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Classification of E-Nose Aroma Data of Four Fruit Types by ABC-Based Neural Network. SENSORS 2016; 16:304. [PMID: 26927124 PMCID: PMC4813879 DOI: 10.3390/s16030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nose technology is used in many areas, and frequently in the beverage industry for classification and quality-control purposes. In this study, four different aroma data (strawberry, lemon, cherry, and melon) were obtained using a MOSES II electronic nose for the purpose of fruit classification. To improve the performance of the classification, the training phase of the neural network with two hidden layers was optimized using artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC), which is known to be successful in exploration. Test data were given to two different neural networks, each of which were trained separately with backpropagation (BP) and ABC, and average test performances were measured as 60% for the artificial neural network trained with BP and 76.39% for the artificial neural network trained with ABC. Training and test phases were repeated 30 times to obtain these average performance measurements. This level of performance shows that the artificial neural network trained with ABC is successful in classifying aroma data.
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102
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Advance Detection Techniques of Phytopathogenic Fungi: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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103
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Paradigm Shift in Plant Disease Diagnostics: A Journey from Conventional Diagnostics to Nano-diagnostics. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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104
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Kumar V, Guleria P, Mehta SK. Nanoparticles to Sense Food Quality. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48009-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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105
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Schnabel RM, Boumans MLL, Smolinska A, Stobberingh EE, Kaufmann R, Roekaerts PMHJ, Bergmans DCJJ. Electronic nose analysis of exhaled breath to diagnose ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Med 2015; 109:1454-9. [PMID: 26440675 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled breath analysis is an emerging technology in respiratory disease and infection. Electronic nose devices (e-nose) are small and portable with a potential for point of care application. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common nosocomial infection occurring in the intensive care unit (ICU). The current best diagnostic approach is based on clinical criteria combined with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and subsequent bacterial culture analysis. BAL is invasive, laborious and time consuming. Exhaled breath analysis by e-nose is non-invasive, easy to perform and could reduce diagnostic time. Aim of this study was to explore whether an e-nose can be used as a non-invasive in vivo diagnostic tool for VAP. METHODS Seventy-two patients met the clinical diagnostic criteria of VAP and underwent BAL. In thirty-three patients BAL analysis confirmed the diagnosis of VAP [BAL+(VAP+)], in thirty-nine patients the diagnosis was rejected [BAL-]. Before BAL was performed, exhaled breath was sampled from the expiratory limb of the ventilator into sterile Tedlar bags and subsequently analysed by an e-nose with metal oxide sensors (DiagNose, C-it, Zutphen, The Netherlands). From further fifty-three patients without clinical suspicion of VAP or signs of respiratory disease exhaled breath was collected to serve as a control group [control(VAP-]). The e-nose data from exhaled breath were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS The ROC curve comparing [BAL+(VAP+)] and [control(VAP-)] patients had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 (95% CI 0.73-0.9). The sensitivity was 88% with a specificity of 66%. The comparison of [BAL+(VAP+)] and [BAL-] patients revealed an AUC of 0.69; 95% CI 0.57-0.81) with a sensitivity of 76% with a specificity of 56%. CONCLUSION E-nose lacked sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of VAP in the present study for current clinical application. Further investigation into this field is warranted to explore the diagnostic possibilities of this promising new technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Schnabel
- Departments of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| | - M L L Boumans
- Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - A Smolinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - E E Stobberingh
- Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - R Kaufmann
- Departments of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - P M H J Roekaerts
- Departments of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - D C J J Bergmans
- Departments of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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106
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Konduru T, Rains GC, Li C. Detecting sour skin infected onions using a customized gas sensor array. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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107
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Regueiro J, Negreira N, Simal-Gándara J. Challenges in relating concentrations of aromas and tastes with flavor features of foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2112-2127. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1048775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Regueiro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Food Science and Technology Faculty, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo—Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Noelia Negreira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jesús Simal-Gándara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Food Science and Technology Faculty, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo—Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
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108
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Johnson KJ, Rose-Pehrsson SL. Sensor Array Design for Complex Sensing Tasks. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:287-310. [PMID: 26132346 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062011-143205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical detection in complex environments presents numerous challenges for successful implementation. Arrays of sensors are often implemented for complex chemical sensing tasks, but systematic understanding of how individual sensor response characteristics contribute overall detection system performance remains elusive, with generalized strategies for design and optimization of these arrays rarely reported and even less commonly adopted by practitioners. This review focuses on the literature of nonspecific sensor array design and optimization strategies as well as related work that may inform future efforts in complex sensing with arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Johnson
