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Szeles Z, Petheő GL, Szikora B, Kacskovics I, Geiszt M. A novel monoclonal antibody reveals the enrichment of NADPH oxidase 5 in human splenic endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17174. [PMID: 37821487 PMCID: PMC10567692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the NOX/DUOX family of NADPH oxidases are responsible for regulated ROS production in diverse cells and tissues. Detection of NOX/DUOX proteins at the protein level remains an important challenge in the field. Here we report the development and characterization of a novel anti-NOX5 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes the human NOX5 protein in both Western blot, immunocytochemistry, and histochemistry applications. With the help of the antibody we could successfully detect both heterologously and endogenously expressed NOX5 in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we could also detect NOX5 protein in the human spleen, testis, and ovary. Immunohistochemical studies on human testis revealed that NOX5 localized to spermatogenic cells. This expression pattern was also supported by the result of in silico analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data that indicated that NOX5 protein is present in developing spermatids and spermatocytes. Mature spermatozoa, however, did not contain detectable NOX5. In the human ovary, both immunostaining and single-cell RNA sequencing suggest that NOX5 is expressed in interstitial fibroblasts and theca cells. We also analyzed vascular cells for the presence of NOX5 and we found that NOX5 expression is a fairly specific feature of splenic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Szeles
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, 1444, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor L Petheő
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, 1444, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, PO Box 259, 1444, Budapest, Hungary.
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2
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Marx A, Osváth M, Szikora B, Pipek O, Csabai I, Nagy Á, Bödör C, Matula Z, Nagy G, Bors A, Uher F, Mikala G, Vályi-Nagy I, Kacskovics I. Liquid biopsy-based monitoring of residual disease in multiple myeloma by analysis of the rearranged immunoglobulin genes-A feasibility study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285696. [PMID: 37235573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for sensitive monitoring of minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) in multiple myeloma emerged as novel therapies led to deeper responses. Moreover, the potential benefits of blood-based analyses, the so-called liquid biopsy is prompting more and more studies to assess its feasibility. Considering these recent demands, we aimed to optimize a highly sensitive molecular system based on the rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) genes to monitor MRD from peripheral blood. We analyzed a small group of myeloma patients with the high-risk t(4;14) translocation, using next-generation sequencing of Ig genes and droplet digital PCR of patient-specific Ig heavy chain (IgH) sequences. Moreover, well established monitoring methods such as multiparametric flow cytometry and RT-qPCR of the fusion transcript IgH::MMSET (IgH and multiple myeloma SET domain-containing protein) were utilized to evaluate the feasibility of these novel molecular tools. Serum measurements of M-protein and free light chains together with the clinical assessment by the treating physician served as routine clinical data. We found significant correlation between our molecular data and clinical parameters, using Spearman correlations. While the comparisons of the Ig-based methods and the other monitoring methods (flow cytometry, qPCR) were not statistically evaluable, we found common trends in their target detection. Regarding longitudinal disease monitoring, the applied methods yielded complementary information thus increasing the reliability of MRD evaluation. We also detected indications of early relapse before clinical signs, although this implication needs further verification in a larger patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Marx
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Osváth
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Szikora
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Pipek
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Csabai
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Nagy
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bödör
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, HCEMM-SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Matula
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ginette Nagy
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Bors
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Uher
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mikala
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Vályi-Nagy
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Butz H, Saskői É, Krokker L, Vereczki V, Alpár A, Likó I, Tóth E, Szőcs E, Cserepes M, Nagy K, Kacskovics I, Patócs A. Context-Dependent Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor Alpha and Beta in Breast Cancer Cell Behaviour. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050784. [PMID: 36899920 PMCID: PMC10000936 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The dual role of GCs has been observed in breast cancer; however, due to many concomitant factors, GR action in cancer biology is still ambiguous. In this study, we aimed to unravel the context-dependent action of GR in breast cancer. Methods. GR expression was characterized in multiple cohorts: (1) 24,256 breast cancer specimens on the RNA level, 220 samples on the protein level and correlated with clinicopathological data; (2) oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive and -negative cell lines were used to test for the presence of ER and ligand, and the effect of the GRβ isoform following GRα and GRβ overexpression on GR action, by in vitro functional assays. Results. We found that GR expression was higher in ER- breast cancer cells compared to ER+ ones, and GR-transactivated genes were implicated mainly in cell migration. Immunohistochemistry showed mostly cytoplasmic but heterogenous staining irrespective of ER status. GRα increased cell proliferation, viability, and the migration of ER- cells. GRβ had a similar effect on breast cancer cell viability, proliferation, and migration. However, the GRβ isoform had the opposite effect depending on the presence of ER: an increased dead cell ratio was found in ER+ breast cancer cells compared to ER- ones. Interestingly, GRα and GRβ action did not depend on the presence of the ligand, suggesting the role of the "intrinsic", ligand-independent action of GR in breast cancer. Conclusions. Staining differences using different GR antibodies may be the reason behind controversial findings in the literature regarding the expression of GR protein and clinicopathological data. Therefore, caution in the interpretation of immunohistochemistry should be applied. By dissecting the effects of GRα and GRβ, we found that the presence of the GR in the context of ER had a different effect on cancer cell behaviour, but independently of ligand availability. Additionally, GR-transactivated genes are mostly involved in cell migration, which raises GR's importance in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Éva Saskői
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Krokker
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Vereczki
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alán Alpár
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Likó
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Tóth
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Szőcs
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Cserepes
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Pape VFS, Kovács HA, Szatmári I, Ugrai I, Szikora B, Kacskovics I, May Z, Szoboszlai N, Sirokmány G, Geiszt M. Measuring peroxidasin activity in live cells using bromide addition for signal amplification. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102385. [PMID: 35803124 PMCID: PMC9287737 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxidasin (PXDN) is involved in the crosslinking of collagen IV, a major constituent of basement membranes. Disruption of basement membrane integrity as observed in genetic alterations of collagen IV or PXDN can result in developmental defects and diverse pathologies. Hence, the study of PXDN activity in (patho)physiological contexts is highly relevant. So far, measurements of PXDN activity have been reported from purified proteins, cell lysates and de-cellularized extracellular matrix. Here, for the first time we report the measurement of PXDN activity in live cells using the Amplex Red assay with a signal amplifying modification. We observe that bromide addition enhances the obtained signal, most likely due to formation of HOBr. Abrogation of signal amplification by the HOBr scavenger carnosine supports this hypothesis. Both, pharmacological inhibition as well as complementary genetic approaches confirm that the obtained signal is indeed related to PXDN activity. We validate the modified assay by investigating the effect of Brefeldin A, to inhibit the secretory pathway and thus the access of PXDN to the extracellular Amplex Red dye. Our method opens up new possibilities to investigate the activity of PXDN in (patho)physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika F S Pape
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Hajnal A Kovács
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ugrai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Stereochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - Zoltán May
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Szoboszlai
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Sirokmány
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary.
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5
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Petheő GL, Kerekes A, Mihálffy M, Donkó Á, Bodrogi L, Skoda G, Baráth M, Hoffmann OI, Szeles Z, Balázs B, Sirokmány G, Fábián JR, Tóth ZE, Baksa I, Kacskovics I, Hunyady L, Hiripi L, Bősze Z, Geiszt M. Disruption of the NOX5 Gene Aggravates Atherosclerosis in Rabbits. Circ Res 2021; 128:1320-1322. [PMID: 33726501 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor L Petheő
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.).,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University (G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., M.G.)
| | - Andrea Kerekes
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary (A.K., L.B., G.S., O.I.H., L. Hiripi, Z.B.)
| | - Máté Mihálffy
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.).,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University (G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., M.G.)
| | - Ágnes Donkó
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.).,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University (G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., M.G.)
| | - Lilla Bodrogi
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary (A.K., L.B., G.S., O.I.H., L. Hiripi, Z.B.)
| | - Gabriella Skoda
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary (A.K., L.B., G.S., O.I.H., L. Hiripi, Z.B.)
| | - Mónika Baráth
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.).,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University (G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., M.G.)
| | - Orsolya Ivett Hoffmann
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary (A.K., L.B., G.S., O.I.H., L. Hiripi, Z.B.)
| | - Zsolt Szeles
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.).,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University (G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., M.G.)
| | - Bernadett Balázs
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.)
| | - Gábor Sirokmány
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.)
| | - Júlia R Fábián
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.).,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University (G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., M.G.)
| | - Zsuzsanna E Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (Z.E.T.), Faculty of Medicine Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ivett Baksa
- ImmunoGenes Ltd, Budakeszi, Hungary (I.B., I.K.)
| | | | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.).,MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Budapest, Hungary (L. Hunyady)
| | - László Hiripi
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary (A.K., L.B., G.S., O.I.H., L. Hiripi, Z.B.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary (A.K., L.B., G.S., O.I.H., L. Hiripi, Z.B.)
