101
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Cukor J, Linda R, Václavek P, Mahlerová K, Šatrán P, Havránek F. Confirmed cannibalism in wild boar and its possible role in African swine fever transmission. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1068-1073. [PMID: 31886951 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the monitoring of wild boar interactions with conspecific carcasses, seven wild boar carcasses were placed in different sites in the Czech Republic during winter season. Data were collected by camera traps. In total, 732 visits were recorded of wild boars at the carcass sites. Direct contact with the carcass was detected in 81% of the records. Cannibalism was observed in 9.8% of all recorded visits. The first direct contact was observed on average 30 days after the carcass had been placed in its respective site. Cannibalism was observed on average after 70 days. The effect of sex-age class on direct contact was not proven in our study. The presented findings show that cannibalism in wild boar can play a substantial role in the ASF epidemic. These results highlighted the importance of the removal of infected carcasses from the habitat, which is crucial for African swine fever eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cukor
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, v.v.i., Jíloviště, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rostislav Linda
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, v.v.i., Jíloviště, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Václavek
- State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Mahlerová
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šatrán
- State Veterinary Administration, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Havránek
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, v.v.i., Jíloviště, Czech Republic
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102
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Jones C, Stewart S, Woodworth J, Dritz S, Paulk C. Validation of sampling methods in bulk feed ingredients for detection of swine viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1-5. [PMID: 31403747 PMCID: PMC7003878 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal feed can be contaminated with fomites carrying swine viruses and subsequently be a vehicle for viral transmission. This contamination may not be evenly distributed, and there is no validated sampling method for detection of viruses in animal feed or ingredients. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the sensitivity of ingredient sampling methods for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV). No animals were used in this experiment, so approval from an animal ethics committee was not necessary. Thirteen kg soybean meal was used in a 2 × 2 factorial plus a control, with 2 doses of PEDV (Low: 103 TCID50 /g versus High: 105 TCID50 /g) and two sample types (individual probes versus composite sample). Soybean meal was confirmed PEDV negative, then loaded into individual, 1-kg polyethylene tote bags with PEDV introduced after loading the first 100 g. There were six replicates per PEDV dose plus a control. Ten individual probes or one composite sample per bag were created and analysed for PEDV via qRT-PCR. The interaction, dose and sample type were significant for both PEDV presence and quantity. No control samples had detectable PEDV. At the low dose, no PEDV RNA was detected in individual probes or composite samples, but was confirmed in 100% (32.4 Ct ) of the inoculant samples. This is likely due to loss of sensitivity during the analysis process, which has been previously reported to cause a loss up to 10 Ct when detecting PEDV in feed or ingredients. At the high dose, only 37% (37.7 Ct ) of the probes had detectable PEDV RNA. Composite samples were more sensitive (p < .05), with PEDV RNA detected in 100% of samples (35.7 Ct ). In summary, sampling bulk ingredients for PEDV should include compositing at least 10 individual samples. Future research is needed to identify alternative methods that have a similar sensitivity, but require less time and effort to collect such a sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and IndustryKansas State UniversityManhattanKansas
| | - Savannah Stewart
- Department of Animal Sciences and IndustryKansas State UniversityManhattanKansas
| | - Jason Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and IndustryKansas State UniversityManhattanKansas
| | - Steve Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/PathobiologyKansas State UniversityManhattanKansas
| | - Chad Paulk
- Department of Grain Science and IndustryKansas State UniversityManhattanKansas
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103
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Jones CK, Woodworth J, Dritz SS, Paulk CB. Reviewing the risk of feed as a vehicle for swine pathogen transmission. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:527-534. [PMID: 31854118 PMCID: PMC7397925 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While porcine biological hazards have had the potential to be transmitted through feed and feed mills for decades, the emerging threat of foreign animal disease has elevated the concern that these may enter or be transmitted throughout the domestic swine herd via a feed vehicle. OBJECTIVE The goal of this review was to describe the current classification for emerging porcine biological pathogen transmission through the feed supply chain so resources can be best directed towards those of highest risk. METHODS By assessing the pathogen severity to pigs and the probability of pathogen transmission through feed, an overall risk can be established using a hazard analysis matrix. RESULTS There is negligible risk for feed-based transmission of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, Trichinella spiralis, Toxoplasma gondii, Salmonella Choleraesuis, Salmonella spp. except Choleraesuis and I 4,[5],12:i:-, porcine deltacoronavirus, Senecavirus A, mammalian orthoreovirus 3, foot and mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus or Chinese pseudorabies virus. However, the combined severity and probability of Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:-, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and African swine fever virus warrant a moderate risk characterization for transmission through the US feed supply chain. CONCLUSIONS This risk can be maintained below critical status by minimizing the likelihood that a pathogen can enter the feed supply chain, such as by excluding high-risk ingredients from facilities, extending biosecurity to mills, and considering proactive mitigation strategies. In reality, all these actions may be necessary to prevent the detrimental transmission of porcine biological hazards into the US swine herd through the feed supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra K Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jason Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chad B Paulk
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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104
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Stoian AMM, Zimmerman J, Ji J, Hefley TJ, Dee S, Diel DG, Rowland RRR, Niederwerder MC. Half-Life of African Swine Fever Virus in Shipped Feed. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:2261-2263. [PMID: 31524583 PMCID: PMC6874236 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.191002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus is transmissible through animal consumption of contaminated feed. To determine virus survival during transoceanic shipping, we calculated the half-life of the virus in 9 feed ingredients exposed to 30-day shipment conditions. Half-lives ranged from 9.6 to 14.2 days, indicating that the feed matrix environment promotes virus stability.
