101
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Abstract
Colorants find social and commercial applications in cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and other industrial sectors. Among the available options, chemically synthesized colorants are popular due to their low-cost and flexible production modes, but health and environmental concerns have encouraged the valorization of biopigments that are natural and ecofriendly. Among natural biopigment producers, microorganisms are noteworthy for their all-seasonal production of stable and low-cost pigments with high-yield titers. Fungi are paramount sources of natural pigments. They occupy diverse ecological niches with adaptive metabolisms and biocatalytic pathways, making them entities with an industrial interest. Industrially important biopigments like carotenoids, melanins, riboflavins, azaphilones, and quinones produced by filamentous fungi are described within the context of this review. Most recent information about fungal pigment characteristics, biochemical production routes and pathways, potential applications, limitations, and future research perspectives are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Meruvu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering - AU North Campus, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.,Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Júlio César Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Estrada Municipal do Campinho, Lorena/SP, Brazil
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102
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Celedón RS, Díaz LB. Natural Pigments of Bacterial Origin and Their Possible Biomedical Applications. Microorganisms 2021; 9:739. [PMID: 33916299 PMCID: PMC8066239 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are considered one of the most promising niches for prospecting, production, and application of bioactive compounds of biotechnological interest. Among them, bacteria offer certain distinctive advantages due to their short life cycle, their low sensitivity to seasonal and climatic changes, their easy scaling as well as their ability to produce pigments of various colors and shades. Natural pigments have attracted the attention of industry due to an increasing interest in the generation of new products harmless to humans and nature. This is because pigments of artificial origin used in industry can have various deleterious effects. On this basis, bacterial pigments promise to be an attractive niche of new biotechnological applications, from functional food production to the generation of new drugs and biomedical therapies. This review endeavors to establish the beneficial properties of several relevant pigments of bacterial origin and their relation to applications in the biomedical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Salazar Celedón
- Laboratory of Molecular Applied Biology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile;
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Leticia Barrientos Díaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Applied Biology, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile;
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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103
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Dark-pigmented biodeteriogenic fungi in etruscan hypogeal tombs: New data on their culture-dependent diversity, favouring conditions, and resistance to biocidal treatments. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:609-620. [PMID: 34281654 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Subterranean Cultural Heritage sites are frequently subject to biological colonization due to the high levels of humidity, even in conditions of low irradiance and oligotrophy. Here microorganisms form complex communities that may be dangerous through mineral precipitation, through the softening of materials or causing frequent surface discolorations. A reduction of contamination's sources along with the control of microclimatic conditions and biocide treatments (overall performed with benzalkonium chloride) are necessary to reduce microbial growths. Dark discolorations have been recorded in the painted Etruscan tombs of Tarquinia, two of which have been analyzed to collect taxonomical, physiological, and ecological information. Eighteen dark-pigmented fungi were isolated among a wider culturable fraction: nine from blackening areas and nine from door sealings, a possible route of contamination. Isolates belonged to three major groups: Chaetothyriales, Capnodiales (Family Cladosporiaceae), and Acremonium-like fungi. Exophiala angulospora and Cyphellophora olivacea, a novelty for hypogea, were identified, while others need further investigations as possible new taxa. The metabolic skills of the detected species showed their potential dangerousness for the materials. Their tolerance to benzalkonium chloride-based products suggested a certain favouring effect through the decreasing competitiveness of less resistant species. The type of covering of the dromos may influence the risk of outer contamination. Fungal occurrence can be favoured by root penetration.
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104
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Orona-Navar A, Aguilar-Hernández I, Nigam KDP, Cerdán-Pasarán A, Ornelas-Soto N. Alternative sources of natural pigments for dye-sensitized solar cells: Algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea and fungi. J Biotechnol 2021; 332:29-53. [PMID: 33771626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells have been of great interest in photovoltaic technology due to their capacity to convert energy at a low cost. The use of natural pigments means replacing expensive chemical synthesis processes by easily extractable pigments that are non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Although most of the pigments used for this purpose are obtained from higher plants, there are potential alternative sources that have been underexploited and have shown encouraging results, since pigments can also be obtained from organisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, yeast, and molds, which have the potential of being cultivated in bioreactors or optimized by biotechnological processes. The aforementioned organisms are sources of diverse sensitizers like photosynthetic pigments, accessory pigments, and secondary metabolites such as chlorophylls, bacteriochlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins. Moreover, retinal proteins, photosystems, and reaction centers from these organisms can also act as sensitizers. In this review, the use of natural sensitizers extracted from algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea, and fungi is assessed. The reported photoconversion efficiencies vary from 0.001 % to 4.6 % for sensitizers extracted from algae and microalgae, 0.004 to 1.67 % for bacterial sensitizers, 0.07-0.23 % for cyanobacteria, 0.09 to 0.049 % for archaea and 0.26-2.3 % for pigments from fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orona-Navar
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L., C.P. 64849, Mexico
| | - I Aguilar-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L., C.P. 64849, Mexico.
| | - K D P Nigam
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L., C.P. 64849, Mexico; Department of Chemical Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Andrea Cerdán-Pasarán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, C.P. 66455, Mexico
| | - N Ornelas-Soto
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, N.L., C.P. 64849, Mexico.
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105
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Rana B, Bhattacharyya M, Patni B, Arya M, Joshi GK. The Realm of Microbial Pigments in the Food Color Market. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.603892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colors are added to food items to make them more attractive and appealing. Food colorants therefore, have an impressive market due to the requirements of food industries. A variety of synthetic coloring agents approved as food additives are available and being used in different types of food prepared or manufactured worldwide. However, there is a growing concern that the use of synthetic colors may exert a negative impact on human health and environment in the long run. The natural pigments obtained from animals, plants, and microorganisms are a promising alternative to synthetic food colorants. Compared to animal and plant sources, microorganisms offer many advantages such as no seasonal impact on the quality and quantity of the pigment, ease of handling and genetic manipulation, amenability to large scale production with little or no impact on biodiversity etc. Among the microorganisms algae, fungi and bacteria are being used to produce pigments as food colorants. This review describes the types of microbial food pigments in use, their benefits, production strategies, and associated challenges.
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106
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Lopes FC, Ligabue-Braun R. Agro-Industrial Residues: Eco-Friendly and Inexpensive Substrates for Microbial Pigments Production. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.589414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many commodities are abundantly produced around the world, including soybean, corn, rice sugarcane, cassava, coffee, fruits, and many others. These productions are responsible for the generation of enormous amounts of daily residues, such as cassava and sugarcane bagasses, rice husk, and coffee peel. These residues are rich sources for renewable energy and can be used as substrates for industrial interest products. Microorganisms are useful biofactories, capable of producing important primary and secondary metabolites, including alcohol, enzymes, antibiotics, pigments, and many other molecules. The production of pigments was reported in bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, and algae. These natural microbial pigments are very promising because synthetic colorants present a long history of allergies and toxicity. In addition, many natural pigments present other biological activities, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, that are interesting for industrial applications. The use of inexpensive substrates for the production of these metabolites is very attractive, considering that agro-industrial residues are generated in high amounts and usually are a problem to the industry. Therefore, in this article we review the production of microbial pigments using agro-industrial residues during the current decade (2010–2020), considering both submerged and solid state fermentations, wild-type and genetically modified microorganisms, laboratorial to large-scale bioprocesses, and other possible biological activities related to these pigments.
