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Lifshitz GV, Zhdanov DD, Lokhonina AV, Eliseeva DD, Lyssuck EY, Zavalishin IA, Bykovskaia SN. Ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells CD4 +CD25 +FoxP3 +CD127 Low develop strong immunosuppressive activity in patients with remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:388-396. [PMID: 27424664 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1199020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by defect in regulatory function of CD4+CD25+ T cells. We demonstrated difference in proportion of regulatory T cells CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127low (Tregs) within the same patients' relapse and remission. Proportion of peripheral Tregs (pTregs) dropped almost two times in the relapse compare to remission. Levels of pTregs in patients' remission were lower than in healthy donors. Suppressive ability of pTregs was decreased in MS patients compared to healthy donors. Injections of expanded ex vivo autologous Tregs (eTregs) could be helpful in bringing up the level of Tregs in patients' blood. We developed a simple method for ex vivo expansion of autologous Tregs within a short period of time. The final pool of cells consisted of 90-95% eTregs. When we started the culture with 10-20 × 106 CD4+ T cells, we yield 300-400 × 106 eTregs in a week. Expression of FoxP3 and Helios was calculated by two methods. Expanded ex vivo patients' and donors' Tregs were characterized by increased from three to five times expression of FoxP3, as well as almost doubled Helios expression. Peripheral Tregs in MS patients have decreased demethylation of FoxP3 gene promoter in comparison with donors. On the contrary, eTregs showed stable up-regulated demethylation without difference between MS patients and donors. MS patients' and donors' eTregs have much more suppressive ability than pTregs. Our data showed that eTregs can be applied as immunotherapy for MS patients and other autoimmune diseases if further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelena V Lifshitz
- a Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Dmitry D Zhdanov
- a Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow , Russia.,b Regenex LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center , Moscow , Russia , and
| | - Anastasia V Lokhonina
- a Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow , Russia.,b Regenex LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center , Moscow , Russia , and
| | - Daria D Eliseeva
- b Regenex LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center , Moscow , Russia , and.,c Neurology Scientific Research Institute , Moscow , Russia
| | - Elena Y Lyssuck
- a Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow , Russia.,b Regenex LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center , Moscow , Russia , and
| | | | - Svetlana N Bykovskaia
- a Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow , Russia.,b Regenex LLC, Skolkovo Innovation Center , Moscow , Russia , and
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Tang J, Yang R, Lv L, Yao A, Pu L, Yin A, Li X, Yu Y, Nyberg SL, Wang X. Transforming growth factor-β-Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Local Tolerance in a Rat Liver Transplantation Model of Acute Rejection. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2681-2692. [PMID: 27333806 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jincao Tang
- Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
- Digestive Medical Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Renjie Yang
- Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Ling Lv
- Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Aihua Yao
- Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Liyong Pu
- Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Aihong Yin
- Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xiangcheng Li
- Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yue Yu
- Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery; Division of Experimental Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Liver Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation; Ministry of Public Health; Nanjing Jiangsu Province China
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103
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Epicutaneous immunotherapy induces gastrointestinal LAP + regulatory T cells and prevents food-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:189-201.e4. [PMID: 27417020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The attempt to induce oral tolerance as a treatment for food allergy has been hampered by a lack of sustained clinical protection. Immunotherapy by nonoral routes, such as the skin, may be more effective for the development of maintained tolerance to food allergens. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the efficacy and mechanism of tolerance induced by epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) in a model of food-induced anaphylaxis. METHODS C3H/HeJ mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) orally or through the skin and treated with EPIT using OVA-Viaskin patches or oral immunotherapy using OVA. Mice were orally challenged with OVA to induce anaphylaxis. Antigen-specific regulatory T (Treg)-cell induction was assessed by flow cytometry using a transgenic T-cell transfer model. RESULTS By using an adjuvant-free model of food allergy generated by epicutaneous sensitization and reactions triggered by oral allergen challenge, we found that EPIT induced sustained protection against anaphylaxis. We show that the gastrointestinal tract is deficient in de novo generation of Treg cells in allergic mice. This defect was tissue-specific, and epicutaneous application of antigen generated a population of gastrointestinal-homing LAP+Foxp3- Treg cells. The mechanism of protection was found to be a novel pathway of direct TGF-β-dependent Treg-cell suppression of mast cell activation, in the absence of modulation of T- or B-cell responses. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the immune communication between skin and gastrointestinal tract, and identifies novel mechanisms by which epicutaneous tolerance can suppress food-induced anaphylaxis.
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104
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Severin ME, Lee PW, Liu Y, Selhorst AJ, Gormley MG, Pei W, Yang Y, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Racke MK, Lovett-Racke AE. MicroRNAs targeting TGFβ signalling underlie the regulatory T cell defect in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2016; 139:1747-61. [PMID: 27190026 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling is critical for regulatory T cell development and function, and regulatory T cell dysregulation is a common observation in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. In a comprehensive miRNA profiling study of patients with multiple sclerosis naïve CD4 T cells, 19 differentially expressed miRNAs predicted to target the TGFβ signalling pathway were identified, leading to the hypothesis that miRNAs may be responsible for the regulatory T cell defect observed in patients with multiple sclerosis. Patients with multiple sclerosis had reduced levels of TGFβ signalling components in their naïve CD4 T cells. The differentially expressed miRNAs negatively regulated the TGFβ pathway, resulting in a reduced capacity of naïve CD4 T cells to differentiate into regulatory T cells. Interestingly, the limited number of regulatory T cells, that did develop when these TGFβ-targeting miRNAs were overexpressed, were capable of suppressing effector T cells. As it has previously been demonstrated that compromising TGFβ signalling results in a reduced regulatory T cell repertoire insufficient to control autoimmunity, and patients with multiple sclerosis have a reduced regulatory T cell repertoire, these data indicate that the elevated expression of multiple TGFβ-targeting miRNAs in naïve CD4 T cells of patients with multiple sclerosis impairs TGFβ signalling, and dampens regulatory T cell development, thereby enhancing susceptibility to developing multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Severin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Priscilla W Lee
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amanda J Selhorst
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew G Gormley
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Wei Pei
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael K Racke
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy E Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Dwivedi M, Kumar P, Laddha NC, Kemp EH. Induction of regulatory T cells: A role for probiotics and prebiotics to suppress autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:379-92. [PMID: 26774011 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells that play a vital role in suppressing inflammation and maintaining immune tolerance. Given the crucial role of Tregs in maintaining immune homeostasis, it is probably not surprising that many microbial species and their metabolites have the potential to induce Tregs. There is now great interest in the therapeutic potential of probiotics and prebiotics based strategies for a range of autoimmune disorders. This review will summarise recent findings concerning the role of probiotics and prebiotics in induction of Tregs to ameliorate the autoimmune conditions. In addition, the article is focused to explain the different mechanisms of Treg induction and function by these probiotics and prebiotics, based on the available studies till date. The article further proposes that induction of Tregs by probiotics and prebiotics could lead to the development of new therapeutic approach towards curbing the autoimmune response and as an alternative to detrimental immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, Gujarat -394350, India
| | - Prasant Kumar
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, Gujarat -394350, India
| | - Naresh C Laddha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Unipath Specialty Laboratory Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - E Helen Kemp
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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106
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Xu A, Liu Y, Chen W, Wang J, Xue Y, Huang F, Rong L, Lin J, Liu D, Yan M, Li QZ, Li B, Song J, Olsen N, Zheng SG. TGF-β-Induced Regulatory T Cells Directly Suppress B Cell Responses through a Noncytotoxic Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3631-41. [PMID: 27001954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) playing a crucial role in the maintenance of immune tolerance and prevention of autoimmune diseases consist of thymus-derived naturally occurring CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells (nTreg) and those that can be induced ex vivo with TGF-β (iTreg). Although both Treg subsets share similar phenotypes and functional characteristics, they also have potential biologic differences on their biology. The role of iTreg in regulating B cells remains unclear so far. The suppression assays of Treg subsets on activation, proliferation, and Abs production of B cells were measured using a Treg and B cell coculture system in vitro. Transwell and Ab blockade experiments were performed to assess the roles of cell contact and soluble cytokines. Treg were adoptively transferred to lupus mice to assess in vivo effects on B cells. Like nTreg, iTreg subset also directly suppressed activation and proliferation of B cells. nTreg subset suppressed B cell responses through cytotoxic manner related to expression of granzyme A, granzyme B, and perforin, whereas the role of iTreg subset on B cells did not involve in cytotoxic action but depending on TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, iTreg subset can significantly suppress Ab produced by lupus B cells in vitro. Comparison experiments using autoantibodies microarrays demonstrated that adoptive transfer of iTreg had a superior effect than nTreg subset on suppressing lupus B cell responses in vivo. Our data implicate a role and advantage of iTreg subset in treating B cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, boosting the translational potential of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China;
| | - Ya Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Weiqian Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; Division of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Youqiu Xue
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Liming Rong
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jin Lin
- Division of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China
| | - Dahai Liu
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bin Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033;
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107
