101
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Mateos-Moreno MV, Mira A, Ausina-Márquez V, Ferrer MD. Oral antiseptics against coronavirus: in-vitro and clinical evidence. J Hosp Infect 2021; 113:30-43. [PMID: 33865974 PMCID: PMC8046704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2, so ACE2-expressing cells can act as target cells and are susceptible to infection. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the oral cavity, so this may be a potential high-risk route for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the virus can be detected in saliva, even before COVID-19 symptoms appear, with the consequent high risk of virus transmission in asymptomatic/presymptomatic patients. Reducing oral viral load could lead to a lower risk of transmission via salivary droplets or aerosols and therefore contribute to the control of the pandemic. Our aim was to evaluate the available evidence testing the in-vitro and in-vivo effects of oral antiseptics to inactivate or eradicate coronaviruses. The criteria used were those described in the PRISMA declaration for performing systematic reviews. An electronic search was conducted in Medline (via PubMed) and in Web of Sciences, using the MeSH terms: ‘mouthwash’ OR ‘oral rinse’ OR ‘mouth rinse’ OR ‘povidone iodine’ OR ‘hydrogen peroxide’ OR ‘cetylpyridinium chloride’ AND ‘COVID-19’ OR ‘SARS-CoV-2’ OR ‘coronavirus’ OR ‘SARS’ OR ‘MERS’. The initial search strategy identified 619 articles on two electronic databases. Seventeen articles were included assessing the virucidal efficacy of oral antiseptics against coronaviruses. In conclusion, there is sufficient in-vitro evidence to support the use of antiseptics to potentially reduce the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. However, in-vivo evidence for most oral antiseptics is limited. Randomized clinical trials with a control group are needed to demonstrate its clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Mateos-Moreno
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, School of Dentistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Mira
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; CIBER Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Ausina-Márquez
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M D Ferrer
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
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102
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Tada A, Senpuku H. The Impact of Oral Health on Respiratory Viral Infection. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:43. [PMID: 33924596 PMCID: PMC8069613 DOI: 10.3390/dj9040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have caused respiratory diseases worldwide. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a global health concern requiring emergent measures. These viruses enter the human body through the oral cavity and infect respiratory cells. Since the oral cavity has a complex microbiota, influence of oral bacteria on respiratory virus infection is considered. Saliva has immune molecules which work as the front line in the biophylactic mechanism and has considerable influence on the incidence and progression of respiratory viral infection. Salivary scavenger molecules, such as gp340 and sialic acid, have been reported to exert anti-influenza virus activity. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) has potential to acquire immunity against these viruses. Biological features of the oral cavity are thought to affect viral infection in respiratory organs in various ways. In this review, we reviewed the literature addressing the impact of oral conditions on respiratory infectious diseases caused by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Tada
- Department of Health Science, Hyogo University, Kakogawa 675-0195, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
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103
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Marouf N, Cai W, Said KN, Daas H, Diab H, Chinta VR, Hssain AA, Nicolau B, Sanz M, Tamimi F. Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID-19 infection: A case-control study. J Clin Periodontol 2021; 48:483-491. [PMID: 33527378 PMCID: PMC8014679 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM COVID-19 is associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response that can result in fatal outcomes. Systemic inflammation is also a main characteristic of periodontitis. Therefore, we investigated the association of periodontitis with COVID-19 complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was performed using the national electronic health records of the State of Qatar between February and July 2020. Cases were defined as patients who suffered COVID-19 complications (death, ICU admissions or assisted ventilation), and controls were COVID-19 patients discharged without major complications. Periodontal conditions were assessed using dental radiographs from the same database. Associations between periodontitis and COVID 19 complications were analysed using logistic regression models adjusted for demographic, medical and behaviour factors. RESULTS In total, 568 patients were included. After adjusting for potential confounders, periodontitis was associated with COVID-19 complication including death (OR = 8.81, 95% CI 1.00-77.7), ICU admission (OR = 3.54, 95% CI 1.39-9.05) and need for assisted ventilation (OR = 4.57, 95% CI 1.19-17.4). Similarly, blood levels of white blood cells, D-dimer and C Reactive Protein were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with periodontitis. CONCLUSION Periodontitis was associated with higher risk of ICU admission, need for assisted ventilation and death of COVID-19 patients, and with increased blood levels of biomarkers linked to worse disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya Marouf
- Department of DentistryOral Health InstituteHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | - Wenji Cai
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Khalid N. Said
- Department of DentistryOral Health InstituteHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | - Hanin Daas
- College of Dental MedicineQU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Hanan Diab