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107
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Chatragadda R, Dufossé L. Ecological and Biotechnological Aspects of Pigmented Microbes: A Way Forward in Development of Food and Pharmaceutical Grade Pigments. Microorganisms 2021; 9:637. [PMID: 33803896 PMCID: PMC8003166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial pigments play multiple roles in the ecosystem construction, survival, and fitness of all kinds of organisms. Considerably, microbial (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and microalgae) pigments offer a wide array of food, drug, colorants, dyes, and imaging applications. In contrast to the natural pigments from microbes, synthetic colorants are widely used due to high production, high intensity, and low cost. Nevertheless, natural pigments are gaining more demand over synthetic pigments as synthetic pigments have demonstrated side effects on human health. Therefore, research on microbial pigments needs to be extended, explored, and exploited to find potential industrial applications. In this review, the evolutionary aspects, the spatial significance of important pigments, biomedical applications, research gaps, and future perspectives are detailed briefly. The pathogenic nature of some pigmented bacteria is also detailed for awareness and safe handling. In addition, pigments from macro-organisms are also discussed in some sections for comparison with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chatragadda
- Biological Oceanography Division (BOD), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO), Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chemistry and Biotechnology of Natural Products (CHEMBIOPRO Lab), Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs Réunion Océan Indien (ESIROI), Département Agroalimentaire, Université de La Réunion, F-97744 Saint-Denis, France
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108
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Microbiota continuum along the chicken oviduct and its association with host genetics and egg formation. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101104. [PMID: 34051407 PMCID: PMC8167817 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota of female reproductive tract have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their effects on host fitness. However, the microbiota throughout the chicken oviduct and its symbiotic relationships with the host have not been well characterized. Here, we characterized the microbial composition of six segments of the reproductive tract, including the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, vagina and cloaca, in pedigreed laying hens with phenotypes of egg quality and quantity. We found that the microbial diversity gradually increased along the reproductive tract from the infundibulum to the cloaca, and the microbial communities were distinct among the cloaca, vagina and four other oviductal segments. The magnum exhibited the lowest diversity, given that the lysozyme and other antimicrobial proteins are secreted at this location. The results of correlation estimated showed that the relationship between host genetic kinship and microbial distance was negligible. Additionally, the genetically related pairwise individuals did not exhibit a more similar microbial community than unrelated pairs. Although the egg might be directly contaminated with potential pathogenic bacteria during egg formation and oviposition, some microorganisms provide long-term benefits to the host. Among these, we observed that increased abundance of vaginal Staphylococcus and Ralstonia was significantly associated with darker eggshells. Meanwhile, vaginal Romboutsia could be used as a predictor for egg number. These findings provide insight into the nature of the chicken reproductive tract microbiota and highlight the effect of oviductal bacteria on the process of egg formation.
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109
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Saleem H, Mazhar S, Syed Q, Javed MQ, Adnan A. Bio-characterization of food grade pyocyanin bio-pigment extracted from chromogenic Pseudomonas species found in Pakistani native flora. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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110
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Pigment bioproduction by Monascus purpureus using corn bran, a byproduct of the corn industry. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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111
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Almurshidi BH, Van Court R, Vega Gutierrez SM, Harper S, Harper B, Robinson SC. Preliminary Examination of the Toxicity of Spalting Fungal Pigments: A Comparison between Extraction Methods. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:155. [PMID: 33671668 PMCID: PMC7926312 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spalting fungal pigments have shown potential in technologies ranging from green energy generation to natural colorants. However, their unknown toxicity has been a barrier to industrial adoption. In order to gain an understanding of the safety of the pigments, zebrafish embryos were exposed to multiple forms of liquid media and solvent-extracted pigments with concentrations of purified pigment ranging from 0 to 50 mM from Chlorociboria aeruginosa, Chlorociboria aeruginascens, and Scytalidium cuboideum. Purified xylindein from Chlorociboria sp. did not show toxicity at any tested concentration, while the red pigment dramada from S. cuboideum was only associated with significant toxicity above 23.2 uM. However, liquid cultures and pigment extracted into dichloromethane (DCM) showed toxicity, suggesting the co-production of bioactive secondary metabolites. Future research on purification and the bioavailability of the red dramada pigment will be important to identify appropriate use; however, purified forms of the blue-green pigment xylindein are likely safe for use across industries. This opens the door to the adoption of green technologies based on these pigments, with potential to replace synthetic colorants and less stable natural pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badria H. Almurshidi
- Department of Wood Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (B.H.A.); (R.C.V.C.); (S.M.V.G.)
| | - R.C. Van Court
- Department of Wood Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (B.H.A.); (R.C.V.C.); (S.M.V.G.)
| | - Sarath M. Vega Gutierrez
- Department of Wood Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (B.H.A.); (R.C.V.C.); (S.M.V.G.)
| | - Stacey Harper
- Department of Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.H.); (B.H.)
| | - Bryan Harper
- Department of Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (S.H.); (B.H.)
| | - Seri C. Robinson
- Department of Wood Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (B.H.A.); (R.C.V.C.); (S.M.V.G.)