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., L. Hunyady, M.G.).,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University (G.L.P., M.M., A.D., M.B., Z.S., B.B., G.S., J.R.F., M.G.)
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6
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Kozák E, Szikora B, Iliás A, Jani PK, Hegyi Z, Matula Z, Dedinszki D, Tőkési N, Fülöp K, Pomozi V, Várady G, Bakos É, Tusnády GE, Kacskovics I, Váradi A. Creation of the first monoclonal antibody recognizing an extracellular epitope of hABCC6. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:789-798. [PMID: 33159684 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the ABCC6 gene result in calcification diseases such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum or Generalized Arterial Calcification of Infancy. Generation of antibodies recognizing an extracellular (EC) epitope of ABCC6 has been hampered by the short EC segments of the protein. To overcome this limitation, we immunized bovine FcRn transgenic mice exhibiting an augmented humoral immune response with Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells cells expressing human ABCC6 (hABCC6). We obtained a monoclonal antibody recognizing an EC epitope of hABCC6 that we named mEChC6. Limited proteolysis revealed that the epitope is within a loop in the N-terminal half of ABCC6 and probably spans amino acids 338-347. mEChC6 recognizes hABCC6 in the liver of hABCC6 transgenic mice, verifying both specificity and EC binding to intact hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kozák
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Szikora
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest, Hungary.,ImmunoGenes Ltd., Budakeszi, Hungary
| | - Attila Iliás
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Hegyi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Matula
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Dedinszki
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Natália Tőkési
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Fülöp
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viola Pomozi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Várady
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor E Tusnády
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest, Hungary.,ImmunoGenes Ltd., Budakeszi, Hungary
| | - Andras Váradi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Szikora B, Marx A, Jani PK, Pipek O, Müller V, Csabai I, Kacskovics I. FcRn Overexpression Expands Diversity of the Humoral Immune Response in bFcRn Transgenic Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1887. [PMID: 32973781 PMCID: PMC7472951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays key roles in IgG and albumin homeostasis, maternal IgG transport, and antigen presentation of IgG-opsonized antigens. Previously, we reported that transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress bovine FcRn (bFcRn) have augmented T-dependent humoral immune response with increased IgG protection, higher level of antigen-specific antibodies, greater number of antigen-specific B cells, and effective immune response even against weakly immunogenic epitopes. In this study we analyzed the diversity of the humoral immune response of bFcRn Tg mice, using a length distribution analysis (spectratyping) and next generation sequencing (NGS) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions. Our analysis showed that in response to immunization with ovalbumin or transfected cells that expressed a unique membrane protein, our Tg animals developed a more diverse plasma cell repertoire than controls, which manifested in greater numbers of different clones, and clusters with fewer highly expanded large clones, as identified by the variable region (CDR3) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The increased antibody diversity in Tg mice after immunization was observed at both IgM and IgG levels, indicating that the increased humoral immune diversity in Tg mice is due to a higher number of both activated, antigen-specific naïve and isotype switched B cells. We thus demonstrated that the BCR repertoire of the immunized bFcRn Tg animals is more diverse compared to wild type mice, which likely makes these Tg mice a better choice for monoclonal antibody production against challenging antigens, including the extracellular regions of cell membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Szikora
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Marx
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Orsolya Pipek
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Csabai
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,ImmunoGenes Ltd., Budakeszi, Hungary
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8
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Szikora B, Hiripi L, Bender B, Kacskovics I, Iliás A. Characterization of the interactions of rabbit neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) with rabbit and human IgG isotypes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185662. [PMID: 28957416 PMCID: PMC5619814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing importance of rabbit as an animal model in pharmacological studies like investigating placental transfer of therapeutic IgGs, little is known about the molecular interaction of the rabbit neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) with rabbit and human IgG molecules. We analyzed the interactions of the rabbit and human FcRn with rabbit and human IgG isotypes using surface plasmon resonance assay. Similar to FcRn of other species, rabbit FcRn functions in pH-dependent manner, as it binds IgGs at pH 6.0, but no binding occurs at pH 7.4. We also showed that rabbit FcRn binds rabbit IgG and human IgG1 with nearly identical affinity, whereas it has stronger interactions with the other human IgG isotypes. The similar affinity of rabbit IgG and human IgG1 for rabbit FcRn was confirmed by in vitro FcRn-mediated recycling assay. These data verify that rabbit is an appropriate animal model for analyzing the pharmacokinetics of human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Szikora
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hiripi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- ImmunoGenes-ABS Ltd, Budakeszi, Hungary
| | - Attila Iliás
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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9
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Vaeth M, Yang J, Yamashita M, Zee I, Eckstein M, Knosp C, Kaufmann U, Karoly Jani P, Lacruz RS, Flockerzi V, Kacskovics I, Prakriya M, Feske S. ORAI2 modulates store-operated calcium entry and T cell-mediated immunity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14714. [PMID: 28294127 PMCID: PMC5355949 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels is critical for lymphocyte function and immune responses. CRAC channels are hexamers of ORAI proteins that form the channel pore, but the contributions of individual ORAI homologues to CRAC channel function are not well understood. Here we show that deletion of Orai1 reduces, whereas deletion of Orai2 increases, SOCE in mouse T cells. These distinct effects are due to the ability of ORAI2 to form heteromeric channels with ORAI1 and to attenuate CRAC channel function. The combined deletion of Orai1 and Orai2 abolishes SOCE and strongly impairs T cell function. In vivo, Orai1/Orai2 double-deficient mice have impaired T cell-dependent antiviral immune responses, and are protected from T cell-mediated autoimmunity and alloimmunity in models of colitis and graft-versus-host disease. Our study demonstrates that ORAI1 and ORAI2 form heteromeric CRAC channels, in which ORAI2 fine-tunes the magnitude of SOCE to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Megumi Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Isabelle Zee
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Miriam Eckstein
- NYU College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Camille Knosp
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Ulrike Kaufmann
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo S. Lacruz
- NYU College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | | | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
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10
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Cervenak J, Kurrle R, Kacskovics I. Accelerating antibody discovery using transgenic animals overexpressing the neonatal Fc receptor as a result of augmented humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:269-87. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- ImmunoGenes Ltd; Budakeszi Hungary
- Department of Immunology; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest Hungary
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11
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Schneider Z, Jani PK, Szikora B, Végh A, Kövesdi D, Iliás A, Cervenak J, Balogh P, Kurucz I, Kacskovics I. Overexpression of Bovine FcRn in Mice Enhances T-Dependent Immune Responses by Amplifying T Helper Cell Frequency and Germinal Center Enlargement in the Spleen. Front Immunol 2015; 6:357. [PMID: 26257730 PMCID: PMC4507463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays key roles in IgG and albumin homeostasis, maternal IgG transport, and antigen presentation of IgG-opsonized antigens. Previously, we reported that transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress the bovine FcRn (bFcRn) have augmented T-dependent humoral immune response with increased IgG protection, higher level of antigen-specific antibodies, greater number of antigen-specific B cells, and effective immune response even against weakly immunogenic epitopes. In the current study, we analyzed the localization of the bFcRn in secondary lymphoid organs, and focused to demonstrate the in vivo impact of its overexpression in the spleen on the course of antibody production. bFcRn was highly expressed by red pulp macrophages and marginal zone macrophages in the spleen and by subcapsular sinus macrophages and macrophage-like cells in the interfollicular areas in the lymph node cortex. We also demonstrated that splenic dendritic cells of Tg mice express bFcRn and intraperitoneal immunization of these mice with T-dependent antigens led to more than threefold increase in the number of antigen-specific activated T helper cells with increased size and numbers of germinal centers compared to wild-type controls. bFcRn expression in splenic B cells was also detected and that may also contribute to the enhanced B cell activation. Finally, we demonstrated that these Tg mice developed efficient immune response against very low dose of antigen, reflecting another important practical benefit of these Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Schneider
