growth factors have not been the panacea that was originally expected, they have the potential for making significant clinical improvements when targeted for specific problem wounds.
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129
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Hulth A, Johnell O, Miyazono K, Lindberg L, Heinegård D, Heldin CH. Effect of transforming growth factor-beta and platelet-derived growth factor-BB on articular cartilage in rats. J Orthop Res 1996; 14:547-53. [PMID: 8764863 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100140408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The short-term and long-term effects on the growth zone in articular cartilage of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and platelet-derived growth factor-BB injected intraarticularly into the knee joint of growing rats were investigated. The changes induced by five injections of 0.5 micrograms of transforming growth factor-beta 1 included a rapid decrease in the size and number of hypertrophic cells and an enhanced subchondral bone formation. The changes were most marked in the patella but were also apparent in the tibia and femur. The proliferating cells became swollen and lost their normal organization. From the seventh day of the experiment to about 3 weeks, the matrix stained intensely with safranin O for proteoglycans. The alterations induced by transforming growth factor-beta also included synovial fibroplasia and synovitis, consisting predominantly of mononuclear cells. Localised necroses in the cartilage sometimes appeared after 21 days. In long-term studies, destroyed cartilage was found in three of six rats and partial ossification of the joint cartilage was found in two after 90 and 180 days. Ossicles developed in the tendons in all six patellae. Injection of platelet-derived growth factor-BB resulted in an early and transitory minor increase in the osteogenic activity in the zone between cartilage and red bone marrow and later produced an ossicle in one of four tendons. None of the other changes noted after injection of transforming growth factor was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hulth
- Department of Orthopaedics, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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130
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Abstract
Current research is reviewed regarding the actions of three growth factor systems on bone formation: insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), transforming growth factor-betas (TGF betas), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Each growth factor family consists of multiple related growth factor genes. TGF betas and BMPs 2-7 are subfamilies of a larger TGF beta superfamily. IGFs, TGF betas and BMPs are produced by osteoblasts and other bone cells and affect osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. They are also incorporated into mineralized bone matrix and retain activity when extracted from bone. Various hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress influence bone cell production of IGFs, TGF betas, and BMPs. Thus these growth factors may function in local regulation of bone formation. Currently there is much interest in the function of IGF binding proteins, which are also produced by bone cells, in regulating IGF activities in bone. Recently, mechanisms for activation of the TGF beta serine/threonine kinase receptors have been investigated, and receptors for BMPs have been identified which are structurally related to TGF beta receptors. In vivo studies are discussed which demonstrate the applicability of IGFs, TGF betas and BMPs to increasing bone formation systemically, promoting fracture healing and inducing bone growth around implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Linkhart
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, CA 92357, USA
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131
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Gupta A, Monroy D, Ji Z, Yoshino K, Huang A, Pflugfelder SC. Transforming growth factor beta-1 and beta-2 in human tear fluid. Curr Eye Res 1996; 15:605-14. [PMID: 8670763 DOI: 10.3109/02713689609008900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate human tear fluid for transforming growth factor beta isoforms 1 and 2 (TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2). METHODS To accomplish this, human tears were evaluated for TGF-betas by quantitative antibody sandwich ELISA (sELISA), mink lung epithelial cell (MLEC) growth inhibition bioassay and western blotting. Various physical and chemical treatments were used to activate TGF-beta in these assays. RESULTS TGF-betas could not be detected in untreated or heated tears by sELISA; however, mean TGF-beta1 concentrations of 2.32 ng/ml were detected in acid-activated tears by sELISA. Furthermore, 10.54 ng/ml of TGF-beta1 and 2.98 ng/ml of TGF-beta2 were detected in tears treated with the mucolytic agent, acetylcysteine. Total TGF-beta bioactivity in human tears measured by the MLEC assay was found to be 13.04 ng/ml in untreated tears and 24.85 ng/ml in acid-activated tears. Approximately one-half TGF-beta in tear specimens was biologically active (mean = 52%, range 39-71%). Total tear TGF-beta bioactivity could be completely neutralized by recombinant human TGF-beta1 latency associated peptide (rh TGF-beta1 LAP). Mean neutralization of tear TF-beta bioactivity was 83% by TGF-beta1-specific antisera, and was 13% by TBF-beta2-specific antisera. Immunoreactive TBF-beta bands at approximately 12.5 and 95 kD were observed in immunoblots of reduced acidified tears. A high molecular weight (MW) TGF-beta band (>203 dD) was noted in untreated tears; however, this band disappeared following treatment with acetylcysteine. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies indicate that TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 are present in human tear fluid, and TGF-beta1 is the predominant isoform. There appear to be factors in human tears capable of binding TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gupta
- Ocular Surface and Tear Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Insitute, Department of Ophthalmolgy, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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132
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Yoshino K, Garg R, Monroy D, Ji Z, Pflugfelder SC. Production and secretion of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) by the human lacrimal gland. Curr Eye Res 1996; 15:615-24. [PMID: 8670764 DOI: 10.3109/02713689609008901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) isoforms 1 and 2 have recently been detected in stimulated human tear fluid. The purpose of this study was to determine if these TGF-sbeta are produced and secreted by the lacrimal gland. METHODS To accomplish this, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect expression of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 mRNAs in normal human and rabbit lacrimal gland biopsies. Northern blot analyses were used for comparing the relative levels of expression of these TGF-beta mRNAs in rabbit lacrimal glands. Human lacrimal gland biopsies were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for production of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta1 latency associated peptide (LAP), and TGF-beta2 proteins. Supernatants of unstimulated and carbachol-stimulated human lacrimal gland explant cultures were evaluated for secretion of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 by ELISA: RESULTS TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 mRNA expression was found in all human and rabbit lacrimal gland specimens by RT-PCR. A greater level of expression of TGF-beta1 than TGF-beta2 mRNA in the rabbit lacrimal gland was noted by Northern blot. In human lacrimal gland biopsies, TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta1 LAP were detected in acinar and ductal epithelia by immunohistochemistry. TGF-beta2 specific antibodies stained a small percentage of acinar and ductal epithelia, as well as material within the lumens of tubulo-acinar complexes in one-third of these glands. TGF-beta1 was detected in supernatants of human lacrimal gland explants, and the concentration of TGF-beta1 increased by an average of 280% after carbachol-stimulation (p = 0.004). TGF-beta2 could not be detected in unstimulated or stimulated human lacrimal gland supernatants. CONCLUSIONS The results of these experiments indicate that TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 are produced by and TGF-beta1 is secreted by the human lacrimal gland. They also suggest that the lacrimal gland may be one source of TGF-beta in human tear fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshino
- Ocular Surface and Tear Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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133
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Kim D, Kim SJ. Transforming Growth Factor-beta Receptors: Role in Physiology and Disease. J Biomed Sci 1996; 3:143-158. [PMID: 11725095 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a pivotal role in numerous vital cellular activities, most significantly the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation and synthesis of extracellular matrix components. Its ubiquitous presence in different tissues and strict conservation of nucleotide sequence down through the most primitive vertebrate organism underscore the essential nature of this family of molecules. The effects of TGF-beta are mediated by a family of dedicated receptors, the TGF-beta types I, II, and III receptors. It is now known that a wide variety of human pathology can be caused by aberrant expression and function of these receptors or their cognate ligands. The coding sequence of the human type II receptor appears to render it uniquely susceptible to DNA replication errors in the course of normal cell division. There are now substantial data suggesting that TGF-beta type II receptor should be considered a tumor suppressor gene. High levels of mutation in the TGF-beta type II receptor gene have been observed in a wide variety of primarily epithelial malignancies, including colon, gastric, and hepatic cancer. It appears likely that mutation of the TGF-beta type II receptor gene represents a very critical step in the pathway of carcinogenesis. Copyright 1996 S. Karger AG, Basel
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Affiliation(s)
- D.H. Kim
