101
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De Keersmaecker B, Heirman C, Corthals J, Empsen C, van Grunsven LA, Allard SD, Pen J, Lacor P, Thielemans K, Aerts JL. The combination of 4-1BBL and CD40L strongly enhances the capacity of dendritic cells to stimulate HIV-specific T cell responses. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:989-99. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0810466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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102
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De Colvenaer V, Taveirne S, Delforche M, De Smedt M, Vandekerckhove B, Taghon T, Boon L, Plum J, Leclercq G. CD27-deficient mice show normal NK-cell differentiation but impaired function upon stimulation. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:803-11. [PMID: 21283110 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the first line defense against tumors, parasites and virus-infected cells. Therefore, factors that control NK-cell numbers and their function are important. CD27 is constitutively expressed on NK cells and its expression correlates with sequential phases in NK-cell development, discriminating phenotypically and functionally different subsets within the NK-cell population. Although CD27 has been described to have an important regulatory role in effector and memory T and B lymphocytes, its role in NK-cell biology remains to be addressed. In this study, we used CD27(-/-) mice to investigate the role of CD27 in NK-cell development and function, both during the resting state and upon stimulation. The results show that NK-cell numbers are not impaired in CD27(-/-) mice. Moreover, CD27(-/-) NK cells reach full phenotypic maturity, evidenced by normal expression of CD49b, CD43 and CD11b. Expression of activating receptors is unaltered, whereas expression of several inhibitory receptors is increased. Cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production by NK cells from CD27(-/-) mice in the resting state are normal. However, upon in vivo anti-CD40- or poly-I:C-mediated activation, or in vitro interleukin-15 priming plus anti-NKp46 stimulation, the absence of CD27 results in decreased cytolytic activity and cytokine production by spleen and liver NK cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that CD27 is dispensable for the development of functional NK cells. However, upon stimulation of NK cells, CD27 displays an important role in their activation and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle De Colvenaer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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103
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Weng X, Kuang Y, Liu X, Chen Z, Zhu H, Chen H, Jiang B, Shen H. Construction of a recombinant adenovirus co-expressing truncated human prostate-specific membrane antigen and mouse 4-1BBL genes and its effect on dendritic cells. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:186-92. [PMID: 21243315 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to construct a recombinant adenovirus co-expressing truncated human prostate-specific membrane antigen (tPSMA) and mouse 4-1BBL genes and to determine its effect on dendritic cells (DCs) generated from bone marrow suspensions harvested from C57BL/6 mice for which the effect of 4-1BBL on DCs is not clear, especially during DCs processing tumor-associated antigen. Replication deficient adenovirus AdMax™ Expression System was used to construct recombinant adenovirus Ad-tPSMA-internal ribosome entry site-mouse 4-1BBL (Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL) and Ad-enhanced green fluorescent protein. Day 7 proliferating DC aggregates generated from C57BL/6 mice were collected as immature DCs and further mature DCs were obtained by lipopolysaccharide activated immature DCs. After DCs were exposed to the recombinant adenovirus with 250 multiplicity of infection, the expression of tPSMA and m4-1BBL proteins were detected by Western blot, and the apoptosis and phenotype of DCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokines (IL-6 and IL-12) in the supernatant were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Proliferation of T cells was detected by allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions. The tPSMA and m4-1BBL proteins were expressed correctly. The apoptosis rate of DCs transfected with Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL was 14.6%, lower than that of control DCs. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules [CD80 (81.6 ± 5.4%) and CD86 (80.13 ± 2.81%)] up-regulated in Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL-pulsed DCs, and the level of IL-6 (3960.2 ± 50.54 pg/mL) and IL-12 (249.57 ± 12.51 pg/mL) production in Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL-transduced DCs were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in control DCs. Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL induced higher T-cell proliferation (OD(450) = 0.614 ± 0.018), indicating that this recombinant adenovirus can effectively enhance the activity of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Weng
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, China
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104
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Xie P, Kraus ZJ, Stunz LL, Liu Y, Bishop GA. TNF receptor-associated factor 3 is required for T cell-mediated immunity and TCR/CD28 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:143-55. [PMID: 21084666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that TNFR-associated factor (TRAF)3, a ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein, promotes mature B cell apoptosis. However, the specific function of TRAF3 in T cells has remained unclear. In this article, we report the generation and characterization of T cell-specific TRAF3(-/-) mice, in which the traf3 gene was deleted from thymocytes and T cells. Ablation of TRAF3 in the T cell lineage did not affect CD4 or CD8 T cell populations in secondary lymphoid organs or the numbers or proportions of CD4(+),CD8(+) or double-positive or double-negative thymocytes, except that the T cell-specific TRAF3(-/-) mice had a 2-fold increase in FoxP3(+) T cells. In striking contrast to mice lacking TRAF3 in B cells, the T cell TRAF3-deficient mice exhibited defective IgG1 responses to a T-dependent Ag, as well as impaired T cell-mediated immunity to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Surprisingly, we found that TRAF3 was recruited to the TCR/CD28 signaling complex upon costimulation and that TCR/CD28-mediated proximal and distal signaling events were compromised by TRAF3 deficiency. These findings provide insights into the roles played by TRAF3 in T cell activation and T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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105
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Pardee AD, Wesa AK, Storkus WJ. Integrating costimulatory agonists to optimize immune-based cancer therapies. Immunotherapy 2010; 1:249-64. [PMID: 20046961 DOI: 10.2217/1750743x.1.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While immunotherapy for cancer has become increasingly popular, clinical benefits for such approaches remain limited. This is likely due to tumor-associated immune suppression, particularly in the advanced-disease setting. Thus, a major goal of novel immunotherapeutic design has become the coordinate reversal of existing immune dysfunction and promotion of specific tumoricidal T-cell function. Costimulatory members of the TNF-receptor family are important regulators of T-cell-mediated immunity. Notably, agonist ligation of these receptors restores potent antitumor immunity in the tumor-bearing host. Current Phase I/II evaluation of TNF-receptor agonists as single-modality therapies will illuminate their safety, mechanism(s) of action, and best use in prospective combinational immunotherapy approaches capable of yielding superior benefits to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Pardee
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, Pittsburgh, USA
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106
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The nonimmune effects of currently used immunosuppressive drugs result in a high incidence of late graft loss due to nephrotoxicity and death. As an immune-specific alternative to conventional immunosuppressants, new biotechnology tools can be used to block the costimulation signal of T-cell activation. RECENT FINDINGS Many experimental studies, particularly preclinical studies in nonhuman primates, have focused on blocking 'classical' B7/CD28 and CD40/CD40L pathways, which are critical in primary T-cell activation, but also on new B7/CD28 and TNF/TNF-R pathways families of costimulatory molecules that can deliver positive or negative costimulation signals to regulate the alloimmune response. SUMMARY Belatacept is a new fusion protein derived from CTLA4-Ig that can be used to prevent acute rejection in renal transplantation instead of calcineurin inhibitors. Belatacept can also prevent acute rejection efficiently in humans and, more interestingly, can improve renal function and cardiovascular risk factors in this population.
