101
|
Hraběta J, Belhajová M, Šubrtová H, Merlos Rodrigo MA, Heger Z, Eckschlager T. Drug Sequestration in Lysosomes as One of the Mechanisms of Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells and the Possibilities of Its Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124392. [PMID: 32575682 PMCID: PMC7352242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs is one of the main problems in successful cancer therapy. Various mechanisms have been identified to contribute to drug resistance. One of those mechanisms is lysosome-mediated drug resistance. Lysosomes have been shown to trap certain hydrophobic weak base chemotherapeutics, as well as some tyrosine kinase inhibitors, thereby being sequestered away from their intracellular target site. Lysosomal sequestration is in most cases followed by the release of their content from the cell by exocytosis. Lysosomal accumulation of anticancer drugs is caused mainly by ion-trapping, but active transport of certain drugs into lysosomes was also described. Lysosomal low pH, which is necessary for ion-trapping is achieved by the activity of the V-ATPase. This sequestration can be successfully inhibited by lysosomotropic agents and V-ATPase inhibitors in experimental conditions. Clinical trials have been performed only with lysosomotropic drug chloroquine and their results were less successful. The aim of this review is to give an overview of lysosomal sequestration and expression of acidifying enzymes as yet not well known mechanism of cancer cell chemoresistance and about possibilities how to overcome this form of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hraběta
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Marie Belhajová
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Hana Šubrtová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (M.A.M.R.); (Z.H.)
| | - Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (M.A.M.R.); (Z.H.)
- Central European Institute of Technologies, Brno University of Technology, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (H.Š.); (M.A.M.R.); (Z.H.)
- Central European Institute of Technologies, Brno University of Technology, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, CZ-150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-606-364-730
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Condello M, Mancini G, Meschini S. The Exploitation of Liposomes in the Inhibition of Autophagy to Defeat Drug Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:787. [PMID: 32547395 PMCID: PMC7272661 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism involved in many human diseases and in cancers can have a cytotoxic/cytostatic or protective action, being in the latter case involved in multidrug resistance. Understanding which of these roles autophagy has in cancer is thus fundamental for therapeutical decisions because it permits to optimize the therapeutical approach by activating or inhibiting autophagy according to the progression of the disease. However, a serious drawback of cancer treatment is often the scarce availability of drugs and autophagy modulators at the sites of interest. In the recent years, several nanocarriers have been developed and investigated to improve the solubility, bioavailability, controlled release of therapeutics and increase their cytotoxic effect on cancer cell. Here we have reviewed only liposomes as carriers of chemotherapeutics and autophagy inhibitors because they have low toxicity and immunogenicity and they are biodegradable and versatile. In this review after the analysis of the dual role of autophagy, of the main autophagic pathways, and of the role of autophagy in multidrug resistance, we will focus on the most effective liposomal formulations, thus highlighting the great potential of these targeting systems to defeat cancer diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Condello
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mancini
- Institute for Biological Systems, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Meschini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Garcia-Cremades M, Solans BP, Hughes E, Ernest JP, Wallender E, Aweeka F, Luetkemeyer AF, Savic RM. Optimizing Hydroxychloroquine Dosing for Patients With COVID-19: An Integrative Modeling Approach for Effective Drug Repurposing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:253-263. [PMID: 32285930 PMCID: PMC7262072 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a promising candidate for Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) treatment. The optimal dosing of HCQ is unknown. Our goal was to integrate historic and emerging pharmacological and toxicity data to understand safe and efficacious HCQ dosing strategies for COVID‐19 treatment. The data sources included were (i) longitudinal clinical, pharmacokinetic (PK), and virologic data from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection who received HCQ with or without azithromycin (n = 116), (ii) in vitro viral replication data and SARS‐CoV‐2 viral load inhibition by HCQ, (iii) a population PK model of HCQ, and (iv) a model relating chloroquine PKs to corrected QT (QTc) prolongation. A mechanistic PK/virologic/QTc model for HCQ was developed and externally validated to predict SARS‐CoV‐2 rate of viral decline and QTc prolongation. SARS‐CoV‐2 viral decline was associated with HCQ PKs (P < 0.001). The extrapolated patient half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) was 4.7 µM, comparable to the reported in vitro EC50s. HCQ doses > 400 mg b.i.d. for ≥5 days were predicted to rapidly decrease viral loads, reduce the proportion of patients with detectable SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and shorten treatment courses, compared with lower dose (≤ 400 mg daily) regimens. However, HCQ doses > 600 mg b.i.d. were also predicted to prolong QTc intervals. This prolongation may have clinical implications warranting further safety assessment. Due to COVID‐19's variable natural history, lower dose HCQ regimens may be indistinguishable from controls. Evaluation of higher HCQ doses is needed to ensure adequate safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garcia-Cremades
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Belen P Solans
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Emma Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline P Ernest
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erika Wallender
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne F Luetkemeyer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Radojka M Savic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Kaleağasıoğlu F, Ali DM, Berger MR. Multiple Facets of Autophagy and the Emerging Role of Alkylphosphocholines as Autophagy Modulators. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:547. [PMID: 32410999 PMCID: PMC7201076 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved multistep process and functions as passage for degrading and recycling protein aggregates and defective organelles in eukaryotic cells. Based on the nature of these materials, their size and degradation rate, four types of autophagy have been described, i.e. chaperone mediated autophagy, microautophagy, macroautophagy, and selective autophagy. One of the major regulators of this process is mTOR, which inhibits the downstream pathway of autophagy following the activation of its complex 1 (mTORC1). Alkylphosphocholine (APC) derivatives represent a novel class of antineoplastic agents that inhibit the serine-threonine kinase Akt (i.e. protein kinase B), which mediates cell survival and cause cell cycle arrest. They induce autophagy through inhibition of the Akt/mTOR cascade. They interfere with phospholipid turnover and thus modify signaling chains, which start from the cell membrane and modulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Ras-Raf-MAPK/ERK and SAPK/JNK pathways. APCs include miltefosine, perifosine, and erufosine, which represent the first-, second- and third generation of this class, respectively. In a high fraction of human cancers, constitutively active oncoprotein Akt1 suppresses autophagy in vitro and in vivo. mTOR is a down-stream target for Akt, the activation of which suppresses autophagy. However, treatment with APC derivatives will lead to dephosphorylation (hence deactivation) of mTOR and thus induces autophagy. Autophagy is a double-edged sword and may result in chemotherapeutic resistance as well as cancer cell death when apoptotic pathways are inactive. APCs display differential autophagy induction capabilities in different cancer cell types. Therefore, autophagy-dependent cellular responses need to be well understood in order to improve the chemotherapeutic outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferda Kaleağasıoğlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Doaa M. Ali
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Martin R. Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Brazil L, Swampillai AL, Mak KM, Edwards D, Mesiri P, Clifton-Hadley L, Shaffer R, Lewis J, Watts C, Jeffries S, Gkogkou P, Chalmers AJ, Fersht NL, Hackshaw A, Short SC. Hydroxychloroquine and short-course radiotherapy in elderly patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma: a randomized phase II trial. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa046. [PMID: 32642699 PMCID: PMC7236384 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective treatment for patients at least 70 years with newly diagnosed glioblastoma remains challenging and alternatives to conventional cytotoxics are appealing. Autophagy inhibition has shown promising efficacy and safety in small studies of glioblastoma and other cancers. Methods We conducted a randomized phase II trial to compare radiotherapy with or without hydroxychloroquine (2:1 allocation). Patients aged at least 70 years with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma deemed suitable for short-course radiotherapy with an ECOG performance status of 0-1 were included. Radiotherapy treatment consisted of 30 Gy, delivered as 6 fractions given over 2 weeks (5 Gy per fraction). Hydroxychloroquine was given as 200 mg orally b.d. from 7 days prior to radiotherapy until disease progression. The primary endpoint was 1-year overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), quality of life, and toxicity. Results Fifty-four patients with a median age of 75 were randomized between May 2013 and October 2016. The trial was stopped early in 2016. One-year OS was 20.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.2-36.0) hydroxychloroquine group, and 41.2% (95% CI 18.6-62.6) radiotherapy alone, with a median survival of 7.9 and 11.5 months, respectively. The corresponding 6-month PFS was 35.3% (95% CI 19.3-51.7) and 29.4% (95% CI 10.7-51.1). The outcome in the control arm was better than expected and the excess of deaths in the hydroxychloroquine group appeared unrelated to cancer. There were more grade 3-5 events in the hydroxychloroquine group (60.0%) versus radiotherapy alone (38.9%) without any clear common causation. Conclusions Hydroxychloroquine with short-course radiotherapy did not improve survival compared to radiotherapy alone in elderly patients with glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Brazil
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Ka Man Mak
- Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, London, UK
| | - Darren Edwards
- Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Joanne Lewis
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Colin Watts
- University of Birmingham/Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Jeffries
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Allan Hackshaw
- Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
106
|
