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Fan Z, McArdle S, Marki A, Mikulski Z, Gutierrez E, Engelhardt B, Deutsch U, Ginsberg M, Groisman A, Ley K. Neutrophil recruitment limited by high-affinity bent β2 integrin binding ligand in cis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12658. [PMID: 27578049 PMCID: PMC5013657 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for innate immunity and inflammation and many neutrophil functions are β2 integrin-dependent. Integrins can extend (E(+)) and acquire a high-affinity conformation with an 'open' headpiece (H(+)). The canonical switchblade model of integrin activation proposes that the E(+) conformation precedes H(+), and the two are believed to be structurally linked. Here we show, using high-resolution quantitative dynamic footprinting (qDF) microscopy combined with a homogenous conformation-reporter binding assay in a microfluidic device, that a substantial fraction of β2 integrins on human neutrophils acquire an unexpected E(-)H(+) conformation. E(-)H(+) β2 integrins bind intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) in cis, which inhibits leukocyte adhesion in vitro and in vivo. This endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanism inhibits neutrophil aggregation, accumulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Fan
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sara McArdle
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alex Marki
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 1 Freiestrasse, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, 1 Freiestrasse, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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102
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Rudolph H, Klopstein A, Gruber I, Blatti C, Lyck R, Engelhardt B. Postarrest stalling rather than crawling favors CD8(+) over CD4(+) T-cell migration across the blood-brain barrier under flow in vitro. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2187-203. [PMID: 27338806 PMCID: PMC5113696 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although CD8+ T cells have been implied in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), the molecular mechanisms mediating CD8+ T‐cell migration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS) are ill defined. Using in vitro live cell imaging, we directly compared the multistep extravasation of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells across primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) as a model for the BBB under physiological flow. Significantly higher numbers of CD8+ than CD4+ T cells arrested on pMBMECs under noninflammatory and inflammatory conditions. While CD4+ T cells polarized and crawled prior to their diapedesis, the majority of CD8+ T cells stalled and readily crossed the pMBMEC monolayer preferentially via a transcellular route. T‐cell arrest and crawling were independent of G‐protein‐coupled receptor signaling. Rather, absence of endothelial ICAM‐1 and ICAM‐2 abolished increased arrest of CD8+ over CD4+ T cells and abrogated T‐cell crawling, leading to the efficient reduction of CD4+, but to a lesser degree of CD8+, T‐cell diapedesis across ICAM‐1null/ICAM‐2−/− pMBMECs. Thus, cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the multistep extravasation of activated CD8+ T cells across the BBB are distinguishable from those involved for CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabelle Gruber
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Blatti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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103
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Association Between Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, -2, -3 Plasma Levels and Disease Activity of Ankylosing Spondylitis in the Chinese Han Population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41:E618-24. [PMID: 26641849 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN We investigated the association between ICAM-1, -2, -3 plasma levels and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) disease activity. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between ICAM-1, -2, -3 plasma levels and AS disease activity in the Chinese Han population. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA AS is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease that effects the sacroiliac joints and axial skeleton. The intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily and have been identified to play major roles in inflammation and immune responses. METHODS A total of 60 patients with AS and 60 healthy individuals were selected. The plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and ICAM-1, -2, -3, were analyzed by ELISA. Disease severity-related indexes, including the Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index (BASDAI), Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index (BASFI), and ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score (ASDAS), were assessed, along with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level. RESULTS Both ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 levels in plasma were markedly increased in AS patients compared with levels in the plasma of controls. There was no difference between controls and patients in term of ICAM-3 levels. Furthermore, in patients, correlation analysis showed that TNF-α and IL-6 production, as well as the ESR and CRP levels, have positive relationships with ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 plasma levels; the BASDAI, BASFI, and ASDAS scores were also found to be positively correlated with ICAM-2. However, no significant correlations between ICAM-1 levels and BASDAI, BASFI, or ASDAS were detected in our study. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest that ICAM-2 may be a potential biomarker reflecting disease activity and functional ability in AS patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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104
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Xie F, Li ZP, Wang HW, Fei X, Jiao ZY, Tang WB, Tang J, Luo YK. Evaluation of Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rabbits Using a Nanoscale Ultrasound Contrast Agent Targeting ICAM-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153805. [PMID: 27120181 PMCID: PMC4847801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of ultrasound molecular imaging in the early diagnosis of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) using a nanoscale contrast agent targeting anti-intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (anti-ICAM-1). METHODS The targeted nanobubbles containing anti-ICAM-1 antibody were prepared using the avidin-biotin binding method. Human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HHSECs) were cultured at the circumstances of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and low temperature. The rabbit liver IRI model (I/R group) was established using the Pringle's maneuver. The time-intensity curve of the liver contrast ultrasonographic images was plotted and the peak intensity, time to peak, and time of duration were calculated. RESULTS The size of the targeted nanobubbles were 148.15 ± 39.75 nm and the concentration was 3.6-7.4 × 109/ml, and bound well with the H/R HHSECs. Animal contrast enhanced ultrasound images showed that the peak intensity and time of duration of the targeted nanobubbles were significantly higher than that of common nanobubbles in the I/R group, and the peak intensity and time of duration of the targeted nanobubbles in the I/R group were also significantly higher than that in the SO group. CONCLUSION The targeted nanobubbles have small particle size, stable characteristic, and good targeting ability, which can assess hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury specifically, noninvasively, and quantitatively at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Li
- Pharmacology Research Department, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Yu Jiao
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Bo Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YKL); (JT)
| | - Yu-Kun Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YKL); (JT)
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105
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LFA-1 and Mac-1 integrins bind to the serine/threonine-rich domain of thrombomodulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:1005-1012. [PMID: 27055590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
LFA-1 (αLβ2) and Mac-1 (αMβ2) integrins regulate leukocyte trafficking in health and disease by binding primarily to IgSF ligand ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 on endothelial cells. Here we have shown that the anti-coagulant molecule thrombomodulin (TM), found on the surface of endothelial cells, functions as a potentially new ligand for leukocyte integrins. We generated a recombinant extracellular domain of human TM and Fc fusion protein (TM-domains 123-Fc), and showed that pheripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) bind to TM-domains 123-Fc dependent upon integrin activation. We then demonstrated that αL integrin-blocking mAb, αM integrin-blocking mAb, and β2 integrin-blocking mAb inhibited the binding of PBMCs to TM-domains 123-Fc. Furthermore, we show that the serine/threonine-rich domain (domain 3) of TM is required for the interaction with the LFA-1 (αLβ2) and Mac-1 (αMβ2) integrins to occur on PBMCs. These results demonstrate that the LFA-1 and Mac-1 integrins on leukocytes bind to TM, thereby establishing the molecular and structural basis underlying LFA-1 and Mac-1 integrin interaction with TM on endothelial cells. In fact, integrin-TM interactions might be involved in the dynamic regulation of leukocyte adhesion with endothelial cells.