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107
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Antitumor Immune Response Induced by DNA Vaccine Encoding Human Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen and Mouse 4-1BBL. Urology 2010; 76:510.e1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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108
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Lee SW, Croft M. 4-1BB as a therapeutic target for human disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 647:120-9. [PMID: 19760070 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is being thought of as an attractive target for immunotherapy of many human immune diseases based on encouraging results with 4-1BB agonistic antibody treatment in mouse models of cancer, autoimmune disease, asthma and additionally as a means to improve vaccination. In this review, we will summarize the results of basic research on 4-1BB and 4-1BB immunotherapy of disease and provide some potential mechanistic insights into the many stimulatory and regulatory functions of 4-1BB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Lee
- Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
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109
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Palma C, Vendetti S, Cassone A. Role of 4-1BB receptor in the control played by CD8(+) T cells on IFN-gamma production by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific CD4(+) T Cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11019. [PMID: 20544034 PMCID: PMC2882340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antigen-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells are the main mediators of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection both under natural conditions and following vaccination. However these cells are responsible for lung damage and poor vaccine efficacy when not tightly controlled. Discovering new tools to control nonprotective antigen-specific IFN-γ production without affecting protective IFN-γ is a challenge in tuberculosis research. Methods and Findings Immunization with DNA encoding Ag85B, a candidate vaccine antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, elicited in mice a low but protective CD4+ T cell-mediated IFN-γ response, while in mice primed with DNA and boosted with Ag85B protein a massive increase in IFN-γ response was associated with loss of protection. Both protective and non-protective Ag85B-immunization generated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells which suppressed IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells. However, ex vivo ligation of 4-1BB, a member of TNF-receptor super-family, reduced the massive, non-protective IFN-γ responses by CD4+ T cells in protein-boosted mice without affecting the low protective IFN-γ-secretion in mice immunized with DNA. This selective inhibition was due to the induction of 4-1BB exclusively on CD8+ T cells of DNA-primed and protein-boosted mice following Ag85B protein stimulation. The 4-1BB-mediated IFN-γ inhibition did not require soluble IL-10, TGF-β, XCL-1 and MIP-1β. In vivo Ag85B stimulation induced 4-1BB expression on CD8+ T cells and in vivo 4-1BB ligation reduced the activation, IFN-γ production and expansion of Ag85B-specific CD4+ T cells of DNA-primed and protein-boosted mice. Conclusion/Significance Antigen-specific suppressor CD8+ T cells are elicited through immunization with the mycobacterial antigen Ag85B. Ligation of 4-1BB receptor further enhanced their suppressive activity on IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells. The selective expression of 4-1BB only on CD8+ T cells in mice developing a massive, non-protective IFN-γ response opens novel strategies for intervention in tuberculosis pathology and vaccination through T-cell co-stimulatory-based molecular targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Palma
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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110
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Newcomb EW, Lukyanov Y, Kawashima N, Alonso-Basanta M, Wang SC, Liu M, Jure-Kunkel M, Zagzag D, Demaria S, Formenti SC. Radiotherapy enhances antitumor effect of anti-CD137 therapy in a mouse Glioma model. Radiat Res 2010; 173:426-32. [PMID: 20334514 DOI: 10.1667/rr1904.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that peripheral vaccination of mice with modified autologous tumor cells secreting granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) combined with ionizing radiation to the whole brain cured 50% of mice using a syngeneic, intracranial model of murine high-grade glioma. Here, we tested the combination of radiotherapy (4 Gy x 2) with an immunotherapeutic approach using an anti-CD137 antibody directed to the co-stimulatory molecule CD137. The CD137 antibody has shown promise in generating effective antitumor responses in several animal models and has demonstrated a favorable toxicity profile in the clinic. The combination of radiation and anti-CD137 therapy resulted in complete tumor eradication and prolonged survival in six of nine (67%) mice with established brain tumors (P = 0.0009). Five of six (83%) long-term survivors in the combination group demonstrated antitumor immunity by rejecting challenge tumors. Antitumor immunity was associated with an increased number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in brain tumors and increased tumor-specific production of gammaIFN. In view of the finding that radiation enhanced the antitumor effect of anti-CD137 therapy, this approach should be studied further for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Newcomb
- Departments of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Cancer Institute and Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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111
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Niu L, Vella AT, Mittler RS. Dendritic cells and Stat3 are essential for CD137-induced CD8 T cell activation-induced cell death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4770-8. [PMID: 20351189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agonistic anti-CD137 mAbs either positively or negatively regulate T cell function. When administered at the beginning of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong infection anti-CD137 induced immunosuppression and T cell deletion, and in the case of influenza infection led to increased mortality. In contrast, 72 h delay in anti-CD137 treatment led to an enhanced virus-specific CD8 T cell response and rapid viral clearance. Virus-specific CD8 T cells in anti-CD137-injected mice rapidly upregulate Fas expression, and although necessary, was insufficient to induce CD8 T cell deletion. Strikingly, CD137 signaling in T cells was found to be insufficient to induce suppression or deletion. Rather, immunosuppression and T cell deletion was only observed if CD137 signals were provided to T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In vitro CD137 crosslinking in DCs led to phosphorylation of Stat3, and importantly, anti-CD137 treatment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong infected Stat3 conditional knock-out mice induced neither immune suppression or T cell deletion. Taken together, these data suggest that CD137 signaling in DCs can regulate CD8 T cell survival through a Stat3 and Fas-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyue Zhang
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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112
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Xu D, Lin L, Lin X, Huang Z, Lei Z. Immunoregulation of autocrine prolactin: suppressing the expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines in T lymphocytes by prolactin receptor knockdown. Cell Immunol 2010; 263:71-8. [PMID: 20307875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that prolactin (PRL) secreted from the pituitary gland plays an important role in a variety of human immune responses. However, the immunoregulation of autocrine PRL in T lymphocytes is not fully understood. To evaluate the role of autocrine PRL in T lymphocyte activation, PRL receptor (PRLR) in Jurkat cells was silenced by lentivirus-mediated stable expression of PRLR shRNAi. Knockdown of PRLR resulted in a considerable reduction of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced T cell proliferation. Moreover, the synthesis and secretion of CD137, CD154, IL-2 and IL-4 were significantly decreased, while the production of CD28, IFN-gamma and IL-10 was not affected in PHA-primed PRLR-deficient cells. These results demonstrate the importance of autocrine regulation of the PRL signaling in T lymphocyte growth and activation, and support a mechanism by which autocrine PRL participates in the immunoregulation through selectively influencing the expression of certain critical costimulatory molecules and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
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113
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Kuang Y, Weng X, Liu X, Zhu H, Chen Z, Jiang B, Chen H. Anti-tumor immune response induced by dendritic cells transduced with truncated PSMA IRES 4-1BBL recombinant adenoviruses. Cancer Lett 2010; 293:254-62. [PMID: 20149524 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of receptor-ligand pairs during interaction of a peptide-bound MHC complex on dendritic cells (DCs) with cognate TCR may amplify, sustain, and drive diversity in the ensuing T cell immune response. Members of the TNF ligand superfamily and the TNFR superfamily contribute to this costimulatory molecule signaling. In the present study, we used replication deficient adenoviruses to introduce a tumor-associated Ag (a truncated human prostate-specific membrane antigen (tPSMA)) and the T cell costimulatory molecule 4-1BBL into murine DCs, and observed the ability of these recombinant DCs to elicit tPSMA-directed T-cell responses in vitro and anti-tumor immunity to RM-1-tPSMA in a murine tumor model. Infection of DCs with Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL induced tPSMA-specific proliferative responses and up-regulated CD80 and CD86 s signaling molecules. The cytotoxic T lymphocytes activated by the Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL-transfected DCs showed significantly higher IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity against the RM-1 cells transfected with tPSMA. Moreover, vaccination of mice with Ad-tPSMA-IRES-m4-1BBL-transfected DCs induced a potent protective and therapeutic anti-tumor immunity to RM-1-tPSMA in a tumor model. These results demonstrated that development of DCs engineered to express tPSMA and 4-1BBL by recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene transfer may offer a new strategy for prostate cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlin Kuang
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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114
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Yanagisawa S, Takeichi N, Kaneyama T, Yagita H, Taniguchi S, Kim BS, Koh CS. Effects of anti-CD70 mAb on Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. Brain Res 2010; 1317:236-45. [PMID: 20045400 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of CD27, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, by its ligand CD70 is thought to be important in T cell activation, expansion and survival, B cell activation, and NK cell activation. We examined the role of CD70 in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) mice. Blocking of CD70 in effector phase by anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody (mAb) suppressed the development of TMEV-IDD. The number of IFN-gamma- or TNF-alpha-producing cells in the spleen and mRNA levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in spinal cord were decreased in mice treated with anti-CD70 mAb at the effector phase. In contrast, treatment with anti-CD70 mAb in induction phase failed to reduce these responses, compared to nonspecific IgG-treated control mice. These data suggest that CD70 is critically involved in the pathogenesis of TMEV-IDD and that antibodies against CD70 could be a novel therapeutic approach in the clinical treatment of demyelinating diseases such as human multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yanagisawa
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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115
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Kim JM, Kim SJ, Joh JW, Kwon CHD, Park H, Shin M, Kim EY, Moon JI, Jung GO, Choi GS, Lee SK. Investigation of the Effective Dose of Agonistic 4-1BB Monoclonal Antibody in a Murine Colon Cancer Metastasis Model. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2010.78.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Man Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Joh
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choon Hyuck David Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haejung Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Milljae Shin
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Ik Moon
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gum O Jung
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyu-Seong Choi
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Koo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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116
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Westwood JA, Haynes NM, Sharkey J, McLaughlin N, Pegram HJ, Schwendener RA, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Toll-Like Receptor Triggering and T-Cell Costimulation Induce Potent Antitumor Immunity in Mice. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7624-7633. [PMID: 19996209 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine the antitumor activity of a novel combination of two immunomodulatory agents that simultaneously direct multiple components of immunity against cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We combined the Toll-like receptor agonist CpG 1826 with a T-cell costimulatory antibody specific for CD137 in an optimal treatment route and dosing schedule against established tumors in two mouse models. Mechanistic insight was gained using gene-deficient mice and cell-depleting antibodies. RESULTS: The combination was shown to eradicate tumors in a large proportion of mice. Crucial roles for CD8(+) T cells, natural killer cells, and IFNs were shown. CpG and anti-CD137 injection led to activation of dendritic cells and optimal expansion of activated T cells in the blood. Macrophages were not necessary for therapeutic effect, and indeed depletion of macrophages in vivo enhanced therapy leading to tumor rejection in 100% of mice, which has not been previously reported in the immunotherapeutic setting. Long-term surviving mice were resistant to tumor rechallenge, demonstrating immunologic memory. In addition, we show, for the first time, that mice lacking B cells have a total loss of a recall response against tumor, suggesting a role for B cells in the induction of antitumor immunologic memory. CONCLUSION: This study provides support for the use of a novel combination of immunomodulatory agents stimulating multiple facets of immunity for the effective immunotherapy of cancer. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7624-33).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Westwood
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Immunology Research Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; and Laboratory of Liposome Research, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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117
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Adjuvantive effects of anti-4-1BB agonist Ab and 4-1BBL DNA for a HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccine: different effects on cellular and humoral immunity. Vaccine 2009; 28:1300-9. [PMID: 19944789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA immunizations induce low levels but a broad spectrum of cellular and humoral immune responses. Here, we investigate the potential of co-stimulation through 4-1BB as an adjuvant for a HIV-1 DNA vaccine in mice. We designed plasmid DNAs expressing either the membrane bound or soluble form of 4-1BBL, and compared with the agonistic anti-4-1BB Ab for their ability to adjuvant the Gag DNA vaccine. Both, anti-4-1BB agonistic Ab as well as 4-1BBL DNA enhanced the Gag-specific cellular immune responses. However, in complete contrast to the agonistic Ab that suppressed humoral immunity to Gag, 4-1BBL DNA adjuvanted vaccines enhanced Gag-specific IgG responses. Importantly, the expression of Gag and 4-1BBL from the same plasmid was critical for the adjuvant activity. Collectively, our data suggest that for a HIV-1 vaccine where both antigen-specific cellular and humoral immunity are desirable, 4-1BBL expressed by a DNA vaccine is a superior adjuvant than anti-4-1BB agonistic Ab.