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | | | - Bence Szikora
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Attila Végh
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary ; ImmunoGenes Kft , Budakeszi , Hungary
| | - Dorottya Kövesdi
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Attila Iliás
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | | | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary
| | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary ; ImmunoGenes Kft , Budakeszi , Hungary
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12
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Cervenak J, Doleschall M, Bender B, Mayer B, Schneider Z, Doleschall Z, Zhao Y, Bősze Z, Hammarström L, Oster W, Kacskovics I. NFκB induces overexpression of bovine FcRn: a novel mechanism that further contributes to the enhanced immune response in genetically modified animals carrying extra copies of FcRn. MAbs 2015; 5:860-71. [PMID: 24492342 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many functions of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) for IgG, it binds to IgG-opsonized antigen complexes and propagates their traffic into lysosomes where antigen processing occurs. We previously reported that transgenic (Tg) mice and rabbits that carry multiple copies and overexpress FcRn have augmented humoral immune responses. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) is a critical molecule in the signaling cascade in the immune response. NFκB induces human FcRn expression and our previous in silico analysis suggested NFκB binding sites in the promoter region of the bovine (b) FcRn α-chain gene (FCGRT). Here, we report the identification of three NFκB transcription binding sites in the promoter region of this gene using luciferase reporter gene technology, electromobility shift assay and supershift analysis. Stimulation of primary bovine endothelial cells with the Toll-like receptor-4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which mediates its effect via NFκB, resulted in rapid upregulation of the bFcRn expression and a control gene, bovine E-selectin. This rapid bFcRn gene induction was also observed in the spleen of bFcRn Tg mice treated with intraperitoneally injected LPS, analyzed by northern blot analysis. Finally, NFκB-mediated bFcRn upregulation was confirmed at the protein level in macrophages isolated from the bFcRn Tg mice using flow cytometry with a newly developed FcRn specific monoclonal antibody that does not cross-react with the mouse FcRn. We conclude that NFκB regulates bFcRn expression and thus optimizes its functions, e.g., in the professional antigen presenting cells, and contributes to the much augmented humoral immune response in the bFcRn Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Márton Doleschall
- Molecular Medicine Research Group; Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Balázs Mayer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zita Schneider
- Department of Immunology; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Doleschall
- Department of Pathogenetics; National Institute of Oncology; Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | | | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge; Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- ImmunoGenes Kft; Budakeszi, Hungary; Department of Immunology; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) lacks a mucosa but is part of the mucosal immune system because of its role in passive mucosal immunity. The MG is not an inductive site for mucosal immunity. Rather, synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig)A by plasma cells stimulated at distal inductive sites dominate in the milk of rodents, humans, and swine whereas IgG1 derived from serum predominates in ruminants. Despite the considerable biodiversity in the role of the MG, IgG passively transfers the maternal systemic immunological experience whereas IgA transfers the mucosal immunological experience. Although passive antibodies are protective, they and other lacteal constituents can be immunoregulatory. Immune protection of the MG largely depends on the innate immune system; the monocytes–macrophages group together with intraepithelial lymphocytes is dominant in the healthy gland. An increase in somatic cells (neutrophils) and various interleukins signal infection (mastitis) and a local immune response in the MG. The major role of the MG to mucosal immunity is the passive immunity supplied to the suckling neonate.
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14
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Abadie V, Abraham C, Adams DH, Agace WW, Alexander-Brett J, Alkhairy O, Ambite I, Anderson DJ, Artis D, Atmar RL, Aymeric L, Bachert C, Bakema JE, Baker K, Beagley KW, Befus A, Bemark M, Berin MC, Berings M, Berzofsky JA, Bilej M, Biswas N, Blumberg RS, Bienenstock J, Bogdanos D, Boirivant M, Boonnak K, Bracke KR, Brandtzaeg P, Braun J, Bringer MA, Broadbent AJ, Bronson R, Brusselle GG, Bulmer JN, Butler J, Cardenas PA, Cebra JJ, Cella M, Cerutti A, Challacombe SJ, Chattha K, Cheroutre H, Chiba T, Chorny A, Clements JD, Colonna M, Cookson WO, Corbeil LB, Corthésy B, Cripps AW, van Crombruggen K, Pires da Cunha A, Cunningham-Rundles S, Curtiss R, Darfeuille-Michaud A, de Jonge WJ, Deban L, Denning TL, Di Santo JP, Diefenbach A, DiRita VJ, Downey J, Du MQ, Edelblum KL, van Egmond M, Epple HJ, Fagarasan S, Fahey JV, Ferris MJ, Fichtner-Feigl S, Fidel PL, Flach M, Flavell R, Fleit HB, Franchini G, Freytag LC, Fuchs A, Fujihashi K, Fuss IJ, Gagliani N, Garcia MR, Garrett WS, Gershwin ME, Gevaert P, Gleeson M, Godaly G, Goldblum RM, Gour N, Gursel M, Hajishengallis G, Hammad H, Hammarström L, Hänninen A, Hanson LÅ, Hayday A, Herzog R, Hodgins DC, Holgate ST, Holmgren J, Holtzman MJ, Hook EW, Huber S, Hurwitz JL, Ivanyi J, Iwasaki A, Jabri B, Jackson S, Jacobs J, Jalkanen S, Janoff EN, Jerse AE, Jeyanathan M, Julian BA, Kacskovics I, Kaetzel CS, Kaushic C, Kelsall BL, Kessans S, Kesselring R, Kilian M, Kiyono H, Klinman DM, Korotkova M, Kronenberg M, Krysko O, Kurono Y, Kverka M, Lambrecht BN, Lamm ME, Lantz O, Lash GE, Lavelle E, Lefrancois L, Leung PS, Levine MM, Lim DJ, Lippolis J, Louis NA, Luster AD, Lutay N, Lycke N, Macpherson AJ, Mantis NJ, Marcotte H, Martin DH, Mason HS, Massa HM, Matoba N, Mayer L, Maynard CL, McElrath MJ, McEntee C, McGhee JR, McGuckin MA, Mestecky J, Mikhak Z, Miller RD, Moldoveanu Z, Montgomery PC, Mor T, Neurath MF, Neyt K, Nicholson LK, Novak J, Nowicki S, O’Hagan D, O’Sullivan NL, Ogra P, Orihuela C, Ouellette AJ, Owen RL, Pabst O, Parkos CA, Parreño V, Patel MV, Perez-Novo C, Perkins DJ, Prussin C, Pudney J, Raghavan S, Rainard P, Ramani S, Randall TD, Raska M, Renukaradhya GJ, Rescigno M, Rosenthal KL, Rothenberg ME, Ruemmele FM, Russell MW, Saif LJ, Salinas I, Salmi M, Salmon H, Sampson HA, Sansonetti P, Schneider T, Serafini N, Sharma D, Shen Z, Shi HN, Shirlaw PJ, Shivhare SB, Smith PD, Smith PM, Smith DJ, Smythies LE, Spencer J, Strober W, Subbarao K, Svanborg C, Svennerholm AM, Taubman MA, Telemo E, Thornhill MH, Thornton DJ, Thuenemann E, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Tristram D, Trivedi P, Tuomanen E, Turanek J, Turner JR, Underdown BJ, van Helden MJ, Veazey RS, Verdu EF, Vlasova A, Vliagoftis H, Vogel SN, Walker WA, Wang X, Watanabe T, Weaver CT, Weiner HL, Wells JM, Wen T, Whittum-Hudson J, Whitsett JA, Williams IR, Wills-Karp M, Wira CR, Woof JM, Wotherspoon AC, Xing Z, Xu H, Zaph C, Zeissig S, Zeitz M. Contributors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.01002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Baranyi M, Cervenak J, Bender B, Kacskovics I. Transgenic rabbits that overexpress the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) generate higher quantities and improved qualities of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG). PLoS One 2013; 8:e76839. [PMID: 24194847 PMCID: PMC3806768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) is a well-established therapeutic concept for preventing host rejection of transplanted organs and graft versus host disease. Increasing the efficiency of rATG production by reducing the number of animals would be highly beneficial to lower cost and to improve quality standards. We have developed transgenic (Tg) mice and rabbits that overexpress the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and have shown an augmented humoral immune response in these animals. To test whether our FcRn Tg rabbits produced rATG more efficiently, we immunized them and their New Zealand White controls with live Jurkat cells. By day 21 after immunization, Tg animals produced significantly, 1.5 times higher amount of total IgG compared to their wt littermates. Also, the binding efficiency of Tg sera to Jurkat cells and their complement-mediated cytotoxicity was significantly higher. The purified Tg IgG preparation contained 2.6 the amount of Jurkat specific IgG as the wt preparation analyzed by complement-mediated lysis, suggesting greater antigen-specific B cell activation in the Tg rabbits. To test this hypothesis, immunization with ovalbumin and human α1-antitrypsin was performed, resulting in significantly greater numbers of antigen-specific B-cells in the FcRn Tg rabbits as compared with wt controls. The shift towards significantly larger populations of antigen-specific B cells relative to the non-specific B cell pool is further corroborated by our previous findings in FcRn Tg mice. Consequently, our FcRn Tg rabbits have the potential to offer substantial qualitative and quantitative improvements for the production of rATG and other polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.