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106
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Heemskerk N, Asimuddin M, Oort C, van Rijssel J, van Buul JD. Annexin A2 Limits Neutrophil Transendothelial Migration by Organizing the Spatial Distribution of ICAM-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2767-78. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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107
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De Bock M, Van Haver V, Vandenbroucke RE, Decrock E, Wang N, Leybaert L. Into rather unexplored terrain-transcellular transport across the blood-brain barrier. Glia 2016; 64:1097-123. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke De Bock
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Valérie Van Haver
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Elke Decrock
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Nan Wang
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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108
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Petrovich E, Feigelson SW, Stoler-Barak L, Hatzav M, Solomon A, Bar-Shai A, Ilan N, Li JP, Engelhardt B, Vlodavsky I, Alon R. Lung ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 support spontaneous intravascular effector lymphocyte entrapment but are not required for neutrophil entrapment or emigration inside endotoxin-inflamed lungs. FASEB J 2016; 30:1767-78. [PMID: 26823454 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary vasculature constitutively expresses the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 ligands intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and -2. In this study, effector T cells were temporarily entrapped by the lung vasculature on their way to inflamed lymph nodes, and this entrapment was strongly reduced in ICAM-1 and -2 double-deficient mice (79 and 86% reduction for CD8(+) and CD4(+) effectors, respectively, compared with wild-type mice). Although the pulmonary vasculature has been suggested to be masked by the heparan sulfate-containing glycocalyx, which is susceptible to heparanase-mediated shedding, lung and lymphocyte heparanase have been found to be unnecessary for this entrapment. Systemic LPS induced rapid neutrophil entrapment in the lung vasculature, but in contrast to T-cell entrapment, this sequestration was ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and heparanase independent. Furthermore, neutrophil migration into the bronchoalveolar space induced by LPS inhalation and LPS-induced leakage of red blood cells into this space were not dependent on lung ICAMs or heparanase activity. Nevertheless, heparanase was critical for neutrophil accumulation in smoke-exposed lungs. Our results indicate that, whereas T cells use ICAM-1 and -2 for temporary pulmonary entrapment, neutrophils get sequestered and extravasate into inflamed lungs independent of ICAMs. This is the first demonstration that the pulmonary vasculature is differentially recognized by T cells and neutrophils.-Petrovich, E., Feigelson, S. W., Stoler-Barak, L., Hatzav, M., Solomon, A., Bar-Shai, A., Ilan, N., Li, J.-P., Engelhardt, B., Vlodavsky, I., Alon, R. Lung ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 support spontaneous intravascular effector lymphocyte entrapment but are not required for neutrophil entrapment or emigration inside endotoxin-inflamed lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Petrovich
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sara W Feigelson
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Miki Hatzav
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adam Solomon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Bar-Shai
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | | | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel;
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109
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Shi Y, Zhang L, Pu H, Mao L, Hu X, Jiang X, Xu N, Stetler RA, Zhang F, Liu X, Leak RK, Keep RF, Ji X, Chen J. Rapid endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization enables early blood-brain barrier disruption and long-term ischaemic reperfusion brain injury. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10523. [PMID: 26813496 PMCID: PMC4737895 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism and long-term consequences of early blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption after cerebral ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury are poorly understood. Here we discover that I/R induces subtle BBB leakage within 30–60 min, likely independent of gelatinase B/MMP-9 activities. The early BBB disruption is caused by the activation of ROCK/MLC signalling, persistent actin polymerization and the disassembly of junctional proteins within microvascular endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the EC alterations facilitate subsequent infiltration of peripheral immune cells, including MMP-9-producing neutrophils/macrophages, resulting in late-onset, irreversible BBB damage. Inactivation of actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) causes sustained actin polymerization in ECs, whereas EC-targeted overexpression of constitutively active mutant ADF reduces actin polymerization and junctional protein disassembly, attenuates both early- and late-onset BBB impairment, and improves long-term histological and neurological outcomes. Thus, we identify a previously unexplored role for early BBB disruption in stroke outcomes, whereby BBB rupture may be a cause rather than a consequence of parenchymal cell injury. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) released from infiltrating immune cells are a major contributor to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown following stroke. Here, the authors identify an early, MMP-independent BBB breakdown mechanism caused by rapid cytoskeletal rearrangements in endothelial cells, which could be inhibited by ADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejie Shi
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Hongjian Pu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Leilei Mao
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Na Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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110