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118
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Zhao Y, Wang QJ, Yang S, Kochenderfer JN, Zheng Z, Zhong X, Sadelain M, Eshhar Z, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. A herceptin-based chimeric antigen receptor with modified signaling domains leads to enhanced survival of transduced T lymphocytes and antitumor activity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:5563-74. [PMID: 19843940 PMCID: PMC6292203 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To generate chimeric Ag receptors (CARs) for the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer patients with ErbB2-expressing tumors, a single-chain Ab derived from the humanized mAb 4D5 Herceptin (trastuzumab) was initially linked to T cell signaling domains derived from CD28 and the CD3zeta to generate a CAR against ErbB2. Human PBLs expressing the 4D5 CAR demonstrated Ag-specific activities against ErbB2(+) tumors. However, a gradual loss of transgene expression was noted for PBLs transduced with this 4D5 CAR. When the CD3zeta signaling domain of the CAR was truncated or mutated, loss of CAR expression was not observed, suggesting that the CD3zeta signaling caused the transgene decrease, which was supported by the finding that T cells expressing 4D5 CARs with CD3zeta ITAM mutations were less prone to apoptosis. By adding 4-1BB cytoplasmic domains to the CD28-CD3zeta signaling moieties, we found increased transgene persistence in 4D5 CAR-transduced PBLs. Furthermore, constructs with 4-1BB sequences demonstrated increased cytokine secretion and lytic activity in 4D5 CAR-transduced T cells. More importantly, PBLs expressing this new version of the 4D5 CAR could not only efficiently lyse the autologous fresh tumor digests, but they could strongly suppress tumor growth in a xenogenic mouse model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Coculture Techniques
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemical synthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
- Trastuzumab
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbing Zhao
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qiong J. Wang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shicheng Yang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James N. Kochenderfer
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xiaosong Zhong
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | - Zelig Eshhar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard A. Morgan
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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119
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Ju S, Ju S, Ge Y, Qiu H, Lu B, Qiu Y, Fu J, Liu G, Wang Q, Hu Y, Shu Y, Zhang X. A novel approach to induce human DCs from monocytes by triggering 4-1BBL reverse signaling. Int Immunol 2009; 21:1135-44. [PMID: 19684160 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are responsible for the initiation of immune responses. Our study demonstrates a new pathway for generating a large quantity of stimulatory monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) from human monocytes using anti-4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) mAb to trigger reverse signaling. The anti-4-1BBL-driven Mo-DCs (DCs(alpha-4-1BBL)) not only express higher levels of CD86, CD83 and HLA-DR, when compared with the Mo-DCs matured by tumor necrosis factor alpha, but also exhibit a unique phenotype that expresses lower levels of PD-L1. High levels of GM-CSF, M-CSF and Flt3 ligand (FL) were found in the anti-4-1BBL-differentiation culture. Neutralizing M-CSF, GM-CSF and FL inhibited Mo-DC proliferation stimulated by anti-4-1BBL mAb, suggesting that M-CSF, GM-CSF and FL are involved in cell proliferation stimulated by anti-4-1BBL. Further analysis of the DCs(alpha-4-1BBL) showed increased secretion of T(h)1-type cytokines IL-12 and IFN-gamma and decreased secretion of IL-10. DCs(alpha-4-1BBL) induced much stronger proliferative responses in the mixed lymphocyte reaction assay when compared with DCs derived by GM-CSF. Moreover, DCs(alpha-4-1BBL) preferentially induced T(h)1 responses. We have further demonstrated that anti-4-1BBL antibody stimulated nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm in monocytes, suggesting that reverse signaling by 4-1BBL is likely responsible for mediating DC differentiation. Collectively, we have found that reverse signaling of 4-1BBL promotes the differentiation of potent T(h)1-inducing DCs from human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwen Ju
- Biotechnology Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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120
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Hui Q, Yu X, Hui Z, Zuohua F. Inhibition Growth and Metastasis of Melanoma by 4-1BBL Expressed in Normal Tissue Cells by Regulating the Function of Immune Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:597-605. [PMID: 19877890 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Hui
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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121
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Zhong XS, Matsushita M, Plotkin J, Riviere I, Sadelain M. Chimeric antigen receptors combining 4-1BB and CD28 signaling domains augment PI3kinase/AKT/Bcl-XL activation and CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor eradication. Mol Ther 2009; 18:413-20. [PMID: 19773745 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance the strength of activation afforded by tumor antigen-specific receptors, we investigated the effect of adding combined CD28 and 4-1BB costimulatory signaling domains to a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Having transferred receptors encompassing the CD28, 4-1BB, and/or CD3zeta cytoplasmic domains in primary human CD8(+) T cells, we find that the P28BBz receptor, which includes all three signaling domains, is superior to receptors that only include one or two of these domains in promoting cytokine release, in vivo T-cell survival and tumor elimination following intravenous T-cell administration to tumor-bearing severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)/beige mice. Upon in vitro exposure to PSMA, the P28BBZ receptor-induced the strongest PI(3)Kinase/Akt activation and Bcl-X(L) expression, and the least apoptosis in transduced peripheral blood CD8(+) T cells. These findings further support the concept of integrating optimized costimulatory properties into recombinant antigen receptors to augment the survival and function of genetically targeted T cells within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Song Zhong
- Center for Cell Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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122
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Rusakiewicz S, Aubert G, Clark RE, Madrigal AJ, Dodi AI, Travers PJ. Soluble HLA/peptide monomers cross-linked with co-stimulatory antibodies onto a streptavidin core molecule efficiently stimulate antigen-specific T cell responses. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1459-70. [PMID: 19415272 PMCID: PMC11029906 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble MHC-peptide complexes, commonly referred to as tetramers, have been shown to induce strong cross-linking of TCR and CD8, resulting in a vigorous activation followed by a rapid non-apoptotic CD8(+) T cell death. This has limited tetramer use for antigen-specific T cells isolation and cloning, as sorted tetramer positive cells were shown to possess compromised functional integrity. Here we show that the cross-linking of a secondary co-stimulatory signal into oligomeric MHC:peptide complexes prevents such cell death, and in contrast strongly stimulates antigen-specific T cell responses. Such soluble antigen-presenting complexes (sAPCs) containing MHC:peptide complexes linked to either anti-CD27 or anti-CD28 antibodies were capable of priming and expanding HLA-A*0201 restricted CMV specific T cells and also of generating functional HLA-A*0301 restricted BCR/ABL-specific T cell responses. These sAPCs constitute an encouraging alternative method for generating antigen-specific T cells that could be applied to a variety of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Rusakiewicz
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
- Present Address: INSERM U805, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Geraldine Aubert
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Richard E. Clark
- Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alejandro J. Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
| | - Anthony I. Dodi
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
| | - Paul J. Travers
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, University College of London, Fleet Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG UK
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little French Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB UK
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123
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Rasheed S, Yan JS, Hussain A, Lai B. Proteomic characterization of HIV-modulated membrane receptors, kinases and signaling proteins involved in novel angiogenic pathways. J Transl Med 2009; 7:75. [PMID: 19712456 PMCID: PMC2754444 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), hemangioma, and other angioproliferative diseases are highly prevalent in HIV-infected individuals. While KS is etiologically linked to the human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8) infection, HIV-patients without HHV-8 and those infected with unrelated viruses also develop angiopathies. Further, HIV-Tat can activate protein-tyrosine-kinase (PTK-activity) of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor involved in stimulating angiogenic processes. However, Tat by itself or HHV8-genes alone cannot induce angiogenesis in vivo unless specific proteins/enzymes are produced synchronously by different cell-types. We therefore tested a hypothesis that chronic HIV-replication in non-endothelial cells may produce novel factors that provoke angiogenic pathways. Methods Genome-wide proteins from HIV-infected and uninfected T-lymphocytes were tested by subtractive proteomics analyses at various stages of virus and cell growth in vitro over a period of two years. Several thousand differentially regulated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and >200 proteins were confirmed in multiple gels. Each protein was scrutinized extensively by protein-interaction-pathways, bioinformatics, and statistical analyses. Results By functional categorization, 31 proteins were identified to be associated with various signaling events involved in angiogenesis. 88% proteins were located in the plasma membrane or extracellular matrix and >90% were found to be essential for regeneration, neovascularization and angiogenic processes during embryonic development. Conclusion Chronic HIV-infection of T-cells produces membrane receptor-PTKs, serine-threonine kinases, growth factors, adhesion molecules and many diffusible signaling proteins that have not been previously reported in HIV-infected cells. Each protein has been associated with endothelial cell-growth, morphogenesis, sprouting, microvessel-formation and other biological processes involved in angiogenesis (p = 10-4 to 10-12). Bioinformatics analyses suggest that overproduction of PTKs and other kinases in HIV-infected cells has suppressed VEGF/VEGFR-PTK expression and promoted VEGFR-independent pathways. This unique mechanism is similar to that observed in neovascularization and angiogenesis during embryogenesis. Validation of clinically relevant proteins by gene-silencing and translational studies in vivo would identify specific targets that can be used for early diagnosis of angiogenic disorders and future development of inhibitors of angiopathies. This is the first comprehensive study to demonstrate that HIV-infection alone, without any co-infection or treatment, can induce numerous "embryonic" proteins and kinases capable of generating novel VEGF-independent angiogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraiya Rasheed
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Proteomics Research Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032-3626, USA.