Borba MGS, Val FFA, Sampaio VS, Alexandre MAA, Melo GC, Brito M, Mourão MPG, Brito-Sousa JD, Baía-da-Silva D, Guerra MVF, Hajjar LA, Pinto RC, Balieiro AAS, Pacheco AGF, Santos JDO, Naveca FG, Xavier MS, Siqueira AM, Schwarzbold A, Croda J, Nogueira ML, Romero GAS, Bassat Q, Fontes CJ, Albuquerque BC, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Monteiro WM, Lacerda MVG. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e208857. [PMID: 32330277 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is no specific antiviral therapy recommended for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In vitro studies indicate that the antiviral effect of chloroquine diphosphate (CQ) requires a high concentration of the drug. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 2 CQ dosages in patients with severe COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This parallel, double-masked, randomized, phase IIb clinical trial with 81 adult patients who were hospitalized with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was conducted from March 23 to April 5, 2020, at a tertiary care facility in Manaus, Brazilian Amazon. INTERVENTIONS Patients were allocated to receive high-dosage CQ (ie, 600 mg CQ twice daily for 10 days) or low-dosage CQ (ie, 450 mg twice daily on day 1 and once daily for 4 days). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcome was reduction in lethality by at least 50% in the high-dosage group compared with the low-dosage group. Data presented here refer primarily to safety and lethality outcomes during treatment on day 13. Secondary end points included participant clinical status, laboratory examinations, and electrocardiogram results. Outcomes will be presented to day 28. Viral respiratory secretion RNA detection was performed on days 0 and 4. RESULTS Out of a predefined sample size of 440 patients, 81 were enrolled (41 [50.6%] to high-dosage group and 40 [49.4%] to low-dosage group). Enrolled patients had a mean (SD) age of 51.1 (13.9) years, and most (60 [75.3%]) were men. Older age (mean [SD] age, 54.7 [13.7] years vs 47.4 [13.3] years) and more heart disease (5 of 28 [17.9%] vs 0) were seen in the high-dose group. Viral RNA was detected in 31 of 40 (77.5%) and 31 of 41 (75.6%) patients in the low-dosage and high-dosage groups, respectively. Lethality until day 13 was 39.0% in the high-dosage group (16 of 41) and 15.0% in the low-dosage group (6 of 40). The high-dosage group presented more instance of QTc interval greater than 500 milliseconds (7 of 37 [18.9%]) compared with the low-dosage group (4 of 36 [11.1%]). Respiratory secretion at day 4 was negative in only 6 of 27 patients (22.2%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The preliminary findings of this study suggest that the higher CQ dosage should not be recommended for critically ill patients with COVID-19 because of its potential safety hazards, especially when taken concurrently with azithromycin and oseltamivir. These findings cannot be extrapolated to patients with nonsevere COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04323527.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayla Gabriela Silva Borba
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fonseca Almeida Val
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Souza Sampaio
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Gisely Cardoso Melo
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brito
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Gomes Mourão
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José Diego Brito-Sousa
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Djane Baía-da-Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariana Simão Xavier
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Carlos Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlio Croda
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas and Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
107
|
Liu T, Zhang J, Li K, Deng L, Wang H. Combination of an Autophagy Inducer and an Autophagy Inhibitor: A Smarter Strategy Emerging in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:408. [PMID: 32322202 PMCID: PMC7156970 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is considered a cytoprotective function in cancer therapy under certain conditions and is a drug resistance mechanism that represents a clinical obstacle to successful cancer treatment and leads to poor prognosis in cancer patients. Because certain clinical drugs and agents in development have cytoprotective autophagy effects, targeting autophagic pathways has emerged as a potential smarter strategy for cancer therapy. Multiple preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that autophagy inhibition augments the efficacy of anticancer agents in various cancers. Autophagy inhibitors, such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, have already been clinically approved, promoting drug combination treatment by targeting autophagic pathways as a means of discovering and developing more novel and more effective cancer therapeutic approaches. We summarize current studies that focus on the antitumor efficiency of agents that induce cytoprotective autophagy combined with autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, we discuss the challenge and development of targeting cytoprotective autophagy as a cancer therapeutic approach in clinical application. Thus, we need to facilitate the exploitation of appropriate autophagy inhibitors and coadministration delivery system to cooperate with anticancer drugs. This review aims to note optimal combination strategies by modulating autophagy for therapeutic advantage to overcome drug resistance and enhance the effect of antitumor therapies on cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangdi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingnan Deng
- Department of Digestion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University TCM, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Loos B, Klionsky DJ, Du Toit A, Hofmeyr JHS. On the relevance of precision autophagy flux control in vivo - Points of departure for clinical translation. Autophagy 2020; 16:750-762. [PMID: 31679454 PMCID: PMC7138200 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1687211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (which we will call autophagy hereafter) is a critical intracellular bulk degradation system that is active at basal rates in eukaryotic cells. This process is embedded in the homeostasis of nutrient availability and cellular metabolic demands, degrading primarily long-lived proteins and specific organelles.. Autophagy is perturbed in many pathologies, and its manipulation to enhance or inhibit this pathway therapeutically has received considerable attention. Although better probes are being developed for a more precise readout of autophagic activity in vitro and increasingly in vivo, many questions remain. These center in particular around the accurate measurement of autophagic flux and its translation from the in vitro to the in vivo environment as well as its clinical application. In this review, we highlight key aspects that appear to contribute to stumbling blocks on the road toward clinical translation and discuss points of departure for reaching some of the desired goals. We discuss techniques that are well aligned with achieving desirable spatiotemporal resolution to gather data on autophagic flux in a multi-scale fashion, to better apply the existing tools that are based on single-cell analysis and to use them in the living organism. We assess how current techniques may be used for the establishment of autophagic flux standards or reference points and consider strategies for a conceptual approach on titrating autophagy inducers based on their effect on autophagic flux . Finally, we discuss potential solutions for inherent controls for autophagy analysis, so as to better discern systemic and tissue-specific autophagic flux in future clinical applications.Abbreviations: GFP: Green fluorescent protein; J: Flux; MAP1LC3/LC3: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; nA: Number of autophagosomes; TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; τ: Transition time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Andre Du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jan-Hendrik S. Hofmeyr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Autophagy plays a dual role in tumorigenesis. In the initial stages, it promotes cell survival and suppresses carcinogenesis, whereas in cancer development, it induces cancer cell survival. In this study, we investigate the role of autophagy as a protective or tumor suppressor mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and evaluate its role as a potential biomarker in human tumor samples.
Collapse
|
110
|
Ishaq M, Ojha R, Sharma AP, Singh SK. Autophagy in cancer: Recent advances and future directions. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:171-181. [PMID: 32201367 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic regimens in various malignancies. Autophagy plays a very important role in cancer pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the updates on the modulation of autophagy via dynamic interactions with different organelles and the exploitation of selective autophagy for exploring therapeutic strategies. We further discuss the role of autophagy inhibitors in cancer preclinical and clinical trials, novel autophagy inhibitors, and challenges likely to be faced by clinicians while inducting autophagy modulators in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ishaq
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, CA, USA.
| | - Rani Ojha
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, CA, USA.
| | - Aditya P Sharma
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Shrawan K Singh
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Mulcahy Levy JM, Thorburn A. Autophagy in cancer: moving from understanding mechanism to improving therapy responses in patients. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:843-857. [PMID: 31836831 PMCID: PMC7206017 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy allows for cellular material to be delivered to lysosomes for degradation resulting in basal or stress-induced turnover of cell components that provide energy and macromolecular precursors. These activities are thought to be particularly important in cancer where both tumor-promoting and tumor-inhibiting functions of autophagy have been described. Autophagy has also been intricately linked to apoptosis and programmed cell death, and understanding these interactions is becoming increasingly important in improving cancer therapy and patient outcomes. In this review, we consider how recent discoveries about how autophagy manipulation elicits its effects on cancer cell behavior can be leveraged to improve therapeutic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Brinkman JA, Liu Y, Kron SJ. Small-molecule drug repurposing to target DNA damage repair and response pathways. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 68:230-241. [PMID: 32113999 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades genotoxic therapy has been a mainstay in the treatment of cancer, based on the understanding that the deregulated growth and genomic instability that drive malignancy also confer a shared vulnerability. Although chemotherapy and radiation can be curative, only a fraction of patients benefit, while nearly all are subjected to the harmful side-effects. Drug repurposing, defined here as retooling existing drugs and compounds as chemo or radiosensitizers, offers an attractive route to identifying otherwise non-toxic agents that can potentiate the benefits of genotoxic cancer therapy to enhance the therapeutic ratio. This review seeks to highlight recent progress in defining cellular mechanisms of the DNA damage response including damage sensing, chromatin modification, DNA repair, checkpoint signaling, and downstream survival and death pathways, as a framework to determine which drugs and natural products may offer the most potential for repurposing as chemo- and/or radiosensitizers. We point to classical examples and recent progress that have identified drugs that disrupt cellular responses to DNA damage and may offer the greatest clinical potential. The most important next steps may be to initiate prospective clinical trials toward translating these laboratory discoveries to benefit patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Brinkman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:155-166. [PMID: 32034323 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 797] [Impact Index Per Article: 199.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread clinical use of antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases, insights into the mechanism of action of these drugs are still emerging. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are weak bases and have a characteristic 'deep' volume of distribution and a half-life of around 50 days. These drugs interfere with lysosomal activity and autophagy, interact with membrane stability and alter signalling pathways and transcriptional activity, which can result in inhibition of cytokine production and modulation of certain co-stimulatory molecules. These modes of action, together with the drug's chemical properties, might explain the clinical efficacy and well-known adverse effects (such as retinopathy) of these drugs. The unknown dose-response relationships of these drugs and the lack of definitions of the minimum dose needed for clinical efficacy and what doses are toxic pose challenges to clinical practice. Further challenges include patient non-adherence and possible context-dependent variations in blood drug levels. Available mechanistic data give insights into the immunomodulatory potency of hydroxychloroquine and provide the rationale to search for more potent and/or selective inhibitors.
