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Poppitt SD. Beverage Consumption: Are Alcoholic and Sugary Drinks Tipping the Balance towards Overweight and Obesity? Nutrients 2015; 7:6700-18. [PMID: 26270675 PMCID: PMC4555143 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The role that energy-containing beverages may play in the development of overweight and obesity remains highly controversial, in particular the alcoholic and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Both of these beverage formats have been increasing as a percentage of the westernized diet over the past 20 years, and both have contributed significantly to an increase in energy consumed in liquid form. Data from epidemiology and intervention studies however have long been contradictory, despite mechanistic evidence pointing towards poor compensation for addition of "liquid" energy from these two sources into the diet providing a strong rational for the balance to be tipped towards weight gain. Regulatory and government intervention has been increasing globally, particularly with respect to intake of SSBs in children. This narrative review presents evidence which both supports and refutes the link between alcohol and carbohydrate-containing liquids and the regulation of body weight, and investigates mechanisms which may underpin any relationship between increased beverage consumption and increased energy intake, body weight and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand.
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102
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Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, Lim S, Andrews KG, Engell RE, Ezzati M, Mozaffarian D. Global, Regional, and National Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juices, and Milk: A Systematic Assessment of Beverage Intake in 187 Countries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124845. [PMID: 26244332 PMCID: PMC4526649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), fruit juice, and milk are components of diet of major public health interest. To-date, assessment of their global distributions and health impacts has been limited by insufficient comparable and reliable data by country, age, and sex. OBJECTIVE To quantify global, regional, and national levels of SSB, fruit juice, and milk intake by age and sex in adults over age 20 in 2010. METHODS We identified, obtained, and assessed data on intakes of these beverages in adults, by age and sex, from 193 nationally- or subnationally-representative diet surveys worldwide, representing over half the world's population. We also extracted data relevant to milk, fruit juice, and SSB availability for 187 countries from annual food balance information collected by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian model to account for measurement incomparability, study representativeness, and sampling and modeling uncertainty, and to combine and harmonize nationally representative dietary survey data and food availability data. RESULTS In 2010, global average intakes were 0.58 (95%UI: 0.37, 0.89) 8 oz servings/day for SSBs, 0.16 (0.10, 0.26) for fruit juice, and 0.57 (0.39, 0.83) for milk. There was significant heterogeneity in consumption of each beverage by region and age. Intakes of SSB were highest in the Caribbean (1.9 servings/day; 1.2, 3.0); fruit juice consumption was highest in Australia and New Zealand (0.66; 0.35, 1.13); and milk intake was highest in Central Latin America and parts of Europe (1.06; 0.68, 1.59). Intakes of all three beverages were lowest in East Asia and Oceania. Globally and within regions, SSB consumption was highest in younger adults; fruit juice consumption showed little relation with age; and milk intakes were highest in older adults. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis highlights the enormous spectrum of beverage intakes worldwide, by country, age, and sex. These data are valuable for highlighting gaps in dietary surveillance, determining the impacts of these beverages on global health, and targeting dietary policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali M. Singh
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Health Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Renata Micha
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Health Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Shahab Khatibzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Peilin Shi
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Health Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Stephen Lim
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kathryn G. Andrews
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca E. Engell
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Global Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Health Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
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103
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Zhou Y, Du S, Su C, Zhang B, Wang H, Popkin BM. The food retail revolution in China and its association with diet and health. FOOD POLICY 2015; 55. [PMID: 26217068 PMCID: PMC4513366 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The processed food sector in low- and middle-income countries has grown rapidly. Little is understood about its effect on obesity. Using data from 14,976 participants aged two and older in the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey, this paper examines patterns of processed food consumption and their impacts on obesity while considering the endogeneity of those who purchase processed foods. A major assumption of our analysis of the impact of processed foods on overweight and obesity was that the consumption of processed foods is endogenous due to their accessibility and urbanicity levels. The results show that 74.5% of participants consumed processed foods, excluding edible oils and other condiments; 28.5% of participants' total daily energy intake (EI) was from processed foods. Children and teenagers in megacities had the highest proportion of EI (40.2%) from processed foods. People who lived in megacities or highly urbanized neighborhoods with higher incomes and educational achievement consumed more processed foods. When controlling for endogeneity, only the body mass index (BMI) and risk of being overweight of children ages two to eighteen are adversely associated with processed foods (+4.97 BMI units, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66-8.28; odds ratio (OR) = 3.63, 95% CI: 1.45-9.13). Processed food purchases represent less than a third of current Chinese food purchases. However, processed food purchases are growing at the rate of 50% per year, and we must begin to understand the implications for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Zhou
