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Abstract
Immune cells are highly dynamic in terms of their growth, proliferation, and effector functions as they respond to immunological challenges. Different immune cells can adopt distinct metabolic configurations that allow the cell to balance its requirements for energy, molecular biosynthesis, and longevity. However, in addition to facilitating immune cell responses, it is now becoming clear that cellular metabolism has direct roles in regulating immune cell function. This review article describes the distinct metabolic signatures of key immune cells, explains how these metabolic setups facilitate immune function, and discusses the emerging evidence that intracellular metabolism has an integral role in controlling immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David K Finlay
- From the School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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102
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Quesada AE, Assylbekova B, Jabcuga CE, Zhang R, Covinsky M, Rios A, Nguyen ND, Brown RE. Expression of Sirt1 and FoxP3 in classical Hodgkin lymphoma and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes: Implications for immune dysregulation, prognosis and potential therapeutic targeting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:13241-13248. [PMID: 26722524 PMCID: PMC4680469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells may promote differentiation of CD4+ naïve T cells toward both FoxP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells and TIA-1+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Previous studies suggest that an overabundance of cytotoxic TIA-1+ cells in relation to FoxP3+ T reg cells portends unfavorable outcomes in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), raising the possibility that its pathogenesis may be related to immune dysregulation. Sirt1 deacetylates FoxP3 and leads to decreased Treg functionality. Our objective was to compare Sirt1 and FoxP3 expressions in Hodgkin lymphoma infiltrating lymphocytes (HLIL) and confirm Sirt1 expression in HRS cells. DESIGN Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin-embedded tissue with antibodies to Sirt1, FoxP3, TIA-1, and CD8 was performed. Expression of Sirt1 was assessed in both the HRS cells and in the HLILs in twenty-four cases. Adequate tissue was available in 13 cHL cases to permit the enumeration of FoxP3, TIA-1 and CD8 by giving their percent staining of HLILs. RESULTS In HLILs, nuclear expression of Sirt1 was 32-88% (mean 67%); FoxP3 expression was 9-40% (mean 23.9%); TIA-1 expression was 15-87% (mean 32%); and CD8 expression was 10-45% (mean = 31%). Sirt1 to FoxP3 ratio was 0.96-5.5 (mean 3.2). TIA-1 to FoxP3 ratio was 0.6-5.1 (mean 1.6). CD8 to FoxP3 ratio was 0.43-3.7 (mean 1.5). There was a difference of Sirt1 to FoxP3 ratios between remission and recurrence groups, being significantly higher in the recurrence group (P = 0.005). Sirt1 demonstrated high nuclear expression in the HRS cells of 21 out of 24 (88%) cases analyzed. CONCLUSION The relative overexpression of Sirt1 to FoxP3 in HLILs may be considered possible targets for immune modulation. Histone deacetylase inhibitors may increase the efficacy of existing treatment regimens by downregulating SIRT1 gene mRNA/Sirt1 protein function and together with rapamycin could expand the T regulatory/FoxP3 population and functionality and improve prognosis for remission in cHL. Targeting Sirt1 in the HRS cells may facilitate their ability to promote naïve T cell differentiation toward Treg cells over CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés E Quesada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth-Medical School at HoustonHouston, USA
| | - Binara Assylbekova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth-Medical School at HoustonHouston, USA
| | | | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth-Medical School at HoustonHouston, USA
| | - Michael Covinsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth-Medical School at HoustonHouston, USA
| | - Adan Rios
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, UTHealth-Medical School at HoustonHouston, USA
| | - Nghia D Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth-Medical School at HoustonHouston, USA
| | - Robert E Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UTHealth-Medical School at HoustonHouston, USA
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103
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Li Z, Li D, Tsun A, Li B. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and their functional regulation. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:558-65. [PMID: 25683611 PMCID: PMC4579651 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical in maintaining immune tolerance and homeostasis of the immune system. The molecular mechanisms underlying the stability, plasticity and functional activity of Treg cells have been much studied in recent years. Here, we summarize these intriguing findings, and provide insight into their potential use or manipulation during Treg cell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Andy Tsun
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Innovent Biologics Inc., Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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104