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112
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Mogadem A, Almamary MA, Mahat NA, Jemon K, Ahmad WA, Ali I. Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of FlexirubinType Pigment from Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT 8497 and Related Docking Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040979. [PMID: 33673263 PMCID: PMC7918587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research is focused on studying the biological efficacy of flexirubin, a pigment extracted from Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT 8497.Different methods such as DPPH, H2O2, NO•, O2•−, •OH, lipid peroxidation inhibition by FTC and TBA, ferric reducing and ferrous chelating activity were carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of flexirubin. Molecular docking was also carried out, seeking the molecular interactions of flexirubin and a standard antioxidant compound with SOD enzyme to figure out the possible flexirubin activity mechanism. The new findings revealed that the highest level of flexirubin exhibited similar antioxidant activity as that of the standard compound according to the H2O2, •OH, O2•−, FTC and TBA methods. On the other hand, flexirubin at the highest level has shown lower antioxidant activity than the positive control according to the DPPH and NO• and even much lower when measured by the FRAP method. Molecular docking showed that the interaction of flexirubin was in the binding cavity of the SOD enzyme and did not affect its metal-binding site. These results revealed that flexirubin has antioxidant properties and can be a useful therapeutic compound in preventing or treating free radical-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Mogadem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia; (A.M.); (N.A.M.); (W.A.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Ali Almamary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Naji Arafat Mahat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia; (A.M.); (N.A.M.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Khairunadwa Jemon
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Azlina Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia; (A.M.); (N.A.M.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, A Central University, New Delhi 11025, India
- Correspondence:
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113
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Khalid S, Keller NP. Chemical signals driving bacterial-fungal interactions. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:1334-1347. [PMID: 33511714 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms reside in diverse environmental communities where interactions become indispensable due to close physical associations. These interactions are driven by chemical communication among different microbial kingdoms, particularly between fungi and bacteria. Knowledge about these communication signals provides useful information about the nature of microbial interactions and allows predictions of community development in diverse environments. Here, we provide an update on the role of small signalling molecules in fungal-bacterial interactions with focus on agricultural and medicinal environments. This review highlights the range of - and response to - diverse biochemicals produced by both kingdoms with view to harnessing their properties towards drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Khalid
- Department of Microbiology, Women University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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114
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Athmika, Ghate SD, Arun AB, Rao SS, Kumar STA, Kandiyil MK, Saptami K, Rekha PD. Genome analysis of a halophilic bacterium Halomonas malpeensis YU-PRIM-29 T reveals its exopolysaccharide and pigment producing capabilities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1749. [PMID: 33462335 PMCID: PMC7814019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Halomonas malpeensis strain YU-PRIM-29T is a yellow pigmented, exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing halophilic bacterium isolated from the coastal region. To understand the biosynthesis pathways involved in the EPS and pigment production, whole genome analysis was performed. The complete genome sequencing and the de novo assembly were carried out using Illumina sequencing and SPAdes genome assembler (ver 3.11.1) respectively followed by detailed genome annotation. The genome consists of 3,607,821 bp distributed in 18 contigs with 3337 protein coding genes and 53% of the annotated CDS are having putative functions. Gene annotation disclosed the presence of genes involved in ABC transporter-dependent pathway of EPS biosynthesis. As the ABC transporter-dependent pathway is also implicated in the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis, we employed extraction protocols for both EPS (from the culture supernatants) and CPS (from the cells) and found that the secreted polysaccharide i.e., EPS was predominant. The EPS showed good emulsifying activities against the petroleum hydrocarbons and its production was dependent on the carbon source supplied. The genome analysis also revealed genes involved in industrially important metabolites such as zeaxanthin pigment, ectoine and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthesis. To confirm the genome data, we extracted these metabolites from the cultures and successfully identified them. The pigment extracted from the cells showed the distinct UV-Vis spectra having characteristic absorption peak of zeaxanthin (λmax 448 nm) with potent antioxidant activities. The ability of H. malpeensis strain YU-PRIM-29T to produce important biomolecules makes it an industrially important bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athmika
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Sudeep D Ghate
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - A B Arun
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Sneha S Rao
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - S T Arun Kumar
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Mrudula Kinarulla Kandiyil
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Kanekar Saptami
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - P D Rekha
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
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115
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Bogart JW, Cabezas MD, Vögeli B, Wong DA, Karim AS, Jewett MC. Cell-Free Exploration of the Natural Product Chemical Space. Chembiochem 2021; 22:84-91. [PMID: 32783358 PMCID: PMC8215586 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural products and secondary metabolites comprise an indispensable resource from living organisms that have transformed areas of medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Recent advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing and computational analysis suggest that the vast majority of natural products remain undiscovered. To accelerate the natural product discovery pipeline, cell-free metabolic engineering approaches used to develop robust catalytic networks are being repurposed to access new chemical scaffolds, and new enzymes capable of performing diverse chemistries. Such enzymes could serve as flexible biocatalytic tools to further expand the unique chemical space of natural products and secondary metabolites, and provide a more sustainable route to manufacture these molecules. Herein, we highlight select examples of natural product biosynthesis using cell-free systems and propose how cell-free technologies could facilitate our ability to access and modify these structures to transform synthetic and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Bogart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Maria D. Cabezas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Bastian Vögeli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Derek A. Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ashty S. Karim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Ashok G, Mohan U, Boominathan M, Ravichandiran V, Viswanathan C, Senthilkumar V. Natural Pigments from Filamentous Fungi: Production and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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118
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Soliman TN, Wahba MI, Badr AN. Fungal Pigments for Food Industry. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Poddar K, Padhan B, Sarkar D, Sarkar A. Purification and optimization of pink pigment produced by newly isolated bacterial strain Enterobacter sp. PWN1. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPigment-producing bacteria were isolated from kitchen wastewaters of the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela. A pink non-virulent bacterial strain PWN1 was selected based on the India Ink Broth and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (R-250) dye assay. According to morphological and biochemical characterization, the strain PWN1was a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, non-coliform bacterium and could utilize only glucose and adonitol as sole carbon source. The pigment was found to be a growth-associated product, and the pigment production was accelerated after 40 h of bacterial culture. Further, 16S rRNA gene-based molecular identification showed its similarity with Enterobacter sp. The pigments were extracted by the solvent extraction method using chloroform and ethanol (3:1). The extracted pigments were then purified through thin-layer chromatography and column chromatography. To maximize pigment production, the culture condition was optimized for maximum biomass production using statistical software Design Expert v13. A quadratic model was structured describing the process efficiently and it suggested a moderate temperature, pH, and a high inoculum concentration which generated biomass of 3.81 ± 0.02 g/L. At optimized condition, 1 L of cell culture produced 3.77 g of biomass which produced a crude pigment of 0.234 g after solvent extraction and 0.131 g after column chromatography, implying a yield of 6.2% for crude pigment and 3.47% for purified pigment from biomass. The yield of the obtained pigment was high enough to draw interest for industrial production, although the application of the pigment is considerable for further study.