- Institute of Food Safety and Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Shufa Du
- Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chang Su
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Barry M. Popkin
- Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Corresponding author: Barry M. Popkin, Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 206 W. Franklin St., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, Phone: 919-966-1731, Fax: 919-966-9159,
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104
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Hernández-Cordero S, Popkin BM. Impact of a Water Intervention on Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Substitution by Water: A Clinical Trial in Overweight and Obese Mexican Women. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015; 66 Suppl 3:22-5. [PMID: 26088043 DOI: 10.1159/000381242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Intense marketing for sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) along with the human innate preference for sweet taste contributes to the increase in consumption of SSB. It is important to understand the intricacies of dietary intake and global changes to the food supply to understand the complexities facing any intervention promoting water intake. We describe challenges to promote and achieve an increase in water intake and present key findings from a clinical trial examining the effects of substituting water for SSB on triglyceride levels, weight and other cardiometabolic factors in overweight/obese Mexican women. METHODS A randomized trial was conducted in Cuernavaca, Mexico selecting overweight/obese (BMI ≥25 and <39 kg/m(2)) women (18-45 years old), reporting an intake of SSB of at least 250 kcal/day. Women were randomly allocated to the water and education provision (WEP) group (n = 120) or to the education provision (EP) group (n = 120). Repeated 24 h dietary recall questionnaires, anthropometry, and fasting blood levels were collected at baseline and 3, 6, and 9 months following the intervention. RESULTS There was no effect of the intervention on triglyceride concentration or on any of the studied outcomes. Post-hoc analyses according to weight at baseline show that triglyceride concentration decreased in obese women. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome after the intervention was lower in obese women from the WEP group. CONCLUSION Water intake was increased but insufficient to achieve complete substitution of SSB, without effects on triglyceride concentration. Post-hoc analyses suggested that interventions lowered triglyceride concentration. Further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Hernández-Cordero
- Center of Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico
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105
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Guelinckx I, Ferreira-Pêgo C, Moreno LA, Kavouras SA, Gandy J, Martinez H, Bardosono S, Abdollahi M, Nasseri E, Jarosz A, Ma G, Carmuega E, Babio N, Salas-Salvadó J. Intake of water and different beverages in adults across 13 countries. Eur J Nutr 2015; 54 Suppl 2:45-55. [PMID: 26072214 PMCID: PMC4473281 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To describe the intake of water and all other fluids and to evaluate the proportion of adults exceeding the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations on energy intake from free sugar, solely from fluids. Methods A total of 16,276 adults (46 % men, mean age 39.8 years) were recruited in 13 countries from 3 continents. A 24-h fluid-specific record over 7 days was used for fluid assessment. Results In Spain, France, Turkey, Iran, Indonesia and China, fluid intake was characterised by a high contribution of water (47–78 %) to total fluid intake (TFI), with a mean water intake between 0.76 and 1.78 L/day, and a mean energy intake from fluids from 182 to 428 kcal/day. Between 11 and 49 % of adults exceeded the free sugar WHO recommendations, considering solely fluids. In Germany, UK, Poland and Japan, the largest contributors to TFI were hot beverages (28–50 %) and water (18–32 %). Mean energy intake from fluids ranged from 415 to 817 kcal/day, and 48–62 % of adults exceeded free sugar WHO recommendations. In Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, the contribution of juices and regular sugar beverages (28–41 %) was as important as the water contribution to TFI (17–39 %). Mean energy intake from fluids ranged 565–694 kcal/day, and 60–66 % of the adults exceeded the free sugar WHO recommendation. Conclusions The highest volumes recorded in most of the countries were for water, mean energy intake from fluids was up to 694 kcal/day, and 66 % of adults exceeded the free sugar WHO recommendation solely by fluids. Actions to create an environment in favour of water consumption and reduce sugar intake from fluids therefore are warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0952-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Guelinckx
- Hydration and Health Department, Danone Research, Palaiseau, France
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106
