Antioxidants and Atherosclerosis: Mechanistic Aspects

Syzygium cumini leaf extract protects macrophages against the oxidized LDL-induced toxicity: A promising atheroprotective effect

Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) plays a pivotal role on atherosclerosis development, mainly in the formation of lipid-laden macrophage "foam cells". As a consequence, substances that can modulate LDL oxidation have a pharmacological and therapeutic relevance. Based in previous findings showing the ability of Syzigium cumini leaf extract (ScExt) in preventing LDL oxidation in vitro, this study was aimed to assess the effects of ScExt on oxLDL-mediated toxicity in murine J774 macrophages-like cells. For biochemical analyses, LDL isolated from fresh human plasma and oxidized with CuSO₄ was incubated with ScExt pre-treated macrophages. Our results demonstrated that ScExt was efficient in preventing the overproduction of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), the loss of macrophage's viability and the foam cells formation induced by oxLDL. These protective effects of ScExt make it a promising antioxidant for future trials toward atherogenesis.

ClC-3: A Novel Promising Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis

Chloride channel 3 (ClC-3), a Cl^-/H⁺ antiporter, has been well established as a member of volume-regulated chloride channels (VRCCs). ClC-3 may be a crucial mediator for activating inflammation-associated signaling pathways by regulating protein phosphorylation. A growing number of studies have indicated that ClC-3 overexpression plays a crucial role in mediating increased plasma low-density lipoprotein levels, vascular endothelium dysfunction, pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, hyper-proliferation and hyper-migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as well as oxidative stress and foam cell formation, which are the main factors responsible for atherosclerotic plaque formation in the arterial wall. In the present review, we summarize the molecular structures and classical functions of ClC-3. We further discuss its emerging role in the atherosclerotic process. In conclusion, we explore the potential role of ClC-3 as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

Integrating Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Decipher the Mechanism of Action of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction in Treating Atherosclerosis

Background

This study used network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation to assess the effects of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HLJDD) on atherosclerosis (AS).

Methods

The components and targets of HLJDD were analyzed using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, and information on the genes associated with AS was retrieved from the GeneCards and OMIM platforms. Protein–protein interactions were analyzed using the STRING platform. A component–target–disease network was constructed using Cytoscape. GO and KEGG analyses were performed to identify molecular biological processes and signaling pathways, and the predictions were verified experimentally. Molecular docking was conducted with ChemOffice software, PyMOL software and Vina to verify the correlation of targets and compounds.

Results

HLJDD contained 31 active compounds, with quercetin, kaempferol, moupinamide and 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)chromone as the core compounds. The most important biotargets of HLJDD in AS were ICAM-1, CD31 and RAM-11. The molecular docking results showed that the molecular docking interaction energy between the 3 key targets and the 4 high-degree components were much less than −5 kJ∙mol⁻¹. The experimental validation results showed that HLJDD might treat AS mainly by reducing TC, TG and LDL-C and increasing HDL-C, upregulating CD31 expression, reducing ICAM-1 and RAM-11 expression, and downregulating inflammatory factors, including CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. These results support the network pharmacology data and demonstrate that HLJDD affects the expression of core genes and alters the leukocyte transendothelial migration signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Based on network pharmacology and experimental validation, our study indicated that HLJDD exerted anti-AS effect through upregulating CD31 expression and reducing the expression of ICAM-1 and RAM-11. HLJDD may be a potential therapeutic drug to the prevention of AS.

Targeting Xanthine Oxidase by Natural Products as a Therapeutic Approach for Mental Disorders

Mental disorders comprise diverse human pathologies, including depression, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia that affect millions of people around the world. The causes of mental disorders are unclear, but growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress and the purine/adenosine system play a key role in their development and progression. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a flavoprotein enzyme essential for the catalysis of the oxidative hydroxylation of purines -hypoxanthine and xanthine- to generate uric acid. As a consequence of the oxidative reaction of XO, reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are produced and, further, contribute to the pathogenesis of mental disorders. Altered XO activity has been associated with free radical-mediated neurotoxicity inducing cell damage and inflammation. Diverse studies reported a direct association between an increased activity of XO and diverse mental diseases including depression or schizophrenia. Small-molecule inhibitors, such as the well-known allopurinol, and dietary flavonoids, can modulate the XO activity and subsequent ROS production. In the present work, we review the available literature on XO inhibition by small molecules and their potential therapeutic application in mental disorders. In addition, we discuss the chemistry and molecular mechanism of XO inhibitors, as well as the use of structure-based and computational methods to design specific inhibitors with the capability of modulating XO activity.