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Zhang X, Feng M, Liu X, Bai L, Kong M, Chen Y, Zheng S, Liu S, Wan YJY, Duan Z, Han YP. Persistence of cirrhosis is maintained by intrahepatic regulatory T cells that inhibit fibrosis resolution by regulating the balance of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases and matrix metalloproteinases. Transl Res 2016; 169:67-79.e1-2. [PMID: 26613891 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the result of the abnormal accumulation of the extracellular matrix and ineffective clearance of fibroplasia. CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive lymphocytes that are highly expressed in the fibrotic tissues and peripheral blood of patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of Tregs in the progression of liver fibrosis is not well understood. Our experiments reveal that abundant of Tregs was scattered around sites of fibroplasia. Conversely, the depletion of Tregs promoted the resolution of liver fibrosis. As a consequence of Tregs depletion, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) was altered; mmp9 and timp1 were reduced, whereas mmp2 and mmp14 were enhanced. The mmp9/timp1, mmp13/timp1, and mmp14/timp2 ratios were significantly increased in association with fibrosis resolution. Kupffer cells (KCs) are the main source of MMP. We observed that when KCs were cocultured with Tregs, the Tregs were able to inhibit MMP expression of KCs even at a low ratio; and anti-transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) significantly reversed the inhibition of Tregs on MMP. Meanwhile, we also found that after Tregs depletion, TGF-β levels decreased in the mice liver, unlike in fibrosis. Furthermore, double depletion of both KCs and Tregs did not cause fiber resolution in mice. Thus, our results demonstrate that the persistence of liver cirrhosis is maintained by increased Tregs in the sites of fibroplasia and the subsequent regulation of the MMP/TIMP balance and that the suppression of KC-mediated MMP expression contributed to the regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- Artificial Liver Treatment Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Liver Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Artificial Liver Treatment Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Artificial Liver Treatment Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Artificial Liver Treatment Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Artificial Liver Treatment Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- Artificial Liver Treatment Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Artificial Liver Treatment Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Health Systems, Sacramento, Calif
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Treatment Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuan-Ping Han
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, The Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, and The National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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108
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Zhang P, Guo Z, Zhong K, Li Q, Ouyang J, Chen M, Hu A, Jiao X, Zhu X, He X. Evaluation of Immune Profiles and MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Long-Term Stable Liver Transplant Recipients and Recipients With Acute Rejection Episodes. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:2907-15. [PMID: 26707312 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to document the difference of immunophenotypes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) between long-term stable liver transplant recipients and recipients with acute rejection. We also sought to identify whether there is any correlation between microRNA (miRNA) expression profile and the differential immunoprofile in these 2 groups to establish a specific miRNA biomarker to identify potential liver transplant recipients. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from 53 stable liver transplant recipients (STA group) and 15 liver transplant recipients with repeated biopsy-proven rejection episodes admitted to our hospital. Immunoprofiles were analyzed by means of flow cytometry. Analysis of miRNA expression in the PBMCs was performed by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The immune profiling analysis showed increased frequency of peripheral natural killer cells and regulatory T cells in stable liver transplant recipients compared with the acute rejection recipients and healthy volunteers (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the immune cell levels (CD19(+) B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells) in PBMCs among the transplant recipient groups and healthy control subjects. Three miRNAs, miR-18b, miR-340, and miR-106b, were up-regulated in the PBMCs of the STA recipients compared with recipients with acute rejection. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that miR-18b, miR-340, and miR-106b, which regulate the expression of specific immunophenotypes, can be used as potential biomarkers to identify long-term stable liver transplant recipients from recipients with acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Guo
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - K Zhong
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Li
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - J Ouyang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - M Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - A Hu
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - X Jiao
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - X Zhu
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - X He
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Fingolimod ameliorates the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting Akt-mTOR axis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 30:171-178. [PMID: 26632437 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod is a new immunosuppressive agent approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). It acts as a functional antagonist to downregulate the S1P1 receptor, which is known to signal through the Akt-mTOR pathway. We investigated the mechanism of fingolimod action in the classical animal model of MS: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Fingolimod treatment significantly reduced clinical scores and histopathology in this model, even when treatment was begun after the onset of pathology. The Akt-mTOR signaling pathway was shown to be activated in the EAE model, by measuring the abundance of downstream activation markers, pAkt and ps6k. And this pathway was inhibited when EAE mice were treated with fingolimod. Mice with EAE exhibited an increased frequency of Th1 cells in the spleen, with concomitant increases in the mRNA levels of Tbet and Ifng and increased IFN-γ production by activated splenocytes; the frequency of Treg cells, as well as mRNA levels of Foxp3 and Tgfb, was reduced, as was TGF-β production by activated splenocytes. After treatment with fingolimod, these parameters were reversed, suggesting that fingolimod treatment inhibits the Akt-mTOR axis in EAE, which affects the differentiation and function of Th1 and Treg cells. These results provide an insight into the mechanism of action of fingolimod treatment and may provide new ideas for treating EAE and MS.
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110
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Glycolysis controls the induction of human regulatory T cells by modulating the expression of FOXP3 exon 2 splicing variants. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:1174-84. [PMID: 26414764 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells) that develop from conventional T cells (T(conv) cells) following suboptimal stimulation via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) (induced T(reg) cells (iT(reg) cells)) express the transcription factor Foxp3, are suppressive, and display an active proliferative and metabolic state. Here we found that the induction and suppressive function of iT(reg) cells tightly depended on glycolysis, which controlled Foxp3 splicing variants containing exon 2 (Foxp3-E2) through the glycolytic enzyme enolase-1. The Foxp3-E2-related suppressive activity of iT(reg) cells was altered in human autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, and was associated with impaired glycolysis and signaling via interleukin 2. This link between glycolysis and Foxp3-E2 variants via enolase-1 shows a previously unknown mechanism for controlling the induction and function of T(reg) cells in health and in autoimmunity.
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111
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Yamada A, Ushio A, Arakaki R, Tsunematsu T, Kudo Y, Hayashi Y, Ishimaru N. Impaired expansion of regulatory T cells in a neonatal thymectomy-induced autoimmune mouse model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2886-97. [PMID: 26343329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal thymectomy in certain mouse strains is known to induce organ-specific autoimmunity due to impaired functions of T cells, including Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in the thymus. The precise mechanism underlying the induction of autoimmunity by neonatal thymectomy remains unclear. One possibility is that depletion of Treg cells breaks down peripheral tolerance. We examined the functions of Treg cells by using a murine Sjögren syndrome model of NFS/sld mice that underwent neonatal thymectomy. The ratio of Treg cells to effector memory phenotype T cells in thymectomy mice was significantly lower than that of nonthymectomy mice. In addition, in vitro induction of peripherally induced Treg cells by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) using naive T cells from Sjögren syndrome model mice was severely impaired. The mRNA expression of TGF-β receptor I and II and Smad3 and -4 in the TGF-β-induced signal transduction pathway of Treg cells in this Sjögren syndrome model were lower than those of control mice. In addition, Treg cells in this Sjögren syndrome model exhibited an interferon-γ-producing Th1-like phenotype that resembled effector T cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that abnormal expansion and differentiation of Treg cells and inflammatory cytokines produced by Treg cells contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamada
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Aya Ushio
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rieko Arakaki
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
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112
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Liu ZM, Wang KP, Ma J, Guo Zheng S. The role of all-trans retinoic acid in the biology of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:553-7. [PMID: 25640656 PMCID: PMC4579645 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are necessary for immune system homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmune diseases. Foxp3 is specifically expressed in Treg cells and plays a key role in their differentiation and function. Foxp3(+) Treg cells are consisted of naturally occurring, thymus-derived Treg (nTreg) and peripheral-induced Treg (iTreg) cells that may have different functional characteristics or synergistic roles. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a vitamin A metabolite, regulates a wide range of biological processes, including cell differentiation and proliferation. Recent studies demonstrated that atRA also regulates the differentiation of T helper (Th) cells and Treg cells. Moreover, atRA also sustains nTreg stability under inflammatory conditions. In this review, we summarize the significant progress of our understanding of the role(s) and mechanisms of atRA in Treg biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Peng Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Division of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jilin Ma
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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113
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Guo J, Zhou X. Regulatory T cells turn pathogenic. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:525-32. [PMID: 25942597 PMCID: PMC4579652 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are considered a sub-lineage of CD4(+) T cells that are protective against autoimmunity due to their essential roles in maintaining immune homeostasis and self-tolerance. However, Treg cells are unstable in vivo in terms of lineage specialization and suppressive function. These unstable Treg cells play roles in the pathogenesis of diseases, which cause safety concerns regarding human Treg cell therapy. In this review, we highlight recent findings that demonstrate the pathogenic conversion of Treg cells in different disease models.