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Almutairi MMA, Gong C, Xu YG, Chang Y, Shi H. Factors controlling permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:57-77. [PMID: 26403789 PMCID: PMC11108286 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the primary protective barrier for neurons in the brain, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exists between the blood microcirculation system and the brain parenchyma. The normal BBB integrity is essential in protecting the brain from systemic toxins and maintaining the necessary level of nutrients and ions for neuronal function. This integrity is mediated by structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, integrins, annexins, and agrin, of a multicellular system including endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, etc. BBB dysfunction is a significant contributor to the pathogeneses of a variety of brain disorders. Many signaling factors have been identified to be able to control BBB permeability through regulating the structural components. Among those signaling factors are inflammatory mediators, free radicals, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, microRNAs, etc. In this review, we provide a summary of recent progress regarding these structural components and signaling factors, relating to their roles in various brain disorders. Attention is also devoted to recent research regarding impact of pharmacological agents such as isoflurane on BBB permeability and how iron ion passes across BBB. Hopefully, a better understanding of the factors controlling BBB permeability helps develop novel pharmacological interventions of BBB hyperpermeability under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M A Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yuexian G Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050016, China
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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111
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Zhang H, Ray A, Miller NM, Hartwig D, Pritchard KA, Dittel BN. Inhibition of myeloperoxidase at the peak of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis restores blood-brain barrier integrity and ameliorates disease severity. J Neurochem 2015; 136:826-836. [PMID: 26560636 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a potent peroxidase that generates toxic radicals and oxidants, is increased in the CNS during MS. However, the exact mechanism whereby MPO drives MS pathology is not known. We addressed this question by inhibiting MPO in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) using our non-toxic MPO inhibitor N-acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine amide (KYC). We found that therapeutic administration of KYC for 5 days starting at the peak of disease significantly attenuated EAE disease severity, reduced myeloid cell numbers and permeability of the blood-brain barrier. These data indicate that inhibition of MPO by KYC restores blood-brain barrier integrity thereby limiting migration of myeloid cells into the CNS that drive EAE pathogenesis. In addition, these observations indicate that KYC may be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of MS. We propose that during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) onset macrophages and neutrophils migrate into the CNS and upon activation release myeloperoxidase (MPO) that promotes disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and disease progression. KYC restores BBB function by inhibiting MPO activity and in so doing ameliorates disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Avijit Ray
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nichole M Miller
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Danielle Hartwig
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kirkwood A Pritchard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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112
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Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Rom S, Persidsky Y. Craniula: A cranial window technique for prolonged imaging of brain surface vasculature with simultaneous adjacent intracerebral injection. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12:24. [PMID: 26507826 PMCID: PMC4624665 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-015-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Imaging of the brain surface vasculature following inflammatory insults is critical to study structural and functional changes in the living brain under normal and pathological conditions. Although there have been published reports relating to the changes that occur in the blood brain barrier (BBB) during the inflammatory process, the ability to visualize and track such changes in vivo and over time has proven to be problematic. Different techniques have been used to achieve visualization of pial vessels, but the approach has limits, which can jeopardize the well-being of the animals. Development of the cranial window technique provided a major advance in the acquisition of live images of the brain vasculature and its response to different insults and treatments. Methods We describe in detail a protocol for delivery of a localized inflammatory insult to the mouse brain via a craniula (cranial window and adjacent cannula) and subsequent imaging of the mouse brain vasculature by intravital microscopy and two-photon laser scanning microscopy. The surgical implantation of the craniula can be completed in 30-45 min and images can be acquired immediately and for several months thereafter. The technique is minimally invasive and permits serial injections directly to the brain, thereby allowing longitudinal imaging studies. The craniula technique permits the study of structural and functional changes of the BBB following inflammatory insult and as such has wide application to neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Zuluaga-Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad St, MERB 880A, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad St, MERB 807, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad St, MERB 841, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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113
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Crossing the Vascular Wall: Common and Unique Mechanisms Exploited by Different Leukocyte Subsets during Extravasation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:946509. [PMID: 26568666 PMCID: PMC4629053 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte extravasation is one of the essential and first steps during the initiation of inflammation. Therefore, a better understanding of the key molecules that regulate this process may help to develop novel therapeutics for treatment of inflammation-based diseases such as atherosclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis. The endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are known as the central mediators of leukocyte adhesion to and transmigration across the endothelium. Engagement of these molecules by their leukocyte integrin receptors initiates the activation of several signaling pathways within both leukocytes and endothelium. Several of such events have been described to occur during transendothelial migration of all leukocyte subsets, whereas other mechanisms are known only for a single leukocyte subset. Here, we summarize current knowledge on regulatory mechanisms of leukocyte extravasation from a leukocyte and endothelial point of view, respectively. Specifically, we will focus on highlighting common and unique mechanisms that specific leukocyte subsets exploit to succeed in crossing endothelial monolayers.