Collapse
|
114
|
A role of metallothionein-3 in radiation-induced autophagy in glioma cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2015. [PMID: 32029749 PMCID: PMC7005189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although metallothionein-3 (MT3), a brain-enriched form of metallothioneins, has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, little is known regarding the role of MT3 in glioma. As MT3 plays a role in autophagy in astrocytes, here, we investigated its role in irradiated glioma cells. Irradiation increased autophagy flux in GL261 glioma cells as evidenced by increased levels of LC3-II but decreased levels of p62 (SQSTM1). Indicating that autophagy plays a cytoprotective role in glioma cell survival following irradiation, measures inhibiting autophagy flux at various steps decreased their clonogenic survival of irradiated GL261 as well as SF295 and U251 glioma cells. Knockdown of MT3 with siRNA in irradiated glioma cells induced arrested autophagy, and decreased cell survival. At the same time, the accumulation of labile zinc in lysosomes was markedly attenuated by MT3 knockdown. Indicating that such zinc accumulation was important in autophagy flux, chelation of zinc with tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), induced arrested autophagy in and reduced survival of GL261 cells following irradiation. Suggesting a possible mechanism for arrested autophagy, MT3 knockdown and zinc chelation were found to impair lysosomal acidification. Since autophagy flux plays a cytoprotective role in irradiated glioma cells, present results suggest that MT3 and zinc may be regarded as possible therapeutic targets to sensitize glioma cells to ionizing radiation therapy.
Collapse
|
115
|
Ishimwe N, Zhang W, Qian J, Zhang Y, Wen L. Autophagy regulation as a promising approach for improving cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 475:34-42. [PMID: 32014460 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in intracellular metabolism and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Certain tumor cells present a higher basal autophagy rate and autophagy inhibition can lead to impaired metabolic dysfunction in autophagy-dependent tumor cells. Autophagy status in immune cells dictates their fate and response to antigen; however, autophagy in immune cells may be beneficial or detrimental depending on the developmental stage of the cell and more specifically its degree of differentiation. Autophagy-deficient hosts present variations in many metabolites, proteins and enzymes that may have tumor-promoting or -inhibiting effects. The centrality of autophagy in the metabolism of some cancers and immune cells poses as a critical target whose mechanisms must be further unraveled to optimize patient response and prevent tumor recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Ishimwe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jieying Qian
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjiao Zhang
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, And Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| | - Longping Wen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine and Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, And Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Mohammadalipour Z, Rahmati M, Khataee A, Moosavi MA. Differential effects of N-TiO 2 nanoparticle and its photo-activated form on autophagy and necroptosis in human melanoma A375 cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8246-8259. [PMID: 31989650 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The manipulation of autophagy provides a new opportunity for highly effective anticancer therapies. Recently, we showed that photodynamic therapy (PDT) with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) could promote the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent autophagy in leukemia cells. However, the differential autophagic effects of N-TiO2 NPs in the dark and light conditions and the potential of N-TiO2- based PDT for the treatment of melanoma cells remain unknown. Here we show that depending on the visible-light condition, the autophagic response of human melanoma A375 cells to N-TiO2 NPs switches between two different statuses (ie., flux or blockade) with the opposite outcomes (ie., survival or death). Mechanistically, low doses of N-TiO2 NPs (1-100 µg/ml) stimulate a nontoxic autophagy flux response in A375 cells, whereas their photo-activation leads to the impairment of the autophagosome-lysosome fusion, the blockade of autophagy flux and consequently the induction of RIPK1-mediated necroptosis via ROS production. These results confirm that photo-controllable autophagic effects of N-TiO2 NPs can be utilized for the treatment of cancer, particularly melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mohammadalipour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Mohammad A Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Fan L, Wang J, Cao Q, Ding X, Li B. Aberrant miR-1246 expression promotes radioresistance in non-small cell lung cancer: a potential prognostic biomarker and radiotherapy sensitization target. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:314-335. [PMID: 32064170 PMCID: PMC7017745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiosensitivity varies among patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this work, we aimed to investigate microRNAs associated with this heterogeneity among individuals. We selected miR-1246 from the microRNAs that were revealed by microarray experiments to be differentially expressed between radioresistant and parental cell lines. Both intracellular and extracellular miR-1246 was found to be upregulated after irradiation in a time-dependent pattern, resulting in increased radioresistance of NSCLC cells. We found that mTOR was a direct target gene of miR-1246, which mediated miR-1246-induced autophagy activation. Yin Yang-1 (YY1) was demonstrated to be a new transcription factor that regulates miR-1246 and CDR1as was found to be a circular RNA that sequesters miR-1246, which was confirmed in NSCLC cells and clinical samples. Finally, combining these data with the results from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we verified that miR-1246 could be used as a biomarker to predict NSCLC patients' radiosensitivity and prognosis. Overall, our study fully investigated the effect of miR-1246 on radiosensitivity and comprehensively investigated the potential of miR-1246 as a prognostic biomarker and radiotherapy sensitization target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan 250117, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan 250112, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan 250117, China
| | - Qiang Cao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast UniversityNanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiuping Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan 250117, China
| | - Baosheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan 250117, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan 250112, China
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) remains a difficult disease to treat. The standard chemotherapy regimen has not improved survival for the past three decades. Resistance to chemotherapy remains a challenge and constitutes a major concern to clinical investigators. Autophagy has been recognized as a survival mechanism implicated in resistance to chemotherapy. We previously demonstrated chemotherapy to induce autophagy in OS. However, whether induction of autophagy will lead to survival or death has been the focus of many laboratories. Autophagy is a very context-dependent process, and no specific biomarker has been identified to define whether the process will lead to survival or death. In the present chapter, we present some of the mechanisms involved in the process of autophagy and summarize some of the most recent work related to autophagy in OS and the challenges encountered with the use of old and new autophagy inhibitors.
Collapse
|
119
|
Agrotis A, Ketteler R. On ATG4B as Drug Target for Treatment of Solid Tumours-The Knowns and the Unknowns. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010053. [PMID: 31878323 PMCID: PMC7016753 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved stress survival pathway that has been shown to play an important role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of multiple cancers; however, little progress has been made to date in translation of basic research to clinical application. This is partially due to an incomplete understanding of the role of autophagy in the different stages of cancer, and also to an incomplete assessment of potential drug targets in the autophagy pathway. While drug discovery efforts are on-going to target enzymes involved in the initiation phase of the autophagosome, e.g., unc51-like autophagy activating kinase (ULK)1/2, vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34), and autophagy-related (ATG)7, we propose that the cysteine protease ATG4B is a bona fide drug target for the development of anti-cancer treatments. In this review, we highlight some of the recent advances in our understanding of the role of ATG4B in autophagy and its relevance to cancer, and perform a critical evaluation of ATG4B as a druggable cancer target.