Preparation of Graphene Oxide-Embedded Hydrogel as a Novel Sensor Platform for Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Scutellaria baicalensis

Antioxidation is very important in medicine and food. The current evaluation technologies often have many shortcomings. In this work, an improved electrochemical sensing platform for the evaluation of antioxidant activity has been proposed. A hydrogel was prepared based on graphene oxide, zinc ions, and chitosan. Zinc ions play the role of crosslinking agents in hydrogels. The structure of chitosan can be destroyed by injecting hydrogen peroxide into the hydrogel, and the free zinc ions can diffuse to the surface of the electrode to participate in the electrochemical reaction. This electrochemical sensor can evaluate the antioxidant activity by comparing the current difference of zinc reduction before and after adding the antioxidant. With the help of graphene oxide, this hydrogel can greatly enhance the sensing effect. We conducted tests on 10 real samples. This proposed electrochemical platform has been successfully applied for evaluating the antioxidant activity of Scutellaria baicalensis, and the results were compared to those obtained from the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-based traditional analysis technique.

Effectiveness of Consumption of a Combination of Citrus Fruit Flavonoids and Olive Leaf Polyphenols to Reduce Oxidation of Low-Density Lipoprotein in Treatment-Naïve Cardiovascular Risk Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Study

The aim of the study was to assess whether oral intake of a nutraceutical product (Citrolive™) could determine changes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and other parameters of lipid metabolism and plasma atherogenic capacity. Citrolive™ is a commercial extract obtained from the combination of citrus fruit flavonoids and olive leaf extracts. Twenty-three untreated subjects (69.6% males, 30.4% females, mean age 41.9 ± 9.4 years) with cardiovascular risk factors and a total cholesterol level >200 mg/dL and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) > 130 mg/dL participated in a 3-month randomized double-blind controlled study. Participants in the intervention group (71.4% males, 28.6% females, mean age 42.7 ± 9.7 years) consumed Citrolive™ (500 mg, two capsules/day), and controls (66.7% males, 33.3% females, mean age 40.6 ± 9.4 years) received a matched placebo. At 3 months, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) decreased significantly in the intervention group from 93.8 ± 19.1 U/L to 62.8 ± 28.7 U/L (p < 0.05), whereas the control group increased from 98.2 ± 23.5 U/L to 105.7 ± 21.9 U/L (p = 0.1). Between-group differences were also significant (p < 0.05). Similar findings in the ox-LDL/LDL-C ratio were observed. Serum paraoxonase activity (PON1) increased significantly in the intervention group from 64.5 ± 15.6 U/L to 78.7 ± 28.8 U/L (p < 0.05) but remained unchanged in controls. Consumption of Citrolive™ for 3 months in treatment-naïve subjects with moderate risk of atherosclerosis was associated with a reduction in oxidized LDL-C and LDL-oxidase/LDL-C ratio as compared to controls.

Review of Natural Resources With Vasodilation: Traditional Medicinal Plants, Natural Products, and Their Mechanism and Clinical Efficacy

For decades, chronic diseases including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) have plagued the world. Meanwhile, we have noticed a close association between CCVDs and vascular lesions, such as hypertension. More focus has been placed on TMPs and natural products with vasodilation and hypotension. TMPs with vasodilatory and hypotensive activities are mainly from Compositae, Lamiaceae, and Orchidaceae (such as V. amygdalina Del., T. procuinbens L., M. glomerata Spreng., K. galanga L., etc.) whereas natural products eliciting vasorelaxant potentials were primarily from flavonoids, phenolic acids and alkaloids (such as apigenin, puerarin, curcumin, sinomenine, etc.). Furthermore, the data analysis showed that the vasodilatory function of TMPs was mainly concerned with the activation of eNOS, while the natural products were primarily correlated with the blockage of calcium channel. Thus, TMPs will be used as alternative drugs and nutritional supplements, while natural products will be considered as potential therapies for CCVDs in the future. This study provides comprehensive and valuable references for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and CCVDs and sheds light on the further studies in this regard. However, since most studies are in vitro and preclinical, there is a need for more in-depth researches and clinical trials to understand the potential of these substances.

Propolis in Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Chronic Diseases: A Narrative Review

Propolis is a resinous product collected by bees from plants to protect and maintain the homeostasis of their hives. Propolis has been used therapeutically by humans for centuries. This review article attempts to analyze the potential use of propolis in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated chronic diseases. MetS and its chronic diseases were shown to be involved in at least seven out of the top 10 causes of death in 2019. Patients with MetS are also at a heightened risk of severe morbidity and mortality in the present COVID-19 pandemic. Propolis with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties is potentially useful in ameliorating the symptoms of MetS and its associated chronic diseases. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on propolis and its therapeutic benefit in MetS and its chronic diseases, with an emphasis on in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as human clinical trials. Moreover, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of action of propolis are also discussed. Propolis inhibits the development and manifestation of MetS and its chronic diseases by inhibiting of the expression and interaction of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors (RAGEs), inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, and promoting the cellular antioxidant systems.