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16
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Kacskovics I, Schneider Z, Vegh A, Ilias A, Baranyi M, Balogh P, Cervenak J, Kurucz I. FcRn overexpression in transgenic animals results in robust immune response (P1069). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.121.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that overexpression of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in transgenic animals (mice and rabbits) leads to (1) improved IgG protection; (2) larger numbers of antigen specific B cells; (3) generation of antibodies against weakly immunogenic antigens; (4) generation of antibodies against highly conserved antigens (breaking immune tolerance); (5) increased humoral diversity and (6) higher levels of circulating antibodies. FcRn transgenesis thus confers a number of practical benefits, including faster antibody production, higher antibody yields and improved generation of hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production. To gain additional insights into the mechanisms underlying this increase in humoral immune response, we further characterized our FcRn transgenic animals. Our analyses showed strong expression of the FcRn transgene in professional antigen presenting cells and we also found that overexpression of the FcRn significantly improves antigen presentation in case of antigen-IgG immune complexes. We have recently analyzed several key factors in the maturation of the immune response, including the structure of the spleen, number and structure of germinal centers, the level of T cell activation and the affinity of the generated antibodies. These results provide further insights of those mechanisms that are involved in the augmented humoral immune response in transgenic animals that overexpress FcRn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kacskovics
- 1ImmunoGenes Ltd, Budakeszi, Hungary
- 2Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zita Schneider
- 2Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Vegh
- 2Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- 1ImmunoGenes Ltd, Budakeszi, Hungary
| | - Attila Ilias
- 2Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Peter Balogh
- 3Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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17
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Duranthon V, Beaujean N, Brunner M, Odening KE, Santos AN, Kacskovics I, Hiripi L, Weinstein EJ, Bosze Z. On the emerging role of rabbit as human disease model and the instrumental role of novel transgenic tools. Transgenic Res 2012; 21:699-713. [PMID: 22382461 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is widely used as a model for human diseases, because of its size, which permits non-lethal monitoring of physiological changes and similar disease characteristics. Novel transgenic tools such as, the zinc finger nuclease method and the sleeping beauty transposon mediated or BAC transgenesis were recently adapted to the laboratory rabbit and opened new opportunities in precise tissue and developmental stage specific gene expression/silencing, coupled with increased transgenic efficiencies. Many facets of human development and diseases cannot be investigated in rodents. This is especially true for early prenatal development, its long-lasting effects on health and complex disorders, and some economically important diseases such as atherosclerosis or cardiovascular diseases. The first transgenic rabbits models of arrhythmogenesis mimic human cardiac diseases much better than transgenic mice and hereby underline the importance of non-mouse models. Another emerging field is epigenetic reprogramming and pathogenic mechanisms in diabetic pregnancy, where rabbit models are indispensable. Beyond that rabbit is used for decades as major source of polyclonal antibodies and recently in monoclonal antibody production. Alteration of its genome to increase the efficiency and value of the antibodies by humanization of the immunoglobulin genes, or by increasing the expression of a special receptor (Fc receptor) that augments humoral immune response is a current demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Duranthon
- INRA, UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
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18
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Erdei A, Sármay G, Kacskovics I, Matkó J, Mocsai A, Panyi G, Prechl J. Introduction. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Catunda Lemos AP, Cervenak J, Bender B, Hoffmann OI, Baranyi M, Kerekes A, Farkas A, Bősze Z, Hiripi L, Kacskovics I. Characterization of the rabbit neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and analyzing the immunophenotype of the transgenic rabbits that overexpresses FcRn. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28869. [PMID: 22247762 PMCID: PMC3256154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) regulates IgG and albumin homeostasis, mediates maternal IgG transport, takes an active role in phagocytosis, and delivers antigen for presentation. We have previously shown that overexpression of FcRn in transgenic mice significantly improves the humoral immune response. Because rabbits are an important source of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, adaptation of our FcRn overexpression technology in this species would bring significant advantages. We cloned the full length cDNA of the rabbit FcRn alpha-chain and found that it is similar to its orthologous analyzed so far. The rabbit FcRn - IgG contact residues are highly conserved, and based on this we predicted pH dependent interaction, which we confirmed by analyzing the pH dependent binding of FcRn to rabbit IgG using yolk sac lysates of rabbit fetuses by Western blot. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected strong FcRn staining in the endodermal cells of the rabbit yolk sac membrane, while the placental trophoblast cells and amnion showed no FcRn staining. Then, using BAC transgenesis we generated transgenic rabbits carrying and overexpressing a 110 kb rabbit genomic fragment encoding the FcRn. These transgenic rabbits--having one extra copy of the FcRn when hemizygous and two extra copies when homozygous--showed improved IgG protection and an augmented humoral immune response when immunized with a variety of different antigens. Our results in these transgenic rabbits demonstrate an increased immune response, similar to what we described in mice, indicating that FcRn overexpression brings significant advantages for the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amnion/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Animals, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Animals, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cattle
- Chickens
- Cloning, Molecular
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Placenta/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rabbits
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Yolk Sac/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anita Farkas
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- ImmunoGenes Kft, Budakeszi, Hungary
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Takimori S, Shimaoka H, Furukawa JI, Yamashita T, Amano M, Fujitani N, Takegawa Y, Hammarström L, Kacskovics I, Shinohara Y, Nishimura SI. Alteration of the N-glycome of bovine milk glycoproteins during early lactation. FEBS J 2011; 278:3769-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Kacskovics I, Cervenak J, Erdei A, Goldsby RA, Butler JE. Recent advances using FcRn overexpression in transgenic animals to overcome impediments of standard antibody technologies to improve the generation of specific antibodies. MAbs 2011; 3:431-9. [PMID: 22048692 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.5.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review illustrates the salutary effects of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) overexpression in significantly improving humoral immune responses in the generation of antibodies for immunotherapy and diagnostics. These include: (1) improved IgG protection; (2) augmented antigen-specific humoral immune response with larger numbers of antigen specific B cells, thus offering a wider spectrum of clones; (3) generation of antibodies against weakly immunogenic antigens; (4) significant improvements in the number and substantial developments in the diversity of hybridomas. FcRn transgenesis thus confers a number of practical benefits, including faster antibody production, higher antibody yields and improved generation of hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production. Notably, these efficiencies in polyclonal antibody production were also demonstrated in FcRn transgenic rabbits. Overall, FcRn transgenic animals yield more antibodies and provide a route to the generation of antibodies against antigens of low immunogenicity that are difficult to obtain using currently available methods.
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22
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Végh A, Cervenak J, Jankovics I, Kacskovics I. FcRn overexpression in mice results in potent humoral response against weakly immunogenic antigen. MAbs 2011; 3:173-80. [PMID: 21239891 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.2.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) regulates IgG and albumin homeostasis, mediates maternal IgG transport, is active in phagocytosis and delivers antigen for presentation. We have previously shown that transgenic (tg) mice that have been created to overexpress bovine FcRn (bFcRn) demonstrate increased half-life of mouse IgG, significantly increased antigen-specific IgG in serum and augmented expansion of antigen-specific B cells and plasma cells after immunization. One of the interesting questions surrounding this enhanced immune response is whether these tg mice could effectively induce immune response to weakly immunogenic antigens. To address this question, we immunized these bFcRn tg mice with a conserved hemagglutinin subunit 2 (HA2)-based synthetic peptide that was recently found to be effectively targeted by neutralizing antibodies. Using an ELISA system, we found that, whereas wild-type mice showed a weak immune response and developed only a de minimis amount of antibody against the epitope, FcRn over-expressing animals mounted a robust reaction expressed in specific antibody titers on day 28 that continued to rise through day 50. Consistent with our previous data, the enhanced immune response resulting from the FcRn overexpression was also associated with a substantial increase in the number of spleen derived B cells, dendritic cells, granulocytes and plasma cells. Based on this evidence, we propose that tg mice that overexpress bFcRn offer major advantages in monoclonal antibody production because the tg mice would allow the generation of antibodies (hybridomas) to weakly immunogenic antigens that otherwise would be difficult or even impossible to make.