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Patki JM, Singh S, Singh S, Padmadas N, Dasgupta D. Analysis of the applicative potential of pigments extracted from bacterial isolates of mangrove soil as topical UV protectants. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000419127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Yadav AN, Kaur T, Devi R, Kour D, Yadav A, Dikilitas M, Usmani Z, Yadav N, Abdel-Azeem AM, Ahluwalia AS. Biodiversity and Biotechnological Applications of Industrially Important Fungi: Current Research and Future Prospects. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Souza Mesquita LM, Martins M, Pisani LP, Ventura SPM, Rosso VV. Insights on the use of alternative solvents and technologies to recover bio‐based food pigments. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:787-818. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M. Souza Mesquita
- Department of Biosciences Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Santos Brazil
- Department of Chemistry CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago University of Aveiro Portugal
| | - Margarida Martins
- Department of Chemistry CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago University of Aveiro Portugal
| | - Luciana P. Pisani
- Department of Biosciences Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Santos Brazil
| | - Sónia P. M. Ventura
- Department of Chemistry CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago University of Aveiro Portugal
| | - Veridiana V. Rosso
- Department of Biosciences Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) Santos Brazil
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Ruiz-Gil T, Acuña JJ, Fujiyoshi S, Tanaka D, Noda J, Maruyama F, Jorquera MA. Airborne bacterial communities of outdoor environments and their associated influencing factors. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106156. [PMID: 33039877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial entities (such bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses) within outdoor aerosols have been scarcely studied compared with indoor aerosols and nonbiological components, and only during the last few decades have their studies increased. Bacteria represent an important part of the microbial abundance and diversity in a wide variety of rural and urban outdoor bioaerosols. Currently, airborne bacterial communities are mainly sampled in two aerosol size fractions (2.5 and 10 µm) and characterized by culture-dependent (plate-counting) and culture-independent (DNA sequencing) approaches. Studies have revealed a large diversity of bacteria in bioaerosols, highlighting Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes as ubiquitous phyla. Seasonal variations in and dispersion of bacterial communities have also been observed between geographical locations as has their correlation with specific atmospheric factors. Several investigations have also suggested the relevance of airborne bacteria in the public health and agriculture sectors as well as remediation and atmospheric processes. However, although factors influencing airborne bacterial communities and standardized procedures for their assessment have recently been proposed, the use of bacterial taxa as microbial indicators of specific bioaerosol sources and seasonality have not been broadly explored. Thus, in this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the study of airborne bacterial communities in outdoor environments and the possible factors influencing their abundance, diversity, and seasonal variation. Furthermore, airborne bacterial activity and bioprospecting in different fields (e.g., the textile industry, the food industry, medicine, and bioremediation) are discussed. We expect that this review will reveal the relevance and influencing factors of airborne bacteria in outdoor environments as well as stimulate new investigations on the atmospheric microbiome, particularly in areas where air quality is a public concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tay Ruiz-Gil
- Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jacquelinne J Acuña
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - So Fujiyoshi
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Microbial Genomics and Ecology, Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jun Noda
- Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan; Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Microbial Genomics and Ecology, Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Network for Extreme Environment Research (NEXER), Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Velmurugan P, Venil CK, Veera Ravi A, Dufossé L. Marine Bacteria Is the Cell Factory to Produce Bioactive Pigments: A Prospective Pigment Source in the Ocean. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.589655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The course of investigations of bioactive compounds like bacterial pigments from the marine environment has greatly expanded in the recent decades. Despite the huge concern in secluding and collecting marine bacteria, microbial metabolites are progressively alluring to science due to their wide ranging applications in various fields, particularly those with distinctive color pigments. This review is a short appraisal of the studies undertaken over the past 5 years on the bacterial pigments sourced from the marine environment. Herein, we have reviewed the potential of different bacterial species isolated from marine environment in diverse studies that are producing bioactive pigments that have potential commercial applications.
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Lin L, Xu J. Fungal Pigments and Their Roles Associated with Human Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E280. [PMID: 33198121 PMCID: PMC7711509 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi can produce myriad secondary metabolites, including pigments. Some of these pigments play a positive role in human welfare while others are detrimental. This paper reviews the types and biosynthesis of fungal pigments, their relevance to human health, including their interactions with host immunity, and recent progresses in their structure-activity relationships. Fungal pigments are grouped into carotenoids, melanin, polyketides, and azaphilones, etc. These pigments are phylogenetically broadly distributed. While the biosynthetic pathways for some fungal pigments are known, the majority remain to be elucidated. Understanding the genes and metabolic pathways involved in fungal pigment synthesis is essential to genetically manipulate the production of both the types and quantities of specific pigments. A variety of fungal pigments have shown wide-spectrum biological activities, including promising pharmacophores/lead molecules to be developed into health-promoting drugs to treat cancers, cardiovascular disorders, infectious diseases, Alzheimer's diseases, and so on. In addition, the mechanistic elucidation of the interaction of fungal pigments with the host immune system provides valuable clues for fighting fungal infections. The great potential of fungal pigments have opened the avenues for academia and industries ranging from fundamental biology to pharmaceutical development, shedding light on our endeavors for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases (MOE), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China;
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Production of Tyrian purple indigoid dye from tryptophan in Escherichia coli. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 17:104-112. [PMID: 33139950 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tyrian purple, mainly composed of 6,6'-dibromoindigo (6BrIG), is an ancient dye extracted from sea snails and was recently demonstrated as a biocompatible semiconductor material. However, its synthesis remains limited due to uncharacterized biosynthetic pathways and the difficulty of regiospecific bromination. Here, we introduce an effective 6BrIG production strategy in Escherichia coli using tryptophan 6-halogenase SttH, tryptophanase TnaA and flavin-containing monooxygenase MaFMO. Since tryptophan halogenases are expressed in highly insoluble forms in E. coli, a flavin reductase (Fre) that regenerates FADH2 for the halogenase reaction was used as an N-terminal soluble tag of SttH. A consecutive two-cell reaction system was designed to overproduce regiospecifically brominated precursors of 6BrIG by spatiotemporal separation of bromination and bromotryptophan degradation. These approaches led to 315.0 mg l-1 6BrIG production from tryptophan and successful synthesis of regiospecifically dihalogenated indigos. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that 6BrIG overproducing cells can be directly used as a bacterial dye.
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Ayyolath A, Kallingal A, Thachan Kundil V, Variyar EJ. Studies on the bioactive properties of Penicillium mallochi ARA-1 pigment isolated from coffee plantation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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128
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Production of Bio-Based Pigments from Food Processing Industry By-Products (Apple, Pomegranate, Black Carrot, Red Beet Pulps) Using Aspergillus c arbonarius. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040240. [PMID: 33105686 PMCID: PMC7712229 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food processing industry by-products (apple, pomegranate, black carrot, and red beet pulps) were evaluated as raw materials in pigment production by the filamentous fungi Aspergillus carbonarius. The effect of fermentation conditions (solid and submerged-state), incubation period (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 d), initial substrate pH (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5), and pulp particle size (<1.4, 1.4–2.0, 2–4, and >4 mm) on fungal pigment production were tested to optimize the conditions. Pigment extraction analysis carried out under solid-state fermentation conditions showed that the maximum pigment production was determined as 9.21 ± 0.59 absorbance unit at the corresponding wavelength per gram (AU/g) dry fermented mass (dfm) for pomegranate pulp (PP) by A. carbonarius for 5 d. Moreover, the highest pigment production was obtained as 61.84 ± 2.16 AU/g dfm as yellowish brown at initial pH 6.5 with < 1.4 mm of substrate particle size for 15-d incubation period. GC×GC-TOFMS results indicate that melanin could be one of the main products as a pigment. SEM images showed that melanin could localize on the conidia of A. carbonarius.
