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Cong Y, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Hu L, Gu J. Quantitative MS analysis of therapeutic mAbs and their glycosylation for pharmacokinetics study. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:303-14. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cong
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry; National Chromatographic R&A Center; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry; National Chromatographic R&A Center; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Shen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry; National Chromatographic R&A Center; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism; School of Life Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
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Haberger M, Leiss M, Heidenreich AK, Pester O, Hafenmair G, Hook M, Bonnington L, Wegele H, Haindl M, Reusch D, Bulau P. Rapid characterization of biotherapeutic proteins by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to native mass spectrometry. MAbs 2015; 8:331-9. [PMID: 26655595 PMCID: PMC4966600 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-molecular weight aggregates such as antibody dimers and other side products derived from incorrect light or heavy chain association typically represent critical product-related impurities for bispecific antibody formats. In this study, an approach employing ultra-pressure liquid chromatography size-exclusion separation combined with native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the simultaneous formation, identification and quantification of size variants in recombinant antibodies was developed. Samples exposed to storage and elevated temperature(s) enabled the identification of various bispecific antibody size variants. This test system hence allowed us to study the variants formed during formulation and bio-process development, and can thus be transferred to quality control units for routine in-process control and release analytics. In addition, native SEC-UV/MS not only facilitates the detailed analysis of low-abundant and non-covalent size variants during process characterization/validation studies, but is also essential for the SEC-UV method validation prior to admission to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Haberger
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Michael Leiss
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Heidenreich
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Oxana Pester
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Georg Hafenmair
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Michaela Hook
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Lea Bonnington
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Markus Haindl
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- a Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2 , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
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103
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Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Bloy N, Buqué A, Cremer I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Fucikova J, Galon J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch-Immunostimulation with cytokines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1115942. [PMID: 27057468 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1115942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, great efforts have been dedicated to the development of clinically relevant interventions that would trigger potent (and hence potentially curative) anticancer immune responses. Indeed, developing neoplasms normally establish local and systemic immunosuppressive networks that inhibit tumor-targeting immune effector cells, be them natural or elicited by (immuno)therapy. One possible approach to boost anticancer immunity consists in the (generally systemic) administration of recombinant immunostimulatory cytokines. In a limited number of oncological indications, immunostimulatory cytokines mediate clinical activity as standalone immunotherapeutic interventions. Most often, however, immunostimulatory cytokines are employed as immunological adjuvants, i.e., to unleash the immunogenic potential of other immunotherapeutic agents, like tumor-targeting vaccines and checkpoint blockers. Here, we discuss recent preclinical and clinical advances in the use of some cytokines as immunostimulatory agents in oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)
| | - Norma Bloy
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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104
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Tibbitts J, Canter D, Graff R, Smith A, Khawli LA. Key factors influencing ADME properties of therapeutic proteins: A need for ADME characterization in drug discovery and development. MAbs 2015; 8:229-45. [PMID: 26636901 PMCID: PMC4966629 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1115937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutics represent a diverse array of biologics including antibodies, fusion proteins, and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Since their inception, they have revolutionized the treatment of a wide range of diseases including respiratory, vascular, autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. While in vivo pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and efficacy studies are routinely carried out for protein therapeutics, studies that identify key factors governing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties have not been fully investigated. Thorough characterization and in-depth study of their ADME properties are critical in order to support drug discovery and development processes for the production of safer and more effective biotherapeutics. In this review, we discuss the main factors affecting the ADME characteristics of these large macromolecular therapies. We also give an overview of the current tools, technologies, and approaches available to investigate key factors that influence the ADME of recombinant biotherapeutic drugs, and demonstrate how ADME studies will facilitate their future development.