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Mattei J, Malik V, Wedick NM, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Campos H. Reducing the global burden of type 2 diabetes by improving the quality of staple foods: The Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative. Global Health 2015; 11:23. [PMID: 26040275 PMCID: PMC4489001 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-015-0109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been reaching epidemic proportions across the globe, affecting low/middle-income and developed countries. Two main contributors to this burden are the reduction in mortality from infectious conditions and concomitant negative changes in lifestyles, including diet. We aimed to depict the current state of type 2 diabetes worldwide in light of the undergoing epidemiologic and nutrition transition, and to posit that a key factor in the nutrition transition has been the shift in the type and processing of staple foods, from less processed traditional foods to highly refined and processed carbohydrate sources. DISCUSSION We showed data from 11 countries participating in the Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative, a collaborative effort across countries at various stages of the nutrition-epidemiologic transition whose mission is to reduce diabetes by improving the quality of staple foods through culturally-appropriate interventions. We depicted the epidemiologic transition using demographic and mortality data from the World Health Organization, and the nutrition transition using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization food balance sheets. Main staple foods (maize, rice, wheat, pulses, and roots) differed by country, with most countries undergoing a shift in principal contributors to energy consumption from grains in the past 50 years. Notably, rice and wheat products accounted for over half of the contribution to energy consumption from staple grains, while the trends for contribution from roots and pulses generally decreased in most countries. Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative countries with pilot data have documented key barriers and motivators to increase intake of high-quality staple foods. Global research efforts to identify and promote intake of culturally-acceptable high-quality staple foods could be crucial in preventing diabetes. These efforts may be valuable in shaping future research, community interventions, and public health and nutritional policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiemer Mattei
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Vasanti Malik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Nicole M Wedick
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hannia Campos
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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107
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Illescas-Zarate D, Espinosa-Montero J, Flores M, Barquera S. Plain water consumption is associated with lower intake of caloric beverage: cross-sectional study in Mexican adults with low socioeconomic status. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:405. [PMID: 25928232 PMCID: PMC4411745 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plain water (PW) should be the main beverage consumed by the population. However, consumption of caloric beverages (CB) has increased considerably worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the association between CB and PW intake in Mexican adults with a low socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS In a cross-sectional design, beverage consumption was evaluated with a 24-h beverages recall using the five-step multiple-pass method recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Physical activity, anthropometric and sociodemographic information were obtained. CB was defined as those beverages that provide energy, with the exception of low-fat milk and beverages with noncaloric sweeteners. Participants were classified into five groups according to their PW consumption (nondrinkers and four quartiles). Differences between groups were evaluated with ANOVA and Bonferroni tests for multiple comparisons among quartiles. A two-stage Heckman regression model was designed with robust standard errors, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 1108 adults between 21 and 59 years of age were evaluated. A negative association was noted between PW intake and CB consumption (p <0.001) with the exception of natural juice, which was positive (p <0.01) and sodas that no differences were found between quartiles. Specifically, for every milliliter of PW, the intake of CB was 3.4, 1.3, 0.68 and 0.38 mL in each quartile, respectively (p <0.001). In Heckman's model, PW consumers were 0.5 times less likely to consume CB (p = 0.029). This probability increased to 0.9 for low-fat milk, skim milk and beverages without added sugar (LFM-BWAS) consumers (p <0.001). Also, for every 100 mL of PW consumption, CB intake diminished by 20 mL (p <0.001). In turn, for every 100 mL of LFM-BWAS consumption, a reduction of 47 mL in CB was observed (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher PW consumption was associated with lower CB consumption. This association suggests that future studies are warranted to determine if increasing PW intake in a low SES Mexican population can reduce intake of CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Illescas-Zarate
- Departamento de Nutricion y Bioprogramacion, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Montes Urales 800, CP 11000, DF, Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Juan Espinosa-Montero
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Av. Universidad 655, CP 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Mario Flores
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Av. Universidad 655, CP 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
| | - Simon Barquera
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Av. Universidad 655, CP 62100, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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108
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Consumption of sucrose from infancy increases the visceral fat accumulation, concentration of triglycerides, insulin and leptin, and generates abnormalities in the adrenal gland. Anat Sci Int 2015; 91:151-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-015-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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109