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105
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, Smid B, Verheij E, van der Poel WH, Wisselink HJ. Salt inactivation of classical swine fever virus and African swine fever virus in porcine intestines confirms the existing in vitro casings model. Vet Microbiol 2019; 238:108424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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106
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Cadenas-Fernández E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Pintore A, Denurra D, Cherchi M, Jurado C, Vicente J, Barasona JA. Free-Ranging Pig and Wild Boar Interactions in an Endemic Area of African Swine Fever. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:376. [PMID: 31737649 PMCID: PMC6831522 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is spreading throughout Eurasia and there is no vaccine nor treatment available, so the control is based on the implementation of strict sanitary measures. These measures include depopulation of infected and in-contact animals and export restrictions, which can lead to important economic losses, making currently African swine fever (ASF) the greatest threat to the global swine industry. ASF has been endemic on the island of Sardinia since 1978, the longest persistence of anywhere in Eurasia. In Sardinia, eradication programs have failed, in large part due to the lack of farm professionalism, the high density of wild boar and the presence of non-registered domestic pigs (free-ranging pigs). In order to clarify how the virus is transmitted from domestic to wild swine, we examined the interaction between free-ranging pigs and wild boar in an ASF-endemic area of Sardinia. To this end, a field study was carried out on direct and indirect interactions, using monitoring by camera trapping in different areas and risk points. Critical time windows (CTWs) for the virus to survive in the environment (long window) and remain infectious (short window) were estimated, and based on these, the number of indirect interactions were determined. Free-ranging pigs indirectly interacted often with wild boar (long window = 6.47 interactions/day, short window = 1.31 interactions/day) and these interactions (long window) were mainly at water sources. They also directly interacted 0.37 times per day, especially between 14:00 and 21:00 h, which is much higher than for other interspecific interactions observed in Mediterranean scenarios. The highly frequent interactions at this interspecific interface may help explain the more than four-decade-long endemicity of ASF on the island. Supporting that free-ranging pigs can act as a bridge to transmit ASFV between wild boar and registered domestic pigs. This study contributes broadly to improving the knowledge on the estimation of frequencies of direct and indirect interactions between wild and free-ranging domestic swine. As well as supporting the importance of the analysis of interspecific interactions in shared infectious diseases, especially for guiding disease management. Finally, this work illustrates the power of the camera-trapping method for analyzing interspecific interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pintore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Daniele Denurra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Marcella Cherchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Cristina Jurado
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC) (CSIC-UCLM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jose A Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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107
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Karalyan Z, Avetisyan A, Avagyan H, Ghazaryan H, Vardanyan T, Manukyan A, Semerjyan A, Voskanyan H. Presence and survival of African swine fever virus in leeches. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108421. [PMID: 31585648 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This research is focused on the study of African swine fever virus (ASFV) survival in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. To detect the infection route of the virus in leeches, two introduction methods were used: blood-feeding from infected swine hosts and exposure to ASFV-contaminated water (leeches cultivated with ASFV). This study found that the survival of ASFV in leeches was much longer than that in leech-free medium. The persistent presence of the virus in leeches and leech excretion was detected in both groups. The virus excreted from both groups of leeches in the terminal stages of the experiment was able to induce productive infection in porcine alveolar macrophages. In an attempt to understand ASFV, transmission to pigs was conducted through the ingestion of leech-cultivated water and leeches that had fed on ASFV-infected animals or that were cultivated environmentally with the virus. The ingestion of some samples at 60-80 days after cultivation demonstrated successful ASFV transmission via per os infection. In conclusion, leeches can serve as a possible reservoirs for ASFV in the absence of its main hosts - pigs and some ticks of the genus Ornithodoros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia; Department of Medical Biology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - A Avetisyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - H Avagyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - H Ghazaryan
- Laboratory of Human Genomics and Immunomics, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - T Vardanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A Manukyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - A Semerjyan
- Department of Medical Biology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - H Voskanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
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108
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Mazur-Panasiuk N, Żmudzki J, Woźniakowski G. African Swine Fever Virus - Persistence in Different Environmental Conditions and the Possibility of its Indirect Transmission. J Vet Res 2019; 63:303-310. [PMID: 31572808 PMCID: PMC6749736 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2007, African swine fever (ASF) has posed a serious threat to the European swine industry. In Poland, the numbers of reported outbreaks in pigs and affected areas grow every year. In 2018, the disease was noted in Western Europe, in Belgium specifically, where several hundred infected wild boars have been detected so far. In 2018, the virus unexpectedly emerged in pig holdings in eastern China, northern Mongolia, Vietnam, and Cambodia, causing worldwide concern about its further spread. Since there is still no vaccine available, the only approach to control the disease is biosecurity. Identification of potential sources of the virus is extremely important in light of its phenomenal survivability. The review summarises the current knowledge about ASFV survivability and resistance to environmental conditions, and discusses the role of indirect contact in spreading the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mazur-Panasiuk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Żmudzki
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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109
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Gaudreault NN, Richt JA. Subunit Vaccine Approaches for African Swine Fever Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020056. [PMID: 31242632 PMCID: PMC6631172 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the cause of a highly fatal disease in swine, for which there is no available vaccine. The disease is highly contagious and poses a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. Since its introduction to the Caucasus region in 2007, a highly virulent, genotype II strain of ASFV has continued to circulate and spread into Eastern Europe and Russia, and most recently into Western Europe, China, and various countries of Southeast Asia. This review summarizes various ASFV vaccine strategies that have been investigated, with focus on antigen-, DNA-, and virus vector-based vaccines. Known ASFV antigens and the determinants of protection against ASFV versus immunopathological enhancement of infection and disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224 Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224 Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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110
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Patterson G, Niederwerder MC, Dee SA. Risks to animal health associated with imported feed ingredients. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 254:790-791. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.7.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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