Collapse
|
120
|
Dong Y, Hu Y, Sarkar S, Zong WX, Li M, Feng D, Song JX, Li M, Medina DL, Tan J, Zhang Z, Yue Z, Lu JH. Autophagy modulator scoring system: a user-friendly tool for quantitative analysis of methodological integrity of chemical autophagy modulator studies. Autophagy 2019; 16:195-202. [PMID: 31841063 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1704119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years (1999-2019), we have witnessed a rapid increase in publications involving chemical macroautophagy/autophagy modulators. However, an overview of the methodologies used in these studies is still lacking, and methodology flaws are frequently observed in some reports. To provide an objective and quantitative analysis of studies involving autophagy modulators, we present an Autophagy Modulator Scoring System (AMSS), which is designed to evaluate methodological integrity. AMSS-A includes the autophagy characterization by 4 aspects, namely, autophagosome quantification, autophagy-related biochemical changes, autophagy substrate degradation, and autophagic flux. AMSS-B contains the pharmacological and functional characteristics of chemical autophagy modulators, including lysosomal function, drug targets, autophagy-dependent pharmacological effects, and validation in multiple cell lines and in vivo models. Our analysis shows that of the 385 studies reporting chemical autophagy modulators, only 142 single studies had examined all 4 aspects of autophagy characterization in AMSS-A, and only 10 out of 142 studies had fulfilled all the AMSS criteria in a single study. A comprehensive analysis of the methodologies used in all the studies was made, along with a summary of studies that demonstrated the highest methodological integrity based on AMSS ranking. To test the reliability of the AMSS, a co-efficiency analysis of scores and co-citation values in the co-citation network was performed, and a significant co-efficiency was obtained. Collectively, AMSS provides insight into the methodological integrity of autophagy modulators studies and also offers a user-friendly toolkit to help choose appropriate assays to characterize autophagy modulators.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AMSS: Autophagy Modulator Scoring System; ATG: autophagy-related; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; CQ: chloroquine; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR China
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Min Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Du Feng
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, College of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Ju-Xian Song
- Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for medical genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR China
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Blocking AMPK/ULK1-dependent autophagy promoted apoptosis and suppressed colon cancer growth. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:336. [PMID: 31871431 PMCID: PMC6911288 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process through which cells degrade and recycle cytoplasm. The relation among autophagy, apoptosis and tumor is highly controversial until now and the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Methods Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by CCK8, crystal violet staining, Hoechst333342 staining and flow cytometry. The expression of AMPK and ULK1 was analyzed by western blotting. Colon cancer growth suppression by NVP-BEZ235 or CQ in vivo was studied in a tumor xenograft mouse model. Results Our previous study revealed that NVP-BEZ235 suppressed colorectal cancer growth via inducing apoptosis, however later, we found it also initiated autophagy simultaneously. In this present study, our results show that NVP-BEZ235 induced autophagy through AMPK/ULK1 pathway in colon cancer cells. Blocking autophagy by knocking down AMPK or ULK1 inhibited cell proliferation and further promoted NVP-BEZ235 induced apoptosis. Meantime, the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) shows obvious effect on inhibiting cell proliferation but not on inducing apoptosis, while it significantly increased NVP-BEZ235 induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the combinational therapy of NVP-BEZ235 and CQ shows synergistic antitumor effects in colon cancer in vivo. Conclusion NVP-BEZ235 induced AMPK/ULK1-dependent autophagy. Targeting this autophagy suppressed colon cancer growth through further promoting apoptosis, which is a potential therapeutic option for clinical patients.
Collapse
|
122
|
Khan T, Relitti N, Brindisi M, Magnano S, Zisterer D, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G. Autophagy modulators for the treatment of oral and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:1002-1060. [PMID: 31742748 DOI: 10.1002/med.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) exhibit a survival rate of less than 60% and 40%, respectively. Late-stage diagnosis and lack of effective treatment strategies make both OSCC and ESCC a significant health burden. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent catabolic process, involves the degradation of intracellular components to maintain cell homeostasis. Targeting autophagy has been highlighted as a feasible therapeutic strategy with clinical utility in cancer treatment, although its associated regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. The detection of relevant biomarkers in biological fluids has been anticipated to facilitate early diagnosis and/or prognosis for these tumors. In this context, recent studies have indicated the presence of specific proteins and small RNAs, detectable in circulating plasma and serum, as biomarkers. Interestingly, the interplay between biomarkers (eg, exosomal microRNAs) and autophagic processes could be exploited in the quest for targeted and more effective therapies for OSCC and ESCC. In this review, we give an overview of the available biomarkers and innovative targeted therapeutic strategies, including the application of autophagy modulators in OSCC and ESCC. Additionally, we provide a viewpoint on the state of the art and on future therapeutic perspectives combining the early detection of relevant biomarkers with drug discovery for the treatment of OSCC and ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhina Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Napoli Federico IL, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Magnano
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160, Pearse Street, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniela Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160, Pearse Street, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Abstract
Autophagy is cellular recycling process that plays a complex role in cancer. Pre-clinical studies indicating a pro-tumorigenic role of autophagy have led to the launch of dozens of clinical trials combining autophagy inhibition with other standard of care therapies in different tumor types. A recent publication utilized a novel, acute, CRISPR/Cas9 assay to identify cancer cell lines that are exquisitely sensitive to loss of core autophagy genes within the first 7 days. However, weeks later, rare populations of originally autophagy dependent cells were found that could circumvent autophagy inhibition. Analysis of these rare clones revealed that in the process of circumventing loss of autophagy, the cells upregulated NRF2 signaling to maintain protein homeostasis and consequently become more sensitive to proteasome inhibition as well as knock down of NRF2. This review highlights recent publications regarding the role of autophagy in cancer and potential mechanisms cancer cells may be able to commandeer to circumvent autophagy inhibition. We hope to make significant clinical advances by understanding if and when cancer cells will become resistant to autophagy inhibition, and pre-clinical studies may be able to provide insight into the best combinatorial therapies to prevent tumor relapse while on autophagy inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina G Towers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Pérez-Hernández M, Arias A, Martínez-García D, Pérez-Tomás R, Quesada R, Soto-Cerrato V. Targeting Autophagy for Cancer Treatment and Tumor Chemosensitization. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1599. [PMID: 31635099 PMCID: PMC6826429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic process that facilitates nutrient recycling from damaged organelles and other cellular components through lysosomal degradation. Deregulation of this process has been associated with the development of several pathophysiological processes, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In cancer, autophagy has opposing roles, being either cytoprotective or cytotoxic. Thus, deciphering the role of autophagy in each tumor context is crucial. Moreover, autophagy has been shown to contribute to chemoresistance in some patients. In this regard, autophagy modulation has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment and chemosensitization of tumors, and has already demonstrated positive clinical results in patients. In this review, the dual role of autophagy during carcinogenesis is discussed and current therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting autophagy for the treatment of cancer, both under preclinical and clinical development, are presented. The use of autophagy modulators in combination therapies, in order to overcome drug resistance during cancer treatment, is also discussed as well as the potential challenges and limitations for the use of these novel therapeutic strategies in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Hernández
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alain Arias
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Research Centre for Dental Sciences (CICO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
- Research Group of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán 3780000, Chile.