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105
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Krah S, Schröter C, Zielonka S, Empting M, Valldorf B, Kolmar H. Single-domain antibodies for biomedical applications. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2015; 38:21-8. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1102934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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106
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Tamizi E, Jouyban A. Forced degradation studies of biopharmaceuticals: Selection of stress conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 98:26-46. [PMID: 26542454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stability studies under stress conditions or forced degradation studies play an important role in different phases of development and production of biopharmaceuticals and biological products. These studies are mostly applicable to selection of suitable candidates and formulation developments, comparability studies, elucidation of possible degradation pathways and identification of degradation products, as well as, development of stability indicating methods. Despite the integral part of these studies in biopharmaceutical industry, there is no well-established protocol for the selection of stress conditions, timing of stress testing and required extent of degradation. Therefore, due to the present gap in the stability studies guidelines, it is the responsibility of researchers working in academia and biopharmaceutical industry to set up forced degradation experiments that could fulfill all the expectations from the stability studies of biopharmaceuticals under stress conditions. Concerning the importance of the function of desired stress conditions in forced degradation studies, the present review aims to provide a practical summary of the applicable stress conditions in forced degradation studies of biopharmaceuticals according to the papers published in a time period of 1992-2015 giving detailed information about the experimental conditions utilized to induce required stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Tamizi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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107
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Cervenak J, Kurrle R, Kacskovics I. Accelerating antibody discovery using transgenic animals overexpressing the neonatal Fc receptor as a result of augmented humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:269-87. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- ImmunoGenes Ltd; Budakeszi Hungary
- Department of Immunology; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
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108
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Gonzalez-Munoz AL, Minter RR, Rust SJ. Phenotypic screening: the future of antibody discovery. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:150-156. [PMID: 26440132 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Most antibody therapeutics have been isolated from high throughput target-based screening. However, as the number of validated targets diminishes and the target space becomes increasingly competitive, alternative strategies, such as phenotypic screening, are gaining momentum. Here, we review successful phenotypic screens, including those used to isolate antibodies against cancer and infectious agents. We also consider exciting advances in the expression and phenotypic screening of antibody repertoires in single cell autocrine systems. As technologies continue to develop, we believe that antibody phenotypic screening will increase further in popularity and has the potential to provide the next generation of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Gonzalez-Munoz
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Ralph R Minter
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Steven J Rust
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK.
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109
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The regulation of the Treg/Th17 balance by mesenchymal stem cells in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 14:423-431. [PMID: 26435067 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Umbilical cord (UC)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown immunoregulation of various immune cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of UC MSCs in the regulation of peripheral regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Thirty patients with active SLE, refractory to conventional therapies, were given UC MSCs infusions. The percentages of peripheral blood CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD3+CD8-IL17A+ Th17 cells and the mean fluorescence intensities (MFI) of Foxp3 and IL-17 were measured at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after MSCs transplantation (MSCT). Serum cytokines, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-17A were detected using ELISA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients were collected and co-cultured with UC MSCs at ratios of 1:1, 10:1, and 50:1, respectively, for 72 h to detect the proportions of Treg and Th17 cells and the MFIs of Foxp3 and IL-17 were determined by flow cytometry. The cytokines in the supernatant solution were detected using ELISA. Inhibitors targeting TGF-β, IL-6, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and prostaglandin E2 were added to the co-culture system, and the percentages of Treg and Th17 cells were observed. RESULTS The percentage of peripheral Treg and Foxp3 MFI increased 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after UC MSCs transplantation, while the Th17 proportion and MFI of IL-17 decreased 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after the treatment, along with an increase in serum TGF-β at 1 week, 3 months, and 12 months and a decrease in serum TNF-α beginning at 1 week. There were no alterations in serums IL-6 and IL-17A before or after MSCT. In vitro studies showed that the UC MSCs dose-dependently up-regulated peripheral Treg proportion in SLE patients, which was not depended on cell-cell contact. However, the down-regulation of Th17 cells was not dose-dependently and also not depended on cell-cell contact. Supernatant TGF-β and IL-6 levels significantly increased, TNF-α significantly decreased, but IL-17A had no change after the co-culture. The addition of anti-TGF-β antibody significantly abrogated the up-regulation of Treg, and the addition of PGE2 inhibitor significantly abrogated the down-regulation of Th17 cells. Both anti-IL-6 antibody and IDO inhibitor had no effects on Treg and Th17 cells. CONCLUSIONS UC MSCs up-regulate Treg and down-regulate Th17 cells through the regulation of TGF-β and PGE2 in lupus patients.