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124
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Salih HR, Nuessler V, Denzlinger C, Starling GC, Kiener PA, Schmetzer HM. Serum Levels of CD137 Ligand and CD178 are Prognostic Factors for Progression of Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 45:301-8. [PMID: 15101715 DOI: 10.1080/10428190310001602372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Excess apoptosis leading to ineffective hematopoiesis is a common feature of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). CD178 (Fas ligand/APO-1 ligand) and CD137 ligand (CD137L), 2 molecules involved in the regulation of apoptosis, have previously been found in sera of patients with malignancies and have been hypothesized to participate in the pathogenesis of various diseases. We analyzed sera of patients with MDS and found that while time to progression of MDS correlated with the IPSS score there was no correlation of CD137L or CD178 serum levels with this score or with karyotype, bone marrow blast count or cytopenia. However, when cut-off-values for significant differentiation between cases with higher/lower levels of these molecules were determined we found that high levels of soluble CD137L (sCD137L) and low serum levels of soluble CD178 (sCD178) correlate with statistical significance to rapid progression of disease as estimated by log-rank-test. Conversely, low levels of sCD137L and high levels of sCD178 correlate significantly with prolongation of time to progression of disease. Our results indicate that serum levels of sCD137L and sCD178 represent valuable novel indicators for prognosis and disease progression and may be a useful parameter for treatment decisions in patients with MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut R Salih
- Medizinische Klinik II, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
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125
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Wang C, Lin GHY, McPherson AJ, Watts TH. Immune regulation by 4-1BB and 4-1BBL: complexities and challenges. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:192-215. [PMID: 19426223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY The tumor necrosis factor receptor family member 4-1BB plays a key role in the survival of activated and memory CD8(+) T cells. Depending on the disease model, 4-1BB can participate at different stages and influence different aspects of the immune response, likely due to the differential expression of receptor and ligand relative to other costimulatory molecules. Studies comparing mild versus severe influenza infection of mice suggest that the immune system uses inducible receptors such as 4-1BB to prolong the immune response when pathogens take longer to clear. The expression of 4-1BB on diverse cell types, evidence for bidirectional as well as receptor-independent signaling by 4-1BBL, the unexpected hyperproliferation of 4-1BB-deficient T cells, and complex effects of agonistic anti-4-1BB therapy have revealed additional roles for the 4-1BB/4-1BBL receptor/ligand pair in the immune system. In this review, we discuss these diverse roles of 4-1BB and its ligand in the immune response, exploring possible mechanisms for the observed complexities and implications for therapeutic applications of 4-1BB/4-1BBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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126
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Wang H, Wei H, Zhang R, Hou S, Li B, Qian W, Zhang D, Kou G, Dai J, Guo Y. Genetically targeted T cells eradicate established breast cancer in syngeneic mice. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:943-50. [PMID: 19188165 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the capacity and mechanisms of genetically modified erbB2-specific T cells to eradicate erbB2+ tumors in syngeneic mice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary mouse T cells were modified to target the breast tumor-associated antigen erbB2 through retroviral-mediated transfer of a chimeric antigen receptor, termed single-chain antibody (scFv)-CD28-zeta. Antitumor efficacy of scFv-CD28-zeta-modified T cells was analyzed in mice bearing D2F2/E2 breast tumors. RESULTS The scFv-CD28-zeta-modified T cells were shown to specifically secrete T cytotoxic-1 cytokines and lyse erbB2+ breast tumor cells following receptor stimulation in vitro. Treatment with scFv-CD28-zeta-modified T cells was able to lead to long-term, tumor-free survival in mice bearing erbB2+ D2F2/E2 breast tumors. Importantly, the surviving mice developed a host memory response to D2F2/E2 tumor cells, and this host response was able to protect against a rechallenge with erbB2+ D2F2/E2 tumor cells and parental erbB2(-) D2F2 tumor cells. In addition, scFv-CD28-zeta T-cell expression of perforin and interferon-gamma were essential for complete antitumor efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with scFv-CD28-zeta-modified T cells was able to induce a host antitumor immunity in syngeneic mice. Complete tumor elimination by scFv-CD28-zeta-modified T cells required T cell-derived interferon-gamma and perforin, indicating that cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion play a role in the in vivo response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute and Changhai Hospital Cancer Center, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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127
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Sharma RK, Elpek KG, Yolcu ES, Schabowsky RH, Zhao H, Bandura-Morgan L, Shirwan H. Costimulation as a platform for the development of vaccines: a peptide-based vaccine containing a novel form of 4-1BB ligand eradicates established tumors. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4319-26. [PMID: 19435920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines represent an attractive treatment modality for the management of cancer primarily because of their specificity and generation of immunologic memory important for controlling recurrences. However, the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines may require formulations that not only generate effective immune responses but also overcome immune evasion mechanisms employed by progressing tumor. Costimulatory molecules play critical roles in modulating innate, adaptive, and regulatory immunity and have potential to serve as effective immunomodulatory components of therapeutic vaccines. In this study, we tested the function of a novel soluble form of 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) costimulatory molecule in modulating innate, adaptive, and regulatory immunity and assessed its therapeutic efficacy in the HPV-16 E7-expressing TC-1 cervical cancer and survivin-expressing 3LL lung carcinoma mouse models. Vaccination with 4-1BBL activated dendritic cells and enhanced antigen uptake, generated CD8(+) T-cell effector/memory responses, and endowed T effector cells refractory to suppression by CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells. Immunization with 4-1BBL in combination with an E7 peptide or survivin protein resulted in eradication of TC-1 and 3LL tumors, respectively. 4-1BBL was more effective than TLR agonists LPS, MPL, and CpG and an agonistic 4-1BB antibody as a component of E7 peptide-based therapeutic vaccine for the generation of immune responses and eradication of TC-1 established tumors in the absence of detectable toxicity. Therapeutic efficacy was associated with reversal of tumor-mediated nonresponsiveness/anergy as well as establishment of long-term CD8(+) T-cell memory. Potent pleiotropic immunomodulatory activities combined with lack of toxicity highlight the potential of 4-1BBL molecule as an effective component of therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Sharma
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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128
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Li XC, Rothstein DM, Sayegh MH. Costimulatory pathways in transplantation: challenges and new developments. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:271-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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129
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Kassu A, D'Souza M, O'Connor BP, Kelly-McKnight E, Akkina R, Fontenot AP, Palmer BE. Decreased 4-1BB expression on HIV-specific CD4+ T cells is associated with sustained viral replication and reduced IL-2 production. Clin Immunol 2009; 132:234-45. [PMID: 19406689 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell dysfunction in subjects with chronic HIV infection is in part due to an imbalance of costimulatory and coinhibitory receptors. We report that virus-specific CD4+ T cells expressing 4-1BB (CD137) or OX40 (CD134) produced more IL-2 than cells lacking these costimulatory receptors (P<0.05) and that 4-1BB was expressed at a lower level on HIV- than CMV-specific IFN-gamma and IL-2 producing CD4+ T cells (P<0.0001 and P<0.01, respectively). Suppression of viral replication with antiretroviral therapy was associated with increased 4-1BB expression on HIV- and CMV-specific IL-2 producing CD4+ T cells (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) and the percentage of IL-2 producing HIV-specific CD4+ T cells that expressed 4-1BB was inversely correlated with HIV plasma viral load (r=-0.75, P=0.007). These findings indicate that the loss of 4-1BB on HIV-specific CD4+ T cells is associated with viral replication and that it may contribute to reduced IL-2 production observed during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afework Kassu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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130
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Tanel A, Fonseca SG, Yassine-Diab B, Bordi R, Zeidan J, Shi Y, Benne C, Sékaly RP. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory T-cell survival. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:299-312. [PMID: 19249972 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of the memory T-cell response is the hallmark of immune protection and, hence, constitutes one of the most important objectives of vaccine-development strategies. Persistent memory T cells, developed after vaccination or microbial infections, ensure the generation of an antimicrobial response upon re-exposure to the pathogen through rapid clonal proliferation and activation of effector functions. However, in the context of many pathogen infections, these memory T cells fail to persist and die. In this review, we will highlight recent exciting findings in studies of memory T cells, their generation, their lineage relationships and their survival pathways; indeed, survival of memory T cells and maintenance of their functionality are key features of the immune response in its quest to control disease progression and in the development of vaccines to persistent microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Tanel
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM) Saint-Luc, 264 Rene Levesque Est, Montréal, Québec H2X 1P1, Canada.