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375; ,
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Hines D, Karunwi O, Harrell WR, Guiseppi-Elie A. Choice of Electrode Metal Influences the Chemoresistive Vapor Response of Brominated SWCNTs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deon Hines
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29625 USA
- Department of Chemistry and CASI; The City College of New York; NY 10031 USA
| | - Olukayode Karunwi
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29625 USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - William R. Harrell
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - Anthony Guiseppi-Elie
- Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips; Clemson University; Anderson SC 29625 USA
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson SC 29634 USA
- ABTECH Scientific, Inc.; 800 East Leigh Street; Richmond VA 23219 USA
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Advances in electronic-nose technologies for the detection of volatile biomarker metabolites in the human breath. Metabolites 2015; 5:140-63. [PMID: 25738426 PMCID: PMC4381294 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in the use of electronic-nose (e-nose) devices to analyze human breath profiles for the presence of specific volatile metabolites, known as biomarkers or chemical bio-indicators of specific human diseases, metabolic disorders and the overall health status of individuals, are providing the potential for new noninvasive tools and techniques useful to point-of-care clinical disease diagnoses. This exciting new area of electronic disease detection and diagnosis promises to yield much faster and earlier detection of human diseases and disorders, allowing earlier, more effective treatments, resulting in more rapid patient recovery from various afflictions. E-nose devices are particularly suited for the field of disease diagnostics, because they are sensitive to a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and can effectively distinguish between different complex gaseous mixtures via analysis of electronic aroma sensor-array output profiles of volatile metabolites present in the human breath. This review provides a summary of some recent developments of electronic-nose technologies, particularly involving breath analysis, with the potential for providing many new diagnostic applications for the detection of specific human diseases associated with different organs in the body, detectable from e-nose analyses of aberrant disease-associated VOCs present in air expired from the lungs.
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111
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Hong Y, Noh BS, Kim HY. Discrimination of doenjang samples using a mass spectrometry-based electronic nose and human sensory preference testing. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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112
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A customized metal oxide semiconductor-based gas sensor array for onion quality evaluation: system development and characterization. SENSORS 2015; 15:1252-73. [PMID: 25587975 PMCID: PMC4327075 DOI: 10.3390/s150101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A gas sensor array, consisting of seven Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) sensors that are sensitive to a wide range of organic volatile compounds was developed to detect rotten onions during storage. These MOS sensors were enclosed in a specially designed Teflon chamber equipped with a gas delivery system to pump volatiles from the onion samples into the chamber. The electronic circuit mainly comprised a microcontroller, non-volatile memory chip, and trickle-charge real time clock chip, serial communication chip, and parallel LCD panel. User preferences are communicated with the on-board microcontroller through a graphical user interface developed using LabVIEW. The developed gas sensor array was characterized and the discrimination potential was tested by exposing it to three different concentrations of acetone (ketone), acetonitrile (nitrile), ethyl acetate (ester), and ethanol (alcohol). The gas sensor array could differentiate the four chemicals of same concentrations and different concentrations within the chemical with significant difference. Experiment results also showed that the system was able to discriminate two concentrations (196 and 1964 ppm) of methlypropyl sulfide and two concentrations (145 and 1452 ppm) of 2-nonanone, two key volatile compounds emitted by rotten onions. As a proof of concept, the gas sensor array was able to achieve 89% correct classification of sour skin infected onions. The customized low-cost gas sensor array could be a useful tool to detect onion postharvest diseases in storage.
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113
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Electronic-nose applications for fruit identification, ripeness and quality grading. SENSORS 2015; 15:899-931. [PMID: 25569761 PMCID: PMC4327056 DOI: 10.3390/s150100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fruits produce a wide range of volatile organic compounds that impart their characteristically distinct aromas and contribute to unique flavor characteristics. Fruit aroma and flavor characteristics are of key importance in determining consumer acceptance in commercial fruit markets based on individual preference. Fruit producers, suppliers and retailers traditionally utilize and rely on human testers or panels to evaluate fruit quality and aroma characters for assessing fruit salability in fresh markets. We explore the current and potential utilization of electronic-nose devices (with specialized sensor arrays), instruments that are very effective in discriminating complex mixtures of fruit volatiles, as new effective tools for more efficient fruit aroma analyses to replace conventional expensive methods used in fruit aroma assessments. We review the chemical nature of fruit volatiles during all stages of the agro-fruit production process, describe some of the more important applications that electronic nose (e-nose) technologies have provided for fruit aroma characterizations, and summarize recent research providing e-nose data on the effectiveness of these specialized gas-sensing instruments for fruit identifications, cultivar discriminations, ripeness assessments and fruit grading for assuring fruit quality in commercial markets.