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110
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Gjoka X, Rogler K, Martino RA, Gantier R, Schofield M. A straightforward methodology for designing continuous monoclonal antibody capture multi-column chromatography processes. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1416:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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111
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Automated harvesting and 2-step purification of unclarified mammalian cell-culture broths containing antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1418:103-109. [PMID: 26431859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies represent one of the fastest growing segments in the pharmaceutical market. The growth of the segment has necessitated development of new efficient and cost saving platforms for the preparation and analysis of early candidates for faster and better antibody selection and characterization. We report on a new integrated platform for automated harvesting of whole unclarified cell-culture broths, followed by in-line tandem affinity-capture, pH neutralization and size-exclusion chromatography of recombinant antibodies expressed transiently in mammalian human embryonic kidney 293T-cells at the 1-L scale. The system consists of two bench-top chromatography instruments connected to a central unit with eight disposable filtration devices used for loading and filtering the cell cultures. The staggered parallel multi-step configuration of the system allows unattended processing of eight samples in less than 24h. The system was validated with a random panel of 45 whole-cell culture broths containing recombinant antibodies in the early profiling phase. The results showed that the overall performances of the preparative automated system were higher compared to the conventional downstream process including manual harvesting and purification. The mean recovery of purified material from the culture-broth was 66.7%, representing a 20% increase compared to that of the manual process. Moreover, the automated process reduced by 3-fold the amount of residual aggregates in the purified antibody fractions, indicating that the automated system allows the cost-efficient and timely preparation of antibodies in the 20-200mg range, and covers the requirements for early in vitro and in vivo profiling and formulation of these drug candidates.
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112
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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113
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Antibacterial monoclonal antibodies: the next generation? Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 27:78-85. [PMID: 26302478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear need for renewed efforts to combat the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance. While the antibiotic resistance epidemic is due in part to the misuse of antibiotics, even proper empiric antibiotic therapy increases the selective pressure and potential for drug-resistance and spread of resistance mechanisms between bacteria. Antibiotic resistance coupled with the detrimental effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the healthy microbiome, have led the field to explore pathogen specific antibacterials such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Medical need along with advances in mAb discovery, engineering, and production have driven significant effort developing mAb-based antibacterials. If successful, they will provide physicians with precision weapons to combat bacterial infections and can help prevent a return to a pre-antibiotic era.
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114
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Entzminger KC, Johnson JL, Hyun J, Lieberman RL, Maynard JA. Increased Fab thermoresistance via VH-targeted directed evolution. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:365-77. [PMID: 26283664 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody aggregation is frequently mediated by the complementarity determining regions within the variable domains and can significantly decrease purification yields, shorten shelf-life and increase the risk of anti-drug immune responses. Aggregation-resistant antibodies could offset these risks; accordingly, we have developed a directed evolution strategy to improve Fab stability. A Fab-phage display vector was constructed and the VH domain targeted for mutagenesis by error-prone PCR. To enrich for thermoresistant clones, the resulting phage library was transiently heated, followed by selection for binding to an anti-light chain constant domain antibody. Five unique variants were identified, each possessing one to three amino acid substitutions. Each engineered Fab possessed higher, Escherichia coli expression yield, a 2-3°C increase in apparent melting temperature and improved aggregation resistance upon heating at high concentration. Select mutations were combined and shown to confer additive improvements to these biophysical characteristics. Finally, the wild-type and most stable triple variant Fab variant were converted into a human IgG1 and expressed in mammalian cells. Both expression level and aggregation resistance were similarly improved in the engineered IgG1. Analysis of the wild-type Fab crystal structure provided a structural rationale for the selected residues changes. This approach can help guide future Fab stabilization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Johnson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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116