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114
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How regulatory T cells sense and adapt to inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:519-20. [PMID: 26277895 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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115
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Lam E, Choi SH, Pareek TK, Kim BG, Letterio JJ. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 represses Foxp3 gene expression and Treg development through specific phosphorylation of Stat3 at Serine 727. Mol Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26198700 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is known as a unique member of the cyclin-dependent family of serine/threonine kinases. Previously, we demonstrated Cdk5 to be an important regulator of T cell function and that disruption of Cdk5 expression ameliorates T cell mediated neuroinflammation. Here, we show a novel role of Cdk5 in the regulation of Foxp3 expression in murine CD4(+) T cells. Our data indicate that disruption of Cdk5 activity in T cells abrogates the IL-6 suppression of Foxp3 expression. This effect is achieved through Cdk5 phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) specifically at Serine 727 in T cells, and we show this post-translational modification is required for proper Stat3 DNA binding to the Foxp3 gene on the enhancer II region. Taken together, our data point to an essential role for Cdk5 in the differentiation of T cells as it regulates Foxp3 gene expression through phosphorylation of Stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Center, The Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult Cancer Institute, United States; The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Center, The Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult Cancer Institute, United States; The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Tej K Pareek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Center, The Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult Cancer Institute, United States; The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Center, The Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult Cancer Institute, United States; The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - John J Letterio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Center, The Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult Cancer Institute, United States; The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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116
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Fang LL, Yu HQ, Wu RJ, He C, Li M, Yan H, Li JJ, Wang S, Liu ZG, Liu ZJ, Yang PC. Thrombospondin 1 Modulates Monocyte Properties to Suppress Intestinal Mucosal Inflammation. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:601-11. [PMID: 25998580 DOI: 10.1159/000398799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes (Mos) play an important role in the pathogenesis of intestinal mucosal inflammation. This study aims to investigate the mechanism by which the intestinal epithelial cell-derived thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) modulates Mo properties and regulates intestinal inflammatory responses. In this study, the production of TSP1 by intestinal epithelial cells was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. The properties of Mos were analyzed by flow cytometry. A mouse model of colitis was created to assess the role of epithelium-derived TSP1 in the suppression of intestinal inflammation. The results demonstrated that mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) expressed TSP1, which was markedly upregulated by butyrate or feeding with Clostridium butyricum. Coculture of the butyrate-primed IECs and Mos or exposure of Mos to TSP1 in the culture induced the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in Mos. These TGF-β+ Mos had tolerogenic properties that could promote generation of inducible regulatory T cells. Adoptive transfer with TSP1-primed Mos, or feeding C. butyricum could prevent experimental colitis in mice. In summary, C. butyricum induces intestinal epithelial cells to produce TSP1 and induces TGF-β+ Mos, which further suppress experimental colitis in mice. The results implicate that the administration of C. butyricum or butyrate may have the potential to ameliorate chronic intestinal inflammation through inducing immunosuppressive Mos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Lei Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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117
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Yang G, Geng XR, Liu ZQ, Liu JQ, Liu XY, Xu LZ, Zhang HP, Sun YX, Liu ZG, Yang PC. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1)-producing B cells restore antigen (Ag)-specific immune tolerance in an allergic environment. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12858-67. [PMID: 25839231 PMCID: PMC4432301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.623421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoration of the antigen (Ag)-specific immune tolerance in an allergic environment is refractory. B cells are involved in immune regulation. Whether B cells facilitate the generation of Ag-specific immune tolerance in an allergic environment requires further investigation. This paper aims to elucidate the mechanism by which B cells restore the Ag-specific immune tolerance in an allergic environment. In this study, a B cell-deficient mouse model was created by injecting an anti-CD20 antibody. The frequency of tolerogenic dendritic cell (TolDC) was assessed by flow cytometry. The levels of cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) was assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, and methylation-specific PCR. The results showed that B cells were required in the generation of the TGF-β-producing TolDCs in mice. B cell-derived TSP1 converted the latent TGF-β to the active TGF-β in DCs, which generated TGF-β-producing TolDCs. Exposure to IL-13 inhibited the expression of TSP1 in B cells by enhancing the TSP1 gene DNA methylation. Treating food allergy mice with Ag-specific immunotherapy and IL-13 antagonists restored the generation of TolDCs and enhanced the effect of specific immunotherapy. In conclusion, B cells play a critical role in the restoration of specific immune tolerance in an allergic environment. Blocking IL-13 in an allergic environment facilitated the generation of TolDCs and enhanced the therapeutic effect of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Yang
- From the ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China, the Brain Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada, and Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Geng
- From the ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China, the Brain Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada, and Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- From the ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China, the Brain Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada, and Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Jiang-Qi Liu
- From the ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China, the Brain Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada, and Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- From the ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Xu
- From the ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Huan-Ping Zhang
- the Brain Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada, and
| | - Ying-Xue Sun
- the Brain Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada, and
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- From the ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- From the ENT Institute of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China, the Brain Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6, Canada, and
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118
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Qiu T, Teng Y, Wang Y, Xu L. Adoptive transfer of transforming growth factor-?1-induced CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells prevents immune response-mediated spontaneous abortion. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14503. [PMID: 25969999 DOI: 10.1071/rd14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of adoptive transfer of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced regulatory T (Treg) cells in preventing spontaneous abortion in mice were investigated. CD4+CD25- cells were isolated from the spleens of pregnant CBA/J mice and induced into Treg cells positive for CD4, CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) ex vivo using interleukin (IL)-2 and TGF-β1. CBA/J mice were mated with DBA/2J mice to establish a model of spontaneous abortion and, on the first day of pregnancy, mice were injected intravenously with 2 × 105 either freshly isolated Treg cells or those induced with TGF-β1. After 14 days, the surviving and reabsorbed fetuses in both groups were counted, and serum cytokine concentrations were measured by ELISA. Adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ or TGF-β1-induced Treg cells significantly reduced the fetal resorption rate, increased serum IL-10 and TGF-β1 concentrations and decreased interferon-γ levels. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that adoptive transfer of TGF-β1-induced Treg cells prevents spontaneous abortion in mice by increasing the secretion of T helper (Th) 2 cytokines and decreasing the secretion of Th1 cytokines.
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119
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TGF-Beta Blockade Increases Renal Inflammation Caused by the C-Terminal Module of the CCN2. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:506041. [PMID: 26074680 PMCID: PMC4436472 DOI: 10.1155/2015/506041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family member 2 (CCN2, also known as
connective tissue growth factor) may behave as a risk
biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for renal
disease. CCN2 participates in the regulation of
inflammation and fibrosis. TGF-β is considered
the main fibrogenic cytokine; however, in some
pathological settings TGF-β also has
anti-inflammatory properties. CCN2 has been proposed
as a downstream profibrotic mediator of TGF-β,
but data on TGF-β role in CCN2 actions are
scarce. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of
TGF-β blockade in CCN2-mediated experimental
renal damage. Systemic administration of the
C-terminal module of CCN2 to mice caused sustained
renal inflammation. In these mice, TGF-β
blockade, using an anti-TGF-β neutralizing
antibody, significantly increased renal expression of
the NGAL (a kidney injury biomarker), kidney
infiltration by monocytes/macrophages, and
upregulation of MCP-1 expression. The
anti-inflammatory effect of TGF-β seems to be
mediated by a dysregulation of the systemic Treg
immune response, shown by decreased levels of
circulating CD4+/Foxp3+Treg
cells. Our experimental data support the idea that
TGF-β exerts anti-inflammatory actions in the
kidney and suggest that it is not an optimal
therapeutic target.