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Safinia N, Scotta C, Vaikunthanathan T, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Regulatory T Cells: Serious Contenders in the Promise for Immunological Tolerance in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:438. [PMID: 26379673 PMCID: PMC4553385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in immunoregulation and have been shown in animal models to promote transplantation tolerance and curb autoimmunity following their adoptive transfer. The safety and potential therapeutic efficacy of these cells has already been reported in Phase I trials of bone-marrow transplantation and type I diabetes, the success of which has motivated the broadened application of these cells in solid-organ transplantation. Despite major advances in the clinical translation of these cells, there are still key questions to be addressed to ensure that Tregs attest their reputation as ideal candidates for tolerance induction. In this review, we will discuss the unique traits of Tregs that have attracted such fame in the arena of tolerance induction. We will outline the protocols used for their ex vivo expansion and discuss the future directions of Treg cell therapy. In this regard, we will review the concept of Treg heterogeneity, the desire to isolate and expand a functionally superior Treg population and report on the effect of differing culture conditions. The relevance of Treg migratory capacity will also be discussed together with methods of in vivo visualization of the infused cells. Moreover, we will highlight key advances in the identification and expansion of antigen-specific Tregs and discuss their significance for cell therapy application. We will also summarize the clinical parameters that are of importance, alongside cell manufacture, from the choice of immunosuppression regimens to the number of injections in order to direct the success of future efficacy trials of Treg cell therapy. Years of research in the field of tolerance have seen an accumulation of knowledge and expertise in the field of Treg biology. This perpetual progression has been the driving force behind the many successes to date and has put us now within touching distance of our ultimate success, immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Cristiano Scotta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Trishan Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , UK
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105
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Lim HW, Kang SG, Ryu JK, Schilling B, Fei M, Lee IS, Kehasse A, Shirakawa K, Yokoyama M, Schnölzer M, Kasler HG, Kwon HS, Gibson BW, Sato H, Akassoglou K, Xiao C, Littman DR, Ott M, Verdin E. SIRT1 deacetylates RORγt and enhances Th17 cell generation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:607-17. [PMID: 25918343 PMCID: PMC4419343 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lim et al. demonstrate that protein deacetylase, Sirtuin 1, promotes autoimmunity by deacetylating RORγt increasing its transcriptional activity and promoting Th17 differentiation and function. Blockade or loss of Sirtuin 1 results in protection from multiple sclerosis-like disease in mice. The balance of effector and regulatory T cell function, dependent on multiple signals and epigenetic regulators, is critical to immune self-tolerance. Dysregulation of T helper 17 (Th17) effector cells is associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. Here, we report that Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a protein deacetylase previously reported to have an antiinflammatory function, in fact promotes autoimmunity by deacetylating RORγt, the signature transcription factor of Th17 cells. SIRT1 increases RORγt transcriptional activity, enhancing Th17 cell generation and function. Both T cell–specific Sirt1 deletion and treatment with pharmacologic SIRT1 inhibitors suppress Th17 differentiation and are protective in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Moreover, analysis of infiltrating cell populations during disease induction in mixed hematopoietic chimeras shows a marked bias against Sirt1-deficient Th17 cells. These findings reveal an unexpected proinflammatory role of SIRT1 and, importantly, support the possible therapeutic use of SIRT1 inhibitors against autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung W Lim
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | | | - Mingjian Fei
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Intelly S Lee
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | | | - Kotaro Shirakawa
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | | | - Herbert G Kasler
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Hye-Sook Kwon
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Bradford W Gibson
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | - Hironori Sato
- Laboratory of Viral Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dan R Littman
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, School of Medecine, Department of Neurology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
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106
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Neildez-Nguyen TMA, Bigot J, Da Rocha S, Corre G, Boisgerault F, Paldi A, Galy A. Hypoxic culture conditions enhance the generation of regulatory T cells. Immunology 2015; 144:431-443. [PMID: 25243909 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of large amounts of induced CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (iTreg) cells is of great interest for several immunotherapy applications, therefore a better understanding of signals controlling iTreg cell differentiation and expansion is required. There is evidence that oxidative metabolism may regulate several key signalling pathways in T cells. This prompted us to investigate the effects of oxygenation on iTreg cell generation by comparing the effects of atmospheric (21%) or of low (5%) O2 concentrations on the phenotype of bead-stimulated murine splenic CD4+ T cells from Foxp3-KI-GFP T-cell receptor transgenic mice. The production of intracellular reactive oxygen species was shown to play a major role in the generation of iTreg cells, a process characterized by increased levels of Sirt1, PTEN and Glut1 on the committed cells, independently of the level of oxygenation. The suppressive function of iTreg cells generated either in atmospheric or low oxygen levels was equivalent. However, greater yields of iTreg cells were obtained under low oxygenation, resulting from a higher proliferative rate of the committed Treg cells and higher levels of Foxp3, suggesting a better stability of the differentiation process. Higher expression of Glut1 detected on iTreg cells generated under hypoxic culture conditions provides a likely explanation for the enhanced proliferation of these cells as compared to those cultured under ambient oxygen. Such results have important implications for understanding Treg cell homeostasis and developing in vitro protocols for the generation of Treg cells from naive T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi My Anh Neildez-Nguyen