- Department of DentistryOral Health InstituteHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | | | | | | | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP Research GroupFaculty of OdontologyUniversity Complutense of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Faleh Tamimi
- College of Dental MedicineQU HealthQatar UniversityDohaQatar
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104
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The Role of Bacterial and Fungal Human Respiratory Microbiota in COVID-19 Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6670798. [PMID: 33681368 PMCID: PMC7907751 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6670798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a worldwide pandemic with millions of infected patients. Alteration in humans' microbiota was also reported in COVID-19 patients. The alteration in human microbiota may contribute to bacterial or viral infections and affect the immune system. Moreover, human's microbiota can be altered due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and these microbiota changes can indicate the progression of COVID-19. While current studies focus on the gut microbiota, it seems necessary to pay attention to the lung microbiota in COVID-19. This study is aimed at reviewing respiratory microbiota dysbiosis among COVID-19 patients to encourage further studies on the field for assessment of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory microbiota interaction.
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105
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Nardelli C, Gentile I, Setaro M, Di Domenico C, Pinchera B, Buonomo AR, Zappulo E, Scotto R, Scaglione GL, Castaldo G, Capoluongo E. Nasopharyngeal Microbiome Signature in COVID-19 Positive Patients: Can We Definitively Get a Role to Fusobacterium periodonticum? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:625581. [PMID: 33659220 PMCID: PMC7919745 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus is highly transmissible among individuals through both droplets and aerosol leading to determine severe pneumonia. Among the various factors that can influence both the onset of disease and the severity of its complications, the microbiome composition has also been investigated. Recent evidence showed the possible relationship between gut, lung, nasopharyngeal, or oral microbiome and COVID-19, but very little is known about it. Therefore, we aimed to verify the relationships between nasopharyngeal microbiome and the development of either COVID-19 or the severity of symptoms. To this purpose, we analyzed, by next generation sequencing, the hypervariable V1-V2-V3 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA in nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (n=18) and control (CO) individuals (n=12) using Microbiota solution A (Arrow Diagnostics). We found a significant lower abundance of Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria in COVID-19 patients in respect to CO (p=0.003 and p<0.0001, respectively) from the phylum up to the genus (p<0.001). The Fusobacterium periodonticum (FP) resulted as the most significantly reduced species in COVID-19 patients respect to CO. FP is reported as being able to perform the surface sialylation. Noteworthy, some sialic acids residues on the cell surface could work as additional S protein of SARS-CoV-2 receptors. Consequently, SARS-CoV-2 could use sialic acids as receptors to bind to the epithelium of the respiratory tract, promoting its clustering and the disease development. We can therefore speculate that the significant reduction of FP in COVID-19 patients could be directly or indirectly linked to the modulation of sialic acid metabolism. Finally, viral or environmental factors capable of interfering with sialic metabolism could determine a fall in the individual protection from SARS-CoV-2. Further studies are necessary to clarify the precise role of FP in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Nardelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.a R.L., Napoli, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ivan Gentile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Setaro
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.a R.L., Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Biagio Pinchera
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Zappulo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Scotto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.a R.L., Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.a R.L., Napoli, Italy
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106
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Lordan R, Rando HM, Greene CS. Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals Under Investigation for COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment. ARXIV 2021:arXiv:2102.02250v1. [PMID: 33564696 PMCID: PMC7872359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global disruption and a significant loss of life. Existing treatments that can be repurposed as prophylactic and therapeutic agents could reduce the pandemic's devastation. Emerging evidence of potential applications in other therapeutic contexts has led to the investigation of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for COVID-19. Such products include vitamin C, vitamin D, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, and zinc, all of which are currently under clinical investigation. In this review, we critically appraise the evidence surrounding dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Overall, further study is required before evidence-based recommendations can be formulated, but nutritional status plays a significant role in patient outcomes, and these products could help alleviate deficiencies. For example, evidence indicates that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with greater incidence of infection and severity of COVID-19, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation may hold prophylactic or therapeutic value. A growing number of scientific organizations are now considering recommending vitamin D supplementation to those at high risk of COVID-19. Because research in vitamin D and other nutraceuticals and supplements is preliminary, here we evaluate the extent to which these nutraceutical and dietary supplements hold potential in the COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
