101
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Tassanakijpanich N, Cohen J, Cohen R, Srivatsa UN, Hagerman RJ. Cardiovascular Problems in the Fragile X Premutation. Front Genet 2020; 11:586910. [PMID: 33133171 PMCID: PMC7578382 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.586910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of information about cardiovascular problems in fragile X premutation carriers who have 55–200 CGG repeats in fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. The FMR1 expansion in the premutation range leads to toxic RNA gain-of-function resulting in cellular dysregulation. The mechanism of RNA toxicity underlies all of the premutation disorders including fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency, and fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorder. Cardiovascular problems particularly autonomic dysfunction, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias are not uncommon in premutation carriers. Some arterial problems and valvular heart diseases have also been reported. This article reviews cardiovascular problems in premutation carriers and discusses possible contributing mechanisms including RNA toxicity and mild fragile X mental retardation protein deficiency. Further research studies are needed in order to prove a direct association of the cardiovascular problems in fragile X premutation carriers because such knowledge will lead to better preventative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattaporn Tassanakijpanich
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Fragile X Alliance Clinic, Genetic Clinics Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rashelle Cohen
- Fragile X Alliance Clinic, Genetic Clinics Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Uma N Srivatsa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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102
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Trost B, Engchuan W, Nguyen CM, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Dolzhenko E, Backstrom I, Mirceta M, Mojarad BA, Yin Y, Dov A, Chandrakumar I, Prasolava T, Shum N, Hamdan O, Pellecchia G, Howe JL, Whitney J, Klee EW, Baheti S, Amaral DG, Anagnostou E, Elsabbagh M, Fernandez BA, Hoang N, Lewis MES, Liu X, Sjaarda C, Smith IM, Szatmari P, Zwaigenbaum L, Glazer D, Hartley D, Stewart AK, Eberle MA, Sato N, Pearson CE, Scherer SW, Yuen RKC. Genome-wide detection of tandem DNA repeats that are expanded in autism. Nature 2020; 586:80-86. [PMID: 32717741 PMCID: PMC9348607 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tandem DNA repeats vary in the size and sequence of each unit (motif). When expanded, these tandem DNA repeats have been associated with more than 40 monogenic disorders1. Their involvement in disorders with complex genetics is largely unknown, as is the extent of their heterogeneity. Here we investigated the genome-wide characteristics of tandem repeats that had motifs with a length of 2-20 base pairs in 17,231 genomes of families containing individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)2,3 and population control individuals4. We found extensive polymorphism in the size and sequence of motifs. Many of the tandem repeat loci that we detected correlated with cytogenetic fragile sites. At 2,588 loci, gene-associated expansions of tandem repeats that were rare among population control individuals were significantly more prevalent among individuals with ASD than their siblings without ASD, particularly in exons and near splice junctions, and in genes related to the development of the nervous system and cardiovascular system or muscle. Rare tandem repeat expansions had a prevalence of 23.3% in children with ASD compared with 20.7% in children without ASD, which suggests that tandem repeat expansions make a collective contribution to the risk of ASD of 2.6%. These rare tandem repeat expansions included previously undescribed ASD-linked expansions in DMPK and FXN, which are associated with neuromuscular conditions, and in previously unknown loci such as FGF14 and CACNB1. Rare tandem repeat expansions were associated with lower IQ and adaptive ability. Our results show that tandem DNA repeat expansions contribute strongly to the genetic aetiology and phenotypic complexity of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Trost
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Worrawat Engchuan
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte M Nguyen
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ian Backstrom
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mila Mirceta
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bahareh A Mojarad
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yue Yin
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alona Dov
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Induja Chandrakumar
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya Prasolava
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie Shum
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omar Hamdan
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giovanna Pellecchia
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Howe
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Whitney
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric W Klee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Saurabh Baheti
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mayada Elsabbagh
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Azrieli Centre for Autism Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bridget A Fernandez
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ny Hoang
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M E Suzanne Lewis
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Calvin Sjaarda
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabel M Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Glazer
- Verily Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - A Keith Stewart
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Nozomu Sato
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher E Pearson
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan K C Yuen
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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103
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Wang JY, Danial M, Soleymanzadeh C, Kim B, Xia Y, Kim K, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ, Rivera SM. Cortical gyrification and its relationships with molecular measures and cognition in children with the FMR1 premutation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16059. [PMID: 32994518 PMCID: PMC7525519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobiological basis for cognitive development and psychiatric conditions remains unexplored in children with the FMR1 premutation (PM). Knock-in mouse models of PM revealed defects in embryonic cortical development that may affect cortical folding. Cortical-folding complexity quantified using local gyrification index (LGI) was examined in 61 children (age 8–12 years, 19/14 male/female PM carriers, 15/13 male/female controls). Whole-brain vertex-wise analysis of LGI was performed for group comparisons and correlations with IQ. Individuals with aberrant gyrification in 68 cortical areas were identified using Z-scores of LGI (hyper: Z ≥ 2.58, hypo: Z ≤ − 2.58). Significant group-by-sex-by-age interaction in LGI was detected in right inferior temporal and fusiform cortices, which correlated negatively with CGG repeat length in the PM carriers. Sixteen PM boys (hyper/hypo: 7/9) and 10 PM girls (hyper/hypo: 2/5, 3 both) displayed aberrant LGI in 1–17 regions/person while 2 control boys (hyper/hypo: 0/2) and 2 control girls (hyper/hypo: 1/1) met the same criteria in only 1 region/person. LGI in the precuneus and cingulate cortices correlated positively with IQ scores in PM and control boys while negatively in PM girls and no significant correlation in control girls. These findings reveal aberrant gyrification, which may underlie cognitive performance in children with the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yi Wang