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Jérémy Bigot
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Sylvie Da Rocha
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Guillaume Corre
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Florence Boisgerault
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Andràs Paldi
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
| | - Anne Galy
- Inserm, U951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, University of Evry Val d'Essonne UMR_S951, Genethon, Evry, France.,Molecular Immunology and Innovative Biotherapies group, Genethon, Evry, F91002, France
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107
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Barbi J, Pardoll D, Pan F. Treg functional stability and its responsiveness to the microenvironment. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:115-39. [PMID: 24712463 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmunity and tissue damage resulting from excessive or unnecessary immune activation through their suppressive function. While their importance for proper immune control is undeniable, the stability of the Treg lineage has recently become a controversial topic. Many reports have shown dramatic loss of the signature Treg transcription factor Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) and Treg function under various inflammatory conditions. Other recent studies demonstrate that most Tregs are extremely resilient in their expression of Foxp3 and the retention of suppressive function. While this debate is unlikely to be settled in the immediate future, improved understanding of the considerable heterogeneity within the Foxp3(+) Treg population and how Treg subsets respond to ranging environmental cues may be keys to reconciliation. In this review, we discuss the diverse mechanisms responsible for the observed stability or instability of Foxp3(+) Treg identity and function. These include transcriptional and epigenetic programs, transcript targeting, and posttranslational modifications that appear responsive to numerous elements of the microenvironment. These mechanisms for Treg functional modulation add to the discussion of Treg stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barbi
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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108
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Targeting sirtuin-1 alleviates experimental autoimmune colitis by induction of Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1209-20. [PMID: 24549276 PMCID: PMC4138288 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Induced Forkhead box P3-positive (Foxp3(+)) T-regulatory cells (iTregs) are essential to gastrointestinal immune homeostasis, and loss of the ability to develop iTregs may lead to autoimmune colitis. We previously showed a role for sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) in control of Treg function and hypothesized that targeting of Sirt1 might enhance iTreg development and thereby represent a potential therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We adoptively transferred CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) T effector (TE) cells from wild-type (WT) (C57BL/6) or fl-Sirt1/CD4cre mice into B6/Rag1(-/-) mice and monitored the mice until they lost 10-15% of their weight. Adoptive transfer of TE cells lacking Sirt1 to B6/Rag1(-/-) mice resulted in a 2.8-fold increase in iTreg formation compared with mice receiving WT TE cells and correlated with attenuated colitis and reduced weight loss (1.04±1.4% vs. 13.97±2.2%, respectively, P<0.001). In a second model of IBD, we used pharmacologic Sirt1 targeting of mice receiving multiple cycles of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in their drinking water, alternated with fresh water. Likewise, WT mice receiving cyclic DSS and a Sirt1 inhibitor, EX-527, had reduced weight loss (5.8±5.9% vs. 13.2±6.9%, respectively, P=0.03) and increased iTreg formation compared with controls. Sirt1 appears a promising target for pharmacologic therapy of IBD as a result of promoting iTreg development.
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109
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Two histone/protein acetyltransferases, CBP and p300, are indispensable for Foxp3+ T-regulatory cell development and function. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3993-4007. [PMID: 25154413 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00919-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-regulatory (Treg) cells are important to immune homeostasis, and Treg cell deficiency or dysfunction leads to autoimmune disease. A histone/protein acetyltransferase (HAT), p300, was recently found to be important for Treg function and stability, but further insights into the mechanisms by which p300 or other HATs affect Treg biology are needed. Here we show that CBP, a p300 paralog, is also important in controlling Treg function and stability. Thus, while mice with Treg-specific deletion of CBP or p300 developed minimal autoimmune disease, the combined deletion of CBP and p300 led to fatal autoimmunity by 3 to 4 weeks of age. The effects of CBP and p300 deletion on Treg development are dose dependent and involve multiple mechanisms. CBP and p300 cooperate with several key Treg transcription factors that act on the Foxp3 promoter to promote Foxp3 production. CBP and p300 also act on the Foxp3 conserved noncoding sequence 2 (CNS2) region to maintain Treg stability in inflammatory environments by regulating pCREB function and GATA3 expression, respectively. Lastly, CBP and p300 regulate the epigenetic status and function of Foxp3. Our findings provide insights into how HATs orchestrate multiple aspects of Treg development and function and identify overlapping but also discrete activities for p300 and CBP in control of Treg cells.