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114
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Abstract
The neutrophil transmigration across the blood endothelial cell barrier represents the prerequisite step of innate inflammation. Neutrophil recruitment to inflamed tissues occurs in a well-defined stepwise manner, which includes elements of neutrophil rolling, firm adhesion, and crawling onto the endothelial cell surface before transmigrating across the endothelial barrier. This latter step known as diapedesis can occur at the endothelial cell junction (paracellular) or directly through the endothelial cell body (transcellular). The extravasation cascade is controlled by series of engagement of various adhesive modules, which result in activation of bidirectional signals to neutrophils and endothelial cells for adequate cellular response. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of mechanism of leukocyte crawling and diapedesis, with an emphasis on leukocyte-endothelial interactions and the signaling pathways they transduce to determine the mode of diapedesis, junctional or nonjunctional. I will also discuss emerging evidence highlighting key differences in the two modes of diapedesis and why it is clinically important to understand specificity in the regulation of diapedesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Dominique Filippi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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115
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neutrophil extravasation from the blood into tissues is initiated by tethering and rolling of neutrophils on endothelial cells, followed by neutrophil integrin activation and shear resistant arrest, crawling, diapedesis and breaching the endothelial basement membrane harbouring pericytes. Endothelial intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-2, in conjunction with ICAM-1 on pericytes, critically contribute to each step. In addition, epithelial ICAM-1 is involved in neutrophil migration to peri-epithelial sites. The most recent findings on the role of ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 for neutrophil migration into tissues will be reviewed here. RECENT FINDINGS Signalling via endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 contributes to stiffness of the endothelial cells at sites of chronic inflammation and junctional maturation, respectively. Endothelial ICAM-2 contributes to neutrophil crawling and initiation of paracellular diapedesis, which then proceeds independent of ICAM-2. Substantial transcellular neutrophil diapedesis across the blood-brain barrier is strictly dependent on endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2. Endothelial ICAM-1 or ICAM-2 is involved in neutrophil-mediated plasma leakage. ICAM-1 on pericytes assists the final step of neutrophil extravasation. Epithelial ICAM-1 rather indirectly promotes neutrophil migration to peri-epithelial sites. SUMMARY ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 are involved in each step of neutrophil extravasation, and have redundant but also distinct functions. Analysis of the role of endothelial ICAM-1 requires simultaneous consideration of ICAM-2.