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120
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Huang W, August A. The signaling symphony: T cell receptor tunes cytokine-mediated T cell differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:477-85. [PMID: 25525115 PMCID: PMC4338847 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ri0614-293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell development, differentiation, and maintenance are orchestrated by 2 key signaling axes: the antigen-specific TCR and cytokine-mediated signals. The TCR signals the recognition of self- and foreign antigens to control T cell homeostasis for immune tolerance and immunity, which is regulated by a variety of cytokines to determine T cell subset homeostasis and differentiation. TCR signaling can synergize with or antagonize cytokine-mediated signaling to fine tune T cell fate; however, the latter is less investigated. Murine models with attenuated TCR signaling strength have revealed that TCR signaling can function as regulatory feedback machinery for T cell homeostasis and differentiation in differential cytokine milieus, such as IL-2-mediated Treg development; IL-7-mediated, naïve CD8(+) T cell homeostasis; and IL-4-induced innate memory CD8(+) T cell development. In this review, we discuss the symphonic cross-talk between TCR and cytokine-mediated responses that differentially control T cell behavior, with a focus on the negative tuning by TCR activation on the cytokine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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121
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Sun T, Zhang D, Yang Y, Zhang X, Lv C, Fu R, Lv M, Liu W, Chen Y, Liu W, Huang Y, Xue F, Liu X, Zhang L, Li H, Yang R. Interleukin 35 may contribute to the loss of immunological self-tolerance in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2015; 169:278-85. [PMID: 25640666 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder. Interleukin-35 (IL35) can suppress T cell proliferation and elicit the development of inducible regulatory T cells (Tregs). Previous studies have shown decreased plasma IL35 levels and dysfunctional T cells in patients with ITP. In this study, we determined whether decreased IL35 levels correlate with T cell dysfunction in ITP patients. Plasma IL35 levels were found to be lower in ITP patients than in healthy controls, were positively correlated with platelet levels and the percentage of peripheral circulating Tregs, and negatively correlated with the levels of T helper-1 cells in ITP patients. We also evaluated the effects of IL35 on cytokines contributing to T cell proliferation. IL35 promoted the secretion of interleukin 10 (IL10) and transforming growth factor-β1 but reduced the levels of interferon-γ and IL17A (also termed IL17). Moreover, IL35 inhibited the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but induced the differentiation and proliferation of Tregs in ITP. In summary, IL35 appears to contribute to the loss of immunological self-tolerance in ITP patients by modulating T cells and immunoregulatory cytokines.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Case-Control Studies
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Interleukins/blood
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/immunology
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology, Institute of Haematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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122
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Dwivedi M, Kemp EH, Laddha NC, Mansuri MS, Weetman AP, Begum R. Regulatory T cells in vitiligo: Implications for pathogenesis and therapeutics. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:49-56. [PMID: 25308528 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a hypomelanotic autoimmune skin disease arising from a breakdown in immunological self-tolerance, which leads to aberrant immune responses against melanocytes. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial to the development of self-tolerance and so are major foci in the study of autoimmune pathogenesis of vitiligo. This review will summarise recent findings concerning the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. In addition, as antigen-specific Tregs are a potential route for the reinstatement of immune tolerance, new strategies that expand or induce de novo generation of Tregs and which are currently being investigated as therapies for other autoimmune diseases, will be discussed. These approaches will highlight the opportunities for Treg cell-based therapeutics in vitiligo.
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123
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Han S, Feng S, Ren M, Ma E, Wang X, Xu L, Xu M. Glioma cell-derived placental growth factor induces regulatory B cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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124
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Gu J, Lu L, Chen M, Xu L, Lan Q, Li Q, Liu Z, Chen G, Wang P, Wang X, Brand D, Olsen N, Zheng SG. TGF-β-induced CD4+Foxp3+ T cells attenuate acute graft-versus-host disease by suppressing expansion and killing of effector CD8+ cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3388-97. [PMID: 25156367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of TGF-β-induced CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (induced regulatory T cells [iTregs]) is an important prevention and treatment strategy in autoimmune diseases and other disorders. However, the potential use of iTregs as a treatment modality for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) has not been realized because they may be unstable and less suppressive in this disease. We restudied the ability of iTregs to prevent and treat aGVHD in two mouse models. Our results showed that, as long as an appropriate iTreg-generation protocol is used, these iTregs consistently displayed a potent ability to control aGVHD development and reduce mortality in the aGVHD animal models. iTreg infusion markedly suppressed the engraftment of donor CD8(+) cells and CD4(+) cells, the expression of granzyme A and B, the cytotoxic effect of donor CD8(+) cells, and the production of T cell cytokines in aGVHD. Therefore, we conclude that as long as the correct methods for generating iTregs are used, they can prevent and even treat aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China; Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; Clinical Immunology Section, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Maogen Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qin Lan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; and
| | - Qiang Li
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China; and
| | - Guihua Chen
- Clinical Immunology Section, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - David Brand
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; Clinical Immunology Section, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China;
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125
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Wu L, Luo LH, Zhang YX, Li Q, Xu B, Zhou GX, Luan HB, Liu YS. Alteration of Th17 and Treg cells in patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion before and after lymphocyte immunization therapy. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:74. [PMID: 25086467 PMCID: PMC4237930 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several types of T cells have been associated with the pathogenesis of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA), including Th1/Th2/Th17/Tregs cell. It has been appreciated that immunotherapy with paternal or third party lymphocytes is an effective method of treatment for URSA patients. The balance of Th1/Th2 cells could be maintained and an increase of Treg cells would be beneficial after immunotherapy; however, the mechanism by which the Th17/Treg balance affects URSA has not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS Here, we used flow cytometry, liquid chip technology and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods to characterize Th17/Treg cell populations after immunotherapy. We found that after immunotherapy in URSA patients, the percentage of Th17 cells decreased and the percentage of Treg cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) increased, as detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Immunotherapy may induce a decrease in the Th17/Treg ratio and the Treg bias, which may be beneficial for the maintenance of pregnancy. The expression level of ROR gamma t, a transcription factor found in Th17 cells, decreased and the expression of the Treg-specific transcription factor Foxp3 increased in peripheral blood as detected by qPCR. Immunotherapy may induce a decrease in the ratio of ROR gamma t to Foxp3 and a Treg cell bias, which would be beneficial for pregnancy maintenance. The secretion of the Treg-associated cytokine TGF-beta, as well as Th2 cytokines, was increased in serum, while the secretion of Th17-associated cytokine IL-17A and Th1 cytokine production was decreased. The Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio significantly decreased. Similarly, the Th17/Treg ratio significantly decreased in the total patient after immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that in patients with URSA, immunotherapy with mononuclear cells derived from the baby's father could affect both Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance, and we found that the Th2 and Treg bias would be beneficial for pregnancy, which may lead to a balancing of the Th17/Treg ratio in URSA patients after immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Abortion, Habitual/blood
- Abortion, Habitual/immunology
- Abortion, Habitual/metabolism
- Abortion, Habitual/therapy
- Adult
- China
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/blood
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Hospitals, Teaching
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/blood
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Maintenance
- Pregnancy Outcome
- Prospective Studies
- Spouses
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th1-Th2 Balance
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Hua Luo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying-Xin Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qing Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong-Bing Luan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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126
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Decreased IL-35 levels in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:909-13. [PMID: 24994465 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-35 is a novel heterodimeric anti-inflammatory cytokine consisting of Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and the p35 subunit of IL-12. IL-35 has been shown to possess the potency of inhibiting the CD4+ effector T cells and alleviating autoimmune diseases. In the study we investigated the levels of IL-35 as well as its prospective role in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).ELISA was adopted to measure plasma IL-35, TGF-β and IL-10 levels. The mRNA expression levels of P35 and EBI3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were studied based on real-time quantitative PCR. The correlation between plasma cytokine levels and clinical parameters was analyzed. Significantly lower plasma IL-35 levels were found in active ITP patients compared with those in remission (p = 0.017) and the healthy controls (p < 0.001). In active ITP patients, the plasma IL-35 levels displayed a significantly positive correlation with platelet counts (r = 0.5335, p < 0.0008). Further, P35 mRNA expression levels were lower in patients with active ITP than patients in remission (p = 0.033) and normal controls (p = 0.016).Thus, for the first time, this research reported a dramatically decreased IL-35 levels in ITP patients, suggesting that IL-35 may be involved in the pathogenesis of ITP.