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110
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Kweon KH, Lee CR, Jung SJ, Ban EJ, Kang SW, Jeong JJ, Nam KH, Jo YS, Lee J, Chung WY. Sirt1 induction confers resistance to etoposide-induced genotoxic apoptosis in thyroid cancers. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2065-75. [PMID: 25109285 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the favorable therapeutic outcomes reported in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), a significant proportion of DTC patients present with refractory behavior to conventional therapy. The sirtuin (Sirt) family has recently been implicated in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under genotoxic stress. Here, we investigated the induction of Sirt1 expression by etoposide-induced genotoxic stress to gain insights into thyroid carcinogenesis and identify novel therapeutic targets. Immunohistochemical staining analyses of Sirt1 and Sirt3 were performed using human thyroid cancer tissues and matched normal tissues, and bioinformatic analyses were done using public repositories, including the Human Protein Atlas, BioGPS, NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) profiles, and GeneNetwork. TPC1, FTC133 and FRO cells were used for molecular biological experiments including apoptosis assays, MTT, immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR assays. The IHC data and public repositories data consistently showed variable Sirt1 and Sirt3 expression patterns in normal thyroid follicular cells and papillary thyroid cancer cells. The induction of Sirt1 and Sirt3 was cell type-specific and the expression levels of these genes correlated with apoptotic cell death and cell viability after etoposide-induced genotoxic stress. Sirt1‑Foxp3 signaling-mediated regulation of Bax and p21 mRNA expression was a signature molecular event in TPC1 cells, which showed remarkable resistance to etoposide-induced genotoxic stress. The induction of Sirt1 and Sirt3 may be a determinant of thyroid cancer cell survival under genotoxic stress conditions. Further examination of the Sirt1-Foxp3 signal may improve our understanding of thyroid carcinogenesis and help identify new druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hwan Kweon
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Rok Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Jung
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Ban
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kang
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Hyun Nam
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jandee Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Youn Chung
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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111
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SOCS1 and regulation of regulatory T cells plasticity. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:943149. [PMID: 25133199 PMCID: PMC4123481 DOI: 10.1155/2014/943149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reports have suggested that natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) lose Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression and suppression activity under certain inflammatory conditions. Treg plasticity has been studied because it may be associated with the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Some studies showed that a minor uncommitted Foxp3+ T cell population, which lacks hypomethylation at Treg-specific demethylation regions (TSDRs), may convert to effector/helper T cells. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), a negative regulator of cytokine signaling, has been reported to play an important role in Treg cell integrity and function by protecting the cells from excessive inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we discuss Treg plasticity and maintenance of suppression functions in both physiological and pathological settings. In addition, we discuss molecular mechanisms of maintaining Treg plasticity by SOCS1 and other molecules. Such information will be useful for therapy of autoimmune diseases and reinforcement of antitumor immunity.
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112
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Torrão RC, Bennett SJ, Brown JE, Griffiths HR. Does metabolic reprogramming underpin age-associated changes in T cell phenotype and function? Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:26-35. [PMID: 24632379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T cells are required for an effective adaptive immune response. The principal function of T cells is to promote efficient removal of foreign material by identifying and mounting a specific response to nonself. A decline in T cell function in aging is thought to contribute to reduced response to infection and vaccination and an increase in autoimmunity. This may in part be due to the age-related decrease in naïve CD4(+) T cells and increase in antigen-experienced CD4(+) T cells, loss of redox homeostasis, and impaired metabolic switching. Switching between subsets is triggered by the integration of extracellular signals sensed through surface receptors and the activation of discrete intracellular metabolic pathways. This article explores how metabolic programming and loss of redox homeostasis during aging may contribute to age-associated changes in T cell phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Torrão
- Life and Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, UK
| | - Stuart J Bennett
- Life and Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, UK
| | - James E Brown
- Life and Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, UK
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Life and Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, West Midlands, UK.