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116
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Hawkes CA, Jayakody N, Johnston DA, Bechmann I, Carare RO. Failure of perivascular drainage of β-amyloid in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain Pathol 2015; 24:396-403. [PMID: 24946077 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulates as insoluble plaques in the brain and deposits in blood vessel walls as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The severity of CAA correlates with the degree of cognitive decline in dementia. The distribution of Aβ in the walls of capillaries and arteries in CAA suggests that Aβ is deposited in the perivascular pathways by which interstitial fluid drains from the brain. Soluble Aβ from the extracellular spaces of gray matter enters the basement membranes of capillaries and drains along the arterial basement membranes that surround smooth muscle cells toward the leptomeningeal arteries. The motive force for perivascular drainage is derived from arterial pulsations combined with the valve effect of proteins present in the arterial basement membranes. Physical and biochemical changes associated with arteriosclerosis, aging and possession of apolipoprotein E4 genotype lead to a failure of perivascular drainage of soluble proteins, including Aβ. Perivascular cells associated with arteries and the lymphocytes recruited in the perivenous spaces contribute to the clearance of Aβ. The failure of perivascular clearance of Aβ may be a major factor in the accumulation of Aβ in CAA and may have significant implications for the design of therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Hawkes
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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117
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Wang H, Hong LJ, Huang JY, Jiang Q, Tao RR, Tan C, Lu NN, Wang CK, Ahmed MM, Lu YM, Liu ZR, Shi WX, Lai EY, Wilcox CS, Han F. P2RX7 sensitizes Mac-1/ICAM-1-dependent leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and promotes neurovascular injury during septic encephalopathy. Cell Res 2015; 25:674-90. [PMID: 25998681 PMCID: PMC4456628 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic encephalopathy (SE) is a critical factor determining sepsis mortality. Vascular inflammation is known to be involved in SE, but the molecular events that lead to the development of encephalopathy remain unclear. Using time-lapse in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we provide the first direct evidence that cecal ligation and puncture in septic mice induces microglial trafficking to sites adjacent to leukocyte adhesion on inflamed cerebral microvessels. Our data further demonstrate that septic injury increased the chemokine CXCL1 level in brain endothelial cells by activating endothelial P2RX7 and eventually enhanced the binding of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)-expressing leukocytes to endothelial ICAM-1. In turn, leukocyte adhesion upregulated endothelial CX3CL1, thereby triggering microglia trafficking to the injured site. The sepsis-induced increase in endothelial CX3CL1 was abolished in CD18 hypomorphic mutant mice. Inhibition of the P2RX7 pathway not only decreased endothelial ICAM-1 expression and leukocyte adhesion but also prevented microglia overactivation, reduced brain injury, and consequently doubled the early survival of septic mice. These results demonstrate the role of the P2RX7 pathway in linking neurovascular inflammation to brain damage in vivo and provide a rationale for targeting endothelial P2RX7 for neurovascular protection during SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- 1] Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China [2] Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Ling-Juan Hong
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ji-Yun Huang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Rong-Rong Tao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chao Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Nan-Nan Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Muhammad M Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Wei-Xing Shi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Behavioral Health, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - En-Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20007, USA
| | - Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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118
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Duperray A, Barbe D, Raguenez G, Weksler BB, Romero IA, Couraud PO, Perron H, Marche PN. Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to a human endogenous retrovirus associated with multiple sclerosis is mediated by TLR4. Int Immunol 2015; 27:545-53. [PMID: 25957268 PMCID: PMC4625887 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The MSRV (multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus) belongs to the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family. The envelope protein originating from the MSRV has been found in most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This protein (Env-ms) has pro-inflammatory properties for several types of immune cells and could therefore play a role in MS pathogenesis by promoting the leukocyte diapedesis observed in the central nervous system of patients. Our study aims to analyze the effects of Env-ms on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at a molecular and functional level. We demonstrate that the recombinant MSRV envelope is able to stimulate several inflammatory parameters in a human BBB in vitro model, the HCMEC/D3 brain endothelial cell line. Indeed, Env-ms induces over-expression of ICAM-1, a major mediator of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, in a dose-dependent manner as well as a strong dose-dependent production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. Furthermore, using a silencing approach with siRNAs, we show that Env-ms is recognized via the Toll-like receptor 4 receptor, a pattern recognition receptor of innate immunity present on endothelial cells. We also show, using functional assays, that treatment of brain endothelial cells with Env-ms significantly stimulated the adhesion and the transmigration of activated immune cells through a monolayer of endothelial cells. These findings support the hypothesis that MSRV could be involved in the pathogenesis of MS disease or at least in maintenance of inflammatory conditions, thus fueling the auto-immune disorder. MSRV could also play a role in other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Duperray