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131
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Lu XL, Jiang XB, Liu RE, Zhang SM, Liang ZH. In vivo anti-melanoma efficacy of allo-restricted CTLs specific for melanoma expanded by artificial antigen-presenting cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:629-38. [PMID: 18682943 PMCID: PMC11030036 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are key effectors in the immunotherapy of malignant and viral diseases. However, autologous T cell responses to tumor antigens presented by self-MHC are usually weak and ineffective. Allo-restricted T cells represent a potent source of tumor-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. This study reports in vivo anti-melanoma efficacy of the pTRP2-specific allo-restricted CTLs expanded from the BALB/c splenocytes by multiple stimulations with aAPCs made by coating H-2K(b)-Ig/pTRP2 dimeric complexes, anti-CD28 antibody, 4-1BBL molecules and CD83 molecules to cell-sized latex beads. The induced allo-restricted CTLs exhibited specific lysis against RMA-S cells pulsed with the peptide pTRP2 and H-2K(b+) melanoma cells expressing TRP2, while a murine Lewis lung carcinoma cell line 3LL could not be recognized by the CTLs. The peptide-specific activity was inhibited by anti-H-2K(b) monoclonal antibody Y3. Adoptive transfer of the allo-restricted CTLs specific for malignant melanoma expanded by the aAPCs can mediate effective anti-melanoma response in vivo. These results suggested that the specific allo-restricted CTLs expanded by aAPCs coated with an MHC-Ig/peptide complex, anti-CD28 antibody, 4-1BBL and CD83 could be a potential option of specific immunotherapy for patients with malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ling Lu
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd., 430030 Wuhan, China. [corrected]
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132
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ProtEx technology for the generation of novel therapeutic cancer vaccines. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 86:198-207. [PMID: 19454266 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines present an attractive alternative to conventional treatments for cancer. However, tumors have evolved various immune evasion mechanisms to modulate innate, adaptive, and regulatory immunity for survival. Therefore, successful vaccine formulations may require a non-toxic immunomodulator or adjuvant that not only induces/stimulates innate and adaptive tumor-specific immune responses, but also overcomes immune evasion mechanisms. Given the paramount role costimulation plays in modulating innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune responses, costimulatory ligands may serve as effective immunomodulating components of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Our laboratory has developed a novel technology designated as ProtEx that allows for the generation of recombinant costimulatory ligands with potent immunomodulatory activities and the display of these molecules on the cell surface in a rapid and efficient manner as a practical and safe alternative to gene therapy for immunomodulation. Importantly, the costimulatory ligands not only function when displayed on tumor cells, but also as soluble proteins that can be used as immunomodulatory components of conventional vaccine formulations containing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). We herein discuss the application of the ProtEx technology to the development of effective cell-based as well as cell-free conventional therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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133
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Yan X, Johnson BD, Orentas RJ. Induction of a VLA-2 (CD49b)-expressing effector T cell population by a cell-based neuroblastoma vaccine expressing CD137L. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4621-31. [PMID: 18802064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In malignancies where no universally expressed dominant Ag exists, the use of tumor cell-based vaccines has been proposed. We have modified a mouse neuroblastoma cell line to express either CD80 (B7.1), CD137L (4-1BBL), or both receptors on the tumor cell surface. Vaccines expressing both induce a strong T cell response that is unique in that among responding CD8 T cells, a T effector memory cell (T(EM)) response arises in which a large number of the T(EM) express the alpha-chain of VLA-2, CD49b. We demonstrate using both in vitro and in vivo assays that the CD49b(+) CD8 T cell population is a far more potent antitumor effector cell population than nonfractionated CD8 or CD49b(-) CD8 T cells and that CD49b on vaccine-induced CD8 T cells mediates invasion of a collagen matrix. In in vivo rechallenge studies, CD49b(+) T cells no longer expanded, indicating that CD49b T(EM) expansion is restricted to the initial response to vaccine. To demonstrate a mechanistic link between the expression of costimulatory molecules on the vaccine and CD49b on responding T cells, we stimulated naive T cells in vitro with artificial APC expressing different combinations of anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and CD137L. Although some mRNA encoding CD49b was induced by combining anti-CD3 with anti-CD28 or CD137L, the highest level was induced when all three signals were present. This indicates that CD49b expression results from additive costimulation and that the level of CD49b message serves as an indicator of the effectiveness of T cell activation by a cell-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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134
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Kober J, Leitner J, Klauser C, Woitek R, Majdic O, Stöckl J, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Reipert BM, Pickl WF, Pfistershammer K, Steinberger P. The capacity of the TNF family members 4-1BBL, OX40L, CD70, GITRL, CD30L and LIGHT to costimulate human T cells. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2678-88. [PMID: 18825741 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Activating signals generated by members of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily upon interaction with their cognate ligands play important roles in T-cell responses. Members of the tumour necrosis factor family namely 4-1BBL, OX40L, CD70, GITRL, LIGHT and CD30L have been described to function as costimulatory molecules by binding such receptors on T cells. Using our recently described system of T-cell stimulator cells we have performed the first study where all these molecules have been assessed and compared regarding their capacity to costimulate proliferation and cytokine production of human T cells. 4-1BBL, which we found to be the most potent molecule in this group, was able to mediate sustained activation and proliferation of human T cells. OX40L and CD70 were also strong inducers of T-cell proliferation, whereas the costimulatory capacity of human GITRL was significantly lower. Importantly CD30L and LIGHT consistently failed to act costimulatory on human T cells, and we therefore suggest that these molecules might be functionally distinct from the costimulatory members of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kober
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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135
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Mack DG, Lanham AK, Palmer BE, Maier LA, Watts TH, Fontenot AP. 4-1BB enhances proliferation of beryllium-specific T cells in the lung of subjects with chronic beryllium disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4381-8. [PMID: 18768897 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to naive T cells, reactivation of memory cells is less dependent on CD28-mediated costimulation. We have shown that circulating beryllium-specific CD4(+) T cells from chronic beryllium disease patients remain CD28-dependent, while those present in the lung no longer require CD28 for T cell activation. In the present study, we analyzed whether other costimulatory molecules are essential for beryllium-induced T cell function in the lung. Enhanced proliferation of a beryllium-responsive, HLA-DP2-restricted T cell line was seen after the induction of 4-1BB ligand expression on the surface of HLA-DP2-expressing fibroblasts. Following beryllium exposure, CD4(+) T cells from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage of chronic beryllium disease patients up-regulate 4-1BB expression, and the majority of beryllium-responsive, IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells in blood coexpress CD28 and 4-1BB. Conversely, a significant fraction of IFN-gamma-producing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) T cells express 4-1BB in the absence of CD28. In contrast to blood, inhibition of the 4-1BB ligand-4-1BB interaction partially blocked beryllium-induced proliferation of BAL CD4(+) T cells, and a lack of 4-1BB expression on BAL T cells was associated with increased beryllium-induced cell death. Taken together, these findings suggest an important role of 4-1BB in the costimulation of beryllium-responsive CD4(+) T cells in the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Mack
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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136