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Christidis GE, Knapp CW, Venieri D, Gounaki I, Elgy C, Valsami-Jones E, Photos-Jones E. The interweaving roles of mineral and microbiome in shaping the antibacterial activity of archaeological medicinal clays. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:112894. [PMID: 32348844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal Earths (MEs), natural aluminosilicate-based substances (largely kaolinite and montmorillonite), have been part of the European pharmacopoeia for well over two millennia; they were used generically as antidotes to 'poison'. AIM OF THE STUDY To test the antibacterial activity of three Lemnian and three Silesian Earths, medicinal earths in the collection of the Pharmacy Museum of the University of Basel, dating to 16th-18th century and following the methodology outlined in the graphical abstract. To compare them with natural clays of the same composition (reference clays) and synthetic clays (natural clays spiked with elements such as B, Al, Ti and Fe); to assess the parameters which drive antibacterial activity, when present, in each group of samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS a total of 31 samples are investigated chemically (ICP-MS), mineralogically (both bulk (XRD) and at the nano-sized level (TEM-EDAX)); their organic load (bacterial and fungal) is DNA-sequenced; their bioactivity (MIC60) is tested against Gram-positive, S. aureus and Gram-negative, P. aeruginosa. RESULTS Reference smectites and kaolinites show no antibacterial activity against the above pathogens. However, the same clays when spiked with B or Al (but not with Ti or Fe) do show antibacterial activity. Of the six MEs, only two are antibacterial against both pathogens. Following DNA sequencing of the bioactive MEs, we show the presence within of a fungal component, Talaromyces sp, a fungus of the family of Trichocomaceae (order Eurotiales), historically associated with Penicillium. Talaromyces is a known producer of the exometabolite bioxanthracene B, and in an earlier publication we have already identified a closely related member of the bioxanthracene group, in association with one of the LE samples examined here. By linking fungus to its exometabolite we suggest that this fungal load may be the key parameter driving antibacterial activity of the MEs. CONCLUSIONS Antibacterial activity in kaolinite and smectite clays can arise either from spiking natural clays with elements like B and Al, or from an organic (fungal) load found only within some archaeological earths. It cannot be assumed, a priori, that this organic load was acquired randomly and as a result of long-term storage in museum collections. This is because, at least in the case of medicinal Lemnian Earth, there is historical evidence to suggest that the addition of a fungal component may have been deliberate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Christidis
- School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Greece
| | - C W Knapp
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XQ, UK
| | - D Venieri
- School of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Greece
| | - I Gounaki
- School of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Crete, 73100, Chania, Greece
| | - C Elgy
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - E Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - E Photos-Jones
- Analytical Services for Art and Archaeology (Ltd), Glasgow, G12 8JD, UK; Archaeology, School of Humanities, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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130
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Pailliè-Jiménez ME, Stincone P, Brandelli A. Natural Pigments of Microbial Origin. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.590439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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131
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Verma DK, Vasudeva G, Sidhu C, Pinnaka AK, Prasad SE, Thakur KG. Biochemical and Taxonomic Characterization of Novel Haloarchaeal Strains and Purification of the Recombinant Halotolerant α-Amylase Discovered in the Isolate. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2082. [PMID: 32983058 PMCID: PMC7490331 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloarchaea are salt-loving archaea and potential source of industrially relevant halotolerant enzymes. In the present study, three reddish-pink, extremely halophilic archaeal strains, namely wsp1 (wsp-water sample Pondicherry), wsp3, and wsp4, were isolated from the Indian Solar saltern. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggests that both wsp3 and wsp4 strains belong to Halogeometricum borinquense while wsp1 is closely related to Haloferax volcanii species. The comparative genomics revealed an open pangenome for both genera investigated here. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that these isolates have multiple copies of industrially/biotechnologically important unique genes and enzymes. Among these unique enzymes, for recombinant expression and purification, we selected four putative α-amylases identified in these three isolates. We successfully purified functional halotolerant recombinant Amy2, from wsp1 using pelB signal sequence-based secretion strategy using Escherichia coli as an expression host. This method may prove useful to produce functional haloarchaeal secretory recombinant proteins suitable for commercial or research applications. Biochemical analysis of Amy2 suggests the halotolerant nature of the enzyme having maximum enzymatic activity observed at 1 M NaCl. We also report the isolation and characterization of carotenoids purified from these isolates. This study highlights the presence of several industrially important enzymes in the haloarchaeal strains which may potentially have improved features like stability and salt tolerance suitable for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Kumar Verma
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Structural Biology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gunjan Vasudeva
- MTCC-Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chandni Sidhu
- MTCC-Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil K Pinnaka
- MTCC-Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Senthil E Prasad
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Krishan Gopal Thakur
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Structural Biology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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132
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Nitiu DS, Mallo AC, Saparrat MCN. Fungal melanins that deteriorate paper cultural heritage: An overview. Mycologia 2020; 112:859-870. [PMID: 32821020 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1788846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based works of art and documents of cultural importance kept in museums and libraries can show notorious signs of deterioration, including foxing stains, caused by fungal colonization. Some of the main chromophore agents of fungal origin that deteriorate paper and therefore affect paper cultural heritage both aesthetically and structurally are the group of pigments called melanins. Thus, knowledge of the diversity and features of fungal melanins and of the melanization pathways of fungi growing on paper is key to removing these pigments from paper-based works of cultural importance. This review provides an approach about the current knowledge of melanins synthesized by paper-colonizing fungi, their localization in the fungal structures, and their role in the deterioration of paper. This knowledge might contribute to developing new, effective, and sustainable strategies of restoration and conservation of historical documents and works of art based on paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Nitiu
- Cátedra de Palinología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 64 N° 3, CP 1900 , La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET) , Argentina
| | - Andrea C Mallo
- Cátedra de Palinología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 64 N° 3, CP 1900 , La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC, PBA) , Argentina
| | - Mario C N Saparrat
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONICET) , Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diag. 113 esq. 61, CP 1900 , La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 51 N° 477, CP 1900 , La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Av. 60, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Venil CK, Dufossé L, Renuka Devi P. Bacterial Pigments: Sustainable Compounds With Market Potential for Pharma and Food Industry. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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134
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Thompson D, Cognat V, Goodfellow M, Koechler S, Heintz D, Carapito C, Van Dorsselaer A, Mahmoud H, Sangal V, Ismail W. Phylogenomic Classification and Biosynthetic Potential of the Fossil Fuel-Biodesulfurizing Rhodococcus Strain IGTS8. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1417. [PMID: 32733398 PMCID: PMC7358434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus strain IGTS8 is the most extensively studied model bacterium for biodesulfurization of fossil fuels via the non–destructive sulfur–specific 4S pathway. This strain was initially assigned to Rhodococcus rhodochrous and later to Rhodococcus erythropolis thus making its taxonomic status debatable and reflecting the limited resolution of methods available at the time. In this study, phylogenomic analyses of the whole genome sequences of strain IGTS8 and closely related rhodococci showed that R. erythropolis and Rhodococcus qingshengii are very closely related species, that Rhodococcus strain IGTS8 is a R. qingshengii strain and that several strains identified as R. erythropolis should be re-classified as R. qingshengii. The genomes of strains assigned to these species contain potentially novel biosynthetic gene clusters showing that members of these taxa should be given greater importance in the search for new antimicrobials and other industrially important biomolecules. The plasmid-borne dsz operon encoding fossil fuel desulfurization enzymes was present in R. qingshengii IGTS8 and R. erythropolis XP suggesting that it might be transferable between members of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Thompson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Cognat
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Goodfellow
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Koechler
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Carapito
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Huda Mahmoud
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Vartul Sangal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Wael Ismail
- Environmental Biotechnology Program, Life Sciences Department, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
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135
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Sajjad W, Din G, Rafiq M, Iqbal A, Khan S, Zada S, Ali B, Kang S. Pigment production by cold-adapted bacteria and fungi: colorful tale of cryosphere with wide range applications. Extremophiles 2020; 24:447-473. [PMID: 32488508 PMCID: PMC7266124 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pigments are an essential part of everyday life on Earth with rapidly growing industrial and biomedical applications. Synthetic pigments account for a major portion of these pigments that in turn have deleterious effects on public health and environment. Such drawbacks of synthetic pigments have shifted the trend to use natural pigments that are considered as the best alternative to synthetic pigments due to their significant properties. Natural pigments from microorganisms are of great interest due to their broader applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and textile industry with increasing demand among the consumers opting for natural pigments. To fulfill the market demand of natural pigments new sources should be explored. Cold-adapted bacteria and fungi in the cryosphere produce a variety of pigments as a protective strategy against ecological stresses such as low temperature, oxidative stresses, and ultraviolet radiation making them a potential source for natural pigment production. This review highlights the protective strategies and pigment production by cold-adapted bacteria and fungi, their industrial and biomedical applications, condition optimization for maximum pigment extraction as well as the challenges facing in the exploitation of cryospheric microorganisms for pigment extraction that hopefully will provide valuable information, direction, and progress in forthcoming studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ghufranud Din
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Awais Iqbal
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Suliman Khan
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sahib Zada
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Barkat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China.