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Bibiloni MDM, Salas R, Novelo HI, Villarreal JZ, Sureda A, Tur JA. Serum lipid levels and dyslipidaemia prevalence among 2-10 year-old Northern Mexican children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119877. [PMID: 25793380 PMCID: PMC4368795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The increase in overweight and obese children may be linked to increased rates of dyslipidaemia. The aim was to assess the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and associated risk factors among the Northern Mexican child population. Methods and Results Four hundred and fifty-one subjects aged between 2 and 10 (47.5% girls) took part in the Nuevo León State Survey of Nutrition and Health 2011–2012. According to the 2011 Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, serum lipid levels (mg/dL) were categorized into three subgroups (acceptable, borderline-high/low or high/low) as follows: TChol: acceptable <170, borderline-high 170–199, high ≥200; LDL-chol: acceptable <110, borderline-high 110–129, high ≥130; non-HDL-chol: acceptable <120, borderline-high 120–144, high ≥145; HDL-chol: acceptable >45, borderline-low 40–45, low <40; and TG: acceptable <75, borderline-high 75–99, high ≥100 in ≤9 year-old children, and acceptable <90, borderline-high 90–129, and high ≥130 in 10 year-old children. The overall prevalence of borderline-high + high TG, non-HDL-chol, TChol, and LDL-chol was 63.0%, 44.1%, 43.5%, and 29.9%, respectively. The overall prevalence of borderline-low + low HDL-chol was 46.3%. The overall frequency of dyslipidaemia was 54.3%. Thirteen children (2.9%) had all five symptoms of dyslipidaemia. The most common dyslipidaemia was high TG in combination (26.2%) and in isolation (10.6%). Conclusions Half of the children had at least one abnormal lipid concentration. A high TG level was the most frequent dyslipidaemia. Obesity was associated with the occurrence of at least one abnormal lipid level. These findings emphasize the need to pay further attention to the prevention of cardiovascular disease and obesity from an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Bibiloni
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands and CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rogelio Salas
- Faculty of Public Health Nutrition, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Hilda I. Novelo
- Faculty of Public Health Nutrition, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands and CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Josep A. Tur
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands and CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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110
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Chaffee BW, Feldens CA, Rodrigues PH, Vítolo MR. Feeding practices in infancy associated with caries incidence in early childhood. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2015; 43:338-48. [PMID: 25753518 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life feeding behaviors foretell later dietary habits and health outcomes. Few studies have examined infant dietary patterns and caries occurrence prospectively. OBJECTIVE Assess whether patterns in food and drink consumption before age 12 months are associated with caries incidence by preschool age. METHODS We collected early-life feeding data within a birth cohort from low-income families in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Three dietary indexes were defined, based on refined sugar content and/or previously reported caries associations: a count of sweet foods or drinks introduced <6-months (e.g., candy, cookies, soft drinks), a count of other, nonsweet items introduced <6-months (e.g., beans, meat), and a count of sweet items consumed at 12 months. Incidence of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) at age 38 months (N = 458) was compared by score tertile on each index, adjusted for family, maternal, and child characteristics using regression modeling. RESULTS Introduction to a greater number of presumably cariogenic items in infancy was positively associated with future caries. S-ECC incidence was highest in the uppermost tertile of the '6-month sweet index' (adjusted cumulative incidence ratio, RR, versus lowest tertile: 1.46; 95% CI: 0.97, 2.04) and the uppermost tertile of the '12-month sweet index' (RR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.23). The association was specific for sweet items: caries incidence did not differ by tertile of the '6-month nonsweet index' (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.40). Additionally, each one-unit increase on the 6-month and the 12-month sweet indexes, but not the 6-month nonsweet index, was statistically significantly associated with greater S-ECC incidence and associated with more decayed, missing, or restored teeth. Results were robust to minor changes in the items constituting each index and persisted if liquid items were excluded. CONCLUSIONS Dietary factors observed before age 12-months were associated with S-ECC at preschool age, highlighting a need for timely, multilevel intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Chaffee
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Márcia Regina Vítolo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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111
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Le Bodo Y, Paquette MC, Vallières M, Alméras N. Is Sugar the new Tobacco? Insights from Laboratory Studies, Consumer Surveys and Public Health. Curr Obes Rep 2015; 4:111-21. [PMID: 26627095 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Americas, mean energy intake from added sugar exceeds recent World Health Organization recommendations for free sugars in the diet. As a leading contributor to this excess, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) overconsumption represents a risk for the population's health. This article provides an overview of clinical and epidemiological evidence, marketing practices, corporate influence and prevention strategies related to added sugar and SSB. For each aspect of this multidimensional profile, we briefly compare SSB to the case of tobacco pointing to similarities but also major differences. Tobacco control has demonstrated the effectiveness of long term multifaceted prevention strategies in multiple settings supported by strong public policies which may be applied to the consumption of SSB. However, translating these policies to the specific case of SSB is urgently needed, to inform preventive actions, decide which intervention mix will be used, and evaluate the process and impact of the chosen strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Bodo