| | - Halie M Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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107
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Al-Dahmash ND, Al-Ansari MM, Al-Otibi FO, Singh AR. Frankincense, an aromatic medicinal exudate of Boswellia carterii used to mediate silver nanoparticle synthesis: Evaluation of bacterial molecular inhibition and its pathway. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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108
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Pandey A, Nikam AN, Mutalik SP, Fernandes G, Shreya AB, Padya BS, Raychaudhuri R, Kulkarni S, Prassl R, Subramanian S, Korde A, Mutalik S. Architectured Therapeutic and Diagnostic Nanoplatforms for Combating SARS-CoV-2: Role of Inorganic, Organic, and Radioactive Materials. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:31-54. [PMID: 33371667 PMCID: PMC7783900 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although extensive research is being done to combat SARS-CoV-2, we are yet far away from a robust conclusion or strategy. With an increased amount of vaccine research, nanotechnology has found its way into vaccine technology. Researchers have explored the use of various nanostructures for delivering the vaccines for enhanced efficacy. Apart from acting as delivery platforms, multiple studies have shown the application of inorganic nanoparticles in suppressing the growth as well as transmission of the virus. The present review gives a detailed description of various inorganic nanomaterials which are being explored for combating SARS-CoV-2 along with their role in suppressing the transmission of the virus either through air or by contact with inanimate surfaces. The review further discusses the use of nanoparticles for development of an antiviral coating that may decrease adhesion of SARS-CoV-2. A separate section has been included describing the role of nanostructures in biosensing and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. The role of nanotechnology in providing an alternative therapeutic platform along with the role of radionuclides in SARS-CoV-2 has been described briefly. Based on ongoing research and commercialization of this nanoplatform for a viral disease, the nanomaterials show the potential in therapy, biosensing, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Pandey
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajinkya N. Nikam
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sadhana P. Mutalik
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Gasper Fernandes
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajjappla Basavaraj Shreya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharath Singh Padya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchira Raychaudhuri
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Gottfried
Schatz Research Centre for Cell Signalling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Suresh Subramanian
- Radiopharmaceuticals
Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aruna Korde
- Radioisotope
Products and Radiation Technology Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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109
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Nicolas de Lamballerie C, Pizzorno A, Fouret J, Szpiro L, Padey B, Dubois J, Julien T, Traversier A, Dulière V, Brun P, Lina B, Rosa-Calatrava M, Terrier O. Transcriptional Profiling of Immune and Inflammatory Responses in the Context of SARS-CoV-2 Fungal Superinfection in a Human Airway Epithelial Model. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121974. [PMID: 33322535 PMCID: PMC7764715 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence indicates a relatively high prevalence of superinfections associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including invasive aspergillosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be characterized. In the present study, to better understand the biological impact of superinfection, we determine and compare the host transcriptional response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) versus Aspergillus superinfection, using a model of reconstituted human airway epithelium. Our analyses reveal that both simple infection and superinfection induce strong deregulation of core components of innate immune and inflammatory responses, with a stronger response to superinfection in the bronchial epithelial model compared to its nasal counterpart. Our results also highlight unique transcriptional footprints of SARS-CoV-2 Aspergillus superinfection, such as an imbalanced type I/type III IFN, and an induction of several monocyte and neutrophil associated chemokines, that could be useful for the understanding of Aspergillus-associated COVID-19 and also the management of severe forms of aspergillosis in this specific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nicolas de Lamballerie
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | | | - Lea Szpiro
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | - Blandine Padey
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- Signia Therapeutics SAS, F-69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Julia Dubois
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | - Thomas Julien
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélien Traversier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
| | - Victoria Dulière
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Brun
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des virus Influenza Sud, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69004 Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.N.d.L.); (A.P.); (L.S.); (B.P.); (J.D.); (T.J.); (A.T.); (V.D.); (P.B.); (B.L.); (M.R.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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110