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113
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Pan F, Barbi J. Ubiquitous points of control over regulatory T cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:555-69. [PMID: 24777637 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification by ubiquitin tagging is crucial for regulating the stability, activity and cellular localization of many target proteins involved in processes including DNA repair, cell cycle progression, protein quality control, and signal transduction. It has long been appreciated that ubiquitin-mediated events are important for certain signaling pathways leading to leukocyte activation and the stimulation of effector function. Now it is clear that the activities of molecules and pathways central to immune regulation are also modified and controlled by ubiquitin tagging. Among the mechanisms of immune control, regulatory T cells (or Tregs) are themselves particularly sensitive to such regulation. E3 ligases and deubiquitinases both influence Tregs through their effects on the signaling pathways pertinent to these cells or through the direct, posttranslational regulation of Foxp3. In this review, we will summarize and discuss several examples of ubiquitin-mediated control over multiple aspects of Treg biology including the generation, function and phenotypic fidelity of these cells. Fully explored and exploited, these potential opportunities for Treg modulation may lead to novel immunotherapies for both positive and negative fine-tuning of immune restraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pan
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA,
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114
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Ugolini C, Elisei R, Proietti A, Pelliccioni S, Lupi C, Borrelli N, Viola D, Leocata P, Vitti P, Miccoli P, Toniolo A, Basolo F. FoxP3 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a possible resistance biomarker to iodine 131 treatment. Thyroid 2014; 24:339-46. [PMID: 23915122 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forkhead transcription factor FoxP3 plays an important role in regulatory T cell (Treg) functions. Tregs are critical in maintaining immunologic tolerance. It has been shown that vaccination against FoxP3-expressing cells is associated with enhancement of tumor immunity. Tregs appear to be increased in blood and in the tumor microenvironment of patients with different cancer types. Tumor cells themselves can express FoxP3. The present study investigates the possible role of FoxP3 expression in a series of human papillary thyroid cancers with a mean follow-up time of 15 years. METHODS One hundred five cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) were investigated, and FoxP3 expression was evaluated in both tumor cells and tumor-associated infiltrates. For all patients, clinical/pathologic features were considered and the results analyzed by statistical tests. RESULTS Of the 105 PTC cases, 45 (43%) scored FoxP3-positive and 60 (57%) were negative. FoxP3 staining was localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. In some cases, both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was seen in infiltrating cells. FoxP3 expression in tumor cells was correlated with the presence of extrathyroid invasion (p=0.04) and distant metastasis (p=0.04), but not with overall survival. Interestingly, FoxP3 expression in neoplastic cells was significantly associated with a resistance phenotype to radioiodine treatment (p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS The data show an association of FoxP3 expression with features of PTC that seem to have a specific impact on radioiodine sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ugolini
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana , Pisa, Italy
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115
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Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, as central mediators of immune suppression, play crucial roles in many aspects of immune system's physiology and pathophysiology. The transcription factor Foxp3 has been characterized as a master gene of Tregs. Yet Treg cells possess a distinct pattern of gene expression, including upregulation of immune-suppressive genes and silencing of inflammatory cytokine genes. Recent studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms that establish and maintain such gene regulation in Treg cells. This review discusses recent progress in our understanding of molecular features of Treg cells, with particular attention to Treg-cell lineage commitment and stability.
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Lozano T, Casares N, Lasarte JJ. Searching for the Achilles Heel of FOXP3. Front Oncol 2013; 3:294. [PMID: 24350059 PMCID: PMC3847665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXP3 is a multifaceted transcription factor with a major role in the control of immune homeostasis mediated by T regulatory cells (Treg). The immunoregulatory function of FOXP3 may hinder the induction of immune responses against cancer and infectious agents, and thus, development of inhibitors of its functions might give new therapeutic opportunities for these diseases. But also, FOXP3 is an important tumor suppressor factor in some types of cancers, and therefore, understanding the structure and function of FOXP3 is crucial to gaining insights into the development of FOXP3-targeted therapeutic strategies. FOXP3 homodimerize and likely form supramolecular complexes which might include hundreds of proteins which constitute the FOXP3 interactome. Many of the functions of FOXP3 are clearly regulated by the interactions with these cofactors contributing importantly on the establishment of Treg-cell signature. We summarize here the structural/functional information on this FOXP3 complex, to identify potential opportunities for the development of new strategies to modulate FOXP3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lozano
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Gene Therapy and Hepatology Area, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona , Spain