- Laboratory of Chemoprevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Md., USA
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134
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Yamamoto M, Maehara Y, Sakaguchi Y, Kusumoto T, Ichiyoshi Y, Sugimachi K. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through a p53-independent pathway. Cancer 1996; 77:1628-33. [PMID: 8608554 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960415)77:8<1628::aid-cncr31>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is induced by various anticancer agents or radiation through the tumor suppressor gene p53-dependent pathway and is also induced by other factors, including transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). In this study, the authors investigated whether TGF-beta 1 would induce apoptosis in gastrointestinal cancer cells, and its relation to the status of the p53 gene. METHODS The induction of apoptosis by TGF-beta 1 was determined in 12 gastrointestinal cancer cell lines using DNA ladder formation. Status of the p53 gene was examined by sequencing of cDNA from p53 mRNA and expressions of TGF-beta 1 mRNA and TGF receptors I and II mRNAs were determined by Northern blot analysis and the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. RESULTS Of 12 cell lines, wild-type p53 was present in 3 lines, point mutation was detected in 7 lines, and p53 mRNA was absent in 2 lines. TGF-beta 1 was expressed in all 12 lines, but both TGF receptors I and II were expressed in only 6 lines. Addition of TGF-beta 1 induced DNA ladder formation only in KATOIII cells, with deleted p53 mRNA, but expressed TGF receptors I and II. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that TGF-beta 1 induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through TGF-beta receptors I and II and a p53-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto
- Cancer Center of Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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135
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136
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Affiliation(s)
- K Polyak
- Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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137
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Kai T, Taketazu F, Kawakami M, Shimanuki K, Yamada S, Miyazono K, Kato M, Miyata M. Distribution of transforming growth factor-beta and its receptors in gastric carcinoma tissue. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87:296-304. [PMID: 8613433 PMCID: PMC5921093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1996.tb00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the three mammalian isoforms of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta (TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3) as well as their signaling receptors, TGF-beta type I and type II receptors (T beta R-I and T beta R-II, respectively), in gastric carcinoma tissue was examined by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies. Tissue specimens were obtained from 25 cases of gastric carcinoma, which were classified into two groups according to Lauren's classification, i.e. 15 cases of diffuse carcinoma and 10 cases of intestinal carcinoma. In normal gastric mucosa apart from carcinoma nests, all of TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, -beta 3, T beta R-I and T beta R-II were clearly demonstrated in fundic glands. In sharp contrast, none of them was detectable in surface mucous cells. In carcinoma cells, strong staining for TGF-beta 1, -beta 2 and -beta 3 was obtained only in diffuse-type carcinoma. In particular, carcinoma cells scattered as single cells or small nests had a tendency to show strong staining for TGF-betas. The receptors tended to be distributed concomitantly with the ligands, and diffuse-type carcinoma showed stronger receptor staining than intestinal-type carcinoma. In cancer stroma, TGF-betas and receptors were detected in both diffuse and intestinal types, but the area with positive staining was wider and more dispersed in diffuse-type carcinoma than in intestinal carcinoma. These results suggest that TGF-beta may contribute in part to the variety of histogenesis and mode of progression of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kai
- Department of Surgery, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, Saitama
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138
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139
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Cui W, Akhurst RJ. Transforming growth factor βS: Biochemistry and biological activities in vitro and in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5687(96)80015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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140