| | - David Martínez-García
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Roberto Quesada
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
| | - Vanessa Soto-Cerrato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08905 Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncobell Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Cuomo F, Altucci L, Cobellis G. Autophagy Function and Dysfunction: Potential Drugs as Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101465. [PMID: 31569540 PMCID: PMC6826381 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic and energy-generating process that facilitates the degradation of damaged organelles or intracellular components, providing cells with components for the synthesis of new ones. Autophagy acts as a quality control system, and has a pro-survival role. The imbalance of this process is associated with apoptosis, which is a “positive” and desired biological choice in some circumstances. Autophagy dysfunction is associated with several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, liver disease, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the regulatory mechanisms underlying autophagy, with a particular focus on cancer and the autophagy-targeting drugs currently approved for use in the treatment of solid and non-solid malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cuomo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gilda Cobellis
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Tavakol S, Ashrafizadeh M, Deng S, Azarian M, Abdoli A, Motavaf M, Poormoghadam D, Khanbabaei H, Afshar EG, Mandegary A, Pardakhty A, Yap CT, Mohammadinejad R, Kumar AP. Autophagy Modulators: Mechanistic Aspects and Drug Delivery Systems. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E530. [PMID: 31557936 PMCID: PMC6843293 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy modulation is considered to be a promising programmed cell death mechanism to prevent and cure a great number of disorders and diseases. The crucial step in designing an effective therapeutic approach is to understand the correct and accurate causes of diseases and to understand whether autophagy plays a cytoprotective or cytotoxic/cytostatic role in the progression and prevention of disease. This knowledge will help scientists find approaches to manipulate tumor and pathologic cells in order to enhance cellular sensitivity to therapeutics and treat them. Although some conventional therapeutics suffer from poor solubility, bioavailability and controlled release mechanisms, it appears that novel nanoplatforms overcome these obstacles and have led to the design of a theranostic-controlled drug release system with high solubility and active targeting and stimuli-responsive potentials. In this review, we discuss autophagy modulators-related signaling pathways and some of the drug delivery strategies that have been applied to the field of therapeutic application of autophagy modulators. Moreover, we describe how therapeutics will target various steps of the autophagic machinery. Furthermore, nano drug delivery platforms for autophagy targeting and co-delivery of autophagy modulators with chemotherapeutics/siRNA, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of basic science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Shuo Deng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Maryam Azarian
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Motavaf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Delaram Poormoghadam
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Elham Ghasemipour Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Celestial T Yap
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Rojas-Sanchez G, Cotzomi-Ortega I, Pazos-Salazar NG, Reyes-Leyva J, Maycotte P. Autophagy and Its Relationship to Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition: When Autophagy Inhibition for Cancer Therapy Turns Counterproductive. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8040071. [PMID: 31554173 PMCID: PMC6956138 DOI: 10.3390/biology8040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of autophagy for cancer therapy has gained recent interest in clinical settings. Although inhibition of autophagy is currently being used in clinical trials for the treatment of several malignancies, autophagy has been shown to have diverse implications for normal cell homeostasis, cancer cell survival, and signaling to cells in the tumor microenvironment. Among these implications and of relevance for cancer therapy, the autophagic process is known to be involved in the regulation of protein secretion, in tumor cell immunogenicity, and in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical step in the process of cancer cell invasion. In this work, we have reviewed recent evidence linking autophagy to the regulation of EMT in cancer and normal epithelial cells, and have discussed important implications for the manipulation of autophagy during cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Rojas-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| | - Israel Cotzomi-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| | - Nidia G Pazos-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Km 4.5 Carretera Atlixco-Metepec HGZ5, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| | - Paola Maycotte
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)-CIBIOR, IMSS, Puebla 74360, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
A phase I trial of MK-2206 and hydroxychloroquine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:899-907. [PMID: 31463691 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given the evidence that coordinate inhibition of AKT induces autophagy, we studied the combination of the AKT inhibitor, MK-2206 with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in patients with advanced solid tumors. METHODS Patients were treated with weekly MK-2206 (135 mg or 200 mg) plus HCQ (200 mg, 400 mg or 600 mg BID). RESULTS Thirty-five patients were enrolled across 5 dose levels. Two DLTs of grade 3 maculo-papular rash were observed at dose level 2 (MK-2206 200 mg weekly plus HCQ at 400 mg BID) and 1 DLT of grade 3 fatigue at dose level 2B (MK-2206 135 mg weekly plus HCQ 600 mg BID). The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was declared as dose level 2B. The most common adverse events attributed to MK-2206 were hyperglycemia (N = 18; 51%), fatigue (N = 17; 49%), maculo-papular rash (N = 16; 46%), diarrhea (N = 12; 34%), anorexia (N = 11; 31%), and nausea (N = 11; 31%). Patients experiencing adverse events attributed to HCQ were small in number (N = 13) and primarily included fatigue (N = 5; 14%) and maculo-papular rashes (N = 3; 9%). Statistically significant effects on the pharmacokinetic properties of MK-2206 were observed in combination with HCQ. In addition, the plasma concentrations of HCQ in the combination with MK-2206 were significantly higher than the plasma levels of HCQ as monotherapy in prior studies. The best overall response of stable disease was observed in 5/34 (15%) patients. CONCLUSION The combination of MK-2206 and hydroxychloroquine was tolerable, but with substantial number of drug-related AEs and minimal evidence of antitumor activity.
Collapse
|
129
|
Amaravadi RK, Kimmelman AC, Debnath J. Targeting Autophagy in Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1167-1181. [PMID: 31434711 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a multistep lysosomal degradation pathway that supports nutrient recycling and metabolic adaptation, has been implicated as a process that regulates cancer. Although autophagy induction may limit the development of tumors, evidence in mouse models demonstrates that autophagy inhibition can limit the growth of established tumors and improve response to cancer therapeutics. Certain cancer genotypes may be especially prone to autophagy inhibition. Different strategies for autophagy modulation may be needed depending on the cancer context. Here, we review new advances in the molecular control of autophagy, the role of selective autophagy in cancer, and the role of autophagy within the tumor microenvironment and tumor immunity. We also highlight clinical efforts to repurpose lysosomal inhibitors, such as hydroxychloroquine, as anticancer agents that block autophagy, as well as the development of more potent and specific autophagy inhibitors for cancer treatment, and review future directions for autophagy research. SIGNIFICANCE: Autophagy plays a complex role in cancer, but autophagy inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy in advanced cancer. A deeper understanding of autophagy within the tumor microenvironment has enabled the development of novel inhibitors and clinical trial strategies. Challenges and opportunities remain to identify patients most likely to benefit from this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Adaptive Responses as Mechanisms of Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081176. [PMID: 31416288 PMCID: PMC6721815 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
: The introduction of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) inhibitors in melanoma patients with BRAF (V600E) mutations has demonstrated significant clinical benefits. However, rarely do tumours regress completely. Frequently, the reason for this is that therapies targeting specific oncogenic mutations induce a number of intrinsic compensatory mechanisms, also known as adaptive responses or feedback loops, that enhance the pro-survival and pro-proliferative capacity of a proportion of the original tumour population, thereby resulting in tumour progression. In this review we will summarize the known adaptive responses that limit BRAF mutant therapy and discuss potential novel combinatorial therapies to overcome resistance.
Collapse
|
131
|
Howard N, Clementino M, Kim D, Wang L, Verma A, Shi X, Zhang Z, DiPaola RS. New developments in mechanisms of prostate cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 57:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
132
|
Cancer Cells Upregulate NRF2 Signaling to Adapt to Autophagy Inhibition. Dev Cell 2019; 50:690-703.e6. [PMID: 31378590 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While autophagy is thought to be an essential process in some cancer cells, it is unknown if or how such cancer cells can circumvent autophagy inhibition. To address this, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9 assay with dynamic live-cell imaging to measure acute effects of knockout (KO) of autophagy genes compared to known essential and non-essential genes. In some cancer cells, autophagy is as essential for cancer cell growth as mRNA transcription or translation or DNA replication. However, even these highly autophagy-dependent cancer cells evolve to circumvent loss of autophagy by upregulating NRF2, which is necessary and sufficient for autophagy-dependent cells to circumvent ATG7 KO and maintain protein homeostasis. Importantly, however, this adaptation increases susceptibly to proteasome inhibitors. These studies identify a common mechanism of acquired resistance to autophagy inhibition and show that selection to avoid tumor cell dependency on autophagy creates new, potentially actionable cancer cell susceptibilities.
Collapse
|
133
|
Paha J, Kanjanasirirat P, Munyoo B, Tuchinda P, Suvannang N, Nantasenamat C, Boonyarattanakalin K, Kittakoop P, Srikor S, Kongklad G, Rangkasenee N, Hongeng S, Utaisincharoen P, Borwornpinyo S, Ponpuak M. A novel potent autophagy inhibitor ECDD-S27 targets vacuolar ATPase and inhibits cancer cell survival. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9177. [PMID: 31235856 PMCID: PMC6591302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal-dependent cellular degradation process and its dysregulation has been linked to numerous diseases including neurodegeneration, infectious diseases, and cancer. Modulation of autophagy is therefore considered as an attractive target for disease intervention. We carried out a high-content image analysis screen of natural product-derived compounds to discover novel autophagy modulating molecules. Our screen identified ECDD-S27 as the most effective compound for increasing the number of autophagic vacuoles inside cells. The structure of ECDD-S27 revealed that it is a derivative of cleistanthin A, a natural arylnaphthalene lignan glycoside found in plants. ECDD-S27 increases the number of autophagic vacuoles by inhibiting the autophagic flux and is able to restrict the survival of different cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Molecular docking and SERS analysis showed that ECDD-S27 may potentially target the V-ATPase. Upon treatment of various cancer cells with ECDD-S27, the V-ATPase activity is potently inhibited thereby resulting in the loss of lysosomal acidification. Taken together, these data indicated that ECDD-S27 retards the autophagy pathway by targeting the V-ATPase and inhibits cancer cell survival. The observed antitumor activity without cytotoxicity to normal cells suggests the therapeutic potential warranting further studies on lead optimization of the compound for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Paha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Phongthon Kanjanasirirat