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van Loosdregt J, Fleskens V, Fu J, Brenkman AB, Bekker CPJ, Pals CEGM, Meerding J, Berkers CR, Barbi J, Gröne A, Sijts AJAM, Maurice MM, Kalkhoven E, Prakken BJ, Ovaa H, Pan F, Zaiss DMW, Coffer PJ. Stabilization of the transcription factor Foxp3 by the deubiquitinase USP7 increases Treg-cell-suppressive capacity. Immunity 2013; 39:259-71. [PMID: 23973222 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stable Foxp3 expression is required for the development of functional regulatory T (Treg) cells. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 can be regulated through the polyubiquitination of multiple lysine residues, resulting in proteasome-mediated degradation. Expression of the deubiquitinase (DUB) USP7 was found to be upregulated and active in Treg cells, being associated with Foxp3 in the nucleus. Ectopic expression of USP7 decreased Foxp3 polyubiquitination and increased Foxp3 expression. Conversely, either treatment with DUB inhibitor or USP7 knockdown decreased endogenous Foxp3 protein expression and decreased Treg-cell-mediated suppression in vitro. Furthermore, in a murine adoptive-transfer-induced colitis model, either inhibition of DUB activity or USP7 knockdown in Treg cells abrogated their ability to resolve inflammation in vivo. Our data reveal a molecular mechanism in which rapid temporal control of Foxp3 expression in Treg cells can be regulated by USP7, thereby modulating Treg cell numbers and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg van Loosdregt
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584EA, The Netherlands
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118
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Zou T, Yang Y, Xia F, Huang A, Gao X, Fang D, Xiong S, Zhang J. Resveratrol Inhibits CD4+ T cell activation by enhancing the expression and activity of Sirt1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75139. [PMID: 24073240 PMCID: PMC3779207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol compound, has broad effects on critical events, including inflammation, oxidation, cancer and aging. However, the function and molecular mechanisms of resveratrol on T cell activation are controversial. In the present study, we found that resveratrol significantly inhibits the activation and cytokine production of T cells in vitro and in vivo. Sirt1 expression was up-regulated in resveratrol-treated T cells. Once Sirt1 was down-regulated in the T cells, the resveratrol-induced inhibition of T cell activation noticeably diminished. The acetylation of c-Jun decreased and its translocation was impeded in the resveratrol-treated T cells. The incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in the resveratrol-treated mice were considerably reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Xia
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anfei Huang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JPZ); (SDX)
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JPZ); (SDX)
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119
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Du T, Nagai Y, Xiao Y, Greene MI, Zhang H. Lysosome-dependent p300/FOXP3 degradation and limits Treg cell functions and enhances targeted therapy against cancers. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:38-45. [PMID: 23644046 PMCID: PMC3963828 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
p300 is one of several acetyltransferases that regulate FOXP3 acetylation and functions. Our recent studies have defined a complex set of histone acetyltransferase interactions which can lead to enhanced or repressed changes in FOXP3 function. We have explored the use of a natural p300 inhibitor, Garcinol, as a tool to understand mechanisms by which p300 regulates FOXP3 acetylation. In the presence of Garcinol, p300 appears to become disassociated from the FOXP3 complex and undergoes lysosome-dependent degradation. As a consequence of p300's physical absence, FOXP3 becomes less acetylated and eventually degraded, a process that cannot be rescued by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. p300 plays a complex role in FOXP3 acetylation, as it could also acetylate a subset of four Lys residues that repressively regulate total FOXP3 acetylation. Garcinol acts as a degradation device to reduce the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells (Treg) and to enhance the in vivo anti-tumor activity of a targeted therapeutic anti-p185(her2/neu) (ERBB2) antibody in MMTV-neu transgenics implanted with neu transformed breast tumor cells. Our studies provide the rationale for molecules that disrupt p300 stability to limit Treg functions in targeted therapies for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeng Du
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 3620 Hamilton Walk, PA 19104, USA
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasuhiro Nagai
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 3620 Hamilton Walk, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 3620 Hamilton Walk, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark I. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 3620 Hamilton Walk, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 3620 Hamilton Walk, PA 19104, USA
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120
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Fleskens V, van Boxtel R. Forkhead Box P family members at the crossroad between tolerance and immunity: a balancing act. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:94-109. [PMID: 23886296 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.816698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining an immune balance between a chronic inflammatory state and autoimmunity is regulated at multiple levels by complex cellular signaling mechanisms. Numerous immune stimulatory and inhibitory signals converge on a large variety of transcriptional regulators. One key transcriptional regulator of immune homeostasis is FOXP3, which is a member of the Forkhead Box P subfamily of transcription factors and was shown to be essential for the development and maintenance of regulatory T cells. However, other FOXP members have received less attention in relation to a role in immune regulation. Still, recent developments point toward a general important regulatory role for FOXP proteins in the development and function of the adaptive immune system and establishment of a balanced immune response. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the role of FOXP proteins in establishing immune homeostasis with an emphasis on T-cell biology. Furthermore, we review and speculate about different modes of regulating general FOXP activity and the function of this in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Fleskens
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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121