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA. .,MIND Institute, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Merna Danial
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cyrus Soleymanzadeh
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bella Kim
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yiming Xia
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.,MIND Institute, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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104
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Villate O, Ibarluzea N, Maortua H, de la Hoz AB, Rodriguez-Revenga L, Izquierdo-Álvarez S, Tejada MI. Effect of AGG Interruptions on FMR1 Maternal Transmissions. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:135. [PMID: 32766278 PMCID: PMC7381193 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are four classes of CGG repeat alleles in the FMR1 gene: normal alleles have up to 44 repeats; patients with Fragile X Syndrome have more than 200 repeats; those between 55 and 200 CGGs are considered FMR1 premutation alleles, because they are associated with maternal expansions of the number of CGGs in the next generation and finally, alleles between 45 and 54 CGGs are called intermediate or gray zone alleles. In these last categories, the stability depends on the presence of AGG interruptions, which usually occurs between 9 and 10 CGGs. In this context, we have studied retrospectively 66 women with CGG repeats between 45 and 65, and their offspring. In total 87 transmissions were analyzed with triplet repeat primed PCR using AmplideX® FMR1 PCR (Asuragen, Austin, TX, USA) and we found that alleles with CGG repeats between 45 and 58 do not expand in the next generation except two cases with 56 repeats and 0 AGG interruptions. Furthermore, we have found four females with alleles with more than 59 CGG repeats and 2 AGG interruptions that do not expand either. Alleles from 56 CGG repeats without AGGs expand in all cases. In light of these results and those of the literature, we consider that the risk of unstable transmissions should be based on the presence or absence of AGG interruptions and not on the classical cutoffs which define each category of FMR1 alleles. The application of these results in the genetic and reproductive counseling is essential and AGG interruptions should always be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Villate
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Genetics Service, Cruces University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barakaldo, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nekane Ibarluzea
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hiart Maortua
- Genetics Service, Cruces University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barakaldo, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén de la Hoz
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Rodriguez-Revenga
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Izquierdo-Álvarez
- Genetics Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Isabel Tejada
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Genetics Service, Cruces University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Barakaldo, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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105
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Merikangas AK, Almasy L. Using the tools of genetic epidemiology to understand sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12660. [PMID: 32348611 PMCID: PMC7507200 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric disorders exhibit differences in prevalence, age of onset, symptoms or course of illness between males and females. For the most part, the origins of these differences are not well understood. In this article, we provide an overview of sex differences in psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, alcohol and substance abuse, schizophrenia, eating disorders and risk of suicide. We discuss both genetic and nongenetic mechanisms that have been hypothesized to underlie these differences, including ascertainment bias, environmental stressors, X‐ or Y‐linked risk loci, and differential liability thresholds in males and females. We then review the use of twin, family and genome‐wide association approaches to study potential genetic mechanisms of sex differences and the extent to which these designs have been employed in studies of psychiatric disorders. We describe the utility of genetic epidemiologic study designs, including classical twin and family studies, large‐scale studies of population registries, derived recurrence risks, and molecular genetic analyses of genome‐wide variation that may enhance our understanding sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Merikangas
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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106
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Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS): Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124391. [PMID: 32575683 PMCID: PMC7352421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder seen in older premutation (55-200 CGG repeats) carriers of FMR1. The premutation has excessive levels of FMR1 mRNA that lead to toxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. The clinical features usually begin in the 60 s with an action or intention tremor followed by cerebellar ataxia, although 20% have only ataxia. MRI features include brain atrophy and white matter disease, especially in the middle cerebellar peduncles, periventricular areas, and splenium of the corpus callosum. Neurocognitive problems include memory and executive function deficits, although 50% of males can develop dementia. Females can be less affected by FXTAS because of a second X chromosome that does not carry the premutation. Approximately 40% of males and 16% of female carriers develop FXTAS. Since the premutation can occur in less than 1 in 200 women and 1 in 400 men, the FXTAS diagnosis should be considered in patients that present with tremor, ataxia, parkinsonian symptoms, neuropathy, and psychiatric problems. If a family history of a fragile X mutation is known, then FMR1 DNA testing is essential in patients with these symptoms.