Supernatants of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus plantarum Strains Exhibited Antioxidative Effects on A7R5 Cells

Vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in cardiovascular diseases and the antioxidative effects of probiotics have been widely reported. To screen the probiotic strains that may prevent cardiovascular diseases, we tested the antioxidative effects of supernatants of different Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains on A7R5 cells. Preincubation with supernatants of B. longum CCFM752, L. plantarum CCFM1149, or L. plantarum CCFM10 significantly suppressed the angiotensin II-induced increases in ROS levels and increased catalase (CAT) activity in A7R5, whereas CCFM752 inhibited NADPH oxidase activation and CCFM1149 enhanced the intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity simultaneously. Treatment with CCFM752, CCFM1149, or CCFM10 supernatants had no significant impact on transcriptional levels of Cat, Sod1, Sod2, Nox1, p22phox, or p47phox, but altered the overall transcriptomic profile and the expression of genes relevant to protein biosynthesis, and up-regulated the 60S ribosomal protein L7a (Rpl7a). A positive correlation between Rpl7a expression and intracellular CAT activity implied that Rpl7a may participate in CAT synthesis in A7R5. Supernatant of CCFM752 could also down-regulate the expression of NADPH oxidase activator 1 (Noxa1) and angiotensinogen in A7R5. Collectively, the probiotic strains CCFM752, CCFM1149, and CCFM10 exhibited antioxidative attributes on A7R5 cells and might help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Cell adhesion molecule-mediated therapeutic strategies in atherosclerosis: From a biological basis and molecular mechanism to drug delivery nanosystems

Atherosclerosis (AS), characterized by pathological constriction of blood vessels due to chronic low-grade inflammation and lipid deposition, is a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have the ability to regulate the inflammatory response and endothelial function, as well as potentially driving plaque rupture, which all contribute to the progression of AS. Moreover, recent advances in the development of clinical agents in the cardiovascular field are based on CAMs, which show promising results in the fight against AS. Here, we review the current literature on mechanisms by which CAMs regulate atherosclerotic progression from the earliest induction of inflammation to plaques formation. In particular, we focused on therapeutic strategies based on CAMs inhibitors that prevent leukocyte from migrating to endothelium, including high-affinity antibodies and antagonists, nonspecific traditional medicinal formulas and lipid lowering drugs. The CAMs-based drug delivery nanosystem and the available data on the more reasonable and effective clinical application of CAMs inhibitors have been emphasized, raising hope for further progress in the field of AS therapy.

Selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia: association with oxidative stress and lipid status biomarkers

Introduction

Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T) is a multi-system disorder that may be associated with endocrine changes, oxidative stress in addition to inflammation. Studies suggest that selenium is a trace element related to protection against damage caused by oxidative stress.

Objective

To describe the plasma levels of selenium and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in A-T patients and to relate them to oxidative stress and lipid status biomarkers.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional and controlled study evaluating 22 A-T patients (age median, 12.2 years old) matched by gender and age with 18 healthy controls. We evaluated: nutritional status, food intake, plasma selenium levels, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity, lipid status, inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers.

Results

Adequate levels of selenium were observed in 24/36 (66.7%) in this evaluated population. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in selenium levels [47.6 μg/L (43.2–57.0) vs 54.6 (45.2–62.6) μg/dL, p = 0.242]. Nine of A-T patients (41%) had selenium levels below the reference value. The A-T group presented higher levels of LDL-c, non-HDL-c, oxidized LDL, Apo B, Apo-B/Apo-A-I1, LDL-c/HDL-c ratio, malondialdehyde [3.8 µg/L vs 2.8 µg/L, p = 0.029] and lower Apo-A-I1/HDL-c and glutathione peroxidase activity [7300 U/L vs 8686 U/L, p = 0.005]. Selenium levels were influenced, in both groups, independently, by the concentrations of oxidized LDL, malonaldehyde and non-HDL-c. The oxidized LDL (AUC = 0.849) and ALT (AUC = 0.854) were the variables that showed the greatest discriminatory power between groups.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we observed the presence of selenium below the reference value in nearly 40% and low GPx activity in A-T patients. There was a significant, inverse and independent association between selenium concentrations and oxidative stress biomarkers. Those data reinforce the importance of assessing the nutritional status of selenium in those patients.