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Agadjanyan MG, Petrovsky N, Ghochikyan A. A fresh perspective from immunologists and vaccine researchers: active vaccination strategies to prevent and reverse Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1246-59. [PMID: 26192465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccination against infectious diseases relies on generation of cellular and humoral immune responses that act to protect the host from overt disease even though they do not induce sterilizing immunity. More recently, attempts have been made with mixed success to generate therapeutic vaccines against a wide range of noninfectious diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. After the exciting first report of successful vaccine prevention of progression of an Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal model in 1999, various epitope-based vaccines targeting amyloid beta (Aβ) have proceeded to human clinical trials, with varied results. More recently, AD vaccines based on tau protein have advanced into clinical testing too. This review seeks to put perspective to the mixed results obtained so far in clinical trials of AD vaccines and discusses the many pitfalls and misconceptions encountered on the path to a successful AD vaccine, including better standardization of immunologic efficacy measures of antibodies, immunogenicity of platform/carrier and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA; The Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia; Flinders Medical Centre and Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
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117
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Vaughan AT, Cragg MS, Beers SA. Antibody modulation: Limiting the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:269-75. [PMID: 26188150 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have revolutionised the way in which we treat disease. From cancer to autoimmunity, antibody therapy has been responsible for some of the most impressive clinical responses observed in the last 2 decades. A key component of this success has been their generally low levels of toxicity, and unique mechanisms of action. These two facets have allowed them to (a) be integrated rapidly into clinical practice in combination with conventional radio- and chemo-therapies and (b) to avoid the resistance mechanisms typically observed with classical small molecule drugs, such as upregulation of drug efflux transporters, dysregulation of apoptosis and mutations in key target enzymes/pathways. Although success with mAb therapies has been impressive, they are also subject to their own resistance mechanisms. In this perspective we discuss the various ways in which mAb therapeutics can be inhibited, concentrating mainly on the ways in which they can be removed from the target cell surface-a process called modulation. This can be achieved either in a cis-fashion on a single cell or in trans, precipitated by engagement with a second phagocytic cell. The evidence for each of these processes will be discussed, in addition to possible therapeutic strategies that might be employed to inhibit or reverse them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Vaughan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
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118
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Horizon 2020 in Diabetic Kidney Disease: The Clinical Trial Pipeline for Add-On Therapies on Top of Renin Angiotensin System Blockade. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1325-47. [PMID: 26239562 PMCID: PMC4485003 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease. This implies failure of current therapeutic approaches based on renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade. Recent phase 3 clinical trials of paricalcitol in early diabetic kidney disease and bardoxolone methyl in advanced diabetic kidney disease failed to meet the primary endpoint or terminated on safety concerns, respectively. However, various novel strategies are undergoing phase 2 and 3 randomized controlled trials targeting inflammation, fibrosis and signaling pathways. Among agents currently undergoing trials that may modify the clinical practice on top of RAS blockade in a 5-year horizon, anti-inflammatory agents currently hold the most promise while anti-fibrotic agents have so far disappointed. Pentoxifylline, an anti-inflammatory agent already in clinical use, was recently reported to delay estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) loss in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3–4 diabetic kidney disease when associated with RAS blockade and promising phase 2 data are available for the pentoxifylline derivative CTP-499. Among agents targeting chemokines or chemokine receptors, the oral small molecule C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) inhibitor CCX140 decreased albuminuria and eGFR loss in phase 2 trials. A dose-finding trial of the anti-IL-1β antibody gevokizumab in diabetic kidney disease will start in 2015. However, clinical development is most advanced for the endothelin receptor A blocker atrasentan, which is undergoing a phase 3 trial with a primary outcome of preserving eGFR. The potential for success of these approaches and other pipeline agents is discussed in detail.
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Smolewski P, Robak T. The preclinical discovery of rituximab for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:791-808. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1045295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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120
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Encapsulated cellular implants for recombinant protein delivery and therapeutic modulation of the immune system. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10578-600. [PMID: 26006227 PMCID: PMC4463663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo gene therapy using retrievable encapsulated cellular implants is an effective strategy for the local and/or chronic delivery of therapeutic proteins. In particular, it is considered an innovative approach to modulate the activity of the immune system. Two recently proposed therapeutic schemes using genetically engineered encapsulated cells are discussed here: the chronic administration of monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization against neurodegenerative diseases and the local delivery of a cytokine as an adjuvant for anti-cancer vaccines.