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Rajeev R, Prathiviraj R, Kiran GS, Selvin J. Zoonotic evolution and implications of microbiome in viral transmission and infection. Virus Res 2020; 290:198175. [PMID: 33007342 PMCID: PMC7524452 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak and spread of new strains of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) remain a global threat with increasing cases in affected countries. The evolutionary tree of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus 2, which belongs to the Beta arterivirus genus from the Arteriviridae family is possibly the most ancient ancestral origin of SARS-CoV-2 and other Coronaviridae. This review focuses on phylogenomic distribution and evolutionary lineage of zoonotic viral cross-species transmission of the Coronaviridae family and the implications of bat microbiome in zoonotic viral transmission and infection. The review also casts light on the role of the human microbiome in predicting and controlling viral infections. The significance of microbiome-mediated interventions in the treatment of viral infections is also discussed. Finally, the importance of synthetic viruses in the study of viral evolution and transmission is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Rajeev
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
| | - R Prathiviraj
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
| | - George Seghal Kiran
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
| | - Joseph Selvin
- Department of Microbiology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
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Xiang Z, Koo H, Chen Q, Zhou X, Liu Y, Simon-Soro A. Potential implications of SARS-CoV-2 oral infection in the host microbiota. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 13:1853451. [PMID: 33312449 PMCID: PMC7711743 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1853451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity, as the entry point to the body, may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection that has caused a global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available data indicate that the oral cavity may be an active site of infection and an important reservoir of SARS-CoV-2. Considering that the oral surfaces are colonized by a diverse microbial community, it is likely that viruses have interactions with the host microbiota. Patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 may have alterations in the oral and gut microbiota, while oral species have been found in the lung of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, interactions between the oral, lung, and gut microbiomes appear to occur dynamically whereby a dysbiotic oral microbial community could influence respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. However, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 infection can alter the local homeostasis of the resident microbiota, actively cause dysbiosis, or influence cross-body sites interactions. Here, we provide a conceptual framework on the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 oral infection on the local and distant microbiomes across the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts ('oral-tract axes'), which remains largely unexplored. Studies in this area could further elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and the course of infection as well as the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 across different sites in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Xiang
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aurea Simon-Soro
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Impact of Microbiota: A Paradigm for Evolving Herd Immunity against Viral Diseases. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101150. [PMID: 33050511 PMCID: PMC7599628 DOI: 10.3390/v12101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herd immunity is the most critical and essential prophylactic intervention that delivers protection against infectious diseases at both the individual and community level. This process of natural vaccination is immensely pertinent to the current context of a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection around the globe. The conventional idea of herd immunity is based on efficient transmission of pathogens and developing natural immunity within a population. This is entirely encouraging while fighting against any disease in pandemic circumstances. A spatial community is occupied by people having variable resistance capacity against a pathogen. Protection efficacy against once very common diseases like smallpox, poliovirus or measles has been possible only because of either natural vaccination through contagious infections or expanded immunization programs among communities. This has led to achieving herd immunity in some cohorts. The microbiome plays an essential role in developing the body’s immune cells for the emerging competent vaccination process, ensuring herd immunity. Frequency of interaction among microbiota, metabolic nutrients and individual immunity preserve the degree of vaccine effectiveness against several pathogens. Microbiome symbiosis regulates pathogen transmissibility and the success of vaccination among different age groups. Imbalance of nutrients perturbs microbiota and abrogates immunity. Thus, a particular population can become vulnerable to the infection. Intestinal dysbiosis leads to environmental enteropathy (EE). As a consequence, the generation of herd immunity can either be delayed or not start in a particular cohort. Moreover, disparities of the protective response of many vaccines in developing countries outside of developed countries are due to inconsistencies of healthy microbiota among the individuals. We suggested that pan-India poliovirus vaccination program, capable of inducing herd immunity among communities for the last 30 years, may also influence the inception of natural course of heterologous immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nonetheless, this anamnestic recall is somewhat counterintuitive, as antibody generation against original antigens of SARS-CoV-2 will be subdued due to original antigenic sin.
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