- Evaluation platform on obesity prevention (EPOP), Québec, QC, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Paquette
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Natalie Alméras
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, 2725, chemin Sainte Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
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112
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Consumption Patterns of Sugar-Sweetened Carbonated Beverages Among Children and Adolescents. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-015-0445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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113
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Funtikova AN, Subirana I, Gomez SF, Fitó M, Elosua R, Benítez-Arciniega AA, Schröder H. Soft drink consumption is positively associated with increased waist circumference and 10-year incidence of abdominal obesity in Spanish adults. J Nutr 2015; 145:328-34. [PMID: 25644355 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.205229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of abdominal fat increases risk of metabolic disorders and premature death. There is a dearth of prospective data on the association between caloric beverage consumption and surrogate markers of abdominal adiposity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the relation between consumption of nonalcoholic caloric beverages, including soft drinks, fruit juice, whole milk, and skim and low-fat milk, and changes in waist circumference (WC) and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity. METHODS We conducted a prospective, population-based study of 2181 Spanish men and women aged 25-74 y who were followed from 2000 to 2009. We measured weight, height, and WC, and recorded data on diet and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with the use of validated questionnaires. We fit multivariable linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS A 100 kcal increase in soft drink consumption was associated with a 1.1 cm increase in WC (P = 0.018) after 10 y of follow-up. Substitution of 100 kcal of soft drinks with 100 kcal of whole milk or 100 kcal of juice was associated with a 1.3 cm (95% CI: 0.3, 2.4) and 1.1 cm (95% CI: 0.03, 2.2) decrease in WC, respectively. Increasing consumption of soft drinks from baseline to follow-up led to WC gain compared with maintaining nonconsumption. Greater soft drink consumption was positively associated (P = 0.029) with increased odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION Adults' consumption of soft drinks was associated with increased WC and odds of 10-y incidence of abdominal obesity. This association was moderate but consistent in all statistical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Funtikova
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) and Food and Nutrition PhD program, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Subirana
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Research Program in Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) and
| | - Santiago F Gomez
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group and Thao Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group and CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Research Program in Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Helmut Schröder
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) and
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114
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Duffey KJ, Rivera JA, Popkin BM. Snacking is prevalent in Mexico. J Nutr 2014; 144:1843-9. [PMID: 25332484 PMCID: PMC4195421 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.198192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snacking has increased globally, but little is known about how Mexicans consume foods outside meals. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and patterns of snacking behavior among Mexicans. METHODS We used data from children and adults (aged ≥ 2 y; n = 9937) from the Mexican National Nutrition Survey 1999 and the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) 2012 to examine the prevalence of snacking as well as amount (kcal) and contribution of snacks to total energy intake per day. Snacking was defined as eating outside of the 3 main meals. We calculated per capita (among the total population) and per consumer ("snackers") estimates of the number of snacks per day, kilocalories per snack, kilocalories per day from snacks, and the percentage of energy from snacks. Top foods consumed during snack occasions were also examined for the NHNS 2012. All results were weighted to account for survey design and to be nationally representative. RESULTS In 2012, an estimated 73% of the population consumed snacks on a given day, with estimates ranging from 70% among ≥ 59 y olds to 77% among 2-11 y olds. An average of 1.6 snacks/d were consumed by the population. This value was slightly higher (2.1 snacks/d) among snackers. Snacks provided an average of 343 kcal/d per snacker (17% of total energy/d). Fruit was the most commonly consumed snack food by all ages except for 12-18 y olds. Salty snacks, sweet snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages, and milk were frequently in the top 5 categories across age groups. Differences were observed between age groups. CONCLUSIONS Snacking is prevalent in the Mexican population. Many, but not all, of the foods consumed during snack occasions are foods considered "foods to limit" in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyah J Duffey
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; and
| | - Juan A Rivera
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Barry M Popkin
- Department of Nutrition and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC;