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107
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Study of telomere length in men who carry a fragile X premutation or full mutation allele. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1531-1539. [PMID: 32533363 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fragile X premutation is defined by the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat at the 5' UTR of the FMR1 gene to between 55 and 200 repeats, while repeat tracks longer than 200 are defined as full mutations. Men carrying a premutation are at increased risk for fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS); those with > 200 repeats have fragile X syndrome, a common genetic form of intellectual disabilities. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that men carrying a fragile X premutation or full mutation are "biologically older", as suggested by the associated age-related disorder in the presence of the fragile X premutation or the altered cellular pathology that affects both the fragile X premutation and full mutation carriers. Thus, we predicted that both groups would have shorter telomeres than men carrying the normal size repeat allele. Using linear regression models, we found that, on average, premutation carriers had shorter telomeres compared with non-carriers (n = 69 vs n = 36; p = 0.02) and that there was no difference in telomere length between full mutation carriers and non-carriers (n = 37 vs n = 29; p > 0.10). Among premutation carriers only, we also asked whether telomere length was shorter among men with vs without symptoms of FXTAS (n = 28 vs n = 38 and n = 27 vs n = 41, depending on criteria) and found no evidence for a difference (p > 0.10). Previous studies have shown that the premutation is transcribed whereas the full mutation is not, and the expanded repeat track in FMR1 transcript is thought to lead to the risk for premutation-associated disorders. Thus, our data suggest that the observed premutation-only telomere shortening may be a consequence of the toxic effect of the premutation transcript and suggest that premutation carriers are "biologically older" than men carrying the normal size allele in the same age group.
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108
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Cabal-Herrera AM, Saldarriaga-Gil W, Salcedo-Arellano MJ, Hagerman RJ. Fragile X associated neuropsychiatric disorders in a male without FXTAS. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2020; 9:113-118. [PMID: 32494560 PMCID: PMC7263992 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2020.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. In most cases, it is due to an expansion of the CGG triplet to more than 200 repeats within the promoter region of the FMR1 gene. In the premutation (PM) the trinucleotide is expanded to 55-200 repeats. PM carriers can present with disorders associated with the PM including fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X-associated ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). Recently fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (FXAND) was proposed as an umbrella term to include the neuropsychiatric disorders that are more prevalent in PM carriers compared to the general population such as anxiety, depression, chronic fatigue, alcohol abuse, and psychosis, among others. The patient in our study was evaluated by a team of clinicians from the University del Valle in Cali who traveled to Ricaurte, a Colombian town known for being a genetic geographic cluster of FXS. A detailed medical history was collected and complete physical, neurological and psychiatric evaluations were performed in addition to molecular and neuroradiological studies. We report the case of a 78-year-old man, PM carrier, without FXTAS whose main clinical presentation consists of behavioral changes and psychosis. Brain imaging revealed white matter lesions in the periventricular region and mild cerebral atrophy. Although anxiety and depression are the most common neuropsychiatric manifestations in PM carriers, it is important to perform a complete psychiatric evaluation since some patients may present with behavioral changes and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Cabal-Herrera
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Maria Jimena Salcedo-Arellano
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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109
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Salcedo-Arellano MJ, Dufour B, McLennan Y, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Hagerman R. Fragile X syndrome and associated disorders: Clinical aspects and pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 136:104740. [PMID: 31927143 PMCID: PMC7027994 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to assemble many years of research and clinical experience in the fields of neurodevelopment and neuroscience to present an up-to-date understanding of the clinical presentation, molecular and brain pathology associated with Fragile X syndrome, a neurodevelopmental condition that develops with the full mutation of the FMR1 gene, located in the q27.3 loci of the X chromosome, and Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome a neurodegenerative disease experienced by aging premutation carriers of the FMR1 gene. It is important to understand that these two syndromes have a very distinct clinical and pathological presentation while sharing the same origin: the mutation of the FMR1 gene; revealing the complexity of expansion genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimena Salcedo-Arellano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Brett Dufour