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Olofsson A, Ichijo H, Morén A, ten Dijke P, Miyazono K, Heldin CH. Efficient association of an amino-terminally extended form of human latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein with the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:31294-7. [PMID: 8537398 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding protein-1 (LTBP-1) is a component of the high molecular weight latent TGF-beta complex found in various cells, including human platelets. LTBP-1 is observed as different molecular sizes in different cell types, probably due to proteolytic processing and alternative splicing. We here report a novel form of human LTBP-1, which is longer in its NH2-terminal part (LTBP-1L). Northern hybridization analysis revealed that the LTBP-1L is derived from a 7.0-kilobase mRNA, whereas the originally reported shorter form (LTBP-1S) is derived from a 5.2-kilobase mRNA. Transfection of cDNA for LTBP-1L and -1S in COS cells revealed that LTBP-1L bound more efficiently to the extracellular matrix than did LTBP-1S. These results suggest that the different splice forms of LTBP-1 mediate different localization patterns of the latent TGF-beta complexes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olofsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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141
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Morello JP, Plamondon J, Meyrick B, Hoover R, O'Connor-McCourt MD. Transforming growth factor-beta receptor expression on endothelial cells: heterogeneity of type III receptor expression. J Cell Physiol 1995; 165:201-11. [PMID: 7559802 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041650123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of whole animal responses have defined a role for circulating TGF-beta in the preservation and stabilization of microvascular endothelial function (Lefer et al. [1993] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90:1018-1022; Pfister et al. [1992] J. Exp. Med., 176:265-269). In order to determine which TGF-beta receptor types are responsible for this endothelial cell responsiveness, we used an affinity-labeling technique with 125I-TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 to characterize TGF-beta receptors on five different endothelial cell cultures: early passage bovine lung and rat epididymal fat pad microvascular endothelial cells (BLMEC and REEC), established endothelial cell lines from bovine adrenal medulla capillaries (EJG), fetal bovine heart (FBHE), and bovine pulmonary artery (CPAE). Since it is known that endothelial cells from different parts of the vasculature vary with respect to cell surface antigen expression (McCarthy et al. [1991] Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 12:462-467; Augustin et al. [1994] Bioessays, 16:901-906), it is important to compare TGF-beta receptor expression on microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells. We observed 85 kDa and 200-400 kDa labeled receptor bands and analyzed their relationship to the cloned Type II and III receptors using peptide antibodies. We used dithiothreitol and phosphoinositol-phospholipase C pretreatments to establish whether the 65 kDa labeled band which we observed corresponded to the Type I receptor or a glycophosphotidylinositol-linked binding protein. The results demonstrated that microvascular but not macrovascular endothelial cells express high levels of the Type III receptor. This differential expression of the Type III receptor indicates that distinct anatomical segments of the vasculature have distinct TGF-beta receptor profiles. The presence of the Type III receptor on micro- but not macrovascular endothelial cells may account for the reportedly different potency of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 on these two endothelial cell types. Analysis of the 85 kDa and 65 kDa affinity-labeled bands revealed that all the endothelial cells express the Type II receptor and a band consistent with the presence of a dithiothreitol-sensitive Type I receptor. Two isoform-specific phosphoinositol-phospholipase C releasable TGF-beta binding proteins were also detected: a 60 kDa protein on one micro- (EJG) and one macro- (FBHE) vascular endothelial cell line and a 150/180 kDa protein on the macrovascular cell lines (FBHE and CPAE). These studies emphasize the heterogeneous nature of endothelial cells and underline the importance of using microvascular endothelial cells when examining TGF-beta responses related to microvascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Morello
- Receptor Group, Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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142
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Liu F, Ventura F, Doody J, Massagué J. Human type II receptor for bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs): extension of the two-kinase receptor model to the BMPs. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:3479-86. [PMID: 7791754 PMCID: PMC230584 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.7.