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121
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Gundacker ND, Baddley JW. Fungal Infections in the Era of Biologic Therapies. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-015-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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122
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Future therapies of wet age-related macular degeneration. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:138070. [PMID: 25802751 PMCID: PMC4354726 DOI: 10.1155/2015/138070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population, and the prevalence of the disease increases exponentially with every decade after the age of 50 years. While VEGF inhibitors are promising drugs for treating patients with ocular neovascularization, there are limitations to their potential for improving vision in AMD patients. Thus, future therapies are required to have the potential to improve visual outcomes. This paper will summarize the future strategies and therapeutic targets that are aimed at enhancing the efficacy and duration of effect of antiangiogenic strategies.
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Prentice KM, Wallace A, Eakin CM. Inline Protein A Mass Spectrometry for Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2023-8. [PMID: 25647041 DOI: 10.1021/ac504502e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Prentice
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Alison Wallace
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Catherine M. Eakin
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
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125
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Morar-Mitrica S, Puri M, Beumer Sassi A, Fuller J, Hu P, Crotts G, Nesta D. Development of a stable low-dose aglycosylated antibody formulation to minimize protein loss during intravenous administration. MAbs 2015; 7:792-803. [PMID: 26073995 PMCID: PMC4622870 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1046664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical and chemical integrity of a biopharmaceutical must be maintained not only during long-term storage but also during administration. Specifically for the intravenous (i.v.) delivery of a protein drug, loss of stability can occur when the protein formulation is compounded with i.v. bag diluents, thus modifying the original composition of the drug product. Here we present the challenges associated with the delivery of a low-dose, highly potent monoclonal antibody (mAb) via the i.v. route. Through parallel in-use stability studies and conventional formulation development, a drug product was developed in which adsorptive losses and critical oxidative degradation pathways were effectively controlled. This development approach enabled the i.v. administration of clinical doses in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 mg total protein, while ensuring liquid drug product storage stability under refrigerated conditions.
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Key Words
- CD3, cluster of differentiation 3
- CMC, critical micelle concentration
- Cys, cysteine
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- EDTA, edetate disodium
- Glut, glutathione
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- M, methionine residues
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTG, monothioglycerol
- Met, methionine
- PES, polyethersulfone
- PO, polyolefin
- PS80, polysorbate 80
- PVC, polyvinylchloride
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- administration
- adsorption
- antioxidant
- biopharmaceutical
- cIEF, capillary isoelectric focusing
- dilution
- i.v., intravenous
- infusion
- intravenous
- low concentration
- low dose
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody
- oxidation
- stability
- surfactant
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Morar-Mitrica
- Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline R&D; King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Manasi Puri
- Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline R&D; King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | - Joshua Fuller
- Bioanalytical Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline R&D; King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Analytical Development; Janssen R&D, LLC; Malvern, PA, US
| | - George Crotts
- Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline R&D; King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Douglas Nesta
- Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences; GlaxoSmithKline R&D; King of Prussia, PA, USA
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Wei T, Zhang J, Qin Y, Wu Y, Zhu L, Lu L, Tang G, Shen Q. Increased expression of immunosuppressive molecules on intratumoral and circulating regulatory T cells in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2190-201. [PMID: 26328249 PMCID: PMC4548330 DOI: pmid/26328249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression patterns of immunosuppressive molecules on regulatory T (Treg) cells have not been elucidated in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. In this study, a total of 88 patients including 53 patients with NSCLC, 17 patients with lung non-malignant diseases, and 18 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Increased number of total CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Treg cells and elevated expressions on the surface of several inhibitory molecules including CTLA-4, LAG-3 and PD-1 have been observed in the peripheral blood of NSCLC patients. We found that intratumoral Treg cells from NSCLC patients express the highest levels of co-inhibitory molecules compared to Treg cells isolated from tumor adjacent tissues or from peripheral blood of cancer patients, which is in consistent with the enhanced immunosuppressive function of these co-inhibitory molecules. Moreover, the number of Treg cells and their functional surface molecules increased during the progression of lung cancer. Elevated plasma levels of TGF-β and IL-10 in NSCLC patients were also observed in NSCLC patients compared to that in healthy volunteers. Our findings further support the role of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironments in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China
| | - Yanghua Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Longkun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Gusheng Tang
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
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