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yingratana McLennan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeno
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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110
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Kumari D, Usdin K. Molecular analysis of FMR1 alleles for fragile X syndrome diagnosis and patient stratification. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:363-365. [PMID: 32067539 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1729744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daman Kumari
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen Usdin
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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111
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Suardi GAM, Haddad LA. FMRP ribonucleoprotein complexes and RNA homeostasis. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2020; 105:95-136. [PMID: 32560791 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Fragile Mental Retardation 1 gene (FMR1), at Xq27.3, encodes the fragile mental retardation protein (FMRP), and displays in its 5'-untranslated region a series of polymorphic CGG triplet repeats that may undergo dynamic mutation. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability among men, and is most frequently due to FMR1 full mutation and consequent transcription repression. FMR1 premutations may associate with at least two other clinical conditions, named fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and tremor and ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). While FXPOI and FXTAS appear to be mediated by FMR1 mRNA accumulation, relative reduction of FMRP, and triplet repeat translation, FXS is due to the lack of the RNA-binding protein FMRP. Besides its function as mRNA translation repressor in neuronal and stem/progenitor cells, RNA editing roles have been assigned to FMRP. In this review, we provide a brief description of FMR1 transcribed microsatellite and associated clinical disorders, and discuss FMRP molecular roles in ribonucleoprotein complex assembly and trafficking, as well as aspects of RNA homeostasis affected in FXS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aparecida Marcondes Suardi
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Amaral Haddad
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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112
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Gabis LV, Shefer S, Raas-Rothschild A. Ethical Dilemmas Linked to Fragile X Testing of Minors—a Preliminary Survey Among Professionals. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:254-259. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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113
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Clustering of comorbid conditions among women who carry an FMR1 premutation. Genet Med 2020; 22:758-766. [PMID: 31896764 PMCID: PMC7118023 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Emerging evidence indicates that women who carry an FMR1 premutation can experience complex health profiles beyond the two well-established premutation-associated disorders: fragile X–associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI, affects ~20–30% carriers) and fragile X–associated tremor–ataxia syndrome (FXTAS, affects ~6–15% carriers). Methods To better understand premutation-associated health profiles, we collected self-reported medical histories on 355 carrier women. Results Twenty-two health conditions were reported by at least 10% of women. Anxiety, depression, and headaches were reported by more than 30%. The number of comorbid conditions was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) and history of smoking, but not age. Survival analysis indicated that women with FXPOI had an earlier age at onset for anxiety and osteoporosis than women without FXPOI. Cluster analysis identified eight clusters of women who reported similar patterns of comorbid conditions. The majority of carriers (63%) fell into three categories primarily defined by the presence of only a few conditions. Interestingly, a single cluster defined women with symptoms of FXTAS, and none of these women had FXPOI. Conclusion Although some women with a premutation experience complex health outcomes, most carriers report only minimal comorbid conditions. Further, women with symptoms of FXTAS appear to be distinct from women with symptoms of FXPOI.