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Cervenak J, Bender B, Schneider Z, Magna M, Carstea BV, Liliom K, Erdei A, Bosze Z, Kacskovics I. Neonatal FcR overexpression boosts humoral immune response in transgenic mice. J Immunol 2010; 186:959-68. [PMID: 21148035 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal FcR (FcRn) regulates IgG and albumin homeostasis, mediates maternal IgG transport, takes active part in phagocytosis, and delivers Ag for presentation. We have previously shown that overexpression of FcRn in transgenic (Tg) mice extends the half-life of mouse IgG by reducing its clearance. In this paper, we demonstrate that immunization of these mice with OVA and trinitrophenyl-conjugated human IgG results in a 3- to 10-fold increase of Ag-specific IgM and IgG in serum. The IgM increase was unexpected because FcRn does not bind IgM. Our results showed that the affinity of the Ag-specific IgG was at least as good in Tg mice as in the wild-type (wt) controls, implying appropriate affinity maturation in both groups. Influenza vaccination produced a 2-fold increase in the amount of virus-specific Ab in Tg animals, which proved twice as efficient in a hemagglutination inhibition assay as was the case in wt controls. After immunization, Tg mice displayed significantly larger spleens containing a higher number of Ag-specific B cells and plasma cells, as well as many more granulocytes and dendritic cells, analyzed by ELISPOT and flow cytometric studies. The neutrophils from these Tg mice expressed the Tg FcRn and phagocytosed IgG immune complexes more efficiently than did those from wt mice. These results show that FcRn overexpression not only extends the IgG half-life but also enhances the expansion of Ag-specific B cells and plasma cells. Although both effects increase the level of Ag-specific IgG, the increase in immune response and IgG production seems to be more prominent compared with the reduced IgG clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cervenak
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Zhang R, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Kacskovics I, Eijk MVD, Groot ND, Li N, Hammarstrom L. Association of FcRn Heavy Chain Encoding Gene (FCGRT) Polymorphisms with IgG Content in Bovine Colostrum. Anim Biotechnol 2010; 20:242-6. [PMID: 19937499 DOI: 10.1080/10495390903196448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated haplotypes of the bovine FCGRT (encoding the FcRn heavy chain) and their relationship to the IgG concentration in bovine colostrum. Four single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), classified into five haplotypes, were identified in a total of 49 Holstein-Frisians cows. Haplotype 5 was found to be significantly associated with a high IgG level ([OR] = 9.90, 95%CI = 1.11-88.34, p = 0.016) and haplotype 2 exhibited a similar trend ([OR] = 2.89, 95%CI = 1.17-7.11, p = 0.019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Butler JE, Lager KM, Splichal I, Francis D, Kacskovics I, Sinkora M, Wertz N, Sun J, Zhao Y, Brown WR, DeWald R, Dierks S, Muyldermans S, Lunney JK, McCray PB, Rogers CS, Welsh MJ, Navarro P, Klobasa F, Habe F, Ramsoondar J. The piglet as a model for B cell and immune system development. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 128:147-70. [PMID: 19056129 PMCID: PMC2828348 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to identify factors responsible for disease in all species depends on the ability to separate those factors which are environmental from those that are intrinsic. This is particularly important for studies on the development of the adaptive immune response of neonates. Studies on laboratory rodents or primates have been ambiguous because neither the effect of environmental nor maternal factors on the newborn can be controlled in mammals that: (i) transmit potential maternal immunoregulatory factors in utero and (ii) are altricial and cannot be reared after birth without their mothers. Employing the newborn piglet model can address each of these concerns. However, it comes at the price of having first to characterize the immune system of swine and its development. This review focuses on the porcine B cell system, especially on the methods used for its characterization in fetal studies and neonatal piglets. Understanding these procedures is important in the interpretation of the data obtained. Studies on neonatal piglets have (a) provided valuable information on the development of the adaptive immune system, (b) lead to important advances in evolutionary biology, (c) aided our understanding of passive immunity and (d) provided opportunities to use swine to address specific issues in veterinary and biomedical research and immunotherapy. This review summarizes the history of the development of the piglet as a model for antibody repertoire development, thus providing a framework to guide future investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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Butler JE, Zhao Y, Sinkora M, Wertz N, Kacskovics I. Immunoglobulins, antibody repertoire and B cell development. Dev Comp Immunol 2009; 33:321-333. [PMID: 18804488 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Swine share with most placental mammals the same five antibody isotypes and same two light chain types. Loci encoding lambda, kappa and Ig heavy chains appear to be organized as they are in other mammals. Swine differ from rodents and primates, but are similar to rabbits in using a single VH family (VH3) to encode their variable heavy chain domain, but not the family used by cattle, another artiodactyl. Distinct from other hoofed mammals and rodents, Ckappa:Clambda usage resembles the 1:1 ratio seen in primates. Since IgG subclasses diversified after speciation, same name subclass homologs do not exist among swine and other mammals unless very closely related. Swine possess six putative IgG subclasses that appear to have diversified by gene duplication and exon shuffle while retaining motifs that can bind to FcgammaRs, FcRn, C1q, protein A and protein G. The epithelial chorial placenta of swine and the precosial nature of their offspring have made piglets excellent models for studies on fetal antibody repertoire development and on the postnatal role of gut colonization, maternal colostrum and neonatal infection on the development of adaptive immunity during the "critical window" of immunological development. This chapter traces the study of the humoral immune system of this species through its various eras of discovery and compiles the results in tables and figures that should be a useful reference for educators and investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Butler JE, Wertz N, Deschacht N, Kacskovics I. Porcine IgG: structure, genetics and evolution. Immunogenetics 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
The role of the FcRn is fundamental in IgG metabolism. It is involved in transporting maternal immunity and protects IgG from fast degradation throughout life. While the acquisition of the humoral immunity through the transfer of IgG from mother to offspring shows species-specific differences, the mechanism how FcRn protects IgG from degradation is highly similar in all species analyzed so far. This review summarizes the current understanding of the FcRn-mediated IgG metabolism in livestock animals (cattle, sheep and pig) and point out those aspects that remain to be exposed for better understanding the function of this system in these species and also to take advantages of it for economical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cervenak
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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Butler J, Wertz N, Kacskovics I. The Evolution and Diversity of IGG. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.863.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lu W, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Yu S, Zhao Y, Fan B, Kacskovics I, Hammarström L, Li N. Over-expression of the bovine FcRn in the mammary gland results in increased IgG levels in both milk and serum of transgenic mice. Immunology 2007; 122:401-8. [PMID: 17608809 PMCID: PMC2266012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) protects immunoglobulin G (IgG) from catabolism and is also responsible for IgG absorption in the neonatal small intestine. However, whether it mediates the transfer of IgG from plasma to milk still remains speculative. In the present study, we have generated transgenic mice that over-express the bovine FcRn (bFcRn) in their lactating mammary glands. Significantly increased IgG levels were observed in the sera and milk from transgenic animals, suggesting that the over-expressed bFcRn could bind and protect endogenous mouse IgG and thus extend its lifespan. We also found that injected human IgG showed a significantly longer half-life (7-8 days) in the transgenic mice than in controls (2.9 days). Altogether, the data suggested that bFcRn could bind both mouse and human IgG, showing a cross-species FcRn-IgG binding activity. However, we found no selective accumulation of endogenous mouse IgG or injected bovine IgG in the milk of the transgenic females, supporting a previous hypothesis that IgG was transported from serum to milk in an inverse correlation to its binding affinity to FcRn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- The State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Bender B, Bodrogi L, Mayer B, Schneider Z, Zhao Y, Hammarström L, Eggen A, Kacskovics I, Bosze Z. Position independent and copy-number-related expression of the bovine neonatal Fc receptor α-chain in transgenic mice carrying a 102 kb BAC genomic fragment. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:613-27. [PMID: 17594529 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We generated and characterized transgenic mice carrying a 102 kb bovine genomic fragment, encoding the neonatal Fc receptor alpha-chain (bFcRn). FcRn plays a crucial role in the maternal IgG transport and it also regulates the IgG and albumin homeostasis. Some of its functions and transcriptional regulation show species specific differences. The FcRn heterodimer is composed of the alpha-chain and beta-2-microglobulin (beta2 m). A bacterial artificial chromosome containing the bovine FcRn alpha-chain gene (bFCGRT) with its 44 kb 5' and 50 kb long 3' flanking sequences was microinjected into fertilized mouse oocytes. Two of the transgenic lines generated, showed copy number related and integration site independent bFcRn expression. The bFcRn alpha-chain forms a functional receptor with the mouse beta2-microglobulin and extends the half-life of the mouse IgG in transgenic mice. Our results underline the feasibility of creating BAC transgenic mouse models of economically important bovine genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Bender
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, 2100, Szent-Györgyi A. st.4, Godollo, Hungary