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Abstract
This review takes an evolutionary view of breeding crops for durable resistance to disease. An understanding of coevolution between hosts and parasites leads to predictors of potentially durable resistance, such as corresponding virulence having a high fitness cost to the pathogen or resistance being common in natural populations. High partial resistance can also promote durability. Whether or not resistance is actually durable, however, depends on ecological and epidemiological processes that stabilize genetic polymorphism, many of which are absent from intensive agriculture. There continues to be no biological, genetic, or economic model for durable resistance. The analogy between plant breeding and natural selection indicates that the basic requirements are genetic variation in potentially durable resistance, effective and consistent selection for resistance, and an efficient breeding process in which trials of disease resistance are integrated with other traits. Knowledge about genetics and mechanisms can support breeding for durable resistance once these fundamentals are in place.
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116
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117
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Cui S, Wang J, Wang X. Fabrication and design of a toxic gas sensor based on polyaniline/titanium dioxide nanocomposite film by layer-by-layer self-assembly. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06388d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A QCM gas sensor was fabricated by a self-assembly approach with ultrathin nanocomposite PANI/TiO2. It was demonstrated to be sensitive to toxic gases (10 ppm) and to be effective in shelf-life evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Cui
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- PR China
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- PR China
| | - Xinlei Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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118
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Zahari MF, Julius TA, Halim FA, Najib MS, Ghazali KH, Azoddein AAM. Intelligent Classification Hazardous Gas Using Sensors Array. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2015:233-237. [DOI: 10.12720/jait.6.4.233-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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119
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Loutfi A, Coradeschi S, Mani GK, Shankar P, Rayappan JBB. Electronic noses for food quality: A review. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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120
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Guz Ł, Łagód G, Jaromin-Gleń K, Suchorab Z, Sobczuk H, Bieganowski A. Application of gas sensor arrays in assessment of wastewater purification effects. SENSORS 2014; 15:1-21. [PMID: 25545263 PMCID: PMC4327004 DOI: 10.3390/s150100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A gas sensor array consisting of eight metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) type gas sensors was evaluated for its ability for assessment of the selected wastewater parameters. Municipal wastewater was collected in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in a primary sedimentation tank and was treated in a laboratory-scale sequential batch reactor (SBR). A comparison of the gas sensor array (electronic nose) response to the standard physical-chemical parameters of treated wastewater was performed. To analyze the measurement results, artificial neural networks were used. E-nose—gas sensors array and artificial neural networks proved to be a suitable method for the monitoring of treated wastewater quality. Neural networks used for data validation showed high correlation between the electronic nose readouts and: (I) chemical oxygen demand (COD) (r = 0.988); (II) total suspended solids (TSS) (r = 0.938); (III) turbidity (r = 0.940); (IV) pH (r = 0.554); (V) nitrogen compounds: N-NO3 (r = 0.958), N-NO2 (r = 0.869) and N-NH3 (r = 0.978); (VI) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) (r = 0.987). Good correlation of the abovementioned parameters are observed under stable treatment conditions in a laboratory batch reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Guz
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B Str., Lublin 20-618, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Łagód
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B Str., Lublin 20-618, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Jaromin-Gleń
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doswiadczalna 4 Str., Lublin 20-290, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Suchorab
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B Str., Lublin 20-618, Poland.
| | - Henryk Sobczuk
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40B Str., Lublin 20-618, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doswiadczalna 4 Str., Lublin 20-290, Poland.