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Wehler TC, Karg M, Distler E, Konur A, Nonn M, Meyer RG, Huber C, Hartwig UF, Herr W. Rapid identification and sorting of viable virus-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells based on antigen-triggered CD137 expression. J Immunol Methods 2008; 339:23-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang Q, Zhang P, Zhang Q, Wang X, Li J, Ma C, Sun W, Zhang L. Analysis of CD137 and CD137L expression in human primary tumor tissues. Croat Med J 2008; 49:192-200. [PMID: 18461674 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2008.2.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the expression of CD137 and CD137L in human primary tumor tissues and their potential role in tumor immunity. METHODS Expression of CD137 and CD137L was assessed by immunohistochemistry in frozen sections of 12 human normal tissues, 15 benign tumors of epithelial or mesenchymal origin (adenoma and leiomyoma), and 36 malignant tumors of epithelial origin (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma). The expression of CD137L on 9 human tumor cell lines (3 hepatocarcinoma, 2 lung carcinoma, 2 colon carcinoma, 1 lymphoma, and 1 leukemia) was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To analyze the role of CD137L expressed on tumor cells, we co-cultured tumor cells expressing CD137L with activated T lymphocytes expressing CD137 or with Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing CD137 and then detected by ELISA the levels of cytokines (IL-8, IFN-gamma) secreted by tumor cells or activated T cells. RESULTS The expression of CD137 and CD137L was observed only in human benign (2/15, 3/15) or malignant tumors (15/36, 21/36), but not in normal tissues (0/12, 0/12). CD137 was expressed on the vessel walls within tumor tissues, whereas CD137L was expressed on tumor cells. The expression of CD137 and CD137L was more common in malignant tumors, especially in moderate or low-differentiated tumors. Furthermore, CD137L expression found on tumor cell lines was functional because the ligation of CD137L on lung squamous carcinoma cells L78 with CD137 on T cells induced IFN-gamma production by T cells, and ligation of CD137L on hepatocarcinoma cells HepG2.2.15 with CD137 triggered tumor cells to produce IL-8. CONCLUSION CD137 and CD137L are expressed in different human primary tumor tissues, suggesting that they may influence the progression of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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138
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Sabbagh L, Pulle G, Liu Y, Tsitsikov EN, Watts TH. ERK-dependent Bim modulation downstream of the 4-1BB-TRAF1 signaling axis is a critical mediator of CD8 T cell survival in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8093-101. [PMID: 18523273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During an acute immune response, CD8 T cells undergo rapid expansion followed by a contraction phase during which the majority of activated T cells die, leaving a few survivors to persist as memory cells. The regulation of T cell survival is critical at each stage of this response. 4-1BB, a TNFR family member, has been implicated in prolonging the survival of activated and memory CD8 T cells; however, the precise mechanisms by which 4-1BB sustains T cell survival are incompletely understood. Upon aggregation on T cells, 4-1BB associates with two TNFR-associated factors (TRAF), TRAF1 and TRAF2. TRAF2 is essential for downstream signaling from 4-1BB; however, the role of TRAF1 in 4-1BB signaling has not been elucidated and there have been conflicting data as to whether TRAF1 provides a positive or a negative signal in T cells. In this study, we report that TRAF1 plays a critical role in survival signaling downstream of 4-1BB during CD8 T cell expansion in response to viral infection in vivo. Further analysis reveals that TRAF1-deficient cells are impaired in their ability to up-regulate the prosurvival Bcl-2 family member Bcl-x(L) and show increased levels of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim following 4-1BB signaling. TRAF1-deficient CD8 T cells fail to activate ERK in response to 4-1BB ligation and inhibition of ERK signaling downstream of 4-1BB in wild-type cells leads to increased Bim levels. Thus, TRAF1 has a prosurvival effect in CD8 T cells via the 4-1BB-mediated up-regulation of Bcl-x(L) and ERK-dependent Bim down-modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sabbagh
- Department of Immunology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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139
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Lu X, Jiang X, Liu R, Zhao H, Liang Z. Adoptive transfer of pTRP2-specific CTLs expanding by bead-based artificial antigen-presenting cells mediates anti-melanoma response. Cancer Lett 2008; 271:129-39. [PMID: 18621475 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are key effectors in the immunotherapy of malignant and viral diseases. However, the lack of efficient methods for their in vitro priming and expansion has become a bottleneck to the development of vaccines and adoptive transfer strategies. Synthetic artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) are now emerging as an attractive tool for eliciting and expanding CTL responses. This study reported a novel approach for targeting malignant melanoma with pTRP2-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) expanded from the C57BL/6 splenocytes by multiple stimulations with aAPCs made by coating H-2K(b)-Ig/pTRP2 dimeric complexes, anti-CD28 antibody, 4-1BBL molecules and CD83 molecules to cell-sized latex beads. The induced CTLs exhibited specific lysis against RMA-S cells pulsed with the peptide pTRP2 and H-2K(b+) melanoma cells expressing TRP2, while a murine Lewis lung carcinoma cell line 3LL could not be recognized by the CTLs. The peptide-specific activity was inhibited by anti-H-2K(b) monoclonal antibody Y3. Adoptive Transfer of CTLs specific for malignant melanoma expanding by the aAPCs can mediate effective anti-melanoma response. These results suggested the bead-based aAPCs coated with an MHC-Ig/peptide complex, anti-CD28 antibody, 4-1BBL and CD83 could provide a useful tool for the reproducible expansion of specific CTLs for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Lu
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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140
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Ge X, Brown J, Sykes M, Boussiotis VA. CD134-allodepletion allows selective elimination of alloreactive human T cells without loss of virus-specific and leukemia-specific effectors. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008; 14:518-30. [PMID: 18410894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a frequent and severe complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). One approach to reducing alloreactivity is to deplete the graft of alloreactive T cells. Global T cell depletion results in poor immune reconstitution with high mortality from viral infections and disease relapse. Therefore, an approach to selectively deplete alloreactive T cells without compromising other responses would be highly beneficial. We undertook studies to identify an inducible activation marker expressed on alloreactive effector T cells following culture with HLA-mismatched allostimulators. Compared to other markers, CD134 was superior because of its negative baseline expression and rapid upregulation after activation. Depletion of CD134(+) cells from responder populations dramatically reduced specific alloreactivity as determined by reduction of helper T cell precursor frequencies below the threshold predicting development of clinical GVHD while retaining responses to third-party alloantigens. CD134-allodepleted populations retained effectors specific for the Wilms' tumor (WT1) leukemia antigen as determined by WT1 specific pentamers, and CMV-specific effectors as determined by CMV-specific pentamers and CMV-specific ELISpot. Thus, use of CD134-allodepleted grafts may improve allogeneic SCT by reducing GVHD without loss of pathogen-specific and leukemia-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Ge
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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141
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Lee J, Dollins CM, Boczkowski D, Sullenger BA, Nair S. Activated B cells modified by electroporation of multiple mRNAs encoding immune stimulatory molecules are comparable to mature dendritic cells in inducing in vitro antigen-specific T-cell responses. Immunology 2008; 125:229-40. [PMID: 18393968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex-vivo-activated B cells are an alternative source of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and a potential replacement for dendritic cells (DCs) in immunotherapy. However, the ability of ex-vivo-activated B cells to function as potent APCs has been a concern, especially when compared to DCs. Our study investigated whether modification of activated B cells with immune stimulatory molecules could enhance the ability of activated B cells to stimulate T cells. We show that murine splenic B cells, activated with a combination of Toll-like receptor agonist and agonistic anti-CD40, stimulated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells more efficiently than cells activated with Toll-like receptor agonist or anti-CD40 alone, probably by down-regulation of the immune regulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). However, the activated B cells were still poor T-cell stimulators compared to mature DCs. Therefore, we modified the activated B cells by simultaneous electroporation of multiple messenger RNAs encoding costimulatory molecules (OX40L and 4-1BBL), cytokines (IL-12p35 and IL-12p40) and antigen. We found that de novo expression or overexpression of OX40L, 4-1BBL and IL-12p70 on activated B cells synergistically enhanced proliferation as well as IL-2 and interferon-gamma production by CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the RNA-modified activated B cells induced antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses as efficiently as mature DCs in vitro. Unexpectedly, modified activated B cells were inferior to mature DCs at in vivo induction of CD8+ T-cell responses. In summary, activated B cells modified to express immune stimulatory molecules are a potent alternative to DCs in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Surgery, and Duke Translational Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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142