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Morawski PA, Mehra P, Chen C, Bhatti T, Wells AD. Foxp3 protein stability is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase 2. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24494-502. [PMID: 23853094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.467704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3 is a transcription factor required for the development of regulatory T cells (Treg). Mice and humans with a loss of Foxp3 function suffer from uncontrolled autoimmunity and inflammatory disease. Expression of Foxp3 is necessary for the anti-inflammatory capacity of Treg, but whether Foxp3 activity is further subject to regulation by extracellular signals is unclear. The primary structure of Foxp3 contains four cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) motifs (Ser/Thr-Pro) within the N-terminal repressor domain, and we show that CDK2 can partner with cyclin E to phosphorylate Foxp3 at these sites. Consistent with our previous demonstration that CDK2 negatively regulates Treg function, we find that mutation of the serine or threonine at each CDK motif to alanine (S/T→A) results in enhanced Foxp3 protein stability in CD4(+) T cells. T cells expressing the S/T→A mutant of Foxp3 showed enhanced induction (e.g. CD25) and repression (e.g. IL2) of canonical Foxp3-responsive genes, exhibited an increased capacity to suppress conventional T cell proliferation in vitro, and were highly effective at ameliorating colitis in an in vivo model of inflammatory bowel disease. These results indicate that CDK2 negatively regulates the stability and activity of Foxp3 and implicate CDK-coupled receptor signal transduction in the control of regulatory T cell function and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Morawski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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122
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Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are multifaceted transcription factors that are responsible for fine-tuning the spatial and temporal expression of a broad range of genes both during development and in adult tissues. This function is engrained in their ability to integrate a multitude of cellular and environmental signals and to act with remarkable fidelity. Several key members of the FOXA, FOXC, FOXM, FOXO and FOXP subfamilies are strongly implicated in cancer, driving initiation, maintenance, progression and drug resistance. The functional complexities of FOX proteins are coming to light and have established these transcription factors as possible therapeutic targets and putative biomarkers for specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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The sirtuin inhibitor cambinol impairs MAPK signaling, inhibits inflammatory and innate immune responses and protects from septic shock. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1498-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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124
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T regulatory cell therapy in transplantation: stability, localization and functional specialization. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 17:343-8. [PMID: 22790068 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328355aaaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is great hope that cellular therapy with regulatory T cells (Tregs) will be an effective way to induce alloantigen specific tolerance, ultimately allowing for reduction or elimination of nonspecific immunosuppression. In the past, considerable effort was focused on defining the optimal ways to isolate and expand Tregs from peripheral or cord blood. Now that expansion of therapeutically relevant numbers of Tregs is feasible, we need to consider what is going to happen to the cells when they are transferred in vivo. RECENT FINDINGS For optimal function, Tregs must be able to traffic to the correct location(s) and, despite the presence of immunosuppressive therapy, live long enough to transfer their regulatory function to recipient T cells. Within the Treg pool, there are also functionally specialized subsets, identified by chemokine receptor expression and/or cytokine production, which control their trafficking and relative ability to suppress different types of T helper cells, respectively. Recent findings imply that the plasticity of appropriately obtained populations of Tregs may not be of as great concern as previously suggested. Experimental data have also provided evidence as to how one might design adjunctive treatment that best supports the viability and function of Tregs after transfer. SUMMARY Knowledge of how Tregs work in transplantation comes from studies that do not recapitulate how these cells will be used in humans. There is a need to develop better preclinical models to study how the in-vivo function of human Tregs can be optimized to ensure they can meet the challenge of inducing transplantation tolerance.
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125
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Tang Q, Lee K. Regulatory T-cell therapy for transplantation: how many cells do we need? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 17:349-54. [PMID: 22790069 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328355a992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As regulatory T-cell (Treg) therapy begins to enter the clinic and more clinical trials of Treg therapy are being actively planned for solid organ transplantations, a thorough quantitative assessment of therapeutic dosing is essential for the design of an effective Treg-therapy trial in the solid organ transplant setting. RECENT FINDINGS Considering the requirement for a high percentage of Tregs to control transplant rejection in mouse models of transplantation and the total cellularity of the human T-cell compartment, we estimate that it would take billions of Tregs, preferably alloantigen-reactive Tregs, to effectively control transplant rejection in humans. Donor dendritic cells and B cells can be used to selectively expand donor alloantigen-reactive Tregs. Recent improvements in manufacturing alloantigen-reactive Tregs demonstrate that billions of alloantigen-reactive T cells can be manufactured in short-term cultures. SUMMARY It is feasible to grow human alloantigen-reactive Tregs up to billions, an optimal number to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Better understanding of Treg lineage commitment and further technological investments are needed to ease the implementation and ensure consistency in Treg manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0780, USA.