Potential Role of Melatonin as an Adjuvant for Atherosclerotic Carotid Arterial Stenosis

Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is an atherosclerotic disease characterized by a narrowing of the artery lumen and a high risk of ischemic stroke. Risk factors of atherosclerosis, including smoking, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, aging, and disrupted circadian rhythm, may potentiate atherosclerosis in the carotid artery and further reduce the arterial lumen. Ischemic stroke due to severe CAS and cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury after the revascularization of CAS also adversely affect clinical outcomes. Melatonin is a pluripotent agent with potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuroprotective properties. Although there is a shortage of direct clinical evidence demonstrating the benefits of melatonin in CAS patients, previous studies have shown that melatonin may be beneficial for patients with CAS in terms of reducing endothelial damage, stabilizing arterial plaque, mitigating the harm from CAS-related ischemic stroke and cerebral I/R injury, and alleviating the adverse effects of the related risk factors. Additional pre-clinical and clinical are required to confirm this speculation.

Sestrin 2, a potential star of antioxidant stress in cardiovascular diseases

Physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cellular signal transduction. However, excessive ROS is an important pathological mechanism in most cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as myocardial aging, cardiomyopathy, ischemia/reperfusion injury (e.g., myocardial infarction) and heart failure. Programmed cell death, hypertrophy and fibrosis may be due to oxidative stress. Sestrin 2 (Sesn2), a stress-inducible protein associated with various stress conditions, is a potential antioxidant. Sesn2 can suppress the process of heart damage caused by oxidative stress, promote cell survival and play a key role in a variety of CVDs. This review discusses the effect of Sesn2 on the redox signal, mainly via participation in the signaling pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. It also discusses the effect of Sesn2's antioxidant activity on different CVDs. We speculate that Sesn2 plays an important role in CVDs by stimulating the process of antioxidation and promoting the adaptation of cells to stress conditions and/or the environment, opening a new avenue for related therapeutic strategies.

Effect of pomegranate juice on vascular adhesion factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and insulin resistance demonstrate elements of functional impairment of the endothelium. Treatment of endothelial dysfunction with natural products, such as pomegranate, can open new ways in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

PURPOSE

The present meta-analysis provides information in highlighting the role of pomegranate in endothelial dysfunction.

METHODS

Various databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar, were searched up to July 2020 using relevant keywords. We have selected the studies that investigated the effects of pomegranate on vascular adhesion factors, including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). MD with 95% CrI with 100,000 iterations by using Markov chain Monte Carlo code were used.

RESULTS

Pooled effect size of articles in human studies indicated that pomegranate juice was not significantly effective on ICAM-1 [MD: -0.42; CrI: (-1.01, 0.17)], VCAM-1 [MD: -0.20; CrI: (-1.95, 1.40)], and E-selectin [MD: -0.21; CrI: (-1.62, 1.21)] compared to the control group. But it can significantly reduce IL-6 [MD: -1.07; CrI: (-1.90, -0.19)].

CONCLUSION

Generally, present study showed that pomegranate juice has no significant effect on vascular adhesion factors, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin, but can reduce IL-6 significantly. Future prospective randomized clinical trials with longer intervention duration are warranted to obtain a precise conclusion.

Oxidative Stress in Ischemic Heart Disease

One of the novel interesting topics in the study of cardiovascular disease is the role of the oxidation system, since inflammation and oxidative stress are known to lead to cardiovascular diseases, their progression and complications. During decades of research, many complex interactions between agents of oxidative stress, oxidation, and antioxidant systems have been elucidated, and numerous important pathophysiological links to na number of disorders and diseases have been established. This review article will present the most relevant knowledge linking oxidative stress to vascular dysfunction and disease. The review will focus on the role of oxidative stress in endotheleial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and other pathogenetic processes and mechanisms that contribute to the development of ischemic heart disease.

Efficacy of some Herbal Medicines in Osteoarthritis with a Focus on Topical Agents: A Systematic Review

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of musculoskeletal disorders that mainly affects the elderly population. Some herbal medicines have the potential to alleviate the pain associated with OA and improve physical activity mostly through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of herbal medicines, especially topical types, on osteoarthritis. In this systematic review, the keywords "osteoarthritis", "herbal compounds", "herbal medicine", "topical drug", "hydrogels", "cream" and "treatment" were used to search publications published from 2010 to 2019 and indexed in databases including PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar. After screening of titles and abstracts and detection of duplicate publications, 38 eligible articles were included in the main review. We also included herbal formulations in vivo. Bioactive fractions of herbal medicines mostly worked on OA through suppression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducing nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation by inhibition of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα) phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, p65 phosphorylation, and p65 nuclear translocation, downregulation of NF-κB targets including COX-2 and MMPs, upregulation of collagen type II, cartilage-specific proteoglycans (CSPGs), β1-integrin, and expression of cartilage-specific transcription factor SOX-9 protein. Noticeably, herbal medicines do not produce desirable effects, thereby using their combinations with other therapeutic agents seem to exert substantial clinical outcomes. Herbal gels have demonstrated robustly significant healing effects on knee pain, stiffness and mobility. It is worth considering that because OA is a chronic disease, longer duration of the studies/trials would even lead to obtaining more reliable judgments regarding topical treatment tolerability, safety and efficacy and clarify local or systemic adverse effects. Stability and standardization of a defined amount or concentrations of herbal gels would give promising effects on OA treatment and pain relief.