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are universal regulators of animal development. We report the identification and cloning of the BMP type II receptor (BMPR-II), a missing component of this receptor system in vertebrates. BMPR-II is a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase that binds BMP-2 and BMP-7 in association with multiple type I receptors, including BMPR-IA/Brk1, BMPR-IB, and ActR-I, which is also an activin type I receptor. Cloning of BMPR-II resulted from a strong interaction of its cytoplasmic domain with diverse transforming growth factor beta family type I receptor cytoplasmic domains in a yeast two-hybrid system. In mammalian cells, however, the interaction of BMPR-II is restricted to BMP type I receptors and is ligand dependent. BMPR-II binds BMP-2 and -7 on its own, but binding is enhanced by coexpression of type I BMP receptors. BMP-2 and BMP-7 can induce a transcriptional response when added to cells coexpressing ActR-I and BMPR-II but not to cells expressing either receptor alone. The kinase activity of both receptors is essential for signaling. Thus, despite their ability to bind to type I and II receptors receptors separately, BMPs appear to require the cooperation of these two receptors for optimal binding and for signal transduction. The combinatorial nature of these receptors and their capacity to crosstalk with the activin receptor system may underlie the multifunctional nature of their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- Cell Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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143
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Kato M, Ishizaki A, Hellman U, Wernstedt C, Kyogoku M, Miyazono K, Heldin CH, Funa K. A human keratinocyte cell line produces two autocrine growth inhibitors, transforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6, in a calcium- and cell density-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:12373-9. [PMID: 7539002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.21.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two growth inhibitors were identified in culture medium conditioned by a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCat. TGF-beta was detected in media conditioned by growing or confluent HaCat cells, as well as in media conditioned at physiological (1 mM) or low (0.03 mM) Ca2+ concentrations. However, a considerable part of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in media conditioned at a physiological Ca2+ concentration was in active form, whereas most TGF-beta in media conditioned at a low Ca2+ concentration was latent. The other growth-inhibitory activity, which was detected only in media conditioned by confluent cells at a physiological Ca2+ concentration, was purified to homogeneity by a four-step procedure. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 33-kDa protein was identical with that of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6). Purified IGFBP-6 inhibited the growth of HaCat and Balb/MK keratinocyte cell lines, as well as Mv1Lu cells. The growth activity was also demonstrated by human recombinant IGFBP-6. In summary, HaCat cells secrete at least two possible autocrine growth inhibitors: TGF-beta which is secreted constitutively, but activated in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, and IGFBP-6 which is secreted in a cell density- and Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kato
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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144
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Pierce DF, Gorska AE, Chytil A, Meise KS, Page DL, Coffey RJ, Moses HL. Mammary tumor suppression by transforming growth factor beta 1 transgene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:4254-8. [PMID: 7753792 PMCID: PMC41922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In cell culture, type alpha transforming growth factor (TGF-alpha) stimulates epithelial cell growth, whereas TGF-beta 1 overrides this stimulatory effect and is growth inhibitory. Transgenic mice that overexpress TGF-alpha under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter/enhancer exhibit mammary ductal hyperplasia and stochastic development of mammary carcinomas, a process that can be accelerated by administration of the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. MMTV-TGF-beta 1 transgenic mice display mammary ductal hypoplasia and do not develop mammary tumors. We report that in crossbreeding experiments involving the production of mice carrying both the MMTV-TGF-beta 1 and MMTV-TGF-alpha transgenes, there is marked suppression of mammary tumor formation and that MMTV-TGF-beta 1 transgenic mice are resistant to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumor formation. These data demonstrate that overexpression of TGF-beta 1 in vivo can markedly suppress mammary tumor development.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Adenocarcinoma/chemically induced
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/prevention & control
- Adenoma/chemically induced
- Adenoma/pathology
- Adenoma/prevention & control
- Aging
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Exons
- Female
- Globins/biosynthesis
- Globins/genetics
- Male
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rabbits
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Pierce
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2175, USA
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145