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Quigley MF, Gonzalez VD, Granath A, Andersson J, Sandberg JK. CXCR5+ CCR7- CD8 T cells are early effector memory cells that infiltrate tonsil B cell follicles. Eur J Immunol 2008; 37:3352-62. [PMID: 18000950 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Naive and central memory CD8 T cells use CCR7 to recirculate through T cell zones of secondary lymphoid organs where they can encounter antigen. Here we describe a subset of human CD8 T cells expressing CXCR5 which enables homing in response to CXCL13 produced within B cell follicles. CXCR5+ CD8 T cells were found in tonsil B cell follicles, and isolated cells migrated towards CXCL13 in vitro. They expressed CD27, CD28, CD45RO, CD69, and were CD7low, and produced IFN-gamma and granzyme A but lacked perforin, a functional profile suggesting that these cells are early effector memory cells in the context of contemporary T cell differentiation models. Receptors important in the interaction with B cells, including CD70, OX40 and ICOS, were induced upon activation, and CXCR5+ CD8 T cells could to some extent support survival and IgG production in tonsil B cells. Furthermore, CXCR5+ CD8 T cells expressed CCR5 but no CCR7, suggesting a migration pattern distinct from that of follicular CD4 T cells. The finding that a subset of early effector memory CD8 T cells use CXCR5 to locate to B cell follicles indicates that MHC class I-restricted CD8 T cells are part of the follicular T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máire F Quigley
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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143
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Khawli LA, Hu P, Epstein AL. Cytokine, chemokine, and co-stimulatory fusion proteins for the immunotherapy of solid tumors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:291-328. [PMID: 18071951 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73259-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the generation of novel reagents for the treatment of cancer using fusion proteins constructed with natural ligands of the immune system. Immunotherapy is a powerful therapeutic modality that has not been fully harnessed for the treatment of cancer. We and others have hypothesized that if the proper immunoregulatory ligands can be targeted to the tumor, an effective immune response can be mounted to treat both established primary tumors and distant metastatic lesions. Though it is generally believed that immunotherapy has the potential to treat only residual disease, we offer evidence that this approach can, by itself, destroy large tumor masses and produce lasting remissions of experimental solid tumors. From these studies, three major classes of immune activators, namely, cytokines, chemokines, and costimulatory molecules, have been shown to generate antitumor responses in animal models. In addition, the reversal of immune tolerance by the deletion of T regulatory (Treg) cells has been shown to be equally important for effective immunotherapy. In an attempt to identify reagents that can provide an enhanced immune stimulation and treatment of cancer, our laboratory has developed a novel monoclonal antibody targeting approach, designated Tumor Necrosis Therapy (TNT), which utilizes stable intracellular antigens present in all cell types but which are only accessible in dead and/or dying cells. Since tumors contain necrotic and degenerating regions that account for 30-80% of the tumor mass, this targeting approach can be used to deliver therapeutic reagents to the core of tumors, a site abundant in tumor antigens. In our first set of reagents, a panel of cytokine fusion proteins was genetically engineered using monoclonal antibody chimeric TNT-3 (chTNT-3) directed against necrotic regions of tumors (single-stranded DNA) fused with IL-2, or GM-CSF, or TNFalphaa, or IFNgamma. Tested against different solid tumors, these reagents were found to mount an effective although transient immune response to tumor especially when used in combination. To improve upon these results, additional chTNT-3 fusion proteins using the liver-expression chemokine (LEC) and the costimulatory molecule B7.1 were constructed. Both of these reagents were found to work significantly better than the above cytokine fusion proteins due to their ability to stimulate multiple arms of the immune system deemed useful for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily (TNFSF) gene DC137L was used to generate chTNT-3 antibody (targeted) and soluble Fc (untargeted) fusion proteins. When used alone, both forms of costimulatory fusion proteins were found to produce in a s dose-dependent manner, complete regression of murine solid tumors. Evidence is presented to show that Treg cells play an important role in suppressing antitumor immunity since the deletion of these cells, when used in combination with LEC or costimulatory fusion proteins, produced profound and effective treatment with sustained memory. It is hoped that these data will further the preclinical development of soluble Fc and antibody based fusion proteins fro the immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Khawli
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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144
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Yi KH, Nechushtan H, Bowers WJ, Walker GR, Zhang Y, Pham DG, Podack ER, Federoff HJ, Tolba KA, Rosenblatt JD. Adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells stimulated ex vivo using herpes simplex virus amplicons encoding 4-1BBL persist in the host and show antitumor activity in vivo. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10027-37. [PMID: 17942937 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB is a T-cell costimulatory receptor which binds its ligand 4-1BBL, resulting in prolonged T cell survival. We studied the antitumor effects of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells expanded ex vivo using tumors transduced with herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicons expressing 4-1BBL as a direct source of antigen and costimulation. We constructed HSV amplicons encoding either the 4-1BBL (HSV.4-1BBL) or B7.1 (HSV.B7.1) costimulatory ligands. Lewis lung carcinoma cells expressing ovalbumin (LLC/OVA) were transduced with HSV.4-1BBL, HSV.B7.1, or control HSV amplicons and used to stimulate GFP+ OVA-specific CD8+ T cells (OT-1/GFP) ex vivo. Naive or ex vivo stimulated OT-1/GFP cells were adoptively transferred into LLC/OVA tumor-bearing mice. Higher percentages of OT-1/GFP cells were seen in the peripheral blood, spleen, and tumor bed of the HSV.4-1BBL-stimulated OT-1/GFP group compared with all other experimental groups. OT-1 cells identified within the tumor bed and draining lymph nodes of the HSV.4-1BBL-stimulated OT-1 group showed enhanced bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation, suggesting ongoing expansion in vivo. Mice receiving HSV.4-1BBL-stimulated OT-1/GFP had significantly decreased tumor volumes compared with untreated mice (P<0.001) or to mice receiving naive OT-1/GFP (P<0.001). Transfer of HSV.B7.1-stimulated OT-1/GFP did not protect mice from tumor. Mice that received HSV.4-1BBL-stimulated OT-1/GFP exhibited increased cytolytic activity against LLC/OVA and higher percentages of Ly-6C+ OT-1/GFP in the spleen and tumor bed compared with controls. Tumor-specific T cells stimulated ex vivo using tumor transduced with HSV.4-1BBL expand in vivo following adoptive transfer, resulting in tumor eradication and the generation of tumor-specific CD44+Ly-6C+CD62L- effector memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung H Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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145
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Lu ZY, Condomines M, Tarte K, Nadal L, Delteil MC, Rossi JF, Ferrand C, Klein B. B7-1 and 4-1BB ligand expression on a myeloma cell line makes it possible to expand autologous tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:443-53. [PMID: 17309825 PMCID: PMC1934405 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to confer an antigen-presenting cell (APC) ability on multiple myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) using B7-1 and/or 4-1BBL gene transfer. MATERIALS AND METHODS HMCLs were retrovirally transduced with B7-1 and/or 4-1BBL cDNAs. Allogeneic or autologous T cells were stimulated by coculture with B7-1- and/or 4-1BBL-transduced HMCLs in the presence of interleukin-2. T cell clones were obtained by limiting dilution. T-cell activation was assessed by interferon-gamma Elispot assays and cytotoxicity by (51)Cr release assays. RESULTS Neither primary multiple myeloma cells (MMCs) nor HMCLs expressed B7-1 or 4-1BBL, and these molecules could not be induced by CD40 triggering. HMCLs failed to stimulate allogeneic or autologous T cells. Transduction of HMCLs with B7-1 and/or 4-1BBL retroviruses induced a high expression of B7-1 and 4-1BBL molecules and a strong T-cell activation ability. Long-term cultured CD8(+) T-cell lines could be obtained by stimulation with the autologous B7-1/4-1BBL XG-19 HMCL. These cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) efficiently killed the autologous parental XG-19 HMCL as well as autologous primary MMCs and allogeneic HMCLs. They did not kill autologous CD34 cells and autologous EBV cell line or natural killer target K562 cells. Cloned CTL could recognize allogeneic HMCLs, demonstrating that a shared anti-MMC repertoire was expanded. CONCLUSION Transduction with B7-1 and 4-1BBL retroviruses turned HMCLs into efficient APCs. It permitted the long-term expansion of autologous anti-tumor CTL with a shared anti-MMC repertoire, for one HMCL. These data suggest developing an immunotherapy using modified tumor cells in patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maud Condomines
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie
CHU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi
Montpellier,FR
- UFR de médecine
Université Montpellier IMontpellier,FR
- Immunopathologie des maladies tumorales et autoimmunes
INSERM : U475 IFR76 Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICentre de Recherche Inserm
99, Rue Puech Villa
34197 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Karin Tarte
- Immunopathologie des maladies tumorales et autoimmunes
INSERM : U475 IFR76 Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICentre de Recherche Inserm
99, Rue Puech Villa
34197 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Laure Nadal
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie
CHU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi
Montpellier,FR
| | | | - Jean-François Rossi
- Service d'hématologie et oncologie médicale
CHU Montpellier Hôpital LapeyronieUniversité Montpellier I34000 Montpellier,FR
| | | | - Bernard Klein
- Unité de thérapie cellulaire
CHU MontpellierFR