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127
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Yang G, Geng XR, Song JP, Wu Y, Yan H, Zhan Z, Yang L, He W, Liu ZQ, Qiu S, Liu Z, Yang PC. Insulin-like growth factor 2 enhances regulatory T-cell functions and suppresses food allergy in an experimental model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1702-8.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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128
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Salisbury EM, Wang L, Choi O, Rutschmann S, Ashton-Rickardt PG. N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis in the mouse provides strong genetic and in vivo evidence for the role of the Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD) of CARD-MAGUK1 in T regulatory cell development. Immunology 2014; 141:446-56. [PMID: 24383645 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells generated in the thymus are essential throughout life for the maintenance of T-cell homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmunity. T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD28-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB and (J)un (N)-terminal kinase pathways is known to play a key role in nTreg cell development but many of the predicted molecular interactions are based on extrapolations from non-Treg cell TCR stimulation with non-physiological ligands. For the first time, we provide strong genetic evidence of a scaffold function for the Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD) of the TCR signalling protein CARD-MAGUK1 (CARMA1) in nTreg cell development in vivo. We report two, new, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-derived mutant mice, Vulpo and Zerda, with a profound block in the development of nTreg cells in the thymus as well as impaired inducible Treg cell differentiation in the periphery. Despite independent heritage, both mutants harbour different point mutations in the CARD of the CARMA1 protein. Mutations in vulpo and zerda do not affect expression levels of CARMA1 but still impair signalling through the TCR due to defective downstream Bcl-10 recruitment by the mutated CARD of CARMA1. Phenotypic differences observed between Vulpo and Zerda mutants suggest a role for the CARD of CARMA1 independent of Bcl-10 activation of downstream pathways. We conclude that our forward genetic approach demonstrates a critical role for the CARD function of CARMA1 in Treg cell development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Salisbury
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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129
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Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) plays a crucial role in prolonging allograft survival in an allodepletion ("pruning") skin transplant model. Transpl Immunol 2014; 30:168-77. [PMID: 24746800 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies involving cell manipulation to achieve tolerance are increasingly being studied in animal models and in human trials. We have demonstrated that the specific removal of allo-stimulated dividing cells (or "pruning") promotes long-term allograft survival across a major MHC mismatch in transplant models including skin, heart and islet transplants. In this study, we examine the role of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), an important regulatory cytokine, on allograft survival in our allodepletion or "pruning" skin transplant model. Increased proliferation of CD4(+) T cells was observed following allo-stimulation of BALB/c spleen cells (labeled with CFSE) in the presence of the regulatory cytokines TGFβ and (interleukin-2) IL-2 in a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Expression of the regulatory gene forkhead box-3 (FoxP3) was increased in both the allo-stimulated non-dividing (ND) (CFSE(high)) and dividing (D) (CFSE(low)) CD4(+) T cell populations, with the highest expression found in the D CD4(+) T cell population. Mice reconstituted with allo-stimulated ND CD4(+) T cells following TGFβ/IL-2 stimulation showed prolonged allograft survival, similar to previous data. Significantly, TGFβ/IL-2 stimulation prevented acute rejection of allografts across a major MHC mismatch in the presence of highly activated allo-stimulated D CD4(+) T cells. Blockade of TGFβ promoted rejection of allografts even following depletion of allo-stimulated D CD4(+) T cells. These studies support a crucial role for TGFβ in the survival of allografts and shows that regulatory cytokines TGFβ/IL2 can delay the rejection of allografts, even in the presence of highly activated alloreactive T cells.
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130
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Liu Y, Lan Q, Lu L, Chen M, Xia Z, Ma J, Wang J, Fan H, Shen Y, Ryffel B, Brand D, Quismorio F, Liu Z, Horwitz DA, Xu A, Zheng SG. Phenotypic and functional characteristic of a newly identified CD8+ Foxp3- CD103+ regulatory T cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:81-92. [PMID: 23861553 PMCID: PMC3927769 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β and Foxp3 expressions are crucial for the induction and functional activity of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (iTreg) cells. Here, we demonstrate that although TGF-β-primed CD8(+) cells display much lower Foxp3 expression, their suppressive capacity is equivalent to that of CD4(+) iTreg cells, and both Foxp3(-) and Foxp3(+) CD8+ subsets have suppressive activities in vitro and in vivo. CD8(+)Foxp3(-) iTreg cells produce little IFN-γ but almost no IL-2, and display a typical anergic phenotype. Among phenotypic markers expressed in CD8(+)Foxp3(-) cells, we identify CD103 expression particularly crucial for the generation and function of this subset. Moreover, IL-10 and TGF-β signals rather than cytotoxicity mediate the suppressive effect of this novel Treg population. Therefore, TGF-β can induce both CD8(+)Foxp3(-) and CD8(+)Foxp3(+) iTreg subsets, which may represent the unique immunoregulatory means to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Qin Lan
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Institute of Immunology, Shanghai East Hospital at Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Maogen Chen
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zanxian Xia
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jilin Ma
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Huimin Fan
- Institute of Immunology, Shanghai East Hospital at Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Shanghai East Hospital at Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- University of Orleans and CNRS UMR7355, 3b rue de la Ferollerie, Orleans 45071, France
| | - David Brand
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Francisco Quismorio
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Shanghai East Hospital at Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - David A. Horwitz
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Anping Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Institute of Immunology, Shanghai East Hospital at Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
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131
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Piccioni M, Chen Z, Tsun A, Li B. Regulatory T-cell differentiation and their function in immune regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 841:67-97. [PMID: 25261205 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Treg) represent a subset of CD4+ T-cells characterized by high suppressive capacity, which can be generated in the thymus or induced in the periphery. The deleterious phenotype of the Scurfy mouse, which develops an X-linked lymphoproliferative disease resulting from defective T-cell tolerance, clearly demonstrates the importance of Treg cells for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Although significant progress has been achieved, much information regarding the development, characteristics and function of Treg cells remain lacking. This chapter highlights the most recent discoveries in the field of Treg biology, focusing on the development and role of this cell subset in the maintenance of immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Piccioni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China
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132
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Salisbury EM, Game DS, Lechler RI. Transplantation tolerance. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:2263-72. [PMID: 24213880 PMCID: PMC4212135 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although transplantation has been a standard medical practice for decades, marked morbidity from the use of immunosuppressive drugs and poor long-term graft survival remain important limitations in the field. Since the first solid organ transplant between the Herrick twins in 1954, transplantation immunology has sought to move away from harmful, broad-spectrum immunosuppressive regimens that carry with them the long-term risk of potentially life-threatening opportunistic infections, cardiovascular disease, and malignancy, as well as graft toxicity and loss, towards tolerogenic strategies that promote long-term graft survival. Reports of "transplant tolerance" in kidney and liver allograft recipients whose immunosuppressive drugs were discontinued for medical or non-compliant reasons, together with results from experimental models of transplantation, provide the proof-of-principle that achieving tolerance in organ transplantation is fundamentally possible. However, translating the reconstitution of immune tolerance into the clinical setting is a daunting challenge fraught with the complexities of multiple interacting mechanisms overlaid on a background of variation in disease. In this article, we explore the basic science underlying mechanisms of tolerance and review the latest clinical advances in the quest for transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Salisbury
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - David S. Game
- Department of Renal Medicine, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- King’s Health Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS UK
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133