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Udvarnoki K, Cervenak L, Uray K, Hudecz F, Kacskovics I, Spallek R, Singh M, Füst G, Prohászka Z. Antibodies against C-reactive protein cross-react with 60-kilodalton heat shock proteins. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:335-41. [PMID: 17301219 PMCID: PMC1865608 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00155-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant frequently used in histochemistry as a marker of ongoing inflammation. Furthermore, CRP is a powerful biomarker for the prediction of coronary artery disease risk. Heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60) and CRP are complement-activating molecules, and the effect of their interactions on the regulation of complement activation was studied. However, during the first experiments, we learned that polyclonal anti-CRP antibodies cross-react with Hsp60. Therefore, the aim of our present study was to analyze the cross-reactivity of anti-CRP antibodies (Ab) with Hsp60 in solid-phase enzyme immune assays, in epitope studies using a series of overlapping synthetic peptides, and in Ouchterlony analyses. We found that three different commercial rabbit polyclonal antibodies and two monoclonal (9C9 and CRP-8) anti-CRP antibodies specifically recognize recombinant human Hsp60 and recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp65, respectively. Hsp60 was found to inhibit the binding of anti-CRP polyclonal Ab to Hsp60. Six epitope regions of Hsp60 were recognized by the anti-CRP antibodies, and one region (amino acids [AA] 218 to 232) was recognized by monoclonal antibodies CRP-8 and 9C9. This epitope region of Hsp60 displays 26.6% amino acid identity to CRP AA region 77 to 90. These data suggest that the B-cell epitopes shared between CRP and Hsp60 give rise to a true mimicry-based cross-reaction and the induction of cross-reactive antibodies. Our study underlines the importance of thorough study design and careful interpretation of results while using polyclonal anti-CRP antibodies for histochemistry, especially at low dilutions. Furthermore, analytical interference with Hsp60 in CRP assays should also be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Udvarnoki
- Third Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1125 Budapest, Kútvölgyi st. 4, Hungary
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Doleschall M, Mayer B, Cervenak J, Cervenak L, Kacskovics I. Cloning, expression and characterization of the bovine p65 subunit of NFkappaB. Dev Comp Immunol 2007; 31:945-61. [PMID: 17306370 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The full length coding sequence of the cattle transcription factor p65 was isolated and cloned. The cloned bovine p65 was expressed in mammalian cells, and it induced the NF-kappaB-specific luciferase reporter gene expression. Using gel retardation techniques, we demonstrated that the cloned bovine p65 bound to the consensus kappaB sequence. The comparison of the bovine p65 with its human and mouse orthologues at amino acid level showed high homology in both the DNA-binding domain, known as Rel homology domain (RHD) and the transactivation domain (TAD). The phylogenetic analysis at DNA level provided a new insight in the evolution of the NF-kappaB family, and it could resolve the topology of the mammalian p65molecules. Although, the RHD was conserved in vertebrates, the TAD sequences deviated from each other, and showed faster molecular evolution than RHD sequences, which may indirectly result in the modification of NF-kappaB immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Doleschall
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, István u. 2. H-1078, Budapest, Hungary
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Zeöld A, Doleschall M, Haffner MC, Capelo LP, Menyhért J, Liposits Z, da Silva WS, Bianco AC, Kacskovics I, Fekete C, Gereben B. Characterization of the nuclear factor-kappa B responsiveness of the human dio2 gene. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4419-29. [PMID: 16728495 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activates T4 by deiodination to T3, a process being the source of most T3 present in the brain. In the mediobasal hypothalamus, expression of the dio2 gene is potently activated by administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which in turn mediates the modifications in thyroid homeostasis typically observed in patients with nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Here we show that LPS-induced D2 expression is also observed in human MSTO-211H cells that endogenously express D2. Exposure to LPS rapidly doubled D2 activity by a mechanism that was partially blocked by the nuclear factor-B (NF-B) inhibitor sulfasalazine. Next, the human dio2 5'-flanking region promoter assay was used in HC11 cells and the p65/NF-kappa B responsiveness mapped to the 3' approximately 600-bp region of hdio2 5'-flanking region, with an approximately 15-fold induction. Semiquantitative EMSA identified the strongest NF-B binding sites at the positions -683 bp (called no. 2) and -198 bp (no. 5) 5' to the transcriptional starting site. Despite the very similar NF-kappa B binding affinity of these two sites, site-directed mutagenesis and promoter assay indicated that only site no. 5 possessed transactivation potency in the presence of the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B. Other cytokine mediators such as signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) or signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) did not induce transcription of the dio2 gene. Our results indicate that inflammatory signals regulate D2 expression predominantly via the NF-kappa B pathway in a direct transcriptional manner and could contribute to the changes in thyroid economy observed in nonthyroidal illness syndrome during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Zeöld
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Information Technology, Péter Pázmány Catholic University, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
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Kacskovics I, Kis Z, Mayer B, West AP, Tiangco NE, Tilahun M, Cervenak L, Bjorkman PJ, Goldsby RA, Szenci O, Hammarström L. FcRn mediates elongated serum half-life of human IgG in cattle. Int Immunol 2006; 18:525-36. [PMID: 16481343 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG has the longest survival time in the circulation of the Ig classes and the lowest fractional catabolic rate. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays an important role in regulating these processes. Recently, we have cloned the bovine neonatal Fc receptor (bFcRn) alpha chain and detected its expression in various epithelial cells which are mediating IgG secretion. However, its function in IgG homeostasis has not been investigated. In the current study, we analyzed the binding affinity of bovine and human IgGs to bFcRn using surface plasmon resonance and by in vitro radioreceptor binding assays. As human IgG binds stronger to the bFcRn, than bovine IgG at pH 6, we subsequently analyzed its catabolism in normal and transchromosomic calves that produce human Igs. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that human IgG had approximately 33 days serum half-life both in normal and transchromosomic calves, which is more than two times longer than its bovine counterpart. We also demonstrate FcRn expression in endothelial cells and in the kidney which are supposed to be involved in IgG metabolism. These data suggest that bFcRn is involved in IgG homeostasis in cattle and furthermore, that the transchromosomic calves producing human Igs can effectively protect their human IgGs which have implications for successful large-scale production of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Kacskovics I, Mayer B, Kis Z, Frenyó LV, Zhao Y, Muyldermans S, Hammarström L. Cloning and characterization of the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) neonatal Fc receptor (drFcRn). Dev Comp Immunol 2006; 30:1203-15. [PMID: 16690125 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The full length cDNA of the dromedary neonatal Fc receptor (drFcRn) alpha chain was isolated and found that it is similar to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) of other species with a high overall similarity to ruminant FcRn alpha chains. The drFcRn/Fc contact residues are highly conserved and predicted to bind both conventional (IgG1) and heavy chain (IgG2a, IgG3) antibodies. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected its expression in the hepatocytes and in epithelial cells of portal bile ductuli and also in the mammary gland acini and ducti. Remarkably, Ser313, that was identified to be crucial for apical to basolateral transcytosis, is substituted in the drFcRn alpha chain. The full length of the dog and orangutan FcRn alpha chains was also identified from databases. Analyzing the phylogenetic relatedness of this gene we found that dromedary clustered together with artiodactyls, dog is located between artiodactyls and primates, where the orangutan was branched, reflecting the accepted evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Istvan utca 2. H-1078, Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
The role of an IgG-Fc receptor (FcRn) that resembles a class I MHC Ag in transporting IgGs through epithelial cells was recently shown in selected species. Here we report our preliminary characterization of a clone encoding the alpha chain of the bovine FcRn from a BAC library. The recombinant BAC DNA was digested, analyzed by Southern blot hybridization and a bovine FcRn positive 9 kb long fragment was subcloned and partially sequenced. The exon/intron organization of the bovine FcRn alpha chain gene was deduced by comparison with its cDNA sequence. The sequence revealed a similar organization to the human and mouse FcRn alpha chain genes. The bovine FcRn alpha chain gene has acquired several repetitive sequences in its 5'-flanking region, including multiple SINE and LINE elements. Potential binding sites for transcription factors within the 5'-flanking sequence were identified using TESS and TFSEARCH programs. The 5'-flanking region of the bFcRn alpha chain gene was analyzed for its ability to directly express the luciferase reporter gene in bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Transient transfection of a luciferase construct revealed that there was promoter activity in the region -1787 to +92 of the 5'-flanking sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Doleschall
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent Istvan University, P.O. Box 2, H-1400 Budapest, Hungary