Effects of REDOX in Regulating and Treatment of Metabolic and Inflammatory Cardiovascular Diseases

Reduction oxidation (REDOX) reaction is crucial in life activities, and its dynamic balance is regulated by ROS. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with a variety of metabolic diseases involving in multiple cellular signalling in pathologic and physiological signal transduction. ROS are the by-products of numerous enzymatic reactions in various cell compartments, including the cytoplasm, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and peroxisome. ROS signalling is not only involved in normal physiological processes but also causes metabolic dysfunction and maladaptive responses to inflammatory signals, which depends on the cell type or tissue environment. Excess oxidants are able to alter the normal structure and function of DNA, lipids, and proteins, leading to mutations or oxidative damage. Therefore, excessive oxidative stress is usually regarded as the cause of various pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, and kidney diseases. Currently, it has been possible to detect diabetes and other cardiac diseases by detecting derivatives accompanied by oxidative stress in vivo as biomarkers, but there is no effective method to treat these diseases. In consequence, it is essential for us to seek new therapy targeting these diseases through understanding the role of ROS signalling in regulating metabolic activity, inflammatory activation, and cardiac diseases related to metabolic dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the current literature on REDOX and its role in the regulation of cardiac metabolism and inflammation, focusing on ROS, local REDOX signalling pathways, and other mechanisms.

Isolation and identification of a flavonoid compound and in vivo lipid-lowering properties of Imperata cylindrica

Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica/I. cylindrica) of the Gramineae family is found abundantly in nature, and the roots of this plant possess several beneficial biological properties. The present study aimed to isolate and identify flavonoid compounds from cogon grass roots and examine their potential as hypocholesterolemic agents. The flavonoid compound was isolated using a maceration method, followed by gravity column chromatography until a pure compound was obtained. The molecular structure of the isolated compound was determined using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. An in vivo lipid-lowering test used a randomized post-test only control group experimental design in rats with hypercholesterolemia. The animals were divided into four groups: K0, negative control; K1, positive control; K2, ethanol extract treated group; and K3, ethyl acetate fraction treated group, and the lipid profiles were examined at the end of the study. The isolated compound, 7,3',5'-trimethoxyflavonol, was collected in yellow powder form; was shown to be a flavonoids and was comprised of 18 carbon atoms and 16 hydrogen atoms. In vivo tests demonstrated that 15 mg/200 g body weight (BW) of an ethanol extract significantly lowered total cholesterol levels (P=0.001) but did not lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P=0.109) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (P=0.003). The fraction of ethyl acetate administered at 15 mg/200 g BW was capable of lowering the total cholesterol levels significantly (P=0.002) and lowered LDL levels (P=0.006) but was unable to increase HDL levels (P=0.190). The in vivo tests showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of I. cylindrica reduced total cholesterol and LDL levels more effectively than the ethanol extract, but did not affect HDL levels in rats with hypercholesterolemia.

Guanxinshutong Alleviates Atherosclerosis by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Proinflammation in ApoE-/- Mice

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic progressive disease related to dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Guanxinshutong capsule (GXST), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in treating coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, while its mechanism actions on AS are still not to be well addressed. Our present study is aimed to examine the effect of GXST on AS and elucidate the multitarget mechanisms of GXST on AS. Network pharmacology analysis was employed to screen the multitarget mechanisms of GXST on AS. ApoE^−/− mice were used to validate these effects. Circulating lipid profile and oxidative stress-related factors were measured by the Elisa kit. Furthermore, the aortic trunk and aortic root were excised for oil red O staining, histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. We first discovered that GXST was clued to exert synergistically antiatherosclerosis properties including lipid-lowering, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation through the computational prediction based on a network pharmacology simulation. Next, the validation experiments in atherosclerosis mice provided evidence that GXST significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions, increased collagen deposition, and attenuated LV remodeling to some extent. Mechanistically, GXST modulated lipid profile, downregulated the level of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κBp65. GXST also reduced the activity of oxidative parameter MDA and upregulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH) compared with the AS model group. In conclusion, GXST intervention might attenuate atherosclerosis by mechanisms involving reducing lipid deposition, modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, but a larger controlled trial is necessary for confirmation.

Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis: Association of risk factors and treatment strategies using plant-based bioactive compounds

Under physiological conditions, endothelial cells act as protective barrier which prevents direct contact of blood with circulating factors via production of tissue plasminogen activator. Risk factors of metabolic disorders are responsible to induce endothelial dysfunction and may consequently lead to prognosis of atherosclerosis. This article summarizes the process of atherosclerosis which involves number of sequences including formation and interaction of AGE-RAGE, activation of polyol pathway, protein kinase C, and hexosamine-mediated pathway. All these mechanisms can lead to the development of oxidative stress which may further aggravate condition. Different pharmacological interventions are being used to treat atherosclerosis, however, these might be associated with mild to severe side effects. Therefore, plant-based bioactive compounds having potential to combat and prevent atherosclerosis in diabetic patients are attaining recent focus. By understanding process of development and mechanisms involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation, these bioactive compounds can be better option for future therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis treatment. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Atherosclerosis is one of major underlying disorders of cardiovascular diseases which occur through multiple mechanisms and is associated with metabolic disorders. Conventional therapeutic interventions are not only used to treat atherosclerosis, but are also commonly associated with mild to severe side effects. Therefore, nowadays, bioactive compounds having potential to combat and prevent atherosclerosis in diabetic patients are preferred. By understanding mechanisms involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation, bioactive compounds can be better understood for treatment of atherosclerosis. In this manuscript, we have focused on treatment strategies of atherosclerosis using bioactive compounds notably alkaloids and flavonoids having diverse pharmacological and therapeutic potentials with special focus on the mechanism of action of these bioactive compounds suitable for treatment of atherosclerosis. This manuscript will provide the scientific insights of bioactive compounds to researchers who are working in the area of drug discovery and development to control pathogenesis and development of atherosclerosis and its associated cardiometabolic disorders.

Saponins from Tribulus terrestris L. Extract Down-regulate the Expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin in Human Endothelial Cell Lines

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin (SELE) are consistently expressed in the vascular endothelium. Several evidence support the crucial role of adhesion molecules in the development of atherosclerosis and plaque instability. Due to the anti-inflammatory activity of Tribulus terrestris (TT), the present study investigated the effect of aqueous extract and saponin fraction of TT on the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and SELE genes in endothelial cells during normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced conditions. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human bone marrow endothelial cells (HBMEC) were cultured, stimulated by LPS, and treated with aqueous extract and saponin fraction of TT. Finally, the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and SELE genes were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. LPS-induced HUVECs and HBMECs significantly increased the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and SELE in comparison with control groups (P<0.001). Treatment of LPS-induced HUVECs and HBMECs by aqueous extract and saponin fraction of TT decreased the expression of all three mentioned genes significantly (P<0.001) in comparison with LPS-induced cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TT has an anti-inflammatory effect. In vivo study about anti-inflammatory effect of this herb may provide new insights into the development of a herbal drug for the prevention/therapy of atherosclerosis.

Mechanisms of Medicinal Plant Activity on Nitric Oxide (NO) Bioavailability as Prospective Treatments for Atherosclerosis

Background and objective:

Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of human morbidity globally and reduced bioavailability of vascular nitric oxide (NO) has a critical role in the progression and development of the atherosclerotic disease. Loss of NO bioavailability, for example via a deficiency of the substrate (L-arginine) or cofactors for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), invariably leads to detrimental vascular effects such as impaired endothelial function and increased smooth muscle cell proliferation, deficiency of the substrate (Larginine) or cofactors for eNOS. Various medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds or secondary metabolites with fewer side effects are potentially implicated in preventing cardiovascular disease by increasing NO bioavailability, thereby ameliorating endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we describe the most notable medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds that may be appropriate for enhancing NO bioavailability, and treatment of atherosclerosis.

Methods:

The material in this article was obtained from noteworthy scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar.

Results:

Medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds influence NO production through diverse mechanisms including the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, activating protein kinase C (PKC)-α, stimulating protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), reducing the conversion of nitrite to NO via nitrate-nitrite reduction pathways, induction of eNOS, activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine threonine protein kinase B (AKT) (PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO) pathway and decreasing oxidative stress.

Conclusion:

Medicinal plants and/or their constituent bioactive compounds may be considered as safe therapeutic options for enhancing NO bioavailability and prospective preventative therapy for atherosclerosis.