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Bamroong Munyoo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Patoomratana Tuchinda
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Naravut Suvannang
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.,Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chemical Biology Program, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, CHE, Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirawit Srikor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Gunganist Kongklad
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Noppawan Rangkasenee
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Utaisincharoen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process with critical functions in maintenance of cellular homeostasis under normal growth conditions and in preservation of cell viability under stress. The role of autophagy in cancer is dual-sided. Autophagy-deficient cells are often more tumorigenic than their wild type counterparts in association with DNA damage accumulation, oxidative stress. At the same time, autophagy is a major cell survival mechanism. In recent years, it has been well demonstrated that autophagy may have relation with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This review focuses on the research progress in relation between autophagy and RCC and the pharmacologic manipulation of autophagy for RCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Wang X, Li W, Zhang N, Zheng X, Jing Z. Opportunities and challenges of co-targeting epidermal growth factor receptor and autophagy signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:499-506. [PMID: 31289521 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are a standard therapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with sensitive mutations. However, acquired resistance emerges following a median of 6-12 months. Several studies demonstrated that EGFR-TKI-induced tumor microenvironment stresses and autophagy are important causes of resistance. The current review summarizes the molecular mechanisms involved in EGFR-mediated regulation of autophagy. The role of autophagy in EGFR-TKI treatment, which may serve a role in protection or cell death, was discussed. Furthermore, co-inhibiting EGFR and autophagy signaling as a rational therapeutic strategy in the treatment of patients with NSCLC was explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Wenxin Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Jing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Baquero P, Dawson A, Mukhopadhyay A, Kuntz EM, Mitchell R, Olivares O, Ianniciello A, Scott MT, Dunn K, Nicastri MC, Winkler JD, Michie AM, Ryan KM, Halsey C, Gottlieb E, Keaney EP, Murphy LO, Amaravadi RK, Holyoake TL, Helgason GV. Targeting quiescent leukemic stem cells using second generation autophagy inhibitors. Leukemia 2019; 33:981-994. [PMID: 30185934 PMCID: PMC6292500 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment induces autophagy that promotes survival and TKI-resistance in leukemic stem cells (LSCs). In clinical studies hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the only clinically approved autophagy inhibitor, does not consistently inhibit autophagy in cancer patients, so more potent autophagy inhibitors are needed. We generated a murine model of CML in which autophagic flux can be measured in bone marrow-located LSCs. In parallel, we use cell division tracing, phenotyping of primary CML cells, and a robust xenotransplantation model of human CML, to investigate the effect of Lys05, a highly potent lysosomotropic agent, and PIK-III, a selective inhibitor of VPS34, on the survival and function of LSCs. We demonstrate that long-term haematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs: Lin-Sca-1+c-kit+CD48-CD150+) isolated from leukemic mice have higher basal autophagy levels compared with non-leukemic LT-HSCs and more mature leukemic cells. Additionally, we present that while HCQ is ineffective, Lys05-mediated autophagy inhibition reduces LSCs quiescence and drives myeloid cell expansion. Furthermore, Lys05 and PIK-III reduced the number of primary CML LSCs and target xenografted LSCs when used in combination with TKI treatment, providing a strong rationale for clinical use of second generation autophagy inhibitors as a novel treatment for CML patients with LSC persistence.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aminoquinolines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- Cell Proliferation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Polyamines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Baquero
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Amy Dawson
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Arunima Mukhopadhyay
- Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Elodie M Kuntz
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Orianne Olivares
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Angela Ianniciello
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Mary T Scott
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Karen Dunn
- Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Michael C Nicastri
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alison M Michie
- Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Christina Halsey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Erin P Keaney
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Leon O Murphy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tessa L Holyoake
- Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK
| | - G Vignir Helgason
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
- Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 0ZD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Schaaf MB, Houbaert D, Meçe O, To SK, Ganne M, Maes H, Agostinis P. Lysosomal Pathways and Autophagy Distinctively Control Endothelial Cell Behavior to Affect Tumor Vasculature. Front Oncol 2019; 9:171. [PMID: 30949450 PMCID: PMC6435524 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell-stromal cell crosstalk is orchestrated by a plethora of ligand-receptor interactions generating a tumor microenvironment (TME) which favors tumor growth. The high pro-angiogenic nature of the TME perpetuates the chaotic network of structurally immature, low pericyte-covered vessels characteristic of the tumor vasculature. We previously demonstrated that chloroquine (CQ) -a lysosomotropic agent used as first-generation autophagy blocker in clinical trials- induced tumor vessel normalization and reduced tumor hypoxia. CQ improved both vessel structure and maturation, whereas the conditional knockout of the crucial autophagy gene Atg5 in endothelial cells (ECs) did not, thus highlighting a potential differential role for EC-associated autophagy and the lysosomes in pathological tumor angiogenesis. However, how CQ or ATG5-deficiency in ECs affect angiogenic signals regulating EC-pericyte interface and therefore vessel maturation, remains unknown. Here, we show that in ECs CQ constrained VEGF-A-mediated VEGF receptor (VEGFR)2 phosphorylation, a driver of angiogenic signaling. In the presence of CQ we observed increased expression of the decoy receptor VEGFR1 and of a lower molecular weight form of VEGFR2, suggesting receptor cleavage. Consequently, VEGF-A-driven EC spheroid sprouting was reduced by CQ treatment. Furthermore, CQ significantly affected the transcription and secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB/BB (upregulated) and Endothelin-1 (EDN1, downregulated), both modulators of perivascular cell (PC) behavior. In contrast, silencing of ATG5 in ECs had no effect on VEGFR2 to VEGFR1 ratio nor on PDGFB and EDN1 expression. Accordingly, mice harboring B16F10 melanoma tumors treated with CQ, displayed both an increased number of αSMA+ PCs covering tumor vessels and co-expressed PDGF receptor-β, enabling PDGF ligand dependent recruitment. Moreover, upon CQ treatment the tumoral expression of angiopoietin-1 (Angpt1), which retains mural cells, and induces vessel stabilization by binding to the EC-localized cognate receptor (TIE2), was increased thus supporting the vessel normalization function of CQ. These features associated with improved tumor vasculature were not phenocopied by the specific deletion of Atg5 in ECs. In conclusion, this study further unravels endothelial cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms by which CQ “normalizes” the intercellular communication in the tumor vasculature independent of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco B Schaaf
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diede Houbaert
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Odeta Meçe
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - San Kit To
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ganne
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Maes
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Perera RM, Di Malta C, Ballabio A. MiT/TFE Family of Transcription Factors, Lysosomes, and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2019; 3:203-222. [PMID: 31650096 PMCID: PMC6812561 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030518-055835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells have an increased demand for energy sources to support accelerated rates of growth. When nutrients become limiting, cancer cells may switch to nonconventional energy sources that are mobilized through nutrient scavenging pathways involving autophagy and the lysosome. Thus, several cancers are highly reliant on constitutive activation of these pathways to degrade and recycle cellular materials. Here, we focus on the MiT/TFE family of transcription factors, which control transcriptional programs for autophagy and lysosome biogenesis and have emerged as regulators of energy metabolism in cancer. These new findings complement earlier reports that chromosomal translocations and amplifications involving the MiT/TFE genes contribute to the etiology and pathophysiology of renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma, suggesting pleiotropic roles for these factors in a wider array of cancers. Understanding the interplay between the oncogenic and stress-adaptive roles of MiT/TFE factors could shed light on fundamental mechanisms of cellular homeostasis and point to new strategies for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rushika M Perera
- Department of Anatomy and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, 80138Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, 80138Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Vehlow A, Klapproth E, Jin S, Hannen R, Hauswald M, Bartsch JW, Nimsky C, Temme A, Leitinger B, Cordes N. Interaction of Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 with a 14-3-3-Beclin-1-Akt1 Complex Modulates Glioblastoma Therapy Sensitivity. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3672-3683.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
140
|