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114
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Mei X, Yang Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Chen Q, Qian X, Li X, Feng Z. Role of fragile X mental retardation protein in chronic pain. Mol Pain 2020; 16:1744806920928619. [PMID: 32496847 PMCID: PMC7273537 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920928619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain has detrimental effects on one's quality of life. However, its treatment options are very limited, and its underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. Recent research has suggested that fragile X mental retardation protein is involved in the development of chronic pain, making it a potential target for prevention and treatment. The current review of literature will examine the function of fragile X mental retardation protein and its associated pathways, through which we hope to gain insight into how fragile X mental retardation protein may contribute to nociceptive sensitization and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Mei
- Department of Pain Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital,
Zhejiang
University School of Medicine,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital,
Zhejiang
University School of Medicine,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinsong Zhao
- Department of Pain Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital,
Zhejiang
University School of Medicine,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience,
Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of
China, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, China
| | - QiLiang Chen
- Department of
Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford Health Care,
Stanford
University, Stanford, CA,
USA
| | - Xiang Qian
- Department of
Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford Health Care,
Stanford
University, Stanford, CA,
USA
| | - Xiangyao Li
- Institute of Neuroscience,
Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of
China, School of Medicine,
Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiying Feng
- Department of Pain Medicine,
The First Affiliated Hospital,
Zhejiang
University School of Medicine,
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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115
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Johnson K, Herring J, Richstein J. Fragile X Premutation Associated Conditions (FXPAC). Front Pediatr 2020; 8:266. [PMID: 32537445 PMCID: PMC7267017 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Fragile X Network (EFXN) proposes that Fragile X Premutation Associated Conditions (FXPAC) be adopted as a universal term covering any condition linked to the Fragile X premutation. To date, there has not been an umbrella term assigned to issues associated with the FMR1 premutation, though several defined conditions which affect some premutation carriers, namely Fragile X-associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (FXPOI) and Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS), are now commonly accepted. An overarching term covering all FX premutation conditions will help doctors in determining how the premutation might be affecting their patient; and encourage researchers to explore the interrelationships of the various conditions affecting premutation carriers. Further, there are ongoing discoveries about physical and psychological issues faced by premutation carriers, and a new term helps encompass all of these burgeoning developments.
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116
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McKenzie FJ, Tassanakijpanich N, Epps KC, March SK, Hagerman RJ. Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in Females With the Fragile X FMR1 Premutation. JACC Case Rep 2020; 2:40-44. [PMID: 32154514 PMCID: PMC7062363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2019.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports 2 cases of female carriers of the FMR1 premutation for developing spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). These women had classical presentations of premutation symptoms, including anxiety, depression, and connective tissue problems, all of which can contribute to SCAD. These cases suggest a possible connection between the fragile X premutation and a predisposition to SCAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest J. McKenzie
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Nattaporn Tassanakijpanich
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Kelly C. Epps
- Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Cardiology, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - S. Kimara March
- University of Minnesota Physicians, Department of Cardiology, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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117
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Kim K, Hessl D, Randol JL, Espinal GM, Schneider A, Protic D, Aydin EY, Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ. Association between IQ and FMR1 protein (FMRP) across the spectrum of CGG repeat expansions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226811. [PMID: 31891607 PMCID: PMC6938341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome, the leading heritable form of intellectual disability, is caused by hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of large (CGG) repeat expansions (> 200 repeats) in the 5′ untranslated region of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. As a consequence of FMR1 gene silencing, there is little or no production of FMR1 protein (FMRP), an important element in normal synaptic function. Although the absence of FMRP has long been known to be responsible for the cognitive impairment in fragile X syndrome, the relationship between FMRP level and cognitive ability (IQ) is only imprecisely understood. To address this issue, a high-throughput, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay has been used to quantify FMRP levels in dermal fibroblasts, and the relationship between FMRP and IQ measures was assessed by statistical analysis in a cohort of 184 individuals with CGG-repeat lengths spanning normal (< 45 CGGs) to full mutation (> 200 CGGs) repeat ranges in fibroblasts. The principal findings of the current study are twofold: i) For those with normal CGG repeats, IQ is no longer sensitive to further increases in FMRP above an FMRP threshold of ~70% of the mean FMRP level; below this threshold, IQ decreases steeply with further decreases in FMRP; and ii) For the current cohort, a mean IQ of 85 (lower bound for the normal IQ range) is attained for FMRP levels that are only ~35% of the mean FMRP level among normal CGG-repeat controls. The current results should help guide expectations for efforts to induce FMR1 gene activity and for the levels of cognitive function expected for a given range of FMRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmi Kim
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David Hessl
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. Randol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Glenda M. Espinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Schneider
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Dragana Protic
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Elber Yuksel Aydin
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Hagerman
- UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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118
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The Role of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Social Behavior in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225599. [PMID: 31717513 PMCID: PMC6887971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The appropriate display of social behaviors is essential for the well-being, reproductive success and survival of an individual. Deficits in social behavior are associated with impaired N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated neurotransmission. In this review, we describe recent studies using genetically modified mice and pharmacological approaches which link the impaired functioning of the NMDA receptors, especially of the receptor subunits GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B, to abnormal social behavior. This abnormal social behavior is expressed as impaired social interaction and communication, deficits in social memory, deficits in sexual and maternal behavior, as well as abnormal or heightened aggression. We also describe the positive effects of pharmacological stimulation of the NMDA receptors on these social deficits. Indeed, pharmacological stimulation of the glycine-binding site either by direct stimulation or by elevating the synaptic glycine levels represents a promising strategy for the normalization of genetically-induced, pharmacologically-induced or innate deficits in social behavior. We emphasize on the importance of future studies investigating the role of subunit-selective NMDA receptor ligands on different types of social behavior to provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, which might support the development of selective tools for the optimized treatment of disorders associated with social deficits.