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Hernández-Cordero S, Barquera S, Rodríguez-Ramírez S, Villanueva-Borbolla MA, González de Cossio T, Dommarco JR, Popkin B. Substituting water for sugar-sweetened beverages reduces circulating triglycerides and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese but not in overweight Mexican women in a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr 2014; 144:1742-52. [PMID: 25332472 PMCID: PMC6457091 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.193490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico's sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is among the highest globally. Although evidence shows that increases in SSB intake are linked with increased energy intake, weight gain, and cardiometabolic risks, few randomized clinical trials have been conducted in adults. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if replacing SSBs with water affects plasma triglycerides (TGs) (primary outcome), weight, and other cardiometabolic factors. METHODS We selected overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 and <39 kg/m(2)) women (18-45 y old) reporting an SSB intake of at least 250 kcal/d living in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Women were randomly allocated to the water and education provision (WEP) group (n = 120) or the education provision (EP)-only group (n = 120). The WEP group received biweekly water deliveries, and both groups received equal monthly nutrition counseling. During nutrition counseling, the WEP group sessions included activities to encourage increased water intake, reduced SSB intake, and substitution of water for SSBs. Repeated 24-h dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, and fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and at 3, 6, and 9 mo. The Markov-Monte Carlo method was used for multiple imputation; separate mixed-effects models tested each outcome. RESULTS An intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis indicated that the WEP group increased water intake and decreased SSB intake significantly over time, but there were no differences in plasma TG concentrations between groups at the end of the intervention (WEP at baseline: 155 ± 2.10 mg/dL; WEP at 9 mo: 149 ± 2.80 mg/dL; EP at baseline: 150 ± 1.90 mg/dL; EP at 9 mo: 161 ± 2.70 mg/dL; P for mean comparisons at 9 mo = 0.10). Secondary analyses showed significant effects on plasma TGs (change from baseline to 9 mo: WEP, -28.9 ± 7.7 mg/dL; EP, 8.5 ± 10.9 mg/dL; P = 0.03) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence at 9 mo (WEP: 18.1%; EP: 37.7%; P = 0.02) among obese participants. CONCLUSIONS Providing water and nutritional counseling was effective in increasing water intake and in partially decreasing SSB intake. We found no effect on plasma TGs, weight, and other cardiometabolic risks in the ITT analysis, although the intervention lowered plasma TGs and MetS prevalence among obese participants. Further studies are warranted. This trial was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01245010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Hernández-Cordero
- Center of Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Simón Barquera
- Center of Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | - Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Center of Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | | | - Teresa González de Cossio
- Center of Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | - Juan Rivera Dommarco
- Center of Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; and
| | - Barry Popkin
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Arora NK, Pillai R, Dasgupta R, Garg PR. Whole-of-society monitoring framework for sugar, salt, and fat consumption and noncommunicable diseases in India. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1331:157-173. [PMID: 25335459 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
India has experienced a rising prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in the past 15 years: the prevalence of diabetes has increased from 5.9% to 9.1%, hypertension from 17.2% to 29.2%, and obesity from 4% to 15%. The increase is among all socioeconomic groups and in urban and rural populations, though the quantum of change varies. A concomitant increase in per capita consumption of sugar from 22 to 55.3 g/day and total fat from 21.2 to 54 g/day was observed, with significant differences between states of high and low human development index (HDI). Per capita consumption of sugar, salt, and fat is consistently and significantly associated with overweight and obesity but variably associated with the occurrence of hypertension and diabetes. Market research shows that approximately 50-60% of total salt, sugar, and fat in Indian markets is procured by bulk purchasers, generally for manufacturing processed food items. This sector of the Indian economy is among the fastest growing, with several policy incentives. It is not clear from most of the data sets whether available information on per capita sugar, salt, and fat consumption has considered the contribution of processed and ready-to-eat food items. The unprecedented changes of rapid urbanization, mechanization, and globalization demand close monitoring of social, developmental, and economic determinants. This paper provides pieces of evidence to justify a whole-of-society (WoS) framework for monitoring the inputs, processes, and behavioral components of the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke (NPCDCS) in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra K Arora
- Clinical Epidemiology, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Pillai
- Clinical Epidemiology, The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajib Dasgupta
- Centre of Social Medicine & Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Popkin BM. Nutrition, Agriculture and the Global Food System in Low and Middle Income Countries. FOOD POLICY 2014; 47:91-96. [PMID: 24932059 PMCID: PMC4053196 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The entire food value chain and diet of low and middle income countries (LMICs) are rapidly shifting. Many of the issues addressed by the nutrition community ignore some of the major underlying shifts in purchases of consumer packaged foods and beverages. At the same time, the drivers of the food system at the farm level might be changing. There is a need for the agriculture and nutrition communities to understand these changes and focus on some of their implications for health. This rapid growth of the retail sector will change the diets of the food insecure as much as that of the food secure across rural and urban LMIC's. This short commentary contents that current research, programs and policies are ignoring these rapid dynamic shifts.
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