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Singh UP, Singh NP, Guan H, Busbee B, Price RL, Taub DD, Mishra MK, Fayad R, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti PS. Leptin antagonist ameliorates chronic colitis in IL-10⁻/⁻ mice. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1439-51. [PMID: 23726523 PMCID: PMC3778116 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the etiology of two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are unknown and evidence suggests that chronic intestinal inflammation is caused by an excessive immune response to mucosal antigens. Previous studies support the role for TGF-β1 through 3 in the initiation and maintenance of tolerance via the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to control intestinal inflammation. Leptin, a satiety hormone produced primarily by adipose tissue, has been shown to increase during colitis progression and is believed to contribute to disease genesis and/or progression. AIM We investigated the ability of a pegylated leptin antagonist (PG-MLA) to ameliorate the development of chronic experimental colitis. RESULTS Compared to vehicle control animals, PG-MLA treatment of mice resulted in an (1) attenuated clinical score; (2) reversed colitis-associated pathogenesis including a decrease in body weight; (3) reduced systemic and mucosal inflammatory cytokine expression; (4) increased insulin levels and (5) enhanced systemic and mucosal Tregs and CD39⁺ Tregs in mice with chronic colitis. The percentage of systemic and mucosal TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3 expressing CD4⁺ T cells were augmented after PG-MLA treatment. The activation of STAT1 and STAT3 and the expression of Smad7 were also reduced after PG-MLA treatment in the colitic mice. These findings clearly suggest that PG-MLA treatment reduces intestinal Smad7 expression, restores TGF-β1-3 signaling and reduces STAT1/STAT3 activation that may increase the number of Tregs to ameliorate chronic colitis. CONCLUSION This study clearly links inflammation with the metabolic hormone leptin suggesting that nutritional status influences immune tolerance through the induction of functional Tregs. Inhibiting leptin activity through PG-MLA might provide a new and novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udai P Singh
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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134
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Lu L, Feng M, Gu J, Xia Z, Zhang H, Zheng S, Duan Z, Hu R, Wang J, Shi W, Ji C, Shen Y, Chen G, Zheng SG, Han YP. Restoration of intrahepatic regulatory T cells through MMP-9/13-dependent activation of TGF-β is critical for immune homeostasis following acute liver injury. J Mol Cell Biol 2013; 5:369-79. [PMID: 24280647 PMCID: PMC3841112 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the acute liver injury, immune responses are provoked into eliciting inflammation in the acute phase. In the healing phase, the inflammation is terminated for wound healing and restoration of immune homeostasis. In this study, we sought to address how regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in the progression of liver injury and repair. In the acute phase, intrahepatic Tregs (CD4(+)FoxP3(+)Helios(+)) diminished promptly through apoptosis, which was followed by inflammation and tissue injury. In the healing phase, a new subset of Tregs (CD4(+)Foxp3(+)Helios(-)) was generated in correlation with the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) cascade and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) activation that were manifested mainly by hepatic stellate cells. Moreover, the induction of induced Tregs and wound healing were both impaired in mice lacking TGF-β signaling or MMPs. The depletion of induced Tregs also impeded wound healing for tissue repair. Together, this study demonstrates the mechanism that the loss of nTregs through apoptosis in the acute phase may facilitate inflammation, while regenerated Tregs through MMP9/13-dependent activation of TGF-β in the healing phase are critical to terminate inflammation and allow for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sujun Zheng
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Richard Hu
- Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91342, USA
| | - Julie Wang
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cheng Ji
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Guihua Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Tongji University Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yuan-Ping Han
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, and the National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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135
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Pan HF, Leng RX, Li XP, Zheng SG, Ye DQ. Targeting T-helper 9 cells and interleukin-9 in autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:515-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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136
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Ma J, Liu Y, Li Y, Gu J, Liu J, Tang J, Wang J, Ryffel B, Shen Y, Brand D, Liu Z, Zheng SG. Differential role of all-trans retinoic acid in promoting the development of CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:275-83. [PMID: 24082012 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that ATRA promotes the development of TGF-β-induced CD4(+)Foxp3(+) iTregs, which play a vital role in the prevention of autoimmune diseases; however, the role of ATRA in facilitating the differentiation and function of CD8(+)Foxp3(+) iTregs remains elusive. Using a head-to-head comparison, we found that ATRA promoted expression of Foxp3 and development of CD4(+) iTregs, but it did not promote Foxp3 expression on CD8(+) cells. Using a standard in vitro assay, we demonstrated that CD8(+) iTregs induced by TGF-β and ATRA were not superior to CD8(+) iTregs induced by TGF-β alone. In cGVHD, in a typical lupus syndrome model where DBA2 spleen cells were transferred to DBA2xC57BL/6 F1 mice, we observed that both CD8(+) iTregs induced by TGF-β and ATRA and those induced by TGF-β alone had similar therapeutic effects. ATRA did not boost but, conversely, impaired the differentiation and function of human CD8(+) iTregs. CD8(+) cells expressed the ATRA receptor RAR and responded to ATRA, similar to CD4(+) cells. We have identified the differential role of ATRA in promoting Foxp3(+) Tregs in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell populations. These results will help to determine a protocol for developing different Treg cell populations and may provide novel insights into clinical cell therapy for patients with autoimmune diseases and those needing organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Ma
- 2.Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033. ; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Nephrology, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, 208 Huancheng East Road, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China. E-mail:
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137
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Darrasse-Jèze G, Podsypanina K. How numbers, nature, and immune status of foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells shape the early immunological events in tumor development. Front Immunol 2013; 4:292. [PMID: 24133490 PMCID: PMC3784046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) on cancer progression has been demonstrated in a large number of preclinical models and confirmed in several types of malignancies. Neoplastic processes trigger an increase of Treg numbers in draining lymph nodes, spleen, blood, and tumors, leading to the suppression of anti-tumor responses. Treg-depletion before or early in tumor development may lead to complete tumor eradication and extends survival of mice and humans. However this strategy is ineffective in established tumors, highlighting the critical role of the early Treg-tumor encounters. In this review, after discussing old and new concepts of immunological tumor tolerance, we focus on the nature (thymus-derived vs. peripherally derived) and status (naïve or activated/memory) of the regulatory T-cells at tumor emergence. The recent discoveries in this field suggest that the activation status of Tregs and effector T-cells (Teffs) at the first encounter with the tumor are essential to shape the fate and speed of the immune response across a variety of tumor models. The relative timing of activation/recruitment of anti-tumor cells vs. tolerogenic cells at tumor emergence appears to be crucial in the identification of tumor cells as friend or foe, which has broad implications for the design of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Darrasse-Jèze
- Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Unité 1013, Institut National de la Santé et de le Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Necker , Paris , France ; Immunoregulation and Immunopathology Team, INEM , Paris , France
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138
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Conte E, Gili E, Fruciano M, Fagone E, Vancheri C. Human lung fibroblasts increase CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells in co-cultured CD4(+) lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 2013; 285:55-61. [PMID: 24076465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to evaluate functional modifications induced by human lung fibroblasts in co-cultured CD4(+) T lymphocytes. CD4(+) T cells, resting or stimulated with ionomycin/PMA for 6h, were co-cultured with fibroblasts isolated from pulmonary biopsies, in contact or separated by a semi-permeable membrane. The expression of CD25, CTLA-4, TGF-β, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and Foxp3 was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis. Fibroblasts induced a significant increment in CD25(+) cells in co-cultured activated CD4(+) T lymphocytes separated by a membrane. Moreover, fibroblasts treatment with a COX2 inhibitor abrogated the increment in CD25(+) cells whereas exogenous PGE2 restored it. The CD25(+) subpopulation was characterized by increased presence of Fox-P3, CTLA-4, IL-10 and TGF-β positive cells while IFN-γ and IL-2 positive cells were diminished. Proliferative response of CD4(+) to the anti CD3/CD28-Abs was abrogated in CD4(+) co-cultured with fibroblasts thus demonstrating a suppressive feature of the expanded CD25(+) subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Conte
- Department of Clinical and MolecularBiomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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139
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Cipriani P, Di Benedetto P, Liakouli V, Del Papa B, Di Padova M, Di Ianni M, Marrelli A, Alesse E, Giacomelli R. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from scleroderma patients (SSc) preserve their immunomodulatory properties although senescent and normally induce T regulatory cells (Tregs) with a functional phenotype: implications for cellular-based therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:195-206. [PMID: 23607751 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic disease, with early activation of the immune system. The aim of our work was to address how SSc-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), although senescent, might preserve specific immunomodulatory abilities during SSc. MSCs were obtained from 10 SSc patients and 10 healthy controls (HC). Senescence was evaluated by assessing cell cycle, β-galactosidase (β-Gal) activity, p21 and p53 expression; doxorubicin was used as acute senescence stimulus to evaluate their ability to react in stressed conditions. Immunomodulatory abilities were studied co-culturing MSCs with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4(+) cells, in order to establish both their ability to block proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reaction and in regulatory T cells (Tregs) induction. SSc-MSC showed an increase of senescence biomarkers. Eighty per cent of MSCs were in G0-G1 phase, without significant differences between SSc and HC. SSc-MSCs showed an increased positive β-Gal staining and higher p21 transcript level compared to HC cells. After doxorubicin, β-Gal staining increased significantly in SSc-MSCs. On the contrary, doxorubicin abolished p21 activation and elicited p53 induction both in SSc- and HC-MSCs. Interleukin (IL)-6 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-related transcripts and their protein levels were significantly higher in SSc-MSCs. The latter maintained their immunosuppressive effect on lymphocyte proliferation and induced a functionally regulatory phenotype on T cells, increasing surface expression of CD69 and restoring the regulatory function which is impaired in SSc. Increased activation of the IL-6 pathway observed in our cells might represent an adaptive mechanism to senescence, but preserving some specific cellular functions, including immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cipriani