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119
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Park SH, Wang Z, McKinney W, Khemani P, Lui S, Christou EA, Mosconi MW. Functional motor control deficits in older FMR1 premutation carriers. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2269-2278. [PMID: 31161414 PMCID: PMC6679741 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene premutations are at increased risk for fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) during aging. However, it is unknown whether older FMR1 premutation carriers, with or without FXTAS, exhibit functional motor control deficits compared with healthy individuals. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine whether older FMR1 premutation carriers exhibit impaired ability to perform functional motor tasks. Eight FMR1 premutation carriers (age: 58.88 ± 8.36 years) and eight age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (60.13 ± 9.25 years) performed (1) a steady isometric force control task with the index finger at 20% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and; (2) a single-step task. During the finger abduction task, firing rate of multiple motor units of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle was recorded. Compared with healthy controls, FMR1 premutation carriers exhibited (1) greater force variability (coefficient of variation of force) during isometric force (1.48 ± 1.02 vs. 0.63 ± 0.37%; P = 0.04); (2) reduced firing rate of multiple motor units during steady force, and; (3) reduced velocity of their weight transfer during stepping (156.62 ± 26.24 vs. 191.86 ± 18.83 cm/s; P = 0.01). These findings suggest that older FMR1 premutation carriers exhibit functional motor control deficits that reflect either subclinical issues associated with premutations independent of FXTAS, or prodromal markers of the development of FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Hoon Park
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Walker McKinney
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Pravin Khemani
- Department of Neurology, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Evangelos A Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew W Mosconi
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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120
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Movaghar A, Page D, Brilliant M, Baker MW, Greenberg J, Hong J, DaWalt LS, Saha K, Kuusisto F, Stewart R, Berry-Kravis E, Mailick MR. Data-driven phenotype discovery of FMR1 premutation carriers in a population-based sample. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw7195. [PMID: 31457090 PMCID: PMC6703870 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the FMR1 premutation on human health is the subject of considerable controversy. A fundamental unanswered question is whether carrying the premutation allele is directly correlated with clinical phenotypes. A challenging problem in past genotype-phenotype studies of the FMR1 premutation is ascertainment bias, which could lead to invalid research conclusions and negatively affect clinical practice. Here, we created the first population-based FMR1-informed biobank to find the pattern of health characteristics in premutation carriers. Our extensive phenotyping shows that premutation carriers experience a clinical profile that is significantly different from controls and is evident throughout adulthood. Comprehensive understanding of the clinical risk associated with this genetic variant is critical for premutation carriers, their families, and clinicians and has important implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Movaghar
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Page
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Jan Greenberg
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jinkuk Hong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Krishanu Saha
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Marsha R. Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding author.