- INSERM U823, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Delphin Barbe
- INSERM U823, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gilda Raguenez
- INSERM U823, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France Present address: Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie - Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 2, CNRS UMR7286, 13344 Marseille, France
| | - Babette B Weksler
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6BJ, UK
| | | | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro, 18, chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrice N Marche
- INSERM U823, F-38000 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, IAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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119
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Chapouly C, Tadesse Argaw A, Horng S, Castro K, Zhang J, Asp L, Loo H, Laitman BM, Mariani JN, Straus Farber R, Zaslavsky E, Nudelman G, Raine CS, John GR. Astrocytic TYMP and VEGFA drive blood-brain barrier opening in inflammatory central nervous system lesions. Brain 2015; 138:1548-67. [PMID: 25805644 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory central nervous system conditions such as multiple sclerosis, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier is a key event in lesion pathogenesis, predisposing to oedema, excitotoxicity, and ingress of plasma proteins and inflammatory cells. Recently, we showed that reactive astrocytes drive blood-brain barrier opening, via production of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Here, we now identify thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP; previously known as endothelial cell growth factor 1, ECGF1) as a second key astrocyte-derived permeability factor, which interacts with VEGFA to induce blood-brain barrier disruption. The two are co-induced NFκB1-dependently in human astrocytes by the cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and inactivation of Vegfa in vivo potentiates TYMP induction. In human central nervous system microvascular endothelial cells, VEGFA and the TYMP product 2-deoxy-d-ribose cooperatively repress tight junction proteins, driving permeability. Notably, this response represents part of a wider pattern of endothelial plasticity: 2-deoxy-d-ribose and VEGFA produce transcriptional programs encompassing angiogenic and permeability genes, and together regulate a third unique cohort. Functionally, each promotes proliferation and viability, and they cooperatively drive motility and angiogenesis. Importantly, introduction of either into mouse cortex promotes blood-brain barrier breakdown, and together they induce severe barrier disruption. In the multiple sclerosis model experimental autoimmune encephalitis, TYMP and VEGFA co-localize to reactive astrocytes, and correlate with blood-brain barrier permeability. Critically, blockade of either reduces neurologic deficit, blood-brain barrier disruption and pathology, and inhibiting both in combination enhances tissue preservation. Suggesting importance in human disease, TYMP and VEGFA both localize to reactive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesion samples. Collectively, these data identify TYMP as an astrocyte-derived permeability factor, and suggest TYMP and VEGFA together promote blood-brain barrier breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Chapouly
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Azeb Tadesse Argaw
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Sam Horng
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Kamilah Castro
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jingya Zhang
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Linnea Asp
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Hannah Loo
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Benjamin M Laitman
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - John N Mariani
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Rebecca Straus Farber
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 4 Department of Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - German Nudelman
- 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 4 Department of Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Cedric S Raine
- 5 Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gareth R John
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
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120
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Abadier M, Haghayegh Jahromi N, Cardoso Alves L, Boscacci R, Vestweber D, Barnum S, Deutsch U, Engelhardt B, Lyck R. Cell surface levels of endothelial ICAM-1 influence the transcellular or paracellular T-cell diapedesis across the blood-brain barrier. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1043-58. [PMID: 25545837 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The extravasation of CD4(+) effector/memory T cells (TEM cells) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or multiple sclerosis (MS). Endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 are essential for CD4(+) TEM cell crawling on the BBB prior to diapedesis. Here, we investigated the influence of cell surface levels of endothelial ICAM-1 in determining the cellular route of CD4(+) TEM -cell diapedesis across cytokine treated primary mouse BBB endothelial cells under physiological flow. Inflammatory conditions, inducing high levels of endothelial ICAM-1, promoted rapid initiation of transcellular diapedesis of CD4(+) T cells across the BBB, while intermediate levels of endothelial ICAM-1 favored paracellular CD4(+) T-cell diapedesis. Importantly, the route of T-cell diapedesis across the BBB was independent of loss of BBB barrier properties. Unexpectedly, a low number of CD4(+) TEM cells was found to cross the inflamed BBB in the absence of endothelial ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 via an obviously alternatively regulated transcellular pathway. In vivo, this translated to the development of ameliorated EAE in ICAM-1(null) //ICAM-2(-/-) C57BL/6J mice. Taken together, our study demonstrates that cell surface levels of endothelial ICAM-1 rather than the inflammatory stimulus or BBB integrity influence the pathway of T-cell diapedesis across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abadier