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Mayer B, Doleschall M, Bender B, Bartyik J, Bosze Z, Frenyó LV, Kacskovics I. Expression of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the bovine mammary gland. J DAIRY RES 2005; 72 Spec No:107-12. [PMID: 16180728 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029905001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In ruminants, protective immunoglobulins are transferred to the newborn via colostrum to mediate maternal immunity. There is a high selectivity in the transport of immunoglobulins from the maternal plasma across the mammary barrier into the colostrum, and only IgG1 is transferred in large amounts. We have recently analysed the expression of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in sheep mammary gland around parturition. Re-analysing this issue in bovine confirmed our previous data indicating that FcRn is homogeneously localized in the mammary gland acinar cells before parturition, however a remarkable difference was observed in the pattern after calving, where only the apical side of the cells was strongly stained. The presence of the FcRn in the acinar epithelial cells of the mammary gland and the obvious change in distribution before and after parturition indicate that FcRn plays an important role in the IgG transport during colostrum formation in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, PO Box 2, H-1400 Budapest, Hungary
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Gustafsson A, Hultberg A, Sjöström R, Kacskovics I, Breimer ME, Borén T, Hammarström L, Holgersson J. Carbohydrate-dependent inhibition of Helicobacter pylori colonization using porcine milk. Glycobiology 2005; 16:1-10. [PMID: 16118287 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk has a well-known anti-microbial effect, which is in part due to the many different carbohydrate structures expressed. This renders it a position as a potential therapeutic for treatment of infection by different pathogens, thus avoiding the drawbacks of many antibiotics. In a previous study, we showed that pigs express the Helicobacter pylori receptors, sialyl Lewis x (Le x) and Le b, on various milk proteins. Here, we investigate the pig breed- and individual-specific expression of these epitopes, as well as the inhibitory capacity of porcine milk on H. pylori binding and colonization. Milk proteins from three different pig breeds were analysed by western blotting using antibodies with known carbohydrate specificity. An adhesion assay was used to investigate the capacity of pig milk to inhibit H. pylori binding to neoglycoproteins carrying Le b and sialyl-di-Le x. alpha1,3/4-fucosyltransferase transgenic FVB/N mice, known to express Le b and sialyl Le x in their gastric epithelium, were colonized by H. pylori and were subsequently treated with Le b- and sialyl Le x-expressing or nonexpressing porcine milk, or water (control) only. The degree of H. pylori colonization in the different treatment groups was quantified. The expression of the Le b and sialyl Le x carbohydrate epitopes on pig milk proteins was breed- and individual specific and correlated to the ability of porcine milk to inhibit H. pylori adhesion in vitro and H. pylori colonization in vivo. Milk from certain pig breeds may have a therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect on H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anki Gustafsson
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Gustafsson A, Kacskovics I, Breimer ME, Hammarström L, Holgersson J. Carbohydrate phenotyping of human and animal milk glycoproteins. Glycoconj J 2005; 22:109-18. [PMID: 16133831 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-005-0356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Breast-milk has a well-known anti-microbial effect, which is in part due to the many different carbohydrate structures expressed. This renders it a position as a potential therapeutic for treatment of infection by different pathogens, thus avoiding the drawbacks of many antibiotics. The plethora of carbohydrate epitopes in breast-milk is known to differ between species, with human milk expressing the most complex one. We have investigated the expression of protein-bound carbohydrate epitopes in milk from man, cow, goat, sheep, pig, horse, dromedary and rabbit. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and the presence of carbohydrate epitopes on milk proteins were analysed by Western blotting using different lectins and carbohydrate-specific antibodies. We show that ABH, Lewis (Le)x, sialyl-Lex, Lea, sialyl-Lea and Leb carbohydrate epitopes are expressed mainly on man, pig and horse milk proteins. The blood group precursor structure H type 1 is expressed in all species investigated, while only pig, dromedary and rabbit milk proteins carry H type 2 epitopes. These epitopes are receptors for Helicobacter pylori (Leb and sialyl-Lex), enteropathogenic (H type 1, Lea and Lex) and enterotoxic Escherichia coli (heat-stable toxin; H type 1 and 2), and Campylobacter jejuni (H type 2). Thus, milk from these animals or their genetically modified descendants could have a therapeutic effect by inhibiting pathogen colonization and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anki Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Many of the receptors for the Fc domain of immunoglobulins in cattle, sheep, pigs and horses have been cloned and characterized recently. This review summarises recent developments and relates them to the current understanding of the primary structure, cellular specificity and binding properties of Fc receptors (FcRs). Although there is an obvious overall similarity to their human and mouse counterparts, some Fc receptors in domestic animals are unusual, perhaps most notably the bovine Fcgamma2R, which although related to other mammalian FcgammaRs, belongs to a novel gene family and the porcine FcgammaRIIIA, which associates with a molecule that contains significant homology to the cathelin family of antimicrobial proteins. Accumulating data suggest the possibility of a different role for the FcRn in ruminants, which may secrete IgG onto the mucosal surfaces, rather than absorbing it, as was suggested by mouse studies. These differences may be linked to the diversity of immunoglobulin classes in different mammalian species, and may contribute to different immune functions. The observations made so far emphasize the importance of elucidating and analyzing the roles of these molecules within the immune system of each host animal, rather than inferring roles from conclusions made in human and mouse studies. A better understanding of Fc receptor expression on immune effector cells should help in developing new immunization protocols, while knowledge of the Fc receptors involved in immunoglobulin transport, especially in the mammary gland, may help to develop new products which could be used not only for veterinary purposes but perhaps also for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1400 Budapest, P. O. Box 2, Budapest, Hungary.
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Fekete C, Gereben B, Doleschall M, Harney JW, Dora JM, Bianco AC, Sarkar S, Liposits Z, Rand W, Emerson C, Kacskovics I, Larsen PR, Lechan RM. Lipopolysaccharide induces type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in the mediobasal hypothalamus: implications for the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Endocrinology 2004; 145:1649-55. [PMID: 14684601 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2), the principal central nervous system enzyme converting T(4) to biologically active T(3), is regulated in tanycytes by immune activation, D2 activity was measured in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) 4, 12, and 24 h after administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and compared with D2 levels in the cortex and anterior pituitary of rats. In contrast to D2 activity in the cortex and anterior pituitary that showed a steady linear increase over 24 h, which was coincident with a decline in thyroid hormone and TSH levels, D2 activity peaked in the MBH 12 h after LPS administration. By in situ hybridization, the increased D2 mRNA synthesis induced by LPS was specifically localized to tanycytes lining the third ventricle. In vitro assays in HC11 and HEK-293 cells demonstrated that the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kappaB markedly increased both rat and human D2 genes (dio2) as analyzed by promoter assays. No activation of human dio2 was observed when an 83-bp minimal promoter was used. We propose that LPS or LPS-induced cytokines directly induce D2 mRNA in tanycytes. The ensuing MBH-specific D2-mediated local thyrotoxicosis may suppress the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis by local feedback inhibition of hypophysiotropic TRH and/or TSH and contribute to the mechanism of central hypothyroidism associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine and Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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Abstract
In neonatal calves, maternal immunoglobulin (Ig) is transferred into respiratory secretion which contributes to protection against pathogens. The early predominance of IgG1 in respiratory tract secretions is progressively reduced in favor of IgA by age but in the lower, bronchoalveolar system secreted IgG remains the dominant secreted Ig even in adulthood. The trans-epithelial transport of secretory IgA into mucosal secretions is carried out by the polymeric Ig receptor. However, the mechanism by which IgG crosses epithelial cells to provide defense on mucosal surfaces is still unknown. In order to investigate the possibility that the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn is involved in this transport we have first analyzed the localization of this receptor in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Consistent with the in situ hybridization data, immunohistochemistry showed undetectable expression in the tracheal epithelial cells, relatively weak expression in epithelial cells of the bronchi, apparent staining those lining the bronchioli and randomly scattered signal over the alveolar tissue. The bovine FcRn may thus play a role in IgG transport across mucosal epithelial barriers as a trafficking receptor and ensure IgG predominance in the lower respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University István u. 2, H 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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44
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Abstract
The sequence of the pig FcRn alpha chain was recently published. The lack of a conserved di-leucine motif in the cytoplasmic tail suggests a rare polymorphism in the described animal, alternatively, a sequencing error. We therefore cloned and sequenced the pig FcRn alpha chain. Our sequence, along with a previous NCBI GenBank submission and five pig derived EST clones clearly demonstrate the presence of di-leucine motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the pig FcRn. No polymorphism in the cytoplasmic tail-encoding region was found in 25 animals from six pig breeds based on single-stranded conformation polymorphism and sequencing analysis, suggesting that the previously described pig FcRn alpha chain may represent a sequencing error in the 3' portion of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhao
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Center for Biotechnology, Karolinska Institute, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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45
