101
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Sun T, Jiang D, Zhang L, Su Q, Mao W, Jiang C. Expression profile of cathepsins indicates the potential of cathepsins B and D as prognostic factors in breast cancer patients. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:575-583. [PMID: 26870250 PMCID: PMC4727043 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in women and contributes to 32% of all female cancer cases. Cathepsins, a family of proteins, are known to have a critical role in human cancers. However, previous studies on the systematic analysis of the role of cathepsin family members in breast cancer are limited. The aim of the present study was to identify biological markers to predict prognosis and treatment response of breast cancer patients, as well as to elucidate novel therapeutic targets. The present study analyzed the expression of six members of cathepsin family, including cathepsins B, G, D, K, L and V in 188 breast cancer tissue specimens using immunohistochemistry. The data showed that all members of the tested cathepsin families featured cytoplasmic staining. Notably, expression of cathepsin L was associated with advanced tumor stages, while cathepsins B and K expression levels were associated with positive estrogen receptor expression; in addition, cathepsin K expression was also demonstrated to be associated with progesterone receptor expression. Cathepsins V and D expression levels were found to be associated with breast cancer metastasis, while the expression levels of cathepsins B and D were associated with poor disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. In addition, univariate analysis demonstrated that breast cancer metastasis to the bone and the expression of cathepsin B protein were associated with poor disease-free survival. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the altered expression of cathepsins, in particular cathepsins B and D, contributed to the progression of breast cancer and poor disease-free survival in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Daqing Jiang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Qinglong Su
- Department of Medical Oncology, Central Hospital of Chaoyang, Chaoyang, Liaoning 100000, P.R. China
| | - Wanli Mao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yongchuan People's Hospital, Yongchuan, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Cui Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
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102
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Joo JY, Park GY, An SSA. Biocompatible and biodegradable fibrinogen microspheres for tumor-targeted doxorubicin delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10 Spec Iss:101-11. [PMID: 26366073 PMCID: PMC4562758 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the development of effective drug delivery carriers, many researchers have focused on the usage of nontoxic and biocompatible materials and surface modification with targeting molecules for tumor-specific drug delivery. Fibrinogen (Fbg), an abundant glycoprotein in plasma, could be a potential candidate for developing drug carriers because of its biocompatibility and tumor-targeting property via arginine–glycine–aspartate (RGD) peptide sequences. Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapeutic agent, was covalently conjugated to Fbg, and the microspheres were prepared. Acid-labile and non-cleavable linkers were used for the conjugation of DOX to Fbg, resulting in an acid-triggered drug release under a mild acidic condition and a slow-controlled drug release, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity tests confirmed low cytotoxicity in normal cells and high antitumor effect toward cancer cells. In addition, it was discovered that a longer linker could make the binding of cells to Fbg drug carriers easier. Therefore, DOX–linker–Fbg microspheres could be a suitable drug carrier for safer and effective drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Joo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Yong Park
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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103
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Cheng H, Zhu JY, Xu XD, Qiu WX, Lei Q, Han K, Cheng YJ, Zhang XZ. Activable Cell-Penetrating Peptide Conjugated Prodrug for Tumor Targeted Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16061-16069. [PMID: 26161578 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an activable cell-penetrating peptide (CR8G3PK6, ACPP) with a shielding group of 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride (DMA) was conjugated with antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) to construct a novel prodrug (DOX-ACPP-DMA) for tumor targeted drug delivery. The shielding group of DMA linked to the primary amines of K6 through the amide bond was used to block the cell-penetrating function of the polycationic CPP (R8) through intramolecular electrostatic attraction at physiological pH 7.4. At tumor extracellular pH 6.8, the hydrolysis of DMA led to charge reversal, activating the pristine function of CPP for improved cellular uptake by tumor cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry studies revealed that the cellular uptake of DOX-ACPP-DMA was significantly enhanced after acid-triggered activation in both HeLa and COS7 cells. After cell internalization, the overexpressed intracellular proteases would further trigger drug release in cells. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations showed that the peptidic prodrug exhibited significant tumor growth inhibition and demonstrated great potential for tumor therapy.
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104
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Löser R, Pietzsch J. Cysteine cathepsins: their role in tumor progression and recent trends in the development of imaging probes. Front Chem 2015; 3:37. [PMID: 26157794 PMCID: PMC4477214 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases bear an enormous potential as drug discovery targets for both infectious and systemic human diseases. The considerable progress in this field over the last two decades has also raised interest in the visualization of these enzymes in their native context, especially with regard to tumor imaging. After a short introduction to structure and general functions of human cysteine cathepsins, we highlight their importance for drug discovery and development and provide a critical update on the current state of knowledge toward their involvement in tumor progression, with a special emphasis on their role in therapy response. In accordance with a radiopharmaceutical point of view, the main focus of this review article will be the discussion of recently developed fluorescence and radiotracer-based imaging agents together with related molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Dresden, Germany ; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Dresden, Germany ; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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105
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Maniganda S, Sankar V, Nair JB, Raghu KG, Maiti KK. A lysosome-targeted drug delivery system based on sorbitol backbone towards efficient cancer therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:6564-9. [PMID: 25062087 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01153h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward synthetic approach was adopted for the construction of a lysosome-targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) using sorbitol scaffold (Sor) linked to octa-guanidine and tetrapeptide GLPG, a peptide substrate of lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin B. The main objective was to efficiently deliver the potential anticancer drug, doxorubicin to the target sites, thereby minimizing dose-limiting toxicity. Three TDDS vectors were synthesized viz., DDS1: Sor-GLPG-Fl, DDS2: Sor-Fl (control) and DDS3: Sor-GLPGC-SMCC-Dox. Dox release from DDS3 in the presence of cathepsin B was studied by kinetics measurement based on the fluorescent property of Dox. The cytotoxicity of DDS1 was assessed and found to be non-toxic. Cellular internalization and colocalization studies of all the 3 systems were carried out by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy utilizing cathepsin B-expressing HeLa cells. DDS1 and DDS3 revealed significant localization within the lysosomes, in contrast to DDS2 (control). The doxorubicin-conjugated carrier, DDS3, demonstrated significant cytotoxic effect when compared to free Dox by MTT assay and also by flow cytometric analysis. The targeted approach with DDS3 is expected to be promising, because it is indicated to be advantageous over free Dox, which possesses dose-limiting toxicity, posing risk of injury to normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Maniganda
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram-695019, Kerala, India.