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136
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Applications of red pigments from psychrophilic Rhodonellum psychrophilum GL8 in health, food and antimicrobial finishes on textiles. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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137
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Functional Microbial Pigments Isolated from Chryseobacterium and Deinococcus species for Bio-paint Application. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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138
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Isolation and Characterization of a New Endophytic Actinobacterium Streptomyces californicus Strain ADR1 as a Promising Source of Anti-Bacterial, Anti-Biofilm and Antioxidant Metabolites. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060929. [PMID: 32575628 PMCID: PMC7355773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the fast depleting armamentarium of drugs against significant pathogens, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and others due to rapidly emerging drug-resistance, the discovery and development of new drugs need urgent action. In this endeavor, a new strain of endophytic actinobacterium was isolated from the plant Datura metel, which produced secondary metabolites with potent anti-infective activities. The isolate was identified as Streptomyces californicus strain ADR1 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Metabolites produced by the isolate had been investigated for their antibacterial attributes against important pathogens: S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermis, Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) values against these pathogens varied from 0.23 ± 0.01 to 5.68 ± 0.20 μg/mL. The metabolites inhibited biofilm formation by the strains of S. aureus and MRSA (Biofilm inhibitory concentration [BIC90] values: 0.74 ± 0.08–4.92 ± 0.49 μg/mL). The BIC90 values increased in the case of pre-formed biofilms. Additionally, the metabolites possessed good antioxidant properties, with an inhibitory concentration (IC90) value of 217.24 ± 6.77 µg/mL for 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. An insight into different classes of compounds produced by the strain ADR1 was obtained by chemical profiling and GC-MS analysis, wherein several therapeutic classes, for example, alkaloids, phenolics, terpenes, terpenoids and glycosides, were discovered.
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139
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Ahmad S, Mohammed M, Mekala LP, Chintalapati S, Chintalapati VR. Tryptophan, a non-canonical melanin precursor: New L-tryptophan based melanin production by Rubrivivax benzoatilyticus JA2. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8925. [PMID: 32488041 PMCID: PMC7265499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins are chemically diverse ubiquitous pigments found across the life forms synthesized via different biochemical pathways mainly from L-tyrosine or acetyl CoA. Though few reports suggest the possibility of tryptophan-based melanin synthesis, however, such tryptophan-based melanin and its biosynthesis remained a biochemical riddle. Here we report tryptophan-based melanin production by bacterium, Rubrivivax benzoatilyticus JA2. Aerobic cultures of strain JA2 produced brown pigment when grown on L-tryptophan-containing media. Purified pigment showed typical physico-chemical properties of melanin. Further, extensive spectroscopic studies revealed that pigment is an amorphous, indole-type polymer with stable free radical centers. Further, hydrolysis of the brown pigment revealed the presence of indole moiety, confirming the indolic nature of the pigment. Demonstration of in vitro and in vivo pigment synthesis directly from L-tryptophan or hydroxytryptophan confirms tryptophan-based melanin synthesis in strain JA2. Interestingly, canonical melanin biosynthetic inhibitors did not affect the pigment synthesis indicating possible non-canonical tryptophan-based melanin biosynthesis in strain JA2. Further, the exometabolite profiling and precursor feeding studies suggests that L-tryptophan converted to hydroxytryptophan/hydroxyindoles and their subsequent polymerization lead to the formation of melanin. The current study sheds light on biosynthetic diversity of melanins and L-tryptophan can be a potential precursor for melanin synthesis in life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Mujahid Mohammed
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.,Department of Botany, Bharathidasan Government College for Women, Puducherry, U.T. - 605003, India
| | - Lakshmi Prasuna Mekala
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.,Department of Plant Sciences, Avvaiyar Government College for Women, Karaikal, Puducherry, U.T 609602, India
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140
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Venil CK, Velmurugan P, Dufossé L, Renuka Devi P, Veera Ravi A. Fungal Pigments: Potential Coloring Compounds for Wide Ranging Applications in Textile Dyeing. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E68. [PMID: 32443916 PMCID: PMC7344934 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic pigments/non-renewable coloring sources used normally in the textile industry release toxic substances into the environment, causing perilous ecological challenges. To be safer from such challenges of synthetic colorants, academia and industries have explored the use of natural colorants such as microbial pigments. Such explorations have created a fervent interest among textile stakeholders to undertake the dyeing of textile fabrics, especially with fungal pigments. The biodegradable and sustainable production of natural colorants from fungal sources stand as being comparatively advantageous to synthetic dyes. The prospective scope of fungal pigments has emerged in the opening of many new avenues in textile colorants for wide ranging applications. Applying the biotechnological processes, fungal pigments like carotenoids, melanins, flavins, phenazines, quinones, monascins, violacein, indigo, etc. could be extracted on an industrial scale. This review appraises the studies and applications of various fungal pigments in dyeing textile fabrics and is furthermore shedding light on the importance of toxicity testing, genetic manipulations of fungal pigments, and their future perspectives under biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palanivel Velmurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University – Science Campus, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.V.); (A.V.R.)
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- CHEMBIOPRO Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels, ESIROI Département agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, Indian Ocean, France
| | - Ponnuswamy Renuka Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Regional Campus – Coimbatore, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University – Science Campus, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India; (P.V.); (A.V.R.)