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie
CHU MontpellierHôpital Saint-Eloi
Montpellier,FR
- UFR de médecine
Université Montpellier IMontpellier,FR
- Immunopathologie des maladies tumorales et autoimmunes
INSERM : U475 IFR76 Institut de recherche en biothérapieUniversité Montpellier ICentre de Recherche Inserm
99, Rue Puech Villa
34197 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Bernard Klein
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146
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Zhang GB, Dong QM, Hou JQ, Ge Y, Ju SG, Lu BF, Zhang XG. Characterization and application of three novel monoclonal antibodies against human 4-1BB: distinct epitopes of human 4-1BB on lung tumor cells and immune cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:470-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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147
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Zhang B, Maris CH, Foell J, Whitmire J, Niu L, Song J, Kwon BS, Vella AT, Ahmed R, Jacob J, Mittler RS. Immune suppression or enhancement by CD137 T cell costimulation during acute viral infection is time dependent. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:3029-41. [PMID: 17853940 PMCID: PMC1974869 DOI: 10.1172/jci32426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 is expressed on activated T cells and ligands to this costimulatory molecule have clinical potential for amplifying CD8 T cell immunity to tumors and viruses, while suppressing CD4 autoimmune T cell responses. To understand the basis for this dichotomy in T cell function, CD4 and CD8 antiviral immunity was measured in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong- or A/PR8/34 influenza-infected mice injected with anti-CD137 mAbs. We found that the timing of administration of anti-CD137 mAbs profoundly altered the nature of the antiviral immune response during acute infection. Antiviral immunity progressed normally for the first 72 hours when the mAb was administered early in infection before undergoing complete collapse by day 8 postinfection. Anti-CD137-injected LCMV-infected mice became tolerant to, and persistently infected with, LCMV Armstrong. Elevated levels of IL-10 early in the response was key to the loss of CD4(+) T cells, whereas CD8(+) T cell deletion was dependent on a prolonged TNF-alpha response, IL-10, and upregulation of Fas. Blocking IL-10 function rescued CD4 antiviral immunity but not CD8(+) T cell deletion. Anti-CD137 treatment given beyond 72 hours after infection significantly enhanced antiviral immunity. Mice treated with anti-CD137 mAb 1 day before infection with A/PR8/34 virus experienced 80% mortality compared with 40% mortality of controls. When treatment was delayed until day 1 postinfection, 100% of the infected mice survived. These data show that anti-CD137 mAbs can induce T cell activation-induced cell death or enhance antiviral immunity depending on the timing of treatment, which may be important for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyue Zhang
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Charles H. Maris
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Juergen Foell
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jason Whitmire
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Liguo Niu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jing Song
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Byoung S. Kwon
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joshy Jacob
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert S. Mittler
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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148
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Zhang P, Gao F, Wang Q, Wang X, Zhu F, Ma C, Sun W, Zhang L. Agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody promotes the expansion of natural regulatory T cells while maintaining Foxp3 expression. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:435-40. [PMID: 17850588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The engagement of the 4-1BB (CD137) co-stimulatory pathway promotes the activation and proliferation of conventional CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells, but the role of 4-1BB co-stimulation in CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) is less clear. In particular, whether 4-1BB stimulation affects the expression of Foxp3, a master gene for Treg, is unknown. This study demonstrates that co-stimulation of 4-1BB engaged by an agonistic antibody promotes the proliferation of Treg in a dependent manner of low-concentration interleukin-2 in vitro. The 4-1BB-expanded Treg maintain Foxp3 expression and their ability to suppress conventional CD4(+) T cells and their feature to produce no interleukin-2. However, the 4-1BB-expanded Treg produce increased levels of interferon-gamma, whose significance is unknown. Thus, 4-1BB co-stimulation plays a role in the expansion of functional CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells without adversely affecting their suppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Shandong University Medical School, Jinan, Shandong, China
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149
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Zhang H, Snyder KM, Suhoski MM, Maus MV, Kapoor V, June CH, Mackall CL. 4-1BB is superior to CD28 costimulation for generating CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4910-8. [PMID: 17878391 PMCID: PMC3809056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Artificial APCs (aAPCs) genetically modified to express selective costimulatory molecules provide a reproducible, cost-effective, and convenient method for polyclonal and Ag-specific expansion of human T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Among the variety of aAPCs that have been studied, acellular beads expressing anti-CD3/anti-CD28 efficiently expand CD4+ cells, but not CD8+ T cells. Cell-based aAPCs can effectively expand cytolytic CD8+ cells, but optimal costimulatory signals have not been defined. 4-1BB, a costimulatory molecule expressed by a minority of resting CD8+ T cells, is transiently up-regulated by all CD8+ T cells following activation. We compared expansion of human cytolytic CD8+ T cells using cell-based aAPCs providing costimulation via 4-1BB vs CD28. Whereas anti-CD3/anti-CD28 aAPCs mostly expand naive cells, anti-CD3/4-1BBL aAPCs preferentially expand memory cells, resulting in superior enrichment of Ag-reactive T cells which recognize previously primed Ags and efficient expansion of electronically sorted CD8+ populations reactive toward viral or self-Ags. Using HLA-A2-Fc fusion proteins linked to 4-1BBL aAPCs, 3-log expansion of Ag-specific CD8+ CTL was induced over 14 days, whereas similar Ag-specific CD8+ T cell expansion did not occur using HLA-A2-Fc/anti-CD28 aAPCs. Furthermore, when compared with cytolytic T cells expanded using CD28 costimulation, CTL expanded using 4-1BB costimulation mediate enhanced cytolytic capacity due, in part, to NKG2D up-regulation. These results demonstrate that 4-1BB costimulation is essential for expanding memory CD8+ T cells ex vivo and is superior to CD28 costimulation for generating Ag-specific products for adoptive cell therapy.
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MESH Headings
- 4-1BB Ligand/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- MART-1 Antigen
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kristen M. Snyder
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Megan M. Suhoski
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marcela V. Maus
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Carl H. June
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Crystal L. Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Crystal L. Mackall, Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Building 10-CRC, 1W-3940, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1928, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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150
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Habib-Agahi M, Phan TT, Searle PF. Co-stimulation with 4-1BB ligand allows extended T-cell proliferation, synergizes with CD80/CD86 and can reactivate anergic T cells. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1383-94. [PMID: 17977894 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of T cells requires co-stimulation, in addition to signals through the antigen-receptor complex. Antigen encounter without adequate co-stimulation results in T-cell desensitization or anergy, a mechanism of peripheral tolerance and an apparent obstacle to cancer immunotherapy. One important co-stimulatory pathway involves CD28 engagement by CD80 or CD86. However, other ligand-receptor pairs can also provide co-stimulation and may have important functions modulating the immune response. Previous reports indicated that co-stimulation using 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) or agonistic anti-4-1BB antibodies could prolong T-cell responses, avoid activation-induced cell death and promote anti-tumour responses in mice. To further investigate the potential for cancer immunotherapy, we studied the effects of CD80/CD86 and 4-1BBL in repeated stimulation of human T cells and asked whether 4-1BBL might be capable of reversing anergy. We expressed CD80, CD86 and 4-1BBL in A549 lung carcinoma cells using adenovirus vectors and co-cultured these with human T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody. Proliferation co-stimulated by CD80 or CD86 was transient; however, 4-1BBL-co-stimulated cultures continued to proliferate for up to 5 weeks, with repeated stimulation. Combined co-stimulation with CD80/CD86 and 4-1BBL also allowed continuous proliferation at a faster rate than either signal alone. Co-stimulation with 4-1BBL did not suppress expression of the inducible, inhibitory CD80/CD86R, CTLA-4. Significantly, we show that T cells that had become non-responsive to anti-CD3, either alone or together with CD80/CD86 co-stimulation, and thus were anergic, could be reactivated to proliferate when costimulated with 4-1BBL, either alone or combined with CD80/CD86.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Habib-Agahi
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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