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121
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Radiofrequency Identification and Surface Acoustic Wave Technologies for Developing the Food Intelligent Packaging Concept. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-014-9102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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122
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Vizcay MA, Duarte-Mermoud MA, Aylwin MDLL. Odorant recognition using biological responses recorded in olfactory bulb of rats. Comput Biol Med 2014; 56:192-9. [PMID: 25464359 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we applied pattern recognition (PR) techniques to extract odorant information from local field potential (LFP) signals recorded in the olfactory bulb (OB) of rats subjected to different odorant stimuli. We claim that LFP signals registered on the OB, the first stage of olfactory processing, are stimulus specific in animals with normal sensory experience, and that these patterns correspond to the neural substrate likely required for perceptual discrimination. Thus, these signals can be used as input to an artificial odorant classification system with great success. In this paper we have designed and compared the performance of several configurations of artificial olfaction systems (AOS) based on the combination of four feature extraction (FE) methods (Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Fisher Transformation (FT), Sammon NonLinear Map (NLM) and Wavelet Transform (WT)), and three PR techniques (Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Support Vector Machine (SVM)), when four different stimuli are presented to rats. The best results were reached when PCA extraction followed by SVM as classifier were used, obtaining a classification accuracy of over 95% for all four stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Vizcay
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Casilla 412-3, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel A Duarte-Mermoud
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Chile, Av. Tupper 2007, Casilla 412-3, Santiago, Chile.
| | - María de la Luz Aylwin
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, ICBM, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 234, Santiago, Chile.
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123
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Xu G, Liao C, Ren X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Liu S, Fu X, Lin H, Wu H, Huang L, Liu C, Wang X. Rapid assessment of quality of deer antler slices by using an electronic nose coupled with chemometric analysis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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124
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Rutolo M, Covington JA, Clarkson J, Iliescu D. Detection of potato storage disease via gas analysis: a pilot study using field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:15939-52. [PMID: 25171118 PMCID: PMC4208154 DOI: 10.3390/s140915939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soft rot is a commonly occurring potato tuber disease that each year causes substantial losses to the food industry. Here, we explore the possibility of early detection of the disease via gas/vapor analysis, in a laboratory environment, using a recent technology known as FAIMS (Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry). In this work, tubers were inoculated with a bacterium causing the infection, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and stored within set environmental conditions in order to manage disease progression. They were compared with controls stored in the same conditions. Three different inoculation time courses were employed in order to obtain diseased potatoes showing clear signs of advanced infection (for standard detection) and diseased potatoes with no apparent evidence of infection (for early detection). A total of 156 samples were processed by PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and k-means clustering. Results show a clear discrimination between controls and diseased potatoes for all experiments with no difference among observations from standard and early detection. Further analysis was carried out by means of a statistical model based on LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) that showed a high classification accuracy of 92.1% on the test set, obtained via a LOOCV (leave-one out cross-validation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Rutolo
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - John Clarkson
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK.
| | - Daciana Iliescu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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125
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Tunick MH. Analyzing volatile compounds in dairy products. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1701-1705. [PMID: 24549967 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds give the first indication of the flavor in a dairy product. Volatiles are isolated from the sample matrix and then analyzed by chromatography, sensory methods or an electronic nose. Isolation may be performed by solvent extraction or headspace analysis, and gas chromatography is often employed with various detectors to identify odorants. The human nose is also used as a detector, and electronic noses are being developed to qualitate and quantitate volatiles. A reliable technique for analyzing odorants in dairy products has not yet been invented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Tunick
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
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126
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A review of sampling and pretreatment techniques for the collection of airborne amines. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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127
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Wilson AD, Oberle CS, Oberle DF. Detection of off-flavor in catfish using a conducting polymer electronic-nose technology. SENSORS 2013; 13:15968-84. [PMID: 24287526 PMCID: PMC3892816 DOI: 10.3390/s131215968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Aromascan A32S conducting polymer electronic nose was evaluated for the capability of detecting the presence of off-flavor malodorous compounds in catfish meat fillets to assess meat quality for potential merchantability. Sensor array outputs indicated that the aroma profiles of good-flavor (on-flavor) and off-flavor fillets were strongly different as confirmed by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a Quality Factor value (QF > 7.9) indicating a significant difference at (P < 0.05). The A32S e-nose effectively discriminated between good-flavor and off-flavor catfish at high levels of accuracy (>90%) and with relatively low rates (≤5%) of unknown or indecisive determinations in three trials. This A32S e-nose instrument also was capable of detecting the incidence of mild off-flavor in fillets at levels lower than the threshold of human olfactory detection. Potential applications of e-nose technologies for pre- and post-harvest management of production and meat-quality downgrade problems associated with catfish off-flavor are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphus D. Wilson