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126
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Chen Z, Luo X, Lu Y, Zhu T, Wang J, Tsun A, Li B. Ubiquitination signals critical to regulatory T cell development and function. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:348-52. [PMID: 23415874 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination has emerged as a crucial modulator of the immune system, participating in the control of T cell differentiation, intracellular signal transduction and the induction of immune tolerance. CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells are a unique subset of cells that mediate central and peripheral immune tolerance. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that modulate protein ubiquitination in Treg cells, and how ubiquitination determines Treg cell development and function. Understanding how FOXP3 activity is regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination under molecular level will promote regulatory T cell therapy for treating inflammation in autoimmune disease, infection, transplantation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuojia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 411 Hefei Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
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127
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Deng G, Xiao Y, Zhou Z, Nagai Y, Zhang H, Li B, Greene MI. Molecular and biological role of the FOXP3 N-terminal domain in immune regulation by T regulatory/suppressor cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:334-8. [PMID: 23041265 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential in preventing the host from developing certain autoimmune diseases and limiting excessive immune responses against pathogens. The normal function of most Treg cells requires sustained expression of functional FOXP3, a member of the FOXP family transcription factors. FOXP3 is distinct from other subfamily members because of its unique proline rich amino (N)-terminal domain. Mutations in this region are occasionally identified in certain patients with X-linked autoimmunity-allergic dysregulation syndrome (XLAAD) and similar mutations also increase susceptibility of autoimmune diseases in rodent models. Previous analyses of the FOXP3 N-terminal domain revealed a role in nuclear import, interaction with other transcription factors, and as sites of specific post-translational modifications of FOXP3 that contribute to FOXP3 stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Deng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6082, USA
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128
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Beier UH, Wang L, Hancock WW. Combination of isoform-selective histone/protein deacetylase inhibitors improves Foxp3+ T-regulatory cell function. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3351-2. [PMID: 22918251 PMCID: PMC3466538 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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129
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Song X, Li B, Xiao Y, Chen C, Wang Q, Liu Y, Berezov A, Xu C, Gao Y, Li Z, Wu SL, Cai Z, Zhang H, Karger BL, Hancock WW, Wells AD, Zhou Z, Greene MI. Structural and biological features of FOXP3 dimerization relevant to regulatory T cell function. Cell Rep 2012; 1:665-75. [PMID: 22813742 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3 is a key transcription factor for regulatory T cell function. We report the crystal structure of the FOXP3 coiled-coil domain, through which a loose or transient dimeric association is formed and modulated, accounting for the activity variations introduced by disease-causing mutations or posttranslational modifications. Structure-guided mutagenesis revealed that FOXP3 coiled-coil-mediated homodimerization is essential for Treg function in vitro and in vivo. In particular, we identified human FOXP3 K250 and K252 as key residues for the conformational change and stability of the FOXP3 dimer, which can be regulated by protein posttranslational modifications such as reversible lysine acetylation. These studies provide structural and mechanistic explanations for certain disease-causing mutations in the coiled-coil domain of FOXP3 that are commonly found in IPEX syndrome. Overall, the regulatory machinery involving homooligomerization, acetylation, and heteroassociation has been dissected, defining atomic insights into the biological and pathological characteristics of the FOXP3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 200031
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Ye Y, Xiao Y, Wang W, Gao JX, Yearsley K, Yan Q, Barsky SH. Singular v dual inhibition of SNF2L and its isoform, SNF2LT, have similar effects on DNA damage but opposite effects on the DNA damage response, cancer cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Oncotarget 2012; 3:475-89. [PMID: 22577152 PMCID: PMC3380581 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SNF2L, an ATPase chromatin remodeling gene nearly ubiquitously expressed in diverse tissues, cancers, and derived cell lines, contributes to the chromatin remodeling complex that facilitates transcription. Because of this near ubiquitous expression, it has not been exploited as a cancer therapeutic target. However, in a recent study, we found that highly malignant cancer cells, although expressing SNF2L at similar levels as their normal counterparts, were sensitive to its knockdown. Only the highly malignant (HM) lines showed significant growth inhibition, DNA damage, a DNA damage response, and phosphorylation of checkpoint proteins and marked apoptosis. In studying SNF2L, we discovered a novel truncated isoform, SNF2LT which, when compared to full length SNF2L, lacked three important domains: HAND, SANT and SLIDE. Although truncated isoforms usually have antagonistic functions to their parental molecule, here SNF2LT knockdown had similar effects to the knockdown of its parental molecule, SNF2L, of inducing DNA damage, a DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis selectively in cancer cell lines. However dual SNF2L and SNF2LT knockdown, while inducing DNA damage, did not result in a DNA damage response, a cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In fact HM lines subjected to dual knockdown paradoxically exhibited sustained cell growth. Our findings indicate that the ratio of SNF2L to its isoform tightly regulates the cancer cell's response to DNA damage. Cancer cell lines which endogenously express low levels of both SNF2L and its isoform mimic the situation of dual knockdown and permit DNA damage which is allowed to propagate unchecked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ye
- Department of Pathology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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