- Department of Biothecnological and Applied Clinical Science, Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila,. Italy
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140
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Zhang L, Bertucci AM, Ramsey-Goldman R, Harsha-Strong ER, Burt RK, Datta SK. Major pathogenic steps in human lupus can be effectively suppressed by nucleosomal histone peptide epitope-induced regulatory immunity. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:365-78. [PMID: 24211843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-dose tolerance therapy with nucleosomal histone peptide epitopes blocks lupus disease in mouse models, but effect in humans is unknown. Herein, we found that CD4(+)CD25(high)FoxP3(+) or CD4(+)CD45RA(+)FoxP3(low) T-cells, and CD8(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T-cells were all induced durably in PBMCs from inactive lupus patients and healthy subjects by the histone peptide/s themselves, but in active lupus, dexamethasone or hydroxychloroquine unmasked Treg-induction by the peptides. The peptide-induced Treg depended on TGFβ/ALK-5/pSmad 2/3 signaling, and they expressed TGF-β precursor LAP. Lupus patients' sera did not inhibit Treg induction. The peptide epitope-induced T cells markedly suppressed type I IFN related gene expression in lupus PBMC. Finally, the peptide epitopes suppressed pathogenic autoantibody production by PBMC from active lupus patients to baseline levels by additional mechanisms besides Treg induction, and as potently as anti-IL6 antibody. Thus, low-dose histone peptide epitopes block pathogenic autoimmune response in human lupus by multiple mechanisms to restore a stable immunoregulatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Divisions of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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141
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Wisniewski J, Agrawal R, Woodfolk JA. Mechanisms of tolerance induction in allergic disease: integrating current and emerging concepts. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:164-76. [PMID: 23331558 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of atopy and allergic disease continues to escalate worldwide. Defining immune mechanisms that suppress the underlying Th2-driven inflammatory process is critical for the rational design of new treatments to prevent or attenuate disease. Allergen immunotherapy has provided a useful framework for evaluating changes in the immune response that occur during the development of tolerance. Despite this, elucidating the phenotypic and functional properties of regulatory cells, has proven challenging in humans with allergic disease. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of the immune pathways that orchestrate allergen tolerance, with an emphasis on emerging concepts related to human disease. A variety of regulatory cell types, including IL-10-secreting T and B cells, play a pivotal role in suppressing allergic responses to inhaled, ingested and injected allergens. These cells may inhibit Th2 effectors directly, or else indirectly, through other cell types and mediators. Protective antibodies, including IgG4, Fc sialylated IgG, and IgA, have the capacity to modulate the response by preventing allergen binding to surface-bound IgE, or inhibiting dendritic cell maturation. Immune cell plasticity may augment suppression of Th2 cells by T regulatory cells, through mechanisms that involve T cell conversion, or else unconventional roles of classical effector cells. These actions depend upon external cues provided by the in vivo milieu. As such, specific anatomical sites may preferentially favour tolerance induction. Recent scientific advances now allow a global analysis of immune parameters that capture novel markers of tolerance induction in allergic patients. Such markers could provide new molecular targets for assessing tolerance, and for designing treatments that confer long-lasting protection in a safe and efficacious fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wisniewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA
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142
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Angin M, King M, Addo MM. New tools to expand regulatory T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals. J Vis Exp 2013:e50244. [PMID: 23748671 DOI: 10.3791/50244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immune modulators and serve an important function in human immune homeostasis. Depletion of Tregs has led to measurable increases in antigen-specific T cell responses in vaccine settings for cancer and infectious pathogens. However, their role in HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis remains controversial, as they could either serve to suppress deleterious HIV-1-associated immune activation and thus slow HIV-1 disease progression or alternatively suppress HIV-1-specific immunity and thereby promote virus spread. Understanding and modulating Treg function in the context of HIV-1 could lead to potential new strategies for immunotherapy or HIV vaccines. However, important open questions remain on their role in the context of HIV-1 infection, which needs to be carefully studied. Representing roughly 5% of human CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood, studying the Treg population has proven to be difficult, especially in HIV-1 infected individuals where HIV-1-associated CD4 T cell and with that Treg depletion occurs. The characterization of regulatory T cells in individuals with advanced HIV-1 disease or tissue samples, for which only very small biological samples can be obtained, is therefore extremely challenging. We propose a technical solution to overcome these limitations using isolation and expansion of Tregs from HIV-1-positive individuals. Here we describe an easy and robust method to successfully expand Tregs isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals in vitro. Flow-sorted CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) Tregs were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 coated beads and cultured in the presence of IL-2. The expanded Tregs expressed high levels of FOXP3, CTLA4 and HELIOS compared to conventional T cells and were shown to be highly suppressive. Easier access to large numbers of Tregs will allow researchers to address important questions concerning their role in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis. We believe answering these questions may provide useful insight for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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143
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Niedbala W, Besnard AG, Jiang HR, Alves-Filho JC, Fukada SY, Nascimento D, Mitani A, Pushparaj P, Alqahtani MH, Liew FY. Nitric oxide-induced regulatory T cells inhibit Th17 but not Th1 cell differentiation and function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:164-70. [PMID: 23720815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
NO is a free radical with pleiotropic functions. We have shown earlier that NO induces a population of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(-) regulatory T cells (NO-Tregs) that suppress the functions of CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T cells in vitro and in vivo. We report in this study an unexpected finding that NO-Tregs suppressed Th17 but not Th1 cell differentiation and function. In contrast, natural Tregs (nTregs), which suppressed Th1 cells, failed to suppress Th17 cells. Consistent with this observation, NO-Tregs inhibited the expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt but not T-bet, whereas nTregs suppressed T-bet but not retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt expression. The NO-Treg-mediated suppression of Th17 was partially cell contact-dependent and was associated with IL-10. In vivo, adoptively transferred NO-Tregs potently attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The disease suppression was accompanied by a reduction of Th17, but not Th1 cells in the draining lymph nodes, and a decrease in the production of IL-17, but an increase in IL-10 synthesis. Our results therefore demonstrate the differential suppressive function between NO-Tregs and nTregs and indicate specialization of the regulatory mechanism of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Niedbala
- Centre of Immunology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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144
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Zhao H, Karman J, Jiang JL, Zhang J, Gumlaw N, Lydon J, Zhou Q, Qiu H, Jiang C, Cheng SH, Zhu Y. A bispecific protein capable of engaging CTLA-4 and MHCII protects non-obese diabetic mice from autoimmune diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63530. [PMID: 23704916 PMCID: PMC3660570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosslinking ligand-engaged cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) to the T cell receptor (TCR) with a bispecific fusion protein (BsB) comprised of a mutant mouse CD80 and lymphocyte activation antigen-3 (LAG-3) has been shown to attenuate TCR signaling and to direct T-cell differentiation toward Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in an allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Here, we show that antigen-specific Tregs can also be induced in an antigen-specific setting in vitro. Treatment of non-obese diabetic (NOD) female mice between 9–12 weeks of age with a short course of BsB elicited a transient increase of Tregs in the blood and moderately delayed the onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, a longer course of treatment (10 weeks) of 4–13 weeks-old female NOD animals with BsB significantly delayed the onset of disease or protected animals from developing diabetes, with only 13% of treated animals developing diabetes by 35 weeks of age compared to 80% of the animals in the control group. Histopathological analysis of the pancreata of the BsB-treated mice that remained non-diabetic revealed the preservation of insulin-producing β-cells despite the presence of different degrees of insulitis. Thus, a bifunctional protein capable of engaging CTLA-4 and MHCII and indirectly co-ligating CTLA-4 to the TCR protected NOD mice from developing T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhao
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jozsef Karman
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ji-Lei Jiang
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathan Gumlaw
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Lydon
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qun Zhou
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Huawei Qiu