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Cui W, Fowlis DJ, Cousins FM, Duffie E, Bryson S, Balmain A, Akhurst RJ. Concerted action of TGF-beta 1 and its type II receptor in control of epidermal homeostasis in transgenic mice. Genes Dev 1995; 9:945-55. [PMID: 7774812 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.8.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is a modulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix deposition. It is a potent epithelial growth inhibitor and can alter the differentiative properties of keratinocytes, in vitro, but little is known about its normal physiological function in the epidermis in vivo. Transgenic mice were generated using a keratin 10 (K10) gene promoter to drive constitutive expression of TGF-beta 1 in the suprabasal keratinocyte compartment. Surprisingly, these mice showed a two- to threefold increase in epidermal DNA labeling index over control mice, in the absence of hyperplasia. The transgene, however, acted in the expected fashion, as a negative regulator of cell growth, when hyperplasia was induced by treatment by 12-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Epidermal TGF-beta type I and II receptor (T beta RI and T beta RII) levels were examined in control and transgenic mice during induction of hyperplasia by TPA. Whereas T beta RI levels remained relatively constant, T beta RII expression was strongly induced in TPA-treated skins, prior to the induction of the growth inhibitory response to TGF-beta 1, and its level of expression correlated with growth sensitivity to TGF-beta 1 in vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that TGF-beta 1 and its type II receptor are part of the endogenous homeostatic regulatory machinery of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cui
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow, Duncan Guthrie Institute, Yorkhill, UK
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146
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Vivien D, Attisano L, Wrana JL, Massagué J. Signaling activity of homologous and heterologous transforming growth factor-beta receptor kinase complexes. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:7134-41. [PMID: 7706250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in Mv1Lu lung epithelial cells requires coexpression of TGF-beta receptors I (T beta R-I) and II (T beta R-II), two distantly related transmembrane serine/threonine kinases that form a heteromeric complex upon ligand binding. Here, we examine the formation of TGF-beta receptor homo-oligomers and their possible contribution to signaling. T beta R-I can contact ligand bound to T beta R-II, but not ligand free in the medium, and thus cannot form ligand-induced homo-oligomers. T beta R-II, which binds ligand on its own, formed oligomeric complexes when overexpressed in transfected COS cells. However, these complexes were largely ligand-independent and involved immature receptor protein. Since ligand-induced homo-oligomers could not be obtained with the wild-type TGF-beta receptors, we studied receptor cytoplasmic domain homo-oligomerization by using receptor chimeras. The extracellular domain of T beta R-II was fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of T beta R-I, yielding T beta R-II/I, and the extracellular domain of T beta R-I was fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of T beta R-II, yielding T beta R-I/II. When contransfected with wild-type receptors and exposed to ligand, T beta R-II/I formed a complex with T beta R-I, and T beta R-I/II formed a complex with T beta R-II, thus yielding complexes with homologous cytoplasmic domains. T beta R-II/I transfected alone or with T beta R-I did not restore TGF-beta responsiveness in T beta R-II-defective cell mutants. Furthermore, T beta R-II/I acted in a dominant negative fashion, inhibiting restoration of TGF-beta responsiveness by a cotransfected T beta R-II in T beta R-II-defective cells and by a cotransfected T beta R-I in T beta R-I-defective cells. Similarly, T beta R-I/II transfected alone or with T beta R-II did not restore TGF-beta responsiveness and acted in a dominant negative fashion against T beta R-I. Together with previous genetic and biochemical evidence, these results suggest that TGF-beta mediates transcriptional and antiproliferative responses through the heteromeric T beta R-I.T beta R-II complex and not through homo-oligomeric T beta R-I or T beta R-II complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vivien
- Cell Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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147
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Cárcamo J, Zentella A, Massagué J. Disruption of transforming growth factor beta signaling by a mutation that prevents transphosphorylation within the receptor complex. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:1573-81. [PMID: 7862150 PMCID: PMC230381 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.3.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