Kriel J, Loos B. The good, the bad and the autophagosome: exploring unanswered questions of autophagy-dependent cell death. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:640-652. [PMID: 30659234 PMCID: PMC6460391 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of autosis as a variant of autophagy-dependent cell death has challenged the conventional understanding of cell death and programmed cell death in cellular decision making. In contrast to previous accounts of distinct cell death modalities, autosis occurs with high autophagic activity, in the absence of apoptotic and necrotic markers and yet is not fully regulated by typical autophagy markers. Given the metabolic importance of autophagic responses and the extensive cross-talk with both apoptosis and necrosis signalling, the classical and morphotype-driven characterization of cell death as pre-determined subroutines is being increasingly called into question. Furthermore, the conflicting evidence with regards to cell death induction through autophagy modulation in various cancer models highlights the lack of consensus over the extent to which autophagy assists in cell death ontrol and whether it is capable of being a bona fide lethal process. This review evaluates the evidence and context of autophagy-dependent cell death and delineates the role of an autophagic flux threshold associated with 'lethal' and 'non-lethal' autophagy and its role in autosis control. In doing so, cancer treatment avenues will be explored with regards to precision modulation of tumour autophagic flux to ascertain whether autosis induction may present a novel therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Kriel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Takeda M, Koseki J, Takahashi H, Miyoshi N, Nishida N, Nishimura J, Hata T, Matsuda C, Mizushima T, Yamamoto H, Ishii H, Doki Y, Mori M, Haraguchi N. Disruption of Endolysosomal RAB5/7 Efficiently Eliminates Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1426-1437. [PMID: 30765602 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Given that cancer stem cells (CSC) play a key role in drug resistance and relapse, targeting CSCs remains promising in cancer therapy. Here we show that RAB5/7, which are involved in the endolysosomal pathway, play key roles in the maintenance of CSC survival via regulation of the mitophagic pathway. Inhibition of RAB5/7 efficiently eliminated colorectal CSCs and disrupted cancer foci. In addition, we identified mefloquine hydrochloride, an antimalarial drug, as a novel RAB5/7 inhibitor and promising colorectal CSC-targeting drug. Endolysosomal RAB5/7 and LAMP1/2 mediated parkin-dependent mitochondrial clearance and modulated mitophagy through lysosomal dynamics. In a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of colon cancer, treatment with mefloquine resulted in suppression of mitophagic PINK1/PARKIN and increased mitochondrial disorder and mitochondria-induced apoptosis without apparent side effects. These results suggest that the combination of mefloquine with chemotherapeutic agents in the PDX model potentially disrupts the hierarchy of colorectal cancer cells and identify endolysosomal RAB5/7 and LAMP1/2 as promising therapeutic targets in CSCs. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that endosomal/lysosomal RAB5 and RAB7, which regulate mitophagy, are essential for the survival of colon cancer stem cells.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/7/1426/F1.large.jpg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunobu Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taishi Hata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chu Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Haraguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Smith AG, Macleod KF. Autophagy, cancer stem cells and drug resistance. J Pathol 2019; 247:708-718. [PMID: 30570140 DOI: 10.1002/path.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular survival mechanism that is induced by cancer therapy, among other stresses, and frequently contributes to cancer cell survival during long periods of dormancy and the eventual outgrowth of metastatic disease. Autophagy degrades large cellular structures that, once broken down, contribute to cellular survival through the recycling of their constituent metabolites. However, the extent to which this fuel function of autophagy is key to its role in promoting stemness, dormancy and drug resistance remains to be determined. Other roles for autophagy in determining cell fate more directly through targeted degradation of key transcription factors, such as p53 and FoxO3A, or by enforcing a reversible quiescent growth arrest, are discussed in this review. This review also highlights the need to parse out the roles of different forms of selective autophagy in stemness, CD44 expression and dormancy that, for example, are increasingly being attributed explicitly to mitophagy. The clinical relevance of this work and how an increased understanding of functions of autophagy in stemness, dormancy and drug resistance could be manipulated for increased therapeutic benefit, including eliminating minimal residual disease and preventing metastasis, are discussed. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Smith
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Multi-disciplinary Training Grant in Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Multi-disciplinary Training Grant in Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Nawas A, Narayanan S, Mistry R, Thomas-Jardin S, Ramachandran J, Ravichandran J, Neduvelil E, Luangpanh K, Delk NA. IL-1 induces p62/SQSTM1 and autophagy in ERα + /PR + BCa cell lines concomitant with ERα and PR repression, conferring an ERα - /PR - BCa-like phenotype. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1477-1491. [PMID: 30324661 PMCID: PMC6465183 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα)low/- tumors are associated with breast cancer (BCa) endocrine resistance, where ERα low tumors show a poor prognosis and a molecular profile similar to triple negative BCa tumors. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) downregulates ERα accumulation in BCa cell lines, yet the cells can remain viable. In kind, IL-1 and ERα show inverse accumulation in BCa patient tumors and IL-1 is implicated in BCa progression. IL-1 represses the androgen receptor hormone receptor in prostate cancer cells concomitant with the upregulation of the prosurvival, autophagy-related protein, Sequestome-1 (p62/SQSTM1; hereinafter, p62); and given their similar etiology, we hypothesized that IL-1 also upregulates p62 in BCa cells concomitant with hormone receptor repression. To test our hypothesis, BCa cell lines were exposed to conditioned medium from IL-1-secreting bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), IL-1, or IL-1 receptor antagonist. Cells were analyzed for the accumulation of ERα, progesterone receptor (PR), p62, or the autophagosome membrane protein, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), and for p62-LC3 interaction. We found that IL-1 is sufficient to mediate BMSC-induced ERα and PR repression, p62 and autophagy upregulation, and p62-LC3 interaction in ERα+ /PR+ BCa cell lines. However, IL-1 does not significantly elevate the high basal p62 accumulation or high basal autophagy in the ERα- /PR- BCa cell lines. Thus, our observations imply that IL-1 confers a prosurvival ERα- /PR- molecular phenotype in ERα+ /PR+ BCa cells that may be dependent on p62 function and autophagy and may underlie endocrine resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.F. Nawas
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - S. Narayanan
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - R. Mistry
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - S.E. Thomas-Jardin
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - J. Ramachandran
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - J. Ravichandran
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - E. Neduvelil
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - K. Luangpanh
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080
| | - N. A. Delk
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Torres-López L, Maycotte P, Liñán-Rico A, Liñán-Rico L, Donis-Maturano L, Delgado-Enciso I, Meza-Robles C, Vásquez-Jiménez C, Hernández-Cruz A, Dobrovinskaya O. Tamoxifen induces toxicity, causes autophagy, and partially reverses dexamethasone resistance in Jurkat T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:983-998. [PMID: 30645008 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2vma0818-328r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens demonstrate biological activity in numerous organ systems, including the immune system, and exert their effects through estrogen receptors (ER) of two types: intracellular ERα and ERβ that activate transcriptional factors and membrane G protein-coupled ER GPER. The latter is capable to mediate fast activation of cytosolic signaling pathways, influencing transcriptional events in response to estrogens. Tamoxifen (TAM), widely used in chemotherapy of ERα-positive breast cancer, is considered as an ERα antagonist and GPER agonist. TAM was shown to possess "off-target" cytotoxicity, not related to ER in various tumor types. The present work was designed to study biological effects of TAM on the glucocorticoid (GC)-resistant cell line Jurkat, derived from acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T lineage (T-ALL). We have shown that T-ALL cell lines, in contrast to healthy T cells, express only GPER, but not ERα or ERβ. TAM compromised mitochondrial function and reduced the viability and proliferation of Jurkat cells. Additionally, TAM induced autophagy in a GPER-dependent manner. Gene expression profiling revealed the up-regulation of autophagy-related gene ATG5. Interestingly, TAM sensitized Jurkat cells to dexamethasone (DEX) treatment, which may be related to its capacity to cause autophagy. We suggest that TAM-based adjuvant therapy may represent a novel strategy in T-ALL patients handling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Torres-López
- University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico.,Faculty for Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Paola Maycotte
- CONACYT-Biomedical Research Center of the East, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Andrómeda Liñán-Rico
- CONACYT-University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Liliana Liñán-Rico
- University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Ensenada Biomedical Innovation Department, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Iván Delgado-Enciso
- Medical School, University of Colima and Cancerology Institute of Colima State, Health Services, Colima, Mexico
| | - Carmen Meza-Robles
- Medical School, University of Colima and Cancerology Institute of Colima State, Health Services, Colima, Mexico
| | | | - Arturo Hernández-Cruz
- National Laboratory of Channelopathies (LaNCa), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience-Institute of Cellular Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oxana Dobrovinskaya
- University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Haas NB, Appleman LJ, Stein M, Redlinger M, Wilks M, Xu X, Onorati A, Kalavacharla A, Kim T, Zhen CJ, Kadri S, Segal JP, Gimotty PA, Davis LE, Amaravadi RK. Autophagy Inhibition to Augment mTOR Inhibition: a Phase I/II Trial of Everolimus and Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Previously Treated Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2080-2087. [PMID: 30635337 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Everolimus inhibits the mTOR, activating cytoprotective autophagy. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits autophagy. On the basis of preclinical data demonstrating synergistic cytotoxicity when mTOR inhibitors are combined with an autophagy inhibitor, we launched a clinical trial of combined everolimus and hydroxychloroquine, to determine its safety and activity in patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Three centers conducted a phase I/II trial of everolimus 10 mg daily and hydroxychloroquine in patients with advanced ccRCC. The objectives were to determine the MTD of hydroxychloroquine with daily everolimus, and to estimate the rate of 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with ccRCC receiving everolimus/hydroxychloroquine after 1-3 prior treatment regimens. Correlative studies to identify patient subpopulations that achieved the most benefit included population pharmacokinetics, measurement of autophagosomes by electron microscopy, and next-generation tumor sequencing. RESULTS No dose-limiting toxicity was observed in the phase I trial. The recommended phase II dose of hydroxychloroquine 600 mg twice daily with everolimus was identified. Disease control [stable disease + partial response (PR)] occurred in 22 of 33 (67%) evaluable patients. PR was observed in 2 of 33 patients (6%). PFS ≥ 6 months was achieved in 15 of 33 (45%) of patients who achieved disease control. CONCLUSIONS Combined hydroxychloroquine 600 mg twice daily with 10 mg daily everolimus was tolerable. The primary endpoint of >40% 6-month PFS rate was met. Hydroxychloroquine is a tolerable autophagy inhibitor in future RCC or other trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi B Haas
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Leonard J Appleman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Stein
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Maryann Redlinger
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa Wilks
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angelique Onorati
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anusha Kalavacharla
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Taehyong Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chao Jie Zhen
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sabah Kadri
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeremy P Segal
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Phyllis A Gimotty
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa E Davis