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Canwen Jiang
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seng H. Cheng
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yunxiang Zhu
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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145
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Oderup C, LaJevic M, Butcher EC. Canonical and noncanonical Wnt proteins program dendritic cell responses for tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6126-34. [PMID: 23677472 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ag-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) interpret environmental signals to orchestrate local and systemic immune responses. They govern the balance between tolerance and inflammation at epithelial surfaces, where the immune system must provide robust pathogen responses while maintaining tolerance to commensal flora and food Ags. The Wnt family of secreted proteins, which control epithelial and hematopoietic development and homeostasis, is emerging as an important regulator of inflammation. In this study, we show that canonical and noncanonical Wnts directly stimulate murine DC production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Wnt3A triggers canonical β-catenin signaling and preferentially induces DC TGF-β and VEGF production, whereas Wnt5A induces IL-10 through alternative pathways. The Wnts also alter DC responses to microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine induction in response to TLR ligands and promoting DC generation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Moreover, although both Wnts suppress proinflammatory responses to bacterial endotoxin and to TLR1/2, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands, Wnt5A, but not Wnt3A, inhibits IL-6 production in response to the viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Thus, Wnt family members directly and differentially regulate DC functions, an ability that may contribute to the balance between tolerance and inflammation at epithelial sites of exposure to microbes and environmental Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Oderup
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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146
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B7-H4Ig inhibits mouse and human T-cell function and treats EAE via IL-10/Treg-dependent mechanisms. J Autoimmun 2013; 44:71-81. [PMID: 23683881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of action of both mouse and human B7-H4 Immunoglobulin fusion proteins (mB7-H4Ig; hB7-H4Ig) in treating EAE. The present data show that mB7-H4Ig both directly and indirectly (via increasing Treg function) inhibited CD4⁺ T-cell proliferation and differentiation in both Th1- and Th17-cell promoting conditions while inducing production of IL-10. B7-H4Ig treatment effectively ameliorated progression of both relapsing (R-EAE) and chronic EAE correlating with decreased numbers of activated CD4⁺ T-cells within the CNS and spleen, and a concurrent increase in number and function of Tregs. The functional requirement for Treg activation in treating EAE was demonstrated by a loss of therapeutic efficacy of hB7-H4Ig in R-EAE following inactivation of Treg function either by anti-CD25 treatment or blockade of IL-10. Significant to the eventual translation of this treatment into clinical practice, hB7-H4Ig similarly inhibited the in vitro differentiation of naïve human CD4⁺ T-cells in both Th1- and Th17-promoting conditions, while promoting the production of IL-10. B7-H4Ig thus regulates pro-inflammatory T-cell responses by a unique dual mechanism of action and demonstrates significant promise as a therapeutic for autoimmune diseases, including MS.
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147
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Bedoya F, Cheng GS, Leibow A, Zakhary N, Weissler K, Garcia V, Aitken M, Kropf E, Garlick DS, Wherry EJ, Erikson J, Caton AJ. Viral antigen induces differentiation of Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells in influenza virus-infected mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6115-25. [PMID: 23667113 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined the formation, participation, and functional specialization of virus-reactive Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in a mouse model of influenza virus infection. "Natural" Tregs generated intrathymically, based on interactions with a self-peptide, proliferated in response to a homologous viral Ag in the lungs and, to a lesser extent, in the lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes (medLNs) of virus-infected mice. In contrast, conventional CD4(+) T cells with identical TCR specificity underwent little or no conversion to become "adaptive" Tregs. The virus-reactive Tregs in the medLNs and the lungs of infected mice upregulated a variety of molecules associated with Treg activation, as well as acquired expression of molecules (T-bet, Blimp-1, and IL-10) that confer functional specialization to Tregs. Notably, however, the phenotypes of the T-bet(+) Tregs obtained from these sites were distinct, because Tregs isolated from the lungs expressed significantly higher levels of T-bet, Blimp-1, and IL-10 than did Tregs from the medLNs. Adoptive transfer of Ag-reactive Tregs led to decreased proliferation of antiviral CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector T cells in the lungs of infected hosts, whereas depletion of Tregs had a reciprocal effect. These studies demonstrate that thymically generated Tregs can become activated by a pathogen-derived peptide and acquire discrete T-bet(+) Treg phenotypes while participating in and modulating an antiviral immune response.
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148
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Kong N, Lan Q, Chen M, Wang J, Shi W, Horwitz DA, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B, Liu Z, Brand D, Zou H, Zheng SG. Antigen-specific transforming growth factor β-induced Treg cells, but not natural Treg cells, ameliorate autoimmune arthritis in mice by shifting the Th17/Treg cell balance from Th17 predominance to Treg cell predominance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2548-58. [PMID: 22605463 DOI: 10.1002/art.34513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transferred CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells can prevent autoimmune disease, but generally fail to ameliorate established disease. This study was undertaken to compare the effects of antigen-specific Treg cells induced with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) ex vivo (induced Treg [iTreg] cells) to the effects of equivalent expanded thymus-derived natural Treg (nTreg) cells on established collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS CIA was induced in DBA/1 mice by immunization with type II collagen (CII), and before or shortly after immunization, mice were treated with iTreg or nTreg cells that were generated or expanded in vitro. Clinical scores were determined. Inflammatory responses were determined by measuring the levels of anti-CII antibody in the serum and examining the histologic features of the mouse joints. The Th1/Th17-mediated autoreactive response was evaluated by determining the cytokine profile of the draining lymph node (LN) cells of the mice by flow cytometry. RESULTS Following transfer, nTreg cells exhibited decreased FoxP3 and Bcl-2 expression and decreased suppressive activity, and many converted to Th17 cells. In contrast, transferred iTreg cells were more numerous, retained FoxP3 expression and their suppressive activity in the presence of IL-6, and were resistant to Th17 conversion. Notably, 10 days after the transfer of donor iTreg cells, predominance was shifted from Th17 cells to Treg cells in the draining LNs of recipient mice. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that transferred TGFβ-induced iTreg cells are more stable and functional than nTreg cells in mice with established autoimmunity. Moreover, iTreg cells can have tolerogenic effects even in the presence of ongoing inflammation. The therapeutic potential of human iTreg cells in subjects with chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kong
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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149
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Yu X, Li H, Ren X. Interaction between regulatory T cells and cancer stem cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1491-8. [PMID: 22592629 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The concept that cancer stem cells (CSCs)/tumor stem cells/cancer-initiating cells are one of the key centers to cure neoplastic disease has drawn an increasing attention recent years. Because of their high resistance and potential to initiate tumors, CSCs are considered a critical factor associated with tumor relapse. Regulatory T(T(reg)) cells, a group of immune cells with tumor-promoting effect, exert their function through inhibition of effector T cells and regulation of the tumor microenvironment by producing a series of soluble factors. However, the interactions between T(reg)s and CSCs are less understood. The mechanisms of how T(reg)s, as tumor-promoting cells, manipulate CSCs remain obscure. In this review, we elucidate their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
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150
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Regateiro FS, Chen Y, Kendal AR, Hilbrands R, Adams E, Cobbold SP, Ma J, Andersen KG, Betz AG, Zhang M, Madhiwalla S, Roberts B, Waldmann H, Nolan KF, Howie D. Foxp3 expression is required for the induction of therapeutic tissue tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3947-56. [PMID: 22988034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for immune homeostasis and maintenance of self-tolerance. They are produced in the thymus and also generated de novo in the periphery in a TGF-β-dependent manner. Foxp3(+) Treg are also required to achieve tolerance to transplanted tissues when induced by coreceptor or costimulation blockade. Using TCR-transgenic mice to avoid issues of autoimmune pathology, we show that Foxp3 expression is both necessary and sufficient for tissue tolerance by coreceptor blockade. Moreover, the known need in tolerance induction for TGF-β signaling to T cells can wholly be explained by its role in induction of Foxp3, as such signaling proved dispensable for the suppressive process. We analyzed the relative contribution of TGF-β and Foxp3 to the transcriptome of TGF-β-induced Treg and showed that TGF-β elicited a large set of downregulated signature genes. The number of genes uniquely modulated due to the influence of Foxp3 alone was surprisingly limited. Retroviral-mediated conditional nuclear expression of Foxp3 proved sufficient to confer transplant-suppressive potency on CD4(+) T cells and was lost once nuclear Foxp3 expression was extinguished. These data support a dual role for TGF-β and Foxp3 in induced tolerance, in which TGF-β stimulates Foxp3 expression, for which sustained expression is then associated with acquisition of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico S Regateiro
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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