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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121
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Williams DW, Anastos K, Morgello S, Berman JW. JAM-A and ALCAM are therapeutic targets to inhibit diapedesis across the BBB of CD14+CD16+ monocytes in HIV-infected individuals. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:401-12. [PMID: 25420915 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a0714-347r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte transmigration across the BBB is a critical step in the development of cognitive deficits termed HAND that affect 40-70% of HIV-infected individuals, even with successful antiretroviral therapy. The monocyte subsets that enter the CNS during HIV infection are not fully characterized. We examined PBMC from HIV-positive individuals from 2 distinct cohorts and enumerated monocyte populations, characterized their transmigration properties across an in vitro human BBB model, and identified surface proteins critical for the entry of these cells into the CNS. We demonstrated that the frequency of peripheral blood CD14(+)CD16(+) and CD14(low)CD16(+) monocytes was increased in HIV-seropositive compared with -seronegative individuals, despite virologic control. We showed that CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes selectively transmigrated across our BBB model as a result of their increased JAM-A and ALCAM expression. Antibody blocking of these proteins inhibited diapedesis of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes but not of T cells from the same HIV-infected people across the BBB. Our data indicate that JAM-A and ALCAM are therapeutic targets to decrease the entry of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes into the CNS of HIV-seropositive individuals, contributing to the eradication of neuroinflammation, HAND, and CNS viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionna W Williams
- Departments of *Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Departments of *Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Departments of *Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joan W Berman
- Departments of *Pathology, Medicine and Epidemiology and Population Health, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Shichita T, Ito M, Yoshimura A. Post-ischemic inflammation regulates neural damage and protection. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:319. [PMID: 25352781 PMCID: PMC4196547 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-ischemic inflammation is important in ischemic stroke pathology. However, details of the inflammation process, its resolution after stroke and its effect on pathology and neural damage have not been clarified. Brain swelling, which is often fatal in ischemic stroke patients, occurs at an early stage of stroke due to endothelial cell injury and severe inflammation by infiltrated mononuclear cells including macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. At early stage of inflammation, macrophages are activated by molecules released from necrotic cells [danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)], and inflammatory cytokines and mediators that increase ischemic brain damage by disruption of the blood–brain barrier are released. After post-ischemic inflammation, macrophages function as scavengers of necrotic cell and brain tissue debris. Such macrophages are also involved in tissue repair and neural cell regeneration by producing tropic factors. The mechanisms of inflammation resolution and conversion of inflammation to neuroprotection are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize information accumulated recently about DAMP-induced inflammation and the neuroprotective effects of inflammatory cells, and discuss next generation strategies to treat ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shichita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan ; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
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123
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Similarities and differences in the regulation of leukocyte extravasation and vascular permeability. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:177-92. [PMID: 24638889 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte extravasation is regulated and mediated by a multitude of adhesion and signaling molecules. Many of them enable the capturing and docking of leukocytes to the vessel wall. Others allow leukocytes to crawl on the apical surface of endothelial cells to appropriate sites of exit. While these steps are well understood and the adhesion molecules mediating these interactions are largely identified, a still growing number of adhesion receptors mediate the diapedesis process, the actual migration of leukocytes through the endothelial cell layer, and the underlying basement membrane. In most cases, it is not known which molecular processes they actually mediate, whether they enable the migration of leukocytes through the endothelial cell layer or whether they are involved in the destabilization of endothelial junctions. In addition, leukocytes are able to circumvent junctions and transcytose directly through the body of endothelial cells. While this latter route indeed exists, recent work has highlighted in vivo the junctional pathway as the prevalent way of leukocyte exit in various inflamed tissues. Recent work elucidating molecular mechanisms that regulate endothelial junctions and thereby leukocyte extravasation and vascular permeability will be discussed.
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