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Science, University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Antunes F, Erustes AG, Costa AJ, Nascimento AC, Bincoletto C, Ureshino RP, Pereira GJS, Smaili SS. Autophagy and intermittent fasting: the connection for cancer therapy? Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e814s. [PMID: 30540126 PMCID: PMC6257056 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e814s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and its incidence is continually increasing. Although anticancer therapy has improved significantly, it still has limited efficacy for tumor eradication and is highly toxic to healthy cells. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies to improve chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy are an important goal in cancer research. Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is a conserved lysosomal degradation pathway for the intracellular recycling of macromolecules and clearance of damaged organelles and misfolded proteins to ensure cellular homeostasis. Dysfunctional autophagy contributes to many diseases, including cancer. Autophagy can suppress or promote tumors depending on the developmental stage and tumor type, and modulating autophagy for cancer treatment is an interesting therapeutic approach currently under intense investigation. Nutritional restriction is a promising protocol to modulate autophagy and enhance the efficacy of anticancer therapies while protecting normal cells. Here, the description and role of autophagy in tumorigenesis will be summarized. Moreover, the possibility of using fasting as an adjuvant therapy for cancer treatment, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying this approach, will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Antunes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Adolfo Garcia Erustes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Angélica Jardim Costa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Ana Carolina Nascimento
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Claudia Bincoletto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Gustavo José Silva Pereira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Rebecca VW, Nicastri MC, Fennelly C, Chude CI, Barber-Rotenberg JS, Ronghe A, McAfee Q, McLaughlin NP, Zhang G, Goldman AR, Ojha R, Piao S, Noguera-Ortega E, Martorella A, Alicea GM, Lee JJ, Schuchter LM, Xu X, Herlyn M, Marmorstein R, Gimotty PA, Speicher DW, Winkler JD, Amaravadi RK. PPT1 Promotes Tumor Growth and Is the Molecular Target of Chloroquine Derivatives in Cancer. Cancer Discov 2018; 9:220-229. [PMID: 30442709 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials repurposing lysosomotropic chloroquine (CQ) derivatives as autophagy inhibitors in cancer demonstrate encouraging results, but the underlying mechanism of action remains unknown. Here, we report a novel dimeric CQ (DC661) capable of deacidifying the lysosome and inhibiting autophagy significantly better than hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Using an in situ photoaffinity pulldown strategy, we identified palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) as a molecular target shared across monomeric and dimeric CQ derivatives. HCQ and Lys05 also bound to and inhibited PPT1 activity, but only DC661 maintained activity in acidic media. Knockout of PPT1 in cancer cells using CRISPR/Cas9 editing abrogates autophagy modulation and cytotoxicity of CQ derivatives, and results in significant impairment of tumor growth similar to that observed with DC661. Elevated expression of PPT1 in tumors correlates with poor survival in patients in a variety of cancers. Thus, PPT1 represents a new target in cancer that can be inhibited with CQ derivatives. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies PPT1 as the previously unknown lysosomal molecular target of monomeric and dimeric CQ derivatives. Genetic suppression of PPT1 impairs tumor growth, and PPT1 levels are elevated in cancer and associated with poor survival. These findings provide a strong rationale for targeting PPT1 in cancer. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 151.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito W Rebecca
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Nicastri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Colin Fennelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia I Chude
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julie S Barber-Rotenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amruta Ronghe
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Quentin McAfee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noel P McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gao Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron R Goldman
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rani Ojha
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shengfu Piao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Alessandra Martorella
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gretchen M Alicea
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Phyllis A Gimotty
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David W Speicher
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Koustas E, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. The role of autophagy in the treatment of BRAF mutant colorectal carcinomas differs based on microsatellite instability status. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207227. [PMID: 30427914 PMCID: PMC6241137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been identified as a catabolic mechanism in cells but its' role in cancer remains controversial. Autophagy has been characterized either as tumor suppressor or inducer mechanism in many tumor types. Monoclonal antibodies against EGFR (cetuximab and panitumumab) represent a major step in the treatment of mCRC. Several studies propose that cetuximab and panitumumab trigger autophagy which reveals a potential resistance mechanism to these agents. The last years immunotherapy appears to be a novel promising strategy for the treatment of patients with solid tumors, including colorectal cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) antibodies have already been developed and applied in mCRC patients with MSI-H phenotype. The association between mtBRAF and autophagy or MSI status has already been characterized. In our study, we identify the autophagy initiation through anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies and checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal carcinoma cell lines according to microsatellite status. The combination of autophagy inhibition, anti-EGFR antibodies and checkpoint inhibitors as well as autophagy targeting, MEK inhibition and anti-EGFR antibodies or checkpoint inhibitors appears to be the best treatment approach for microsatellite instability high and stable colorectal cancer cell lines, respectively. Both combinatorial approaches reduce cell viability through the induction of apoptotic cell death. The findings of this study point out the importance of different approach for the treatment of BRAF mutant metastatic colorectal cancers based on their microsatelite instability phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Laiko’ General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Sironi J, Aranda E, Nordstrøm LU, Schwartz EL. Lysosome Membrane Permeabilization and Disruption of the Molecular Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)-Lysosome Interaction Are Associated with the Inhibition of Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation by a Chloroquinoline Analog. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 95:127-138. [PMID: 30409790 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes degrade cellular proteins and organelles and regulate cell signaling by providing a surface for the formation of critical protein complexes, notably molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1). Striking differences in the lysosomes of cancer versus normal cells suggest that they could be targets for drug development. Although the lysomotropic drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been widely investigated, studies have focused on their ability to inhibit autophagy. We synthesized a novel compound, called EAD1, which is structurally related to CQ but is a 14-fold more potent inhibitor of cell proliferation. Here we find that EAD1 causes rapid relocation, membrane permeabilization (LMP), and deacidification of lysosomes, and it induces apoptosis and irreversibly blocks proliferation of human lung cancer H460, H520, H1299, HCC827, and H1703 cells. EAD1 causes dissociation of mTOR from lysosomes and increases mTOR's perinuclear versus cytoplasmic localization, changes previously shown to inactivate mTORC1. The effect on mTOR was not seen with HCQ, even at >10-fold greater concentrations. Phosphorylation of a downstream target of mTORC1, ribosomal protein S6, was inhibited by EAD1. Although EAD1 also inhibited autophagy, it retained full antiproliferative activity in autophagy-deficient H1650 lung cancer cells, which have a biallelic deletion of Atg7, and in H460 Atg7-knockout cells. As Atg7 is critical for the canonical autophagy pathway, it is likely that inhibition of autophagy is not how EAD1 inhibits cell proliferation. Further studies are needed to determine the relationship of LMP to mTORC1 disruption and their relative contributions to drug-induced cell death. These studies support the lysosome as an underexplored target for new drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sironi
- Departments of Medicine (Oncology) (J.S., E.A., E.L.S.) and Biochemistry (L.U.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Evelyn Aranda
- Departments of Medicine (Oncology) (J.S., E.A., E.L.S.) and Biochemistry (L.U.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Lars Ulrik Nordstrøm
- Departments of Medicine (Oncology) (J.S., E.A., E.L.S.) and Biochemistry (L.U.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Edward L Schwartz
- Departments of Medicine (Oncology) (J.S., E.A., E.L.S.) and Biochemistry (L.U.N.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Polak R, Bierings MB, van der Leije CS, Sanders MA, Roovers O, Marchante JRM, Boer JM, Cornelissen JJ, Pieters R, den Boer ML, Buitenhuis M. Autophagy inhibition as a potential future targeted therapy for ETV6-RUNX1-driven B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2018; 104:738-748. [PMID: 30381299 PMCID: PMC6442983 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.193631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation t(12;21), resulting in the ETV6-RUNX1 (or TEL-AML1) fusion protein, is present in 25% of pediatric patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is considered a first hit in leukemogenesis. A targeted therapy approach is not available for children with this subtype of leukemia. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying ETV6-RUNX1-driven leukemia, we performed gene expression profiling of healthy hematopoietic progenitors in which we ectopically expressed ETV6-RUNX1. We reveal an ETV6-RUNX1-driven transcriptional network that induces proliferation, survival and cellular homeostasis. In addition, Vps34, an important regulator of autophagy, was found to be induced by ETV6-RUNX1 and up-regulated in ETV6-RUNX1-positive leukemic patient cells. We show that induction of Vps34 was transcriptionally regulated by ETV6-RUNX1 and correlated with high levels of autophagy. Knockdown of Vps34 in ETV6-RUNX1-positive cell lines severely reduced proliferation and survival. Inhibition of autophagy by hydroxychloroquine, a well-tolerated autophagy inhibitor, reduced cell viability in both ETV6-RUNX1-positive cell lines and primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples, and selectively sensitized primary ETV6-RUNX1-positive leukemia samples to L asparaginase. These findings reveal a causal relationship between ETV6-RUNX1 and autophagy, and provide pre-clinical evidence for the efficacy of autophagy inhibitors in ETV6-RUNX1-driven leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roel Polak
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Marc B Bierings
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | | | - Mathijs A Sanders
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Onno Roovers
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - João R M Marchante
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Judith M Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam
| | - Jan J Cornelissen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | - Monique L den Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam .,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht
| | - Miranda Buitenhuis
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|