Chronic stress and endothelial dysfunction: mechanisms, experimental challenges, and the way ahead

Although chronic stress is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) onset, the underlying mechanisms driving such pathophysiological complications remain relatively unknown. Here, dysregulation of innate stress response systems and the effects of downstream mediators are strongly implicated, with the vascular endothelium emerging as a primary target of excessive glucocorticoid and catecholamine action. Therefore, this review article explores the development of stress-related endothelial dysfunction by focusing on the following: 1) assessing the phenomenon of stress and complexities surrounding this notion, 2) discussing mechanistic links between chronic stress and endothelial dysfunction, and 3) evaluating the utility of various preclinical models currently employed to study mechanisms underlying the onset of stress-mediated complications such as endothelial dysfunction. The data reveal that preclinical models play an important role in our efforts to gain an increased understanding of mechanisms underlying stress-mediated endothelial dysfunction. It is our understanding that this provides a good foundation going forward, and we propose that further efforts should be made to 1) more clearly define the concept of stress and 2) standardize protocols of animal models with specific guidelines to better indicate the mental complications that are simulated.

Neurotransmitter, Antioxidant and Anti-neuroinflammatory Mechanistic Potentials of Herbal Medicines in Ameliorating Autism Spectrum Disorder

BACKGROUND

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental issue that disrupts behavior, nonverbal communication, and social interaction, impacting all aspects of an individual's social development. The underlying origin of autism is unclear, however, oxidative stress, as well as serotonergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic systems are thought to be implicated in ASD. Despite the fact that there is no effective medication for autism, current pharmacological treatments are utilized to ameliorate some of the symptoms such as selfmutilation, aggression, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, inattention, hyperactivity, and sleep disorders.

METHODS

In accord with the literature regarding the activity of herbal medicines on neurotransmitter function, we aimed to review the most worthy medicinal herbs possessing neuroprotective effects.

RESULTS

Based on the outcome, medicinal herbs such as Zingiber officinale, Astragalus membranaceu, Ginkgo biloba, Centella asiatica and Acorus calamus, have antioxidant activity, which can influence neurotransmitter systems and are potentially neuroprotective.

CONCLUSION

Consequently, these herbs, in theory at least, appear to be suitable candidates within an overall management strategy for those on the autism spectrum.

Butanolic Extract of Noni Inhibits Proliferation, Inflammation, and Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) Expression in Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells

Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) plays a central role in smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and inflammation, being involved in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We have previously found that butanolic extract of noni, a tropical plant belonging to the family Rubiaceae, exerts anti-inflammatory effects on endothelial cells exposed to advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Here, we examined the effects of noni extract on oxidative stress production, growth, and inflammatory reactions in PDGF-BB or AGE-exposed SMCs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell proliferation, and adhesion were measured by a fluorescent dye, a colorimetric agent, and labeled THP-1 cells, respectively. Gene and protein expression was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Butanolic extract of noni reduced ROS production, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) expression, and proliferation in, and THP-1 cell adhesion to, PDGF-BB-exposed SMCs. Gene expression and protein level of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) were significantly decreased by noni extract in SMCs. Furthermore, AGEs significantly increased PCSK9 mRNA and protein levels in SMCs, which were inhibited by noni extract or an antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Our present study suggests that butanolic extract of noni not only inhibits the PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and inflammatory reactions in SMCs through its antioxidative properties but also reduces PCSK9 levels in AGE-exposed SMCs via suppression of RAGE expression. Butanolic extract of noni may play a protective role against atherosclerosis.

Protection of natural antioxidants against low-density lipoprotein oxidation

This chapter reports essential information about the protective action of antioxidants against LDL oxidation. The activity of individual compounds (tocopherols, vitamin C, phenolic compounds) as well as extracts obtained from plant material (cereals, fruits, legumes, nuts, mushrooms, by-products of food industry) is reported. The structure-antioxidant activity relationship of phenolic compounds is discussed. This article summarizes the findings to date of both in vitro and in vivo studies using foods or phenolic extracts isolated from foodstuffs at inhibiting the incidence of LDL oxidation. This chapter summarizes also the reportings to date of in vivo studies using foods or beverages at inhibiting the incidence of LDL oxidation.

Low shear stress induces endothelial cell apoptosis and monocyte adhesion by upregulating PECAM‑1 expression

Low shear stress serves an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions, with an impact on progression, but its detailed mechanisms are .not yet fully known. The present study aimed to investigate endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis, as well as monocyte adhesion induced by low shear stress and the potential underlying mechanisms. The expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) was demonstrated to be enhanced in human umbilical vascular ECs with a trend that was associated with time when stimulated by low shear stress compared with unstimulated cells. EC apoptosis was increased under low shear stress compared with unstimulated cells, and knockdown of PECAM-1 inhibited this process. Furthermore, downregulation of PECAM-1 reduced monocyte adhesion induced by low shear stress compared with that in the negative control cells. Mechanistically, PECAM-1 small interfering RNA transfection increased Akt and forkhead box O1 phosphorylation under low shear stress conditions compared with that in the negative control cells. Collectively, the findings of the present study revealed that low shear stress induced EC apoptosis and monocyte adhesion by upregulating PECAM-1 expression, which suggested that PECAM-1 may be a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