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121
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Lamonica JM, Zhou Z. Disentangling chromatin architecture to gain insights into the etiology of brain disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 55:76-81. [PMID: 31323465 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin organization, together with DNA and histone modifications, is directly linked to the spatiotemporal control of gene expression that specifies and maintains cell type-specific functions. This is particularly important in the brain where hundreds of cell types with distinct functions reside. Recent advances in molecular and computational technologies have enabled the query of chromatin architecture at unprecedented resolution and detail. Here, we review recent studies on the emerging importance of chromatin architecture in the pathogenesis of brain disorders, with emphasis on schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and unstable repeat expansion disorders. These studies provide molecular insights into how these brain disorders arise at the level of chromatin architecture and implicate new therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Lamonica
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhaolan Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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122
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Tan MM, Dy JB, Salcedo-Arellano MJ, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ. Fragile X- associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Case Report. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2019; 14:10.2217/fnl-2018-0040. [PMID: 32089651 PMCID: PMC7034938 DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2018-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene create a spectrum of developmental disorders in children in addition to neurodegenerative problems in older populations. Two types of mutations are recognized in the FMR1 gene. The full mutation (>200 CGG repeats) in the FMR1 gene leads to Fragile X Syndrome which is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism, while the premutation (55 to 200 CGG repeats) identified among carriers leads to a range of problems linked to elevated levels of the FMR1 mRNA leading to mRNA toxicity and occasionally mildly deficient FMRP levels. Two disorders among premutation carriers have been recognized namely: the Fragile X-associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (FXPOI) and Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Recently, in order to recognize a group of associated disorders commonly found in premutation carriers and extensively reported in co-morbidities studies, a new distinctive name was proposed: Fragile X-associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (FXAND). This paper will present a case report of a female premutation carrier who has encountered predominantly psychiatric problems, but also chronic pain and sleep disturbances consistent with FXAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Melinda Tan
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MedMom Institute for Human Development, Pasig City, Philippines
- Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jeanne Barbara Dy
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- MedMom Institute for Human Development, Pasig City, Philippines
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical City, Ortigas Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Maria Jimena Salcedo-Arellano
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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123
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Zafarullah M, Tassone F. Molecular Biomarkers in Fragile X Syndrome. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E96. [PMID: 31035599 PMCID: PMC6562871 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability (ID) and a known monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is a trinucleotide repeat disorder, in which more than 200 CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene causes methylation of the promoter with consequent silencing of the gene, ultimately leading to the loss of the encoded fragile X mental retardation 1 protein, FMRP. FMRP is an RNA binding protein that plays a primary role as a repressor of translation of various mRNAs, many of which are involved in the maintenance and development of neuronal synaptic function and plasticity. In addition to intellectual disability, patients with FXS face several behavioral challenges, including anxiety, hyperactivity, seizures, repetitive behavior, and problems with executive and language performance. Currently, there is no cure or approved medication for the treatment of the underlying causes of FXS, but in the past few years, our knowledge about the proteins and pathways that are dysregulated by the loss of FMRP has increased, leading to clinical trials and to the path of developing molecular biomarkers for identifying potential targets for therapies. In this paper, we review candidate molecular biomarkers that have been identified in preclinical studies in the FXS mouse animal model and are now under validation for human applications or have already made their way to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
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Zoicas I, Kornhuber J. The Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Social Behavior in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061412. [PMID: 30897826 PMCID: PMC6470515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The appropriate display of social behavior is critical for the well-being and survival of an individual. In many psychiatric disorders, including social anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorders, depression and schizophrenia social behavior is severely impaired. Selective targeting of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) has emerged as a novel treatment strategy for these disorders. In this review, we describe some of the behavioral paradigms used to assess different types of social behavior, such as social interaction, social memory, aggressive behavior and sexual behavior. We then focus on the effects of pharmacological modulation of mGluR1-8 on these types of social behavior. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates beneficial effects of selective ligands of specific mGluRs in ameliorating innate or pharmacologically-induced deficits in social interaction and social memory as well as in reducing aggression in rodents. We emphasize the importance of future studies investigating the role of selective mGluR ligands on different types of social behavior to provide a better understanding of the neural mechanisms involved which, in turn, might promote the development of selective mGluR-targeted tools for the improved treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with social deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Zoicas
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
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Salcedo-Arellano MJ, Hagerman RJ, Martínez-Cerdeño V. [Fragile X associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: its clinical presentation, pathology, and treatment]. Rev Neurol 2019; 68:199-206. [PMID: 30805918 PMCID: PMC7001878 DOI: 10.33588/rn.6805.2018457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fragile X associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with the repetition of CGG triplets (55-200 CGG repetitions) in the FMR1 gene. The premutation of the FMR1 gene, contrasting with the full mutation (more than 200 CGG repetitions), presents an increased production of messenger and a similar or slightly decreased production of FMRP protein. FXTAS affects 40% of men and 16% of women carriers of the premutation. It presents with a wide constellation of neurological signs such as intention tremor, cerebellar ataxia, parkinsonism, executive function deficits, peripheral neuropathy and cognitive decline leading to dementia among others. In this review, we present what is currently known about the molecular mechanism, the radiological findings and the pathology, as well as the complexity of the diagnosis and management of FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jimena Salcedo-Arellano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis
School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
(MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis
School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
(MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
(MIND) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners
Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis
School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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