T beta R-II (transforming growth factor beta [TGF-beta] type II receptor) is a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase that acts as the primary TGF-beta receptor. Ligand binding to T beta R-II leads to the recruitment and phosphorylation of T beta R-I, a distantly related transmembrane kinase that acts as a downstream signaling component. T beta R-I phosphorylation by T beta R-II is shown here to be essential for signaling. A mutant T beta R-II that binds ligand but lacks signaling activity was identified. This mutant was identified by screening with a TGF-beta-inducible vector a series of mink lung epithelial cell clones that have normal TGF-beta binding activity but have lost antiproliferative and transcriptional responses to TGF-beta. When transiently cotransfected with T beta R-II, one of these cell lines, S-21, recovered TGF-beta responsiveness. cDNA cloning and sequencing of T beta R-II from S-21 cells revealed a point mutation that changes proline 525 to leucine in kinase subdomain XI. A recombinant receptor containing this mutation, T beta R-II(P525L), is similar to wild-type T beta R-II in its abilities to bind ligand, support ligand binding to T beta R-I, and form a complex with T beta R-I in vivo. T beta R-II(P525L) has autophosphorylating activity in vitro and in vivo; however, unlike the wild-type receptor, it fails to phosphorylate an associated T beta R-I. These results suggest that T beta R-II(P525L) is a catalytically active receptor that cannot recognize T beta R-I as a substrate. The close link between T beta R-I transphosphorylation and signaling activity argues that transphosphorylation is essential for signal propagation via T beta R-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cárcamo
- Cell Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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148
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Ando T, Okuda S, Tamaki K, Yoshitomi K, Fujishima M. Localization of transforming growth factor-beta and latent transforming growth factor-beta binding protein in rat kidney. Kidney Int 1995; 47:733-9. [PMID: 7752571 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
TGF-beta plays an important role in maintaining the renal histological structure, and glomerular and tubular function. TGF-beta is usually secreted in a biologically inactive or latent form with high molecular weight by normal cells. The latent form of TGF-beta is composed of three distinct components: (a) mature TGF-beta (b) TGF-beta latency associated peptide (LAP) (c) latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP). LTBP plays a central role in the assembly, secretion and activation of TGF-beta 1. Most cells secrete a large latent TGF-beta with LTBP, while the other cells secrete a small latent TGF-beta without LTBP. However, the precise localization of TGF-beta and LTBP in the kidney is still not known. In the present study, we used the reverse transcription in combination with polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to investigate the precise localization of TGF-beta 1 and LTBP in the microdissected glomeruli, renal tubules and arterioles. Our findings showed that TGF-beta 1 mRNA was detected in all nephron segments, glomeruli, and arterioles. On the other hand, LTBP mRNA was present in the glomeruli and arterioles, while it was absent in every segment of the renal tubules. Moreover, the immunohistochemical study of LTBP showed that the LTBP protein was localized on the glomeruli and arterioles but not on the renal tubules at the same localization as LTBP mRNA. These results indicate that the tubular epithelial cells secrete the small latent TGF-beta 1, while glomerular cells secrete the large latent TGF-beta 1, suggesting that they both have different structures and thus potentially different biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ando
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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149
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Abstract
The effect of mitogens on the mammalian cell cycle is opposed by the action of antimitogens, such as TGF-beta, cAMP agonists, and various antiproliferative drugs. The recent identification of TGF-beta receptors that initiate antimitogenic signals and of cell cycle kinase inhibitors that respond to these signals has provided new insights into this process. The evidence argues that mitogenic and antimitogenic signals confront each other by regulating in opposite ways the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases that control cell commitment to DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Massagué
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, USA
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150
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Hausser H, Gröning A, Hasilik A, Schönherr E, Kresse H. Selective inactivity of TGF-beta/decorin complexes. FEBS Lett 1994; 353:243-5. [PMID: 7957866 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)01044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies had shown that binding of TGF-beta to the small proteoglycan decorin results in its inactivation. Indeed, in osteosarcoma cells the addition of decorin prevented the TGF-beta 1-mediated up-regulation of biglycan synthesis. However, the down-regulation of proteoglycan-100 remained unaltered. Even in the presence of a 100,000-fold molar excess of decorin, TGF-beta 1 was fully active in U937 monocytes with respect to the inhibition of cell proliferation. There was no inhibition of the TGF-beta-mediated stimulation of the retraction of fibroblast-populated collagen lattices. Thus, the formation of TGF-beta/decorin complexes leads to the neutralization of distinct effects only.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hausser
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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