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106
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Böhme D, Beck-Sickinger AG. Controlling Toxicity of Peptide-Drug Conjugates by Different Chemical Linker Structures. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:804-14. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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107
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Cheng YJ, Cheng H, Zhao X, Xu XD, Zhuo RX, He F. Self-assembled micelles of a multi-functional amphiphilic fusion (MFAF) peptide for targeted cancer therapy. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00125k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new MFAF peptide was designed and prepared. The micelles of this MFAF peptide can efficiently use their tumor-targeting, membrane-penetrating and endosome-escaping functions to deliver the drug into targeted tumor cells, leading to the apoptosis of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Jia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Medicine
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Cambridge
| | - Xiao-Ding Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
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108
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de la Torre C, Mondragón L, Coll C, Sancenón F, Marcos MD, Martínez-Máñez R, Amorós P, Pérez-Payá E, Orzáez M. Cathepsin-B Induced Controlled Release from Peptide-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2014; 20:15309-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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109
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Umlauf BJ, Mercedes JS, Chung CY, Brown KC. Identification of a novel lysosomal trafficking peptide using phage display biopanning coupled with endocytic selection pressure. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1829-37. [PMID: 25188559 PMCID: PMC4198098 DOI: 10.1021/bc500326x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Methods to select ligands that accumulate
specifically in cancer
cells and traffic through a defined endocytic pathway may facilitate
rapid pairing of ligands with linkers suitable for drug conjugate
therapies. We performed phage display biopanning on cancer cells that
are treated with selective inhibitors of a given mechanism of endocytosis.
Using chlorpromazine to inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis in H1299
nonsmall cell lung cancer cells, we identified two clones, ATEPRKQYATPRVFWTDAPG
(15.1) and a novel peptide LQWRRDDNVHNFGVWARYRL
(H1299.3). The peptides segregate by mechanism of endocytosis and
subsequent location of subcellular accumulation. The H1299.3 peptide
primarily utilizes clathrin-mediated endocytosis and colocalizes with
Lamp1, a lysosomal marker. Conversely, the 15.1 peptide is clathrin-independent
and localizes to a perinuclear region. Thus, this novel phage display
scheme allows for selection of peptides that selectively internalize
into cells via a known mechanism of endocytosis. These types of selections
may allow for better matching of linker with targeting ligand by selecting
ligands that internalize and traffic to known subcellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Umlauf
- SRI International, Center for Chemical Biology , 140 Research Drive, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22802, United States
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110
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Zhou Z, Ma X, Murphy CJ, Jin E, Sun Q, Shen Y, Van Kirk EA, Murdoch WJ. Molecularly Precise Dendrimer-Drug Conjugates with Tunable Drug Release for Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10949-55. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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111
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Zhou Z, Ma X, Murphy CJ, Jin E, Sun Q, Shen Y, Van Kirk EA, Murdoch WJ. Molecularly Precise Dendrimer-Drug Conjugates with Tunable Drug Release for Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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112
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Impact of the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effect and Cathepsins Levels on the Activity of Polymer-Drug Conjugates. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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113
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Sunasee R, Adokoh CK, Darkwa J, Narain R. Therapeutic potential of carbohydrate-based polymeric and nanoparticle systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:867-84. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.902048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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114
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Shi JF, Wu P, Jiang ZH, Wei XY. Synthesis and tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of biotinylated annonaceous acetogenins. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 71:219-28. [PMID: 24308999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen biotinylated squamocin/bullatacin derivatives have been synthesized for targeted delivery to biotin receptor overexpressed tumor cells. Most biotinylated squamocin and bullatacin derivatives show similar in vitro cytotoxicity against the biotin receptor non-overexpressed L1210 cells as squamocin and bullatacin, respectively, while against biotin receptor overexpressed 4T1 and P815 tumor cells, several derivatives show significantly higher potency and better selectivity. Among all the synthesized compounds, 15,28-di-O-(6-biotinylamidohexanoyl)squamocin (16) is the most potent, which is 10 and 26 times more active than squamocin against 4T1 and P815 cells, respectively. Compound 16 also appears to be six and fifteen times more selective than squamocin towards 4T1 and P815 cells, respectively, against L1210 cells. The structure activity relationship analysis has revealed that the preferred site for biotinylation is different for squamocin and bullatacin, and it also depends on whether a linking spacer is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zi-Hua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Xiao-Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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