Coenzyme Q10: Clinical Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases

Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is a ubiquitous factor present in cell membranes and mitochondria, both in its reduced (ubiquinol) and oxidized (ubiquinone) forms. Its levels are high in organs with high metabolism such as the heart, kidneys, and liver because it acts as an energy transfer molecule but could be reduced by aging, genetic factors, drugs (e.g., statins), cardiovascular (CV) diseases, degenerative muscle disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. As CoQ₁₀ is endowed with significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features, useful to prevent free radical-induced damage and inflammatory signaling pathway activation, its depletion results in exacerbation of inflammatory processes. Therefore, exogenous CoQ₁₀ supplementation might be useful as an adjuvant in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and myocardial infarction and in associated risk factors such as hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and obesity. This review aims to summarize the current evidences on the use of CoQ₁₀ supplementation as a therapeutic approach in cardiovascular diseases through the analysis of its clinical impact on patients' health and quality of life. A substantial reduction of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers has been observed in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) focused on several of the abovementioned diseases, even if more RCTs, involving a larger number of patients, will be necessary to strengthen these interesting findings.

The GPR55 antagonist CID16020046 protects against ox-LDL-induced inflammation in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs)

Atherosclerosis is a commonplace cardiovascular disease which affects most people in old age. While its causes are currently poorly understood, continuous study is being performed in order to elucidate both the pathogenesis and treatment of this insidious disease. Atherosclerosis is presently thought to be linked to several factors such as endothelial dysfunction, monocyte adhesion to the intima of the artery, and increased oxidative stress. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), colloquially known as the "bad cholesterol", is known to play a critical role in the previously mentioned atherosclerotic processes. In this study, our goal was to elucidate the role of the lysophospholipid receptor G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and its antagonist, the cannabinoid CID16020046, in endothelial dysfunction. While their existence and especially their role in atherosclerosis has only semi-recently been elucidated, a growing body of research has begun to link their interaction to antiatherosclerosis. In our research, we found CID16020046 to have distinct atheroprotective properties such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and inhibition of monocyte attachment to endothelial cells. While there was previously a small body of research regarding the potential of cannabinoids to treat or prevent atherosclerosis, studies on the treatment potential of CID16020046 were even fewer. Thus, this study is one of the first to explore the effects of cannabinoids in atherosclerosis. Our findings in the present study provide a strong argument for the use of CID16020046 in the treatment of atherosclerosis as well as a basis for further experimentation using cannabinoids as therapy against atherosclerosis.

Inhibitory Effect of Curcumin on Artery Restenosis Following Carotid Endarterectomy and Its Associated Mechanism in vitro and in vivo

Objective

The present study aimed to assess the effect of curcumin (Cur) on carotid artery restenosis following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and its associated mechanism in vivo and in vitro.

Methods

Ang II was used to induce excessive proliferation of rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells (CCC-SMC-1) in order to establish a hemadostenosis cell model. Similarly, the animal model of carotid artery restenosis was established by carotid artery gas drying injury combined with high-fat feed prior to CEA. CCC-SMC-1 cells and animals were treated by Cur and its effects on neointimal hyperplasia, inflammation and oxidative stress were detected and observed. The proteins that were associated with the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway were detected in cells and rabbit carotid artery tissues.

Results

Cur inhibited the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and neointimal formation and reduced the inflammation and oxidative stress indices. Concomitantly, Cur reduced the phosphorylation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway proteins.

Conclusion

Cur could inhibit carotid restenosis following CEA by inhibiting the activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway.

Pathological Roles of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cardiac Microvascular Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Mitochondria are key regulators of cell fate through controlling ATP generation and releasing pro-apoptotic factors. Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to the coronary microcirculation has manifestations ranging in severity from reversible edema to interstitial hemorrhage. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardiac microvascular I/R injury including edema, impaired vasomotion, coronary microembolization, and capillary destruction. In contrast to their role in cell types with higher energy demands, mitochondria in endothelial cells primarily function in signaling cellular responses to environmental cues. It is clear that abnormal mitochondrial signatures, including mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, and mitophagy, play a substantial role in endothelial cell function. While the pathogenic role of each of these mitochondrial alterations in the endothelial cells I/R injury remains complex, profiling of mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics in endothelial cell dysfunction may offer promising potential targets in the search for novel diagnostics and therapeutics in cardiac microvascular I/R injury. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on cardiac microvascular endothelial cells dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial fission and fusion, are critically discussed to understand their roles in endothelial cell survival. Finally, mitophagy, as a degradative mechanism for damaged mitochondria, is summarized to figure out its contribution to the progression of microvascular I/R injury.