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, P.O. Box 227, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-662-686-3180; Fax: +1-662-686-3195
| | - Charisse S. Oberle
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, P.O. Box 227, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Daniel F. Oberle
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, P. O. Box 38, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; E-Mail:
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Fujioka K, Shimizu N, Manome Y, Ikeda K, Yamamoto K, Tomizawa Y. Discrimination method of the volatiles from fresh mushrooms by an electronic nose using a trapping system and statistical standardization to reduce sensor value variation. SENSORS 2013; 13:15532-48. [PMID: 24233028 PMCID: PMC3871107 DOI: 10.3390/s131115532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electronic noses have the benefit of obtaining smell information in a simple and objective manner, therefore, many applications have been developed for broad analysis areas such as food, drinks, cosmetics, medicine, and agriculture. However, measurement values from electronic noses have a tendency to vary under humidity or alcohol exposure conditions, since several types of sensors in the devices are affected by such variables. Consequently, we show three techniques for reducing the variation of sensor values: (1) using a trapping system to reduce the infering components; (2) performing statistical standardization (calculation of z-score); and (3) selecting suitable sensors. With these techniques, we discriminated the volatiles of four types of fresh mushrooms: golden needle (Flammulina velutipes), white mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), shiitake (Lentinus edodes), and eryngii (Pleurotus eryngii) among six fresh mushrooms (hen of the woods (Grifola frondosa), shimeji (Hypsizygus marmoreus) plus the above mushrooms). Additionally, we succeeded in discrimination of white mushroom, only comparing with artificial mushroom flavors, such as champignon flavor and truffle flavor. In conclusion, our techniques will expand the options to reduce variations in sensor values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of DNA Medicine, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; E-Mails: (K.F.); (K.I.)
| | - Nobuo Shimizu
- Metric Science Group, Department of Data Science, the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Yoshinobu Manome
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of DNA Medicine, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; E-Mails: (K.F.); (K.I.)
- Core Research Facilities, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Keiichi Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of DNA Medicine, the Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; E-Mails: (K.F.); (K.I.)
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Yasuko Tomizawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-3-3353-8111
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129
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Campagnoli A, Dell'Orto V. Potential application of electronic olfaction systems in feedstuffs analysis and animal nutrition. SENSORS 2013; 13:14611-32. [PMID: 24172280 PMCID: PMC3871081 DOI: 10.3390/s131114611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electronic Olfaction Systems (EOSs) based on a variety of gas-sensing technologies have been developed to simulate in a simplified manner animal olfactory sensing systems. EOSs have been successfully applied to many applications and fields, including food technology and agriculture. Less information is available for EOS applications in the feed technology and animal nutrition sectors. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), which are derived from both forages and concentrate ingredients of farm animal rations, are considered and described in this review as olfactory markers for feedstock quality and safety evaluation. EOS applications to detect VOCs from feedstuffs (as analytical matrices) are described, and some future scenarios are hypothesised. Furthermore, some EOS applications in animal feeding behaviour and organoleptic feed assessment are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Campagnoli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milan 20133, Italy.
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130
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On-line monitoring of food fermentation processes using electronic noses and electronic tongues: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:29-36. [PMID: 24267060 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation processes are often sensitive to even slight changes of conditions that may result in unacceptable end-product quality. Thus, close follow-up of this type of processes is critical for detecting unfavorable deviations as early as possible in order to save downtime, materials and resources. Nevertheless the use of traditional analytical techniques is often hindered by the need for expensive instrumentation and experienced operators and complex sample preparation. In this sense, one of the most promising ways of developing rapid and relatively inexpensive methods for quality control in fermentation processes is the use of chemical multisensor systems. In this work we present an overview of the most important contributions dealing with the monitoring of fermentation processes using electronic noses and electronic tongues. After a brief description of the fundamentals of both types of devices, the different approaches are critically commented, their strengths and weaknesses being highlighted. Finally, future trends in this field are also mentioned in the last section of the article.
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131
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Pajares G, Peruzzi A, Gonzalez-de-Santos P. Sensors in agriculture and forestry. SENSORS 2013; 13:12132-9. [PMID: 24025558 PMCID: PMC3821358 DOI: 10.3390/s130912132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pajares
- Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Informatics, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-1-394-7546; Fax: +34-1-394-7547
| | - Andrea Peruzzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via S. Michele degli Scalzi 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-8942; Fax: +39-050-221-8966
| | - Pablo Gonzalez-de-Santos
- Centre for Automation and Robotics (UPM-CSIC), Arganda del Rey 28500, Madrid, Spain; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-1-871-1900; Fax: +34-1-871-7050
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