101
|
Baum SJ, Scholz KP. Rounding the corner on residual risk: Implications of REDUCE-IT for omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids treatment in secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Clin Cardiol 2019; 42:829-838. [PMID: 31254481 PMCID: PMC6727875 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease remain at increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events even during optimal lipid-lowering therapy. Recent studies using the methods of Mendelian randomization, as well as analyses of data from large statin trials, have concluded that elevated triglyceride (TG) levels contribute to that increased risk. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) from fish and shellfish (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) reduce TG levels when added to the diet in sufficient amounts, and they have favorable effects on several other markers of CV risk. However, trials of omega-3 PUFAs have had inconsistent findings regarding CV risk reduction. Recently, the REDUCE-IT (Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with EPA-Intervention Trial) trial reported that treatment of such high-risk patients with icosapent ethyl, a purified and stabilized ethyl ester of EPA, reduced the risk of the trial's primary CV endpoint by 25% (95% confidence intervals [CI], 32%-17%; P < .001). To appreciate the clinical implications of this result, it is important to understand how the REDUCE-IT trial differed from previous trials, especially with regard to patient enrollment criteria and treatment dosing. We discuss these design features relative to other trials. TG lowering can account for only part of the risk reduction seen with icosapent ethyl; we also consider other potential contributory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth J. Baum
- Excel Medical Clinical TrialsBoca RatonFlorida,Department of Integrated Medical Science, Florida Atlantic UniversityCharles E. Schmidt College of MedicineBoca RatonFlorida
| | | |
Collapse
|
102
|
Sheikh O, Vande Hei AG, Battisha A, Hammad T, Pham S, Chilton R. Cardiovascular, electrophysiologic, and hematologic effects of omega-3 fatty acids beyond reducing hypertriglyceridemia: as it pertains to the recently published REDUCE-IT trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:84. [PMID: 31234885 PMCID: PMC6591979 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease continues to affect health outcomes globally, accounting for a quarter of all deaths in the United States. Despite the improvement in the development and implementation of guideline-directed medical therapy, the risk of adverse cardiac events remains substantially high. Historically, it has been debated whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids provide clinical benefit in cardiac disease. The recently published REDUCE-IT trial demonstrated a statistically significant absolute risk reduction of 4.8% in its primary endpoint (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina) with the use of icosapent ethyl, which is a highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester. However, the mechanism of action of omega-3 fatty acids is not commonly discussed. Moreover, the use of EPA was not without risk, as the incidence of atrial fibrillation was increased along with a trend towards increased bleeding risk. Thus, our aim is to help explain the function of purified EPA ethyl ester, especially at the molecular level, which will ultimately lead to a better understanding of their clinically observable effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Sheikh
- Cardiology Division, University Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7403 Wurzbach Road, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | | | - Ayman Battisha
- Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Tarek Hammad
- Cardiology Division, University Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7403 Wurzbach Road, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Son Pham
- Cardiology Division, University Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7403 Wurzbach Road, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Robert Chilton
- Cardiology Division, University Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7403 Wurzbach Road, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Marinho PM, Salomon TB, Andrade AS, Behling CS, Putti JS, Benfato MS, Hackenhaar FS. The effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipoic acid on the heart in the ovariectomized rat model of menopause. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:669-679. [PMID: 31106614 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1620938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Menopause occurs as consequence of ovarian senescence that leads to a drop of oestrogen hormone. The decreased oestrogen levels combined with the impairment of the redox system may contribute to the increased risk of postmenopausal cardiovascular disease. Supplementation with antioxidants may be an alternative to reduce cardiovascular risk. The study evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and α-lipoic acid (LA) for a period of 16 weeks on oxidative stress biomarkers in the hearts of ovariectomized 3-month-old rats. Ovariectomy did not increase the level of the damage markers malondialdehyde and carbonyl, and both were decreased by LA supplementation. Ovariectomy increased the levels of the endogenous antioxidants glutathione, vitamin C and H2O2 consumption, after restoration by DHA, EPA, and LA supplementation. Vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase are not altered by ovariectomy. Lipid and protein damage are not increased after ovariectomy and a portion of the endogenous antioxidants concomitantly increased, suggesting that hearts may be protected by these antioxidants. DHA, EPA, and LA restored these endogenous antioxidants, showing that all evaluated supplements are effective in modulating the antioxidant redox system in the heart. LA showed additional effect on redox markers, decreasing lipid and protein damage markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M Marinho
- a Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Tiago B Salomon
- a Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Alexey S Andrade
- a Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Camile S Behling
- a Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Jordana S Putti
- a Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Mara S Benfato
- a Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Hackenhaar
- a Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Programme in Cellular and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Ruiz-León AM, Lapuente M, Estruch R, Casas R. Clinical Advances in Immunonutrition and Atherosclerosis: A Review. Front Immunol 2019; 10:837. [PMID: 31068933 PMCID: PMC6491827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease that affects large and medium-sized arteries and is considered to be a major underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The high risk of mortality by atherosclerosis has led to the development of new strategies for disease prevention and management, including immunonutrition. Plant-based dietary patterns, functional foods, dietary supplements, and bioactive compounds such as the Mediterranean Diet, berries, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ω-3 and ω-6, vitamins E, A, C, and D, coenzyme Q10, as well as phytochemicals including isoflavones, stilbenes, and sterols have been associated with improvement in atheroma plaque at an inflammatory level. However, many of these correlations have been obtained in vitro and in experimental animals' models. On one hand, the present review focuses on the evidence obtained from epidemiological, dietary intervention and supplementation studies in humans supporting the role of immunonutrient supplementation and its effect on anti-inflammatory response in atherosclerotic disease. On the other hand, this review also analyzes the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the protective action of these supplements, which may lead a novel therapeutic approach to prevent or attenuate diet-related disease, such as atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Ruiz-León
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Mediterranean Diet Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Lapuente
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER 06/03: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Casas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER 06/03: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Serini S, Cassano R, Trombino S, Calviello G. Nanomedicine-based formulations containing ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: potential application in cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2809-2828. [PMID: 31114196 PMCID: PMC6488162 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s197499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are dietary factors involved in the prevention of cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. A multidisciplinary approach – based on recent findings in nutritional science, lipid biochemistry, biotechnology, and biology of inflammation and cancer – has been recently employed to develop ω-3 PUFA-containing nanoformulations with an aim to protect these fatty acids from degradation, increase their bioavailability and delivery to target tissues, and, thus, enhance their bioactivity. In some cases, these nanoformulations were designed to administer ω-3 PUFAs in combination with other nutraceuticals or conventional/innovative drugs. The aim of this strategy was to increase the activities of the compounds contained in the nanoformulation and to reduce the adverse effects often induced by drugs. We herein analyze the results of papers evaluating the potential use of ω-3 PUFA-containing nanomaterials in fighting cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Future directions in this field of research are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serini
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy, .,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli 00168 Roma, Italy,
| | - Roberta Cassano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Università della Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy,
| | - Sonia Trombino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Università della Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy,
| | - Gabriella Calviello
- Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy, .,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A, Gemelli 00168 Roma, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Abstract
n-3 PUFA may exert favourable effects on several processes that may inhibit the atherosclerotic process. However, the role of n-3 PUFA in lowering the risk of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) has been fiercely debated. In the present paper, we summarise the main findings from previous follow-up studies of intake and studies using adipose tissue as an objective biomarker to investigate exposure to n-3 PUFA in relation to ASCVD risk and discuss some perspectives for further research. The majority of previous studies investigating intake of marine- and plant-based n-3 PUFA have focused on CHD while other ASCVD such as ischaemic stroke and peripheral artery disease have been less studied. However, recent data from Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort suggest that marine n-3 PUFA may be inversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and peripheral arterial disease caused by atherosclerosis. The effect of the plant-derived n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid on ASCVD is less clear and several gaps in the literature remain to be explored.
Collapse
|
107
|
Drouin G, Rioux V, Legrand P. The n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA): A new player in the n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid family. Biochimie 2019; 159:36-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
108
|
Lee JB, Notay K, Klingel SL, Chabowski A, Mutch DM, Millar PJ. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces resting blood pressure but increases muscle sympathetic outflow compared with eicosapentaenoic acid in healthy men and women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H873-H881. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00677.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Supplementation with monounsaturated or ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA) can lower resting blood pressure (BP) and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. The independent contributions of the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on BP, and the mechanisms responsible, are unclear. We tested whether EPA, DHA, and olive oil (OO), a source of monounsaturated fat, differentially affect resting hemodynamics and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Eighty-six healthy young men and women were recruited to participate in a 12-wk, randomized, double-blind trial examining the effects of orally supplementing ~3 g/day of EPA ( n = 28), DHA ( n = 28), or OO ( n = 30) on resting hemodynamics; MSNA was examined in a subset of participants ( n = 31). Both EPA and DHA supplements increased the ω-3 index ( P < 0.01). Reductions in systolic BP were greater [adjusted intergroup mean difference (95% confidence interval)] after DHA [−3.4 mmHg (−0.9, −5.9), P = 0.008] and OO [−3.0 mmHg (−0.5, −5.4), P = 0.01] compared with EPA, with no difference between DHA and OO ( P = 0.74). Reductions in diastolic BP were greater following DHA [−3.4 mmHg (−1.3,−5.6), P = 0.002] and OO [−2.2 mmHg (0.08,−4.3), P = 0.04] compared with EPA. EPA increased heart rate compared with DHA [4.2 beats/min (−0.009, 8.4), P = 0.05] and OO [4.2 beats/min, (0.08, 8.3), P = 0.04]. MSNA burst frequency was higher after DHA [4 bursts/min (0.5, 8.3), P = 0.02] but not OO [−3 bursts/min (−6, 0.6), P = 0.2] compared with EPA. Overall, DHA and OO evoked similar responses in resting BP; however, DHA, but not OO, increased peripheral vasoconstrictor outflow. These findings may have implications for fatty acid supplementation in clinical populations characterized by chronic high BP and sympathetic overactivation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and olive oil supplementation on blood pressure (BP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). After 12 wk of 3 g/day supplementation, DHA and olive oil were associated with lower resting systolic and diastolic BPs than EPA. However, DHA increased MSNA compared with EPA. The reductions in BP with DHA likely occur via a vascular mechanism and evoke a baroreflex-mediated increase in sympathetic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B. Lee
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karambir Notay
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon L. Klingel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - David M. Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J. Millar
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Calder PC, Deckelbaum RJ. Editorial: Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: an update. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:97-102. [PMID: 30585800 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical, Center, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Hosomi R, Fukunaga K, Nagao T, Tanizaki T, Miyauchi K, Yoshida M, Kanda S, Nishiyama T, Takahashi K. Effect of Dietary Partial Hydrolysate of Phospholipids, Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid-Bound Lysophospholipids, on Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition in Rat Serum and Liver. J Food Sci 2019; 84:183-191. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hosomi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering; Kansai Univ.; 3-3-35, Yamate-cho Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Kenji Fukunaga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering; Kansai Univ.; 3-3-35, Yamate-cho Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagao
- Osaka Research Inst. of Industrial Science and Technology; Morinomiya Center; 1-6-50, Morinomiya Joto-ku Osaka 536-8553 Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tanizaki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering; Kansai Univ.; 3-3-35, Yamate-cho Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Kazumasa Miyauchi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering; Kansai Univ.; 3-3-35, Yamate-cho Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Munehiro Yoshida
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials, and Bioengineering; Kansai Univ.; 3-3-35, Yamate-cho Suita Osaka 564-8680 Japan
| | - Seiji Kanda
- Dept. of Public Health; Kansai Medical Univ.; 2-5-1, Shin-machi Hirakata Osaka 573-1010 Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nishiyama
- Dept. of Public Health; Kansai Medical Univ.; 2-5-1, Shin-machi Hirakata Osaka 573-1010 Japan
| | - Koretaro Takahashi
- Faculty of Engineering; Kitami Inst. of Technology; 165 Koen-cho Kitami Hokkaido 090-8507 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Bruins MJ, Van Dael P, Eggersdorfer M. The Role of Nutrients in Reducing the Risk for Noncommunicable Diseases during Aging. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010085. [PMID: 30621135 PMCID: PMC6356205 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing aging population worldwide accounts for a growing share of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) of the overall social and economic burden. Dietary and nutritional approaches are of paramount importance in the management of NCDs. As a result, nutrition programs are increasingly integrated into public health policies. At present, programs aimed at reducing the burden of NCDs have focused mostly on the excess of unhealthy nutrient intakes whereas the importance of optimizing adequate essential and semi-essential nutrient intakes and nutrient-rich diets has received less attention. Surveys indicate that nutrient intakes of the aging population are insufficient to optimally support healthy aging. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in older adults are related to increased risk of NCDs including fatigue, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive and neuromuscular function impairments. Reviewed literature demonstrates that improving intake for certain nutrients may be important in reducing progress of NCDs such as musculoskeletal disorders, dementia, loss of vision, and cardiometabolic diseases during aging. Current knowledge concerning improving individual nutrient intakes to reduce progression of chronic disease is still emerging with varying effect sizes and levels of evidence. Most pronounced benefits of nutrients were found in participants who had low nutrient intake or status at baseline or who had increased genetic and metabolic needs for that nutrient. Authorities should implement ways to optimize essential nutrient intake as an integral part of their strategies to address NCDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maaike J Bruins
- Nutrition Science & Advocacy, DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Van Dael
- Nutrition Science & Advocacy, DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Curioni CC, Alves NNR, Zago L. Omega-3 supplementation in the treatment of overweight and obese children and adolescents: A systematic review. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
113
|
Kalbe C, Priepke A, Nürnberg G, Dannenberger D. Effects of long-term microalgae supplementation on muscle microstructure, meat quality and fatty acid composition in growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:574-582. [PMID: 30511431 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of long-term microalgae supplementation (7% in a piglet diet and 5% in a fattening diet) on muscle microstructure and meat quality, including fatty acid composition in female Landrace pigs (n = 31). The major effects were muscle-specific increases in n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentrations, resulting in increased accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Carcass traits and meat quality of longissimus thoracis muscle were not affected by the microalgae diet with the exception of reduced drip loss (p = 0.01) and increased protein proportion (p = 0.04). In addition, the microalgae diet resulted in a shift to a more oxidative myofibre type composition in semitendinosus but not longissimus thoracis muscle. In conclusion, microalgae supplementation offers a unique opportunity to enhance essential n-3 PUFA contents in pig meat. The results support small but coordinated changes in skeletal muscle phenotypic appearance and functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kalbe
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Antje Priepke
- Institute of Livestock Farming, State Research Center of Agriculture and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Nürnberg
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Dannenberger
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Sharanova NE, Vasil'ev AV. Postgenomic Properties of Natural Micronutrients. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 166:107-117. [PMID: 30450516 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modern medical approaches to the therapy of various diseases, including cancer, are based on the use of toxic drugs. The unfavorable side effects of traditional medicine could be counterbalanced by addition of natural bioactive substances to conventional therapy due to their mild action on cells combined with the multitargeted effects. To elucidate the real mechanisms of their biological activity, versatile approaches including a number of "omics" such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are used. This review highlights inclusion of bioactive natural compounds into the therapy of chronic diseases from the viewpoint of modern omics-based nutritional biochemistry. The recently accumulated data argue for necessity to employ nutrigenetic and nutrimetabolomic analyses to prevent or diminish the risk of chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N E Sharanova
- V. A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A V Vasil'ev
- Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
West AL, Kindberg GM, Hustvedt SO, Calder PC. A Novel Self-Micro-Emulsifying Delivery System Enhances Enrichment of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid after Single and Repeated Dosing in Healthy Adults in a Randomized Trial. J Nutr 2018; 148:1704-1715. [PMID: 30203029 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) promotes spontaneous emulsification of omega-3 (n-3) ethyl esters (EEs) into microdroplets in the stomach. Objective The objective was to compare the effect of SMEDS preparations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) EEs with standard EEs on EPA and DHA concentrations in the bloodstream after a single dose and repeated daily dosing. Methods Eighty healthy subjects aged 18-65 y were randomly assigned to SMEDS-EPA or EE-EPA (both providing more EPA than DHA) or SMEDS-DHA or EE-DHA (both providing more DHA than EPA). They consumed a single dose (1.23-1.33 g EPA+DHA) without a meal, and EPA and DHA were measured in plasma over the following 24 h. Participants continued to take a single dose each morning before breakfast for 12 wk. EPA and DHA were measured in fasting plasma, mononuclear cells (MNCs), and RBCs. Results EPA and DHA were higher in plasma in the 24 h after a single dose of SMEDS-EPA or SMEDS-DHA than after consuming the comparator EE (P < 0.001 for both). Compared with the EE form, repeated daily dosing of the SMEDS formulations for 12 wk resulted in higher concentrations of EPA and DHA in plasma (P = 0.086 and 0.005, respectively), MNCs (P < 0.001 and 0.020, respectively), and RBCs (both P < 0.001). The omega-3 index increased over 12 wk from 5.1 ± 0.9 to 7.9 ± 0.9 in the SMEDS-EPA group, from 5.3 ± 1.1 to 9.0 ± 1.2 in the SMEDS-DHA group, from 4.8 ± 0.8 to 6.4 ± 0.9 in the EE-EPA group, and from 5.2 ± 0.9 to 7.2 ± 1.0 in the EE-DHA group (all P < 0.001). The omega-3 index was higher with SMEDS than with the comparator EE at 12 wk (both P < 0.001). Conclusions Compared with standard EEs, a SMEDS results in greater incorporation of EPA and DHA into blood pools after a single dose and with repeated daily dosing in healthy adults. A SMEDS enhances delivery of bioactive ω-3 fatty acids. This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN96459690.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette L West
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Maki KC, Eren F, Cassens ME, Dicklin MR, Davidson MH. ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiometabolic Health: Current Evidence, Controversies, and Research Gaps. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:688-700. [PMID: 30184091 PMCID: PMC6247292 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to <10% of energy/d and replacing dietary SFAs with unsaturated fatty acids. A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association recently released its evaluation of the relation between dietary fats and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and also recommended a shift from SFAs to unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in conjunction with a healthy dietary pattern. However, the suggestion to increase the intake of PUFAs in general, and omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs in particular, continues to be controversial. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the evidence and controversies regarding the effects of ω-6 PUFAs on cardiometabolic health, with emphasis on risks and risk factors for CVD (coronary heart disease and stroke) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Results from observational studies show that higher intake of ω-6 PUFAs, when compared with SFAs or carbohydrate, is associated with lower risks for CVD events (10-30%), CVD and total mortality (10-40%), and T2D (20-50%). Findings from intervention studies on cardiometabolic risk factors suggest that ω-6 PUFAs reduce concentrations of LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner compared with dietary carbohydrate, and have a neutral effect on blood pressure. Despite the concern that ω-6 fatty acids increase inflammation, current evidence from studies in humans does not support this view. In conclusion, these findings support current recommendations to emphasize consumption of ω-6 PUFAs as a replacement of SFAs; additional randomized controlled trials with cardiometabolic disease outcomes will help to more clearly define the benefits and risks of this policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research: Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Glen Ellyn, IL,Address correspondence to KCM (e-mail: )
| | - Fulya Eren
- ACH Food Companies, Inc., Oakbrook Terrace, IL
| | | | - Mary R Dicklin
- Midwest Biomedical Research: Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, Glen Ellyn, IL
| | - Michael H Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Comparative effects of dietary n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), DHA and EPA on plasma lipid parameters, oxidative status and fatty acid tissue composition. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 63:186-196. [PMID: 30412907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The specific and shared physiologic and metabolic effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and even more of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are poorly known. We investigated the physiological effects and the overall fatty acid tissue composition of a nutritional supplementation of DPA compared both to EPA and DHA in healthy adult rats. Rats (n=32) were fed with semisynthetic diets supplemented or not with 1% of total lipids as EPA, DPA or DHA in ethyl esters form from weaning for 6 weeks. Fatty acid tissue composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and blood assays were performed. The DPA supplementation was the only one that led to a decrease in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, cholesterol esters and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio compared to the nonsupplemented control group. The three supplemented groups had increased plasma total antioxidant status and superoxide dismutase activity. In all supplemented groups, the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid level increased in all studied tissues (liver, heart, lung, spleen, kidney, red blood cells, splenocytes, peripheral mononucleated cells) except in the brain. We showed that the DPA supplementation affected the overall fatty acid composition and increased DPA, EPA and DHA tissue contents in a similar way than with EPA. However, liver and heart DHA contents increased in DPA-fed rats at the same levels than in DHA-fed rats. Moreover, a large part of DPA seemed to be retroconverted into EPA in the liver (38.5%) and in the kidney (68.6%). In addition, the digestibility of DPA was lower than that of DHA and EPA.
Collapse
|
118
|
Calder PC. 90th Anniversary Commentary: ω-3 Fatty Acids, Cytokines, and Lymphocyte Proliferation in Young and Older Women. J Nutr 2018; 148:1663-1666. [PMID: 30281115 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
A longitudinal study of the association of the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio derived from fish consumption with the serum lipid levels: a pilot study. Heart Vessels 2018; 34:189-196. [PMID: 30014269 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-018-1226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that regular fish consumption is associated with a reduced mortality from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, data are scarce regarding the correlation between the changes in the serum eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid (EPA/AA) ratio associated with regular fish consumption and the changes in the serum lipid profile variables. This study was designed as a hospital-based longitudinal study to investigate the relationship between the changes in the serum EPA/AA ratio and changes of the serum lipid levels in patients with one or more risk factors for ASCVD. In 475 patients followed-up for at least 1 year, univariable and multivariable regression analyses conducted after adjustments for the risk factors of ASCVD revealed that the absolute change of the EPA/AA ratio (∆EPA/AA ratio) was independently and significantly associated with the changes of the serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (β = - 0.129, p = 0.005), triglyceride (TG) (β = - 0.108, p = 0.019), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (β = - 0.149, p = 0.001), and TG/HDL-C ratio, a marker of the LDL particle size (β = - 0.104, p = 0.02), while not being correlated with any other lipid parameters. On the other hand, while the ∆ docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/AA ratio was inversely correlated with the changes of the serum HDL-C level and positively correlated with the changes of the TG/HDL-C ratio, possibly serving to promote development of atherosclerosis. The results suggest that an increase of the EPA/AA ratio might be associated with decrease of the serum levels of LDL-C, TG and non-HDL-C levels, as well as with an increase of the TG/HDL-C ratio, which represents increased LDL particle size, all of which play a role in the development of ASCVD. A high EPA/AA ratio, but not DHA/AA ratio, derived from fish consumption might reduce the risk of ASCVD through reducing the risk of development of atherosclerosis.Clinical Trial Registration Information: UMIN ( http://www.umin.ac.jp/ ), Study ID: UMIN000010603.
Collapse
|
120
|
O'Mahoney LL, Matu J, Price OJ, Birch KM, Ajjan RA, Farrar D, Tapp R, West DJ, Deighton K, Campbell MD. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids favourably modulate cardiometabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:98. [PMID: 29981570 PMCID: PMC6035402 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFAs) may favourably modify cardiometabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Previous meta-analyses are limited by insufficient sample sizes and omission of meta-regression techniques, and a large number of RCTs have subsequently been published since the last comprehensive meta-analysis. Updated information regarding the impact of dosage, duration or an interaction between these two factors is therefore warranted. The objective was to comprehensively assess the effect of n-3PUFAs supplementation on cardiometabolic biomarkers including lipid profiles, inflammatory parameters, blood pressure, and indices of glycaemic control, in people with T2DM, and identify whether treatment dosage, duration or an interaction thereof modify these effects. METHODS Databases including PubMed and MEDLINE were searched until 13th July 2017 for RCTs investigating the effect of n-3PUFAs supplementation on lipid profiles, inflammatory parameters, blood pressure, and indices of glycaemic control. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis and presented as standardised mean difference (Hedges g) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Meta-regression analysis was performed to investigate the effects of duration of supplementation and total dosage of n-3PUFAs as moderator variables where appropriate. RESULTS A total of 45 RCTs were identified, involving 2674 people with T2DM. n-3PUFAs supplementation was associated with significant reductions in LDL [ES: - 0.10, (95% CI - 0.17, - 0.03); p = 0.007], VLDL (ES: - 0.26 (- 0.51, - 0.01); p = 0.044], triglycerides (ES: - 0.39 (- 0.55, - 0.24; p ≤ 0.001] and HbA1c (ES: - 0.27 (- 0.48, - 0.06); p = 0.010]. Moreover, n-3PUFAs supplementation was associated with reduction in plasma levels of TNF-α [ES: - 0.59 (- 1.17, - 0.01); p = 0.045] and IL-6 (ES: - 1.67 (- 3.14, - 0.20); p = 0.026]. All other lipid markers, indices of glycaemic control, inflammatory parameters, and blood pressure remained unchanged (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS n-3PUFAs supplementation produces favourable hypolipidemic effects, a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and improvement in glycaemia. Neither duration nor dosage appear to explain the observed heterogeneity in response to n-3PUFAs. Trial registration This trial was registered at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk as CRD42016050802.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L O'Mahoney
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Jamie Matu
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Oliver J Price
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Karen M Birch
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Diane Farrar
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Robyn Tapp
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.,The Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel J West
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Matthew D Campbell
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity & Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK. .,AGADA Diabetes Education and Research Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
The Role of n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, and Interactions with Statins. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060775. [PMID: 29914111 PMCID: PMC6024670 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreases in global cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity in recent decades can be partly attributed to cholesterol reduction through statin use. n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are recommended by some authorities for primary and secondary CVD prevention, and for triglyceride reduction. The residual risk of CVD that remains after statin therapy may potentially be reduced by n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the effects of concomitant use of statins and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are not well understood. Pleiotropic effects of statins and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids overlap. For example, cytochrome P450 enzymes that metabolize statins may affect n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and vice versa. Clinical and mechanistic study results show both synergistic and antagonistic effects of statins and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids when used in combination.
Collapse
|
122
|
Is Oral Omega-3 Effective in Reducing Mucocutaneous Side Effects of Isotretinoin in Patients with Acne Vulgaris? Dermatol Res Pract 2018; 2018:6974045. [PMID: 30002675 PMCID: PMC5996413 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6974045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous units which may cause permanent dyspigmentation and/or scars if not treated. Isotretinoin is recommended in the treatment of recalcitrant or severe acne, but it is associated with common adverse effects that frequently result in patients incompliance and discontinuation of the drug. The present study was designed to assess the efficacy of oral omega-3 in decreasing the adverse effects of isotretinoin. Materials and Methods. In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, a total of 118 patients with moderate or severe acne were randomly divided into two (case and control) groups. The control group was treated with isotretinoin 0.5 mg/kg, and the case group was treated with the same dose of isotretinoin combined with oral omega-3 (1 g/day). The treatment was lasted for 16 weeks and mucocutaneous side effects of isotretinoin were recorded and compared between the two groups in weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16. Results. Cheilitis (at weeks 4, 8, and 12), xerosis, dryness of nose at all weeks, and dryness of eyes (at week 4) were less frequent in the group that received isotretinoin combined with oral omega-3 compared to the group that received isotretinoin alone. Conclusion. Administration of oral omega-3 in acne patients who are receiving isotretinoin decreases the mucocutaneous side effects of isotretinoin. This trial is registered with IRCT201306238241N2.
Collapse
|