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Abstract
Bovine antibodies have recently attracted increasing attention, as they have been shown to exhibit prophylactic and therapeutic properties in selected infectious diseases in humans. In the present study, we have isolated bacterial artificial chromosomes and cosmid clones containing the bovine JH, mu, delta, gamma 1, gamma 2, gamma 3, epsilon, and alpha genes, which allowed us to make a contig of the genes within the bovine IGHC locus. The genes are arranged in a 5'-JH-7 kb-mu-5 kb-delta-33 kb-gamma 3-20 kb-gamma 1-34 kb-gamma 2-20 kb-epsilon- 13 kb-alpha-3' order, spanning approximately 150 kb DNA. Examination of the bovine germline JH locus revealed six JH segments, two of which, JH1 and JH2, were shown to be functional although there was a strong preference for expression of the former. Sequence alignment of the bovine 5' E mu enhancer core region with those of other mammals, demonstrated an absence of the mu E3 motif and a shortened spacer between the mu A and mu B sites within the bovine E mu enhancer core region. Furthermore, the essential sequence element for class switching, switch mu, spanning approximately 3-kb repetitive sequence and abundant in the switch region motifs CTGGG (187 repeats) and CTGAG (127 repeats), was identified immediately upstream of the mu gene. A further sequence comparison revealed that the bovine IGHC genes display an extensive polymorphism leading to expression of multiple antibody allotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience at Novum, Karolinska, Institutet, SE-14157, Huddinge, Sweden
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Zhao Y, Pan-Hammarström Q, Kacskovics I, Hammarström L. The porcine Ig delta gene: unique chimeric splicing of the first constant region domain in its heavy chain transcripts. J Immunol 2003; 171:1312-8. [PMID: 12874220 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pig delta gene is located approximately 3.4 kb downstream of the second transmembrane exon of the micro gene and shows a similar genomic structure to its counterpart in cow with three exons encoding the CH1, CH2, and CH3 domains. The porcine genomic deltaCH1 exon has been replaced by a recent duplication of the micro CH1 and its flanking sequences, a genetic event that also led to the formation of a short switch delta region, immediately upstream of the delta gene. The deltaCH1 exhibits a 98.7% similarity (314 of 318 bp) to the micro CH1 at the DNA level, whereas the homologies between the deltaCH2 and micro CH3, and the deltaCH3 and micro CH4 are only 33.3 and 35.8%, respectively. Either of the two CH1 exons ( micro and delta) could be observed in the expressed porcine IgD H chain cDNA sequences VDJ- micro CH1-H-deltaCH2-deltaCH3 or VDJ-deltaCH1-H-deltaCH2-deltaCH3, showing a pattern that has not been observed previously in vertebrates. In addition, transfection of a human B cell line, using artificial constructs resembling the porcine C micro -Cdelta locus, also generated both VDJ- micro CH1-deltaCH1-H1-deltaCH2 and VDJ -deltaCH1-H1-deltaCH2 transcripts. An examination of the pig delta genomic sequence shows a putative, second hinge region-encoding exon. Due to the lack of a normal branchpoint sequence for RNA splicing, this exon is not present in the normal pig delta cDNA. However, the exon could be spliced into most of the expressed transcripts in vitro in cell transfection experiments after introduction of a single T nucleotide to restore the branchpoint sequence upstream of the putative H2 exon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Mayer B, Zolnai A, Frenyó LV, Jancsik V, Szentirmay Z, Hammarström L, Kacskovics I. Redistribution of the sheep neonatal Fc receptor in the mammary gland around the time of parturition in ewes and its localization in the small intestine of neonatal lambs. Immunology 2002; 107:288-96. [PMID: 12423304 PMCID: PMC1782797 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immunity is mediated exclusively by colostral immunoglobulins in ruminants. As the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is suggested to be involved in the transport of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the mammary gland, we cloned this receptor from sheep and analysed its expression in the mammary gland around the time of parturition and also in the small intestine from the newborn lamb. FcRn heavy-chain mRNA was detected (by using in situ hybridization) exclusively in the acinar and ductal epithelial cells in mammary gland biopsies both before and after parturition. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the acini and ducts in the mammary gland biopsies stained homogeneously before parturition. A remarkable difference was observed in the pattern after lambing, where the apical side of the cells was strongly stained. The presence of the FcRn in the acinar and ductal epithelial cells of the mammary gland, and the obvious change in distribution before and after parturition, indicate that the FcRn plays an important role in the transport of IgG during colostrum formation in ruminants. Immunohistochemical analysis detected a strong apical and a weak basal FcRn signal in the duodenal crypt cells of a neonatal lamb, which have been previously demonstrated to secrete IgG1 in newborn ruminants. The FcRn was not detected in the duodenal enterocytes, which absorb intact IgG from the colostrum in a non-specific manner. These data suggest that FcRn is involved in IgG1 secretion in ruminant epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Zolnai
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - László V Frenyó
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Jancsik
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Imre Kacskovics
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István UniversityBudapest, Hungary
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48
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Abstract
IgD has been suggested to be a recently developed Ig class, only present in rodents and primates. However, in this paper the cow, sheep, and pig Ig delta genes have been identified and shown to be transcriptionally active. The deduced amino acid sequences from their cDNAs show that artiodactyl IgD H chains are structurally similar to human IgD, where the cow, sheep, and pig IgD H chain constant regions all contain three domains and a hinge region, sharing homologies of 43.6, 44, and 46.8% with their human counterpart, respectively. According to a phylogenetic analysis, the Cdelta gene appears to have been duplicated from the Cmu gene >300 million yr ago. The ruminant mu CH1 exon and its upstream region was again duplicated before the speciation of the cow and sheep, approximately 20 million yr ago, inserted upstream of the delta gene hinge regions, and later modified by gene conversion. A short Sdelta (switch delta) sequence resulting from the second duplication, is located immediately upstream of the bovine Cdelta gene and directs regular mu-delta class switch recombination in the cow. The presence of Cdelta genes in artiodactyls, possibly in most mammals, suggests that IgD may have some as yet unknown biological properties, distinct from those of IgM, conferring a survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience at Novum, Karolinska Institute, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden.
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49
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Abstract
Among the multiple functions, which have been identified for the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), we study its role in the IgG transport in the mammary gland during the colostrum formation. For this reason, we have obtained several mammary gland biopsies from a pregnant sheep around parturition. The presence of the FcRn heavy chain mRNA was detected exclusively in the acinar and ductal epithelial cell by in situ hybridization (ISH). We detected strong signal in samples harvested 24 and 10 days prepartum; however, in samples we collected postpartum was barely detectable. Immunohistochemistry confirmed our ISH data. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the acini and ducts in the mammary gland biopsies stained homogeneously before parturition, although a remarkable difference was observed in the pattern after lambing. The signal indicated uneven distribution of the FcRn alpha chain in the epithelial cells 1 and 5 days postpartum, since the apical sides of the epithelial cells were highlighted. The presence of the FcRn in the acinar and ductal epithelial cells and the obvious change of its distribution before and after parturition suggest that FcRn plays an important role in the IgG transport during colostrum formation. FcRn expression was also found in the lamb duodenal crypt epithelial cells, which have been previously demonstrated to secrete IgG1 in newborn ruminants, suggesting secretory role of the FcRn in ruminant epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Mayer
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent István University, István utca 2, Budapest H-1078, Hungary
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50
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Iván J, Nagy N, Magyar A, Kacskovics I, Mészáros J. Functional restoration of the bursa of Fabricius following in ovo infectious bursal disease vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 79:235-48. [PMID: 11389958 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The primary role of the avian bursa of Fabricius is to provide an essential microenvironment for B-lymphocytes to diversify their immunoglobulin genes by gene hyperconversion. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccination using intermediate plus vaccine strains can temporarily deplete the bursal follicles and interrupt the normal B-cell development, which is generally followed by B-cell repopulation and histological regeneration. To find evidence that functional restoration of the bursa of Fabricius occurs in addition to the histological regeneration, we have analysed the chB1 gene expression, which indicates active bursal B-lymphocytes, and also the surface expression of a carbohydrate structure Lewis(x), a marker which identifies those bursal B-lymphocytes that are undergoing gene hyperconversion. In ovo vaccination with an immune complex vaccine (IBDV-BDA) caused transient bursal destruction in both the SPF and the maternally protected broiler groups with differences evident in the starting time, the severity and the duration of the effect. After the depletion phase, signs of histological regeneration appeared together with chB1- and Lewis(x) expression indicating that B-lymphocytes were functionally active and the bursa of Fabricius was serving again as an efficient primary lymphoid organ providing an appropriate microenvironment for B-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iván
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, H-1581, Budapest, Hungary.
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