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141
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Antibacterial Potential and Apoptosis Induction by Pigments from the Endophyte Burkholderia sp. WYAT7. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2475-2485. [PMID: 32388760 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pigment from the endophyte Burkholderia sp. WYAT7 isolated from the medicinal plant Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp. was extracted. The antibacterial efficacy of the crude pigment Y was assessed as a source of antibiotic against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. The pigment Y exhibited a significant level of antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens Salmonella typhi (MTCC 733), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1430), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2453), Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 432), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1610), Salmonella paratyphi (3220), Bacillus subtilis (441) and Acinetobacter baumannii (12,889). The minimum inhibitory concentration of crude pigment extract Y for most of the bacterial pathogens tested was below or equal to 0.25 µg/mL and the minimum bactericidal concentration was below or equal to 0.5 µg/mL. In the cytotoxicity evaluation, crude pigment Y exhibited less toxicity toward normal cells lines (L929). Crude pigment extract Y also showed powerful anticancer activity toward melanoma cancer cells (A375). The IC50 value obtained was 68.08 µg/mL. Acridine orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EB) double staining of cells treated with the pigment helped in the morphological assessment of nuclear condensation, apoptotic bodies and live cells. The DNA fragmentation analysis and caspase-9 quantification in the pigment-treated A375 cells determined the apoptosis activity mediated by the crude pigment extract Y. The compounds in the crude pigment extract Y was identified by HR-LCMS analysis. Further studies on the active compounds can lead to a rise in new drugs for cancer treatment and also against rising antibacterial resistant pathogens.
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142
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Kalra R, Conlan XA, Goel M. Fungi as a Potential Source of Pigments: Harnessing Filamentous Fungi. Front Chem 2020; 8:369. [PMID: 32457874 PMCID: PMC7227384 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing concern over the harmful effects of synthetic colorants on both the consumer and the environment has raised a strong interest in natural coloring alternatives. As a result the worldwide demand for colorants of natural origin is rapidly increasing in the food, cosmetic and textile sectors. Natural colorants have the capacity to be used for a variety of industrial applications, for instance, as dyes for textile and non-textile substrates such as leather, paper, within paints and coatings, in cosmetics, and in food additives. Currently, pigments and colorants produced through plants and microbes are the primary source exploited by modern industries. Among the other non-conventional sources, filamentous fungi particularly ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi (mushrooms), and lichens (symbiotic association of a fungus with a green alga or cyanobacterium) are known to produce an extraordinary range of colors including several chemical classes of pigments such as melanins, azaphilones, flavins, phenazines, and quinines. This review seeks to emphasize the opportunity afforded by pigments naturally found in fungi as a viable green alternative to current sources. This review presents a comprehensive discussion on the capacity of fungal resources such as endophytes, halophytes, and fungi obtained from a range or sources such as soil, sediments, mangroves, and marine environments. A key driver of the interest in fungi as a source of pigments stems from environmental factors and discussion here will extend on the advancement of greener extraction techniques used for the extraction of intracellular and extracellular pigments. The search for compounds of interest requires a multidisciplinary approach and techniques such as metabolomics, metabolic engineering and biotechnological approaches that have potential to deal with various challenges faced by pigment industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Kalra
- Division of Sustainable Agriculture, TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, India
| | - Xavier A Conlan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mayurika Goel
- Division of Sustainable Agriculture, TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, India
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143
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Antioxidant Activity and Role of Culture Condition in the Optimization of Red Pigment Production by Talaromyces purpureogenus KKP Through Response Surface Methodology. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1780-1789. [PMID: 32328751 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The red pigment production by Talaromyces purpureogenus KKP, a soil isolate, was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) in the present study. The cultural parameters, such as pH, temperature, dextrose, and peptone concentrations, were optimized for red pigment production using the central composite design (CCD) experimental design. A second-order quadratic model was used to calculate the relationships between the values at different levels of response. The optimum values of the selected variables under coded factors are 6.0, 27 °C, 2.25%, and 1.10% for pH, temperature, dextrose, and peptone, respectively. The selected variables were most effective in the enhancement of red pigment production at optimized culture conditions. In addition to optimization, the antioxidant activity of the pigment isolated in the present study was found to be promising with IC50 value (40 µg/ml). The HRMS data revealed the identification of delphinidin, limonene, 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin, D-mannose 6-phosphate, and CDP-DG (18:0/18:0). The results of the present investigation will be added to the existing literature of red pigment production and its optimization by T. purpureogenus.
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144
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Development of Multifunctional Cosmetic Cream Using Bioactive Materials from Streptomyces sp. T65 with Synthesized Mesoporous Silica Particles SBA-15. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040278. [PMID: 32224894 PMCID: PMC7222176 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various cosmetics having a single function are increasingly being used, but cosmetics having multifunctional activities remain limited. We aimed to develop a multifunctional cosmetic cream having antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-aging and antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities were performed by disc-diffusion method. Cell toxicity and cell proliferations were evaluated in a 96-well plate with different cell lines such as HaCaT, RAW264.7, CCD-986Sk, B16F1, and B16F10. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibition, elastase inhibition, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were evaluated and IC50 was calculated. Mesoporous silica particle was synthesized using Pluronic P123 and tetraethyl ortho-silicate (TEOS). Facial pictures were captured by VISIA-CR (Facial Imaging System for Clinical Research). Roughness of image was analysed by PRIMOS software and brightness of image was analyzed by Chromameter CR-400. The crude product of strain T65 inhibited the different human pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The IC50 of T65 crude product for mushroom tyrosinase, elastase, and DPPH radical scavenging activities were 58.73, 14.68, and 6.31 µg/mL, respectively. T65 crude product proliferated collagen type I in CCD-986Sk cell up to 145.91% ± 9.11% (mean ± SD; mean of 24, 48, and 72 h) at 250 pg/mL. Synthesized mesoporous particles (SBA-15) confirmed the sustainable performance by control-release for three days. Formulated functional cosmetic cream containing T65 embedded SBA-15, significantly decreased the skin roughness by 4.670% and increased the skin brightness by 0.472% after application of 4 weeks. T65 crude product inhibited both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Synthesized mesoporous particle, SBA-15, confirmed the physiologically active substance was released in sustainable release condition. T65 crude product showed impeccable antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities with non-cytotoxic effects to different cell lines related to the human skin.
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145
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de Mejia EG, Zhang Q, Penta K, Eroglu A, Lila MA. The Colors of Health: Chemistry, Bioactivity, and Market Demand for Colorful Foods and Natural Food Sources of Colorants. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:145-182. [PMID: 32126181 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing consumer demand for natural colors in foods. However, there is a limited number of available natural food sources for use by the food industry because of technical and regulatory limitations. Natural colors are less stable and have less vibrant hues compared to their synthetic color counterparts. Natural pigments also have known health benefits that are seldom leveraged by the food industry. Betalains, carotenoids, phycocyanins, and anthocyanins are major food colorants used in the food industry that have documented biological effects, particularly in the prevention and management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The color industry needs new sources of stable, functional, and safe natural food colorants. New opportunities include sourcing new colors from microbial sources and via the use of genetic biotechnology. In all cases, there is an imperative need for toxicological evaluation to pave the way for their regulatory approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA;
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kayla Penta
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Abdulkerim Eroglu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences and Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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146
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Characterization of Fungal Endophytes Isolated from the Metal Hyperaccumulator Plant Vachellia farnesiana Growing in Mine Tailings. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020226. [PMID: 32046254 PMCID: PMC7074743 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has become an environmental and health problem worldwide. With the aim of finding novel strategies for metal bioremediation, endophytic fungi from the heavy metal hyperaccumulator plant Vachellia farnesiana were isolated and characterized. The plants were growing in mine tailings, rich in Zn, Pb, and Cu. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the fungal strains belonged to Neocosmospora and Aspergillus genera. The Neocosmospora isolate belongs to the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) that groups phytopathogen species. However, in this case the plants from which it was isolated did not show any signs of disease. Both fungal strains were able to remove significant amounts of heavy metals from liquid cultures, either in a mixture of the three metals or each metal in a single culture. In response to lead exposure, the Neocosmospora sp. strain secreted specific novel phenolic compounds other than anthraquinones or naphtoquinones, which have been described in similar situations. The Aspergillus sp. dropped the pH in the medium. High-performance liquid chromatography determinations indicated that this strain secreted mainly glutamic acid in response to lead, a novel mechanism, which has not been reported elsewhere. Malic and succinic acids were also produced in response to lead exposure. Possibly, glutamic and succinic acids (synthesized in the Krebs cycle) can be used to cope with metal toxicity due to the plant providing photosynthates to the fungus. These fungi showed the potential to be used for bioremediation or restoration of metal-polluted environments.
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147
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DeBritto S, Gajbar TD, Satapute P, Sundaram L, Lakshmikantha RY, Jogaiah S, Ito SI. Isolation and characterization of nutrient dependent pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its dye and agrochemical properties. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1542. [PMID: 32005900 PMCID: PMC6994680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyocyanin is a blue green phenazine pigment produced in large quantities by active cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with advantageous applications in medicine, agriculture and for the environment. Hence, in the present study, a potent bacterium was isolated from agricultural soil and was identified morphologically and by 16S rRNA sequencing as P. aeruginosa (isolate KU_BIO2). When the influence of nutrient supplements in both King’s A and Nutrient media as amended was investigated, an enhanced pyocyanin production of 2.56 µg ml−1 was achieved in King’s A medium amended with soya bean followed by 1.702 µg ml−1 of pyocyanin from the nutrient medium amended with sweet potato. Purified pyocyanin was characterized by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrum (LCMS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) confirmed its mass value at 211 and as N-CH3 protons resonating at 3.363 ppm as a singlet respectively. The isolated pyocyanin displayed remarkable dye property by inducing color change in cotton cloth from white to pink. Lastly, the antifungal activity of test pyocyanin showed inhibition of growth of rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea and bacterial blight of rice, Xanthomonas oryzae at concentrations of 150 and 200 ppm, respectively. Thus, this investigation provides evidence for diverse actions of pyocyanin which are nutrient dependent and are capable of acting on a large scale, by utilizing microbes existing in agriculture wastes, and thus could be used as an alternative source in the making of natural textile dyes with strong durability and a broad spectrum of ecofriendly agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitha DeBritto
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, P.G. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, The University of Goroka, Goroka, 441, Papua New Guinea
| | - Tanzeembanu D Gajbar
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, P.G. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India
| | - Praveen Satapute
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, P.G. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India
| | - Lalitha Sundaram
- Department of Botany, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Periyar University, Salem, 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, P.G. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India.
| | - Shin-Ichi Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan. .,Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources (RCTMR), Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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148
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Rizvi A, Zaidi A, Ameen F, Ahmed B, AlKahtani MDF, Khan MS. Heavy metal induced stress on wheat: phytotoxicity and microbiological management. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38379-38403. [PMID: 35693041 PMCID: PMC9121104 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05610c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many soil problems, heavy metal accumulation is one of the major agronomic challenges that has seriously threatened food safety. Due to these problems, soil biologists/agronomists in recent times have also raised concerns over heavy metal pollution, which indeed are unpleasantly affecting agro-ecosystems and crop production. The toxic heavy metals once deposited beyond certain permissible limits, obnoxiously affect the density, composition and physiological activities of microbiota, dynamics and fertility of soil leading eventually to reduction in wheat production and via food chain, human and animal health. Therefore, the metal induced phytotoxicity problems warrant urgent and immediate attention so that the physiological activities of microbes, nutrient pool of soils and concurrently the production of wheat are preserved and maintained in a constantly deteriorating environment. To mitigate the magnitude of metal induced changes, certain microorganisms have been identified, especially those belonging to the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) group endowed with the distinctive property of heavy metal tolerance and exhibiting unique plant growth promoting potentials. When applied, such metal-tolerant PGPR have shown variable positive impact on wheat production, even in soils contaminated with metals, by supplying macro and micro nutrients and secreting active biomolecules like EPS, melanins and metallothionein (MTs). Despite some reports here and there, the phytotoxicity of metals to wheat and how wheat production in metal-stressed soil can be enhanced is poorly explained. Thus, an attempt is made in this review to better understand the mechanistic basis of metal toxicity to wheat, and how such phytotoxicity can be mitigated by incorporating microbiological remediation strategies in wheat cultivation practices. The information provided here is likely to benefit wheat growers and consequently optimize wheat production inexpensively under stressed soils. Among many soil problems, heavy metal accumulation is one of the major agronomic challenges that has seriously threatened food safety.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfa Rizvi
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India
| | - Almas Zaidi
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India
| | - Muneera D. F. AlKahtani
- Department of Biology
- College of Science
- Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Saghir Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh
- India
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149
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Lagashetti AC, Dufossé L, Singh SK, Singh PN. Fungal Pigments and Their Prospects in Different Industries. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E604. [PMID: 31766735 PMCID: PMC6955906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The public's demand for natural, eco-friendly, and safe pigments is significantly increasing in the current era. Natural pigments, especially fungal pigments, are receiving more attention and seem to be in high demand worldwide. The immense advantages of fungal pigments over other natural or synthetic pigments have opened new avenues in the market for a wide range of applications in different industries. In addition to coloring properties, other beneficial attributes of fungal pigments, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity, have expanded their use in different sectors. This review deals with the study of fungal pigments and their applications and sheds light on future prospects and challenges in the field of fungal pigments. Furthermore, the possible application of fungal pigments in the textile industry is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay C. Lagashetti
- Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India; (A.C.L.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels & ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, F-97744 Saint-Denis CEDEX, France
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India; (A.C.L.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Paras N. Singh
- Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), MACS’ Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India; (A.C.L.); (P.N.S.)
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150
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Oddó D, Cisternas D, Méndez GP. Pseudodematiaceous Fungi in Rhinosinusal Biopsies: Report of 2 Cases With Light and Electron Microscopy Analysis. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2632010X19874766. [PMID: 31579897 PMCID: PMC6757491 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x19874766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of a mycosis is often established through a biopsy, which allows to differentiate invasive and non-invasive lesions, and also to identify hyaline and dematiaceous fungi. However, pigmented fungal elements that do not correspond to dematiaceous fungi, which we have called pseudodematiaceous, can occasionally be present in biopsies. Herein, we present 2 cases of mycosis caused by pseudodematiaceous fungi in rhinosinusal biopsies. A new classification for fungi identified in biopsies is proposed, dividing them into 3 groups: hyaline, dematiaceous, and pseudodematiaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oddó
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daisy